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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Visigothic_Narbonensis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gothic_acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gothic acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visigothic_Kingdom_of_Narbonne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visigothic_Kingdom_of_Narbonne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Visigothic Kingdom of Narbonne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visigothic_Kingdom_of_Narbonne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_province_of_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_province_of_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gothic province of Gaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_province_of_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_Gothic_Septimania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_Gothic_Septimania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Culture of Gothic Septimania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_Gothic_Septimania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim-ruled_and_Frankish_Septimania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim-ruled_and_Frankish_Septimania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Muslim-ruled and Frankish Septimania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim-ruled_and_Frankish_Septimania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothia_in_Carolingian_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothia_in_Carolingian_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gothia in Carolingian times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothia_in_Carolingian_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimani%C3%AB" title="Septimanië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Septimanië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سبتمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبتمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Септыманія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Септыманія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Септимания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Септимания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septim%C3%A0nia" title="Septimània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Septimània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septim%C3%A1nie" title="Septimánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Septimánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimanien" title="Septimanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Septimanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimaania" title="Septimaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Septimaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σεπτιμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεπτιμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimanio" title="Septimanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Septimanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimanie" title="Septimanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Septimanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%89%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="셉티마니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셉티마니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimanija" title="Septimanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Septimanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settimania" title="Settimania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Settimania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimani%C3%AB" title="Septimanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Septimanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="セプティマニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セプティマニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septim%C3%A0nia" title="Septimània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Septimània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septymania" title="Septymania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Septymania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Септимания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Септимания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimanija" title="Septimanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Septimanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Септиманија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Септиманија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimanija" title="Septimanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Septimanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Septimania" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เซปทิเมเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซปทิเมเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Септиманія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Септиманія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سپتمانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سپتمانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE%E6%8F%90%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="塞普提曼尼亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞普提曼尼亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q723580#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Septimania&params=43.6_N_3.2_E_dim:200000_region:FR"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°12′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.6°N 3.2°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.6; 3.2</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in southeastern France</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Septimania_in_537_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_Septimania_in_537_AD.svg/300px-Map_of_Septimania_in_537_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_Septimania_in_537_AD.svg/450px-Map_of_Septimania_in_537_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_Septimania_in_537_AD.svg/600px-Map_of_Septimania_in_537_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Map of Septimania in 537</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Septimania</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>. It referred to the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></i> that passed to the control of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_II" title="Theodoric II">Theodoric II</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the region was variously known as <b>Gallia Narbonensis</b>, <b>Gallia</b>, or <b>Narbonensis</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-James,_223_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of Septimania roughly corresponds with the modern French former administrative region of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a> that merged into the new administrative region of <a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitanie</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>, which became centred on <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> by the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Leovigild" class="mw-redirect" title="Leovigild">Leovigild</a>, Septimania was both an administrative province of the central royal government and an ecclesiastical province whose <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan (religion)">metropolitan</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Narbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Narbonne">Archbishop of Narbonne</a>. Originally, the Goths may have maintained their hold on the <a href="/wiki/Albigeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Albigeois">Albigeois</a>, but if so it was conquered by the time of <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James236_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James236-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is archaeological evidence that some enclaves of Visigothic population remained in Frankish Gaul, near the Septimanian border, after 507.<sup id="cite_ref-James236_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James236-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region of Septimania was <a href="/wiki/Islamic_invasion_of_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic invasion of Gaul">invaded</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian Muslims</a> in 719, renamed as <i>Arbūnah</i> and turned into a military base for future operations by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul#Ummayad_conquest_of_Septimania" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Andalusian military commanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It passed briefly to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a>, which had been expanding from the south during the same century, before its subsequent <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)" title="Siege of Narbonne (752–759)">conquest</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in 759,<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who by the end of the 9th century renamed it as <b>Gothia</b> or the <b>Gothic March</b> (<i>Marca Gothica</i>). After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)" title="Siege of Narbonne (752–759)">Frankish conquest of Narbonne in 759</a>, the Muslim Arabs and Berbers were defeated by the Christian Franks and retreated to their Andalusian heartland after forty years of occupation, and the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> came up reinforced.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Septimania became a <a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">march</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and then <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> down to the 13th century, though it was culturally and politically autonomous from the northern France-based central royal government. The region was under the influence of the people from the count territories of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and ancient <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>. It was part of the wider cultural and linguistic region comprising the southern third of France known as <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>. This area was finally brought under effective control of the French kings in the early 13th century as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>, after which it was assigned governors. From the end of the thirteenth century Septimania evolved into the royal province of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>. </p><p>The name "Septimania" may derive from the Roman name of the city of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, <i>Colonia Julia Septimanorum Baeterrae</i>, which in turn alludes to the settlement of veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VII_Claudia" title="Legio VII Claudia">Roman Seventh Legion</a> in the city. The name can also be an allusion to the seven cities (<i>civitates</i>) of the territory: Béziers, <a href="/wiki/Elne" title="Elne">Elne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agde" title="Agde">Agde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod%C3%A8ve" title="Lodève">Lodève</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maguelonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguelonne">Maguelonne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>. Septimania extended to a line halfway between the Mediterranean and the river <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> in the northwest; in the east the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> separated it from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>; and to the south its boundary was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrénées">Pyrénées</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visigothic_Narbonensis">Visigothic Narbonensis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Visigothic Narbonensis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic_acquisition">Gothic acquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gothic acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Theodoric II, the Visigoths settled in <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (450s). <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> refers to Septimania as "theirs" during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a> (455–456), but Sidonius is probably considering Visigothic settlement in and around <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James,_223_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Visigoths were then holding the area around Toulouse against the legal claims of the Empire, though they had more than once offered to exchange it for the <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James,_223_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 462, the Empire, controlled by <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Libius Severus</a>, granted the Visigoths the western half of the province of Gallia Narbonensis in which to settle. The Visigoths additionally occupied <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> (eastern Narbonensis) and only in 475 did the Visigothic king, <a href="/wiki/Euric" title="Euric">Euric</a>, cede it to the Empire via a treaty whereby the emperor <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> recognised the Visigoths' full independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visigothic_Kingdom_of_Narbonne">Visigothic Kingdom of Narbonne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Visigothic Kingdom of Narbonne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, perhaps because they were <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian Christians</a>, met with the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franks allied with the <i><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorici</a></i>, whose land was under constant threat from the Goths south of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, and in 507 <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, the Frankish king, invaded the Visigothic kingdom, whose capital lay in Toulouse, with the consent of the leading men of the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis defeated the Goths in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vouill%C3%A9" title="Battle of Vouillé">Battle of Vouillé</a> and the child-king <a href="/wiki/Amalaric" title="Amalaric">Amalaric</a> was carried for safety into Iberia while <a href="/wiki/Gesalec" title="Gesalec">Gesalec</a> was elected to replace him and rule from <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>. </p><p>Clovis, his son <a href="/wiki/Theuderic_I" title="Theuderic I">Theuderic I</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a> allies proceeded to conquer most of Visigothic Gaul, including the <a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a> (507) and Toulouse (508). The attempt to take <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a>, a fortified site guarding the Septimanian coast, was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> (508) and Septimania thereafter remained in Visigothic hands, though the Burgundians managed to hold Narbonne for a time and drive Gesalec into exile. Border warfare between Gallo-Roman magnates, including bishops, had existed with the Visigoths during the last phase of the Empire and it continued under the Franks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ostrogothic king <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> reconquered Narbonne from the Burgundians and retained it as the provincial capital. <a href="/wiki/Theudis" title="Theudis">Theudis</a> was appointed regent at Narbonne by Theodoric while Amalaric was still a minor in Iberia. When Theodoric died in 526, Amalaric was elected king in his own right and he immediately made his capital in Narbonne. He ceded Provence, which had at some point passed back into Visigothic control, to the Ostrogothic king <a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a>. The Frankish king of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a>, invaded Septimania in 531 and chased Amalaric to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in response to pleas from his sister, <a href="/wiki/Clotilde_(died_531)" title="Clotilde (died 531)">Chrotilda</a>, that her husband, Amalaric, had been mistreating her. The Franks however, did not try to hold the province and under Amalaric's successor, the centre of gravity of the kingdom crossed the Pyrenees and Theudis made his capital in Barcelona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic_province_of_Gaul">Gothic province of Gaul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gothic province of Gaul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>, which became centred on <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> by the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Leovigild" class="mw-redirect" title="Leovigild">Leovigild</a>, the province of Gallia Narbonensis, usually shortened to just Gallia or Narbonensis and never called Septimania,<sup id="cite_ref-James,_223_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was both an administrative province of the central royal government and an ecclesiastical province whose <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan (religion)">metropolitan</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Narbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Narbonne">Archbishop of Narbonne</a>. Originally, the Goths may have maintained their hold on the <a href="/wiki/Albigeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Albigeois">Albigeois</a>, but if so it was conquered by the time of <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James236_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James236-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is archaeological evidence that some enclaves of Visigothic population remained in Frankish Gaul, near the Septimanian border, after 507.<sup id="cite_ref-James236_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James236-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province of Gallia held a unique place in the Visigothic Kingdom, as it was the only province outside of Iberia, north of the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrénées">Pyrénées</a>, and bordering a strong foreign nation, in this case the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. The kings after Alaric II favoured Narbonne as a capital, but twice (611 and 531) were defeated and forced back to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> by the Franks before Theudis moved the capital there permanently. Under Theodoric Septimania had been safe from Frankish assault, but was raided by <a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a> twice (531 and 541). When <a href="/wiki/Liuva_I" title="Liuva I">Liuva I</a> succeeded to the throne in 568, Septimania was a dangerous frontier province and Iberia was wracked by revolts.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liuva granted Iberia to his son Leovigild and took Septimania to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson19_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Hermenegild" title="Hermenegild">Hermenegild</a> (583–585) against his father Leovigild, Septimania was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a>, possibly in support of Hermenegild's revolt, since the latter was married to his niece <a href="/wiki/Ingund_(wife_of_Hermenegild)" title="Ingund (wife of Hermenegild)">Ingundis</a>. The Frankish attack of 585 was repulsed by Hermenegild's brother <a href="/wiki/Reccared" class="mw-redirect" title="Reccared">Reccared</a>, who was ruling Narbonensis as a sub-king. Hermenegild died at <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> that year and it is possible that he had escaped confinement in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> and was seeking to join up with his Frankish allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins60_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins60-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the invasion may have occurred in response to Hermenegild's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson,_75_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson,_75-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reccared meanwhile took <a href="/wiki/Beaucaire,_Gard" title="Beaucaire, Gard">Beaucaire</a> (Ugernum) on the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône River">Rhône</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tarascon" title="Tarascon">Tarascon</a> and Cabaret (a fort called Ram's Head), both of which lay in Guntram's kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins60_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins60-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson,_75_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson,_75-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guntram ignored two pleas for a peace in 586 and Reccared undertook the only Visigothic invasion of Francia in response.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson,_75_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson,_75-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Guntram was not motivated solely by religious alliance with the fellow Catholic Hermenegild, for he invaded Septimania again in 589 and was roundly defeated near Carcassonne by <a href="/wiki/Claudius,_Duke_of_Lusitania" title="Claudius, Duke of Lusitania">Claudius, Duke of Lusitania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson,_95_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson,_95-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is clear that the Franks, throughout the sixth century, had coveted Septimania, but were unable to take it and the invasion of 589 was the last attempt. </p><p>In the 7th century, Gallia often had its own governors or <i>duces</i> (dukes), who were typically Visigoths. Most public offices were also held by Goths, far out of proportion to their part of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson227_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson227-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_of_Gothic_Septimania">Culture of Gothic Septimania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture of Gothic Septimania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The native population of Gallia was referred to by Visigothic and Iberian writers as the "Gauls" and there is a well-attested hatred between the Goths and the Gauls, which was atypical for the kingdom as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson227_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson227-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gauls commonly insulted the Goths by comparing the strength of their men to that of Gaulish women, though the Iberians regarded themselves as the defenders and protectors of the Gauls. It is only in the time of <a href="/wiki/Wamba,_Visigothic_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Wamba, Visigothic king">Wamba</a> (reigned 672–680) and <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Toledo" title="Julian of Toledo">Julian of Toledo</a>, however, that a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">large Jewish population</a> becomes evident in Septimania: Julian referred to it as a "brothel of blaspheming Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson228_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson228-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to the preserved canons of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Narbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Narbonne">Council of Narbonne</a> of 590, a good deal can be known about surviving <a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic Pagan beliefs and practices</a> in Visigothic Septimania. The Council may have been responding in part to the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Toledo" title="Third Council of Toledo">Third Council of Toledo</a>, which found "the sacrilege of idolatry [to be] firmly implanted throughout almost the whole of Iberia and Septimania."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">traditional Roman practice</a> of not working Thursdays in honour of <a href="/wiki/Jove" class="mw-redirect" title="Jove">Jupiter</a> was still prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenna1178_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenna1178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council set down penance to be done for not working on Thursday save for church festivals and commanded the practice of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin of Braga</a>, rest from rural work on Sundays, to be adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-McKenna1178_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenna1178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also punished by the council were <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortunetellers</a>, who were <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">publicly lashed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">sold into slavery</a>. </p><p>Different theories exist concerning the nature of the frontier between Visigothic Septimania and Frankish Gaul. On the one hand, cultural exchange is generally reputed to have been minimal,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the level of trading activity has been disputed. There have been few to no objects of <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy" title="Kingdom of Burgundy">Burgundian</a> provenance discovered in Septimania.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a series of <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Funerary_practices" title="Early Germanic culture">Germanic sarcophagi</a> of a unique regional style, variously labelled Visigothic, Aquitainian, or southwestern Gallic, are prevalent on both sides of the Septimanian border.<sup id="cite_ref-James229_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James229-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sarcophagi are made of locally quarried marble from <a href="/wiki/Saint-B%C3%A9at" title="Saint-Béat">Saint-Béat</a> and are of varied design, but with generally flat relief which distinguishes them from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_sarcophagi" title="Ancient Roman sarcophagi">ancient Roman sarcophagi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James229_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James229-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their production has been dated to either the 5th, 6th, or 7th century, with the second of these being considered the most likely today.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if they were made in the 5th century, while both Aquitaine and Septimani were in Visigothic hands, their existence provides no evidence for a cultural osmosis across the Gothic-Frankish frontier. </p><p>A unique style of orange pottery was common in the 4th and 5th centuries in southern Gaul, but the later (6th century) examples culled from Septimania are more orange than their cousins from Aquitaine and Provence and are not found commonly outside of Septimania, a strong indicator that there was little commerce over the frontier or at its ports.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Septimania helped to isolate both Aquitaine and Iberia from the rest of the Mediterranean world.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coinage of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania</a> did not circulate in Gaul outside of Septimania and Frankish coinage did not circulate in the Visigothic Kingdom, including Septimania. If there had been a significant amount of commerce over the frontier, the monies paid had to have been melted down immediately and re-minted as foreign coins have not been preserved across the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muslim-ruled_and_Frankish_Septimania">Muslim-ruled and Frankish Septimania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muslim-ruled and Frankish Septimania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Frankish_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish kingdom">Frankish kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_invasion_of_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic invasion of Gaul">Islamic invasion of Gaul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_presence_in_medieval_France" title="Muslim presence in medieval France">Muslim presence in medieval France</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/250px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/375px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/500px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Military campaigns and geopolitical situation around the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrénées">Pyrénées</a> and Septimania in 740</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arab and Berber Muslim forces under <a href="/wiki/Al-Samh_ibn_Malik_al-Khawlani" title="Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani">al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wāli</a></i> (governor-general) of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, sweeping up the Iberian peninsula, by 719 had <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">invaded</a> the region of Septimania and deposed the local Visigothic Kingdom in 720.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was renamed <i>Arbūnah</i> and turned into a military base for future operations by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul#Ummayad_conquest_of_Septimania" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Andalusian military commanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Islamic invasion, al-Andalus was divided into five administrative areas, roughly corresponding to present-day <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_L%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile and Léon">Castile and Léon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, and the ancient province of Septimania.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Narbonne secure, and equally important, its port, for the Arab mariners controlled various areas of the Western Mediterranean, al-Samh invaded the remaining Septimanian cities, still controlled by their <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic counts</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Alet" title="Alet">Alet</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agde" title="Agde">Agde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod%C3%A8ve" title="Lodève">Lodève</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maguelonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguelonne">Maguelonne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 721, al-Samh was reinforced and ready to lay siege to <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, a possession that would open up the bordering region of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> to him on the same terms as Septimania. But his plans were thwarted in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">battle of Toulouse in 721</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christian</a> army led by <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Odo the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a> defeated the Umayyad Muslim army and achieved a decisive and significant victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving Umayyad forces drove away from Aquitaine with immense losses, in which al-Samh was so seriously wounded that he soon died at Narbonne.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2013_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab and Berber Muslim forces, soundly based in Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea, struck in the 720s, conquering <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> on the north-western fringes of Septimania (725) and penetrating eastwards as far as <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a> (725). In 731, the Berber lord of the region of <a href="/wiki/Cerdagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdagne">Cerdagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Naissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Naissa">Uthman ibn Naissa</a>, called <i>Munuza</i> by the Franks, was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Odo the Great</a> after he revolted against the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a>, but the rebel lord was killed by the Arab <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Ghafiqi" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi">Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi</a>. </p><p>After capturing <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> on the wake of <a href="/wiki/Hunald_I_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunald I of Aquitaine">Duke Hunald</a>'s detachment attempt, the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> directed his attention to Septimania and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his reasons for leading a military expedition south remain unclear, it seems that he wanted to seal his newly secured grip on <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now threatened by Umayyad occupation of several cities lying in the lower Rhône, or maybe it provided the excuse he needed to intervene in this territory ruled by <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Code" title="Visigothic Code">Visigothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, far off from the Frankish centre in the north of Gaul. In 737, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narbonne_(737)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Narbonne (737)">the Frankish king went on to attack Narbonne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1995_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1995-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the local nobility of <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> stock had concluded different military and political arrangements to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short#Expansion_of_the_Frankish_realm" title="Pepin the Short">expanding Frankish realm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> attempted to conquer the whole region of Septimania and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(737)" title="Siege of Narbonne (737)">besieged Narbonne in 737</a><sup id="cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his forces were unable to take the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1995_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1995-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the Arabs sent reinforcements from Muslim-ruled Iberia, the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish kingdom">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christian</a> army <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Berre" title="Battle of the River Berre">intercepted them at the mouth of the River Berre</a> (located in the present-day Département of <a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a>) and achieved a decisive and significant victory,<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2013_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="Siege of Nîmes">the Frankish army marched on Nîmes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1995_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1995-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic burials have been found in Nîmes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimania_752-759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Septimania_752-759.jpg/300px-Septimania_752-759.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Septimania_752-759.jpg/450px-Septimania_752-759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Septimania_752-759.jpg/600px-Septimania_752-759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Septimania during <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)" title="Siege of Narbonne (752–759)">Pepin's expedition and conquest</a> (752–759)</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 747, the government of the Septimania region (and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_March" title="Upper March">Upper March</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrénées">Pyrénées</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebro River">Ebro River</a>) was given to <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Umar" title="Umar ibn Umar">Umar ibn Umar</a>. Umayyad rule collapsed by 750, and Umayyad territories in Europe were ruled autonomously by <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_%27Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri">Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri</a> and his supporters. In 752, the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> headed south to Septimania.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic counts</a> of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melguelh" class="mw-redirect" title="Melguelh">Melguelh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agde" title="Agde">Agde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a> refused allegiance to the emir at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> and declared their loyalty to the Frankish king—the Gothic count of Nîmes, <a href="/wiki/Ansemund" title="Ansemund">Ansemund</a>, having some authority over the remaining counts. The Gothic counts and the Franks then began to besiege <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%B3_of_Narbonne" title="Miló of Narbonne">Count Miló</a> was probably the count (as successor to <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_of_Narbonne" title="Gilbert of Narbonne">Count Gilbert</a>). </p><p>In 754, an anti-Frankish reaction, led by Ermeniard, killed Ansemund, but the uprising was without success and <a href="/wiki/Radulf_of_Narbonne" title="Radulf of Narbonne">Radulf</a> was designated new count by the Frankish court. About 755, <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_ibn_Uqba" title="Abd ar-Rahman ibn Uqba">Abd ar-Rahman ibn Uqba</a> replaced Umar ibn Umar. In 759, Narbonne was not receiving reinforcements from al-Andalus, rife as it was with internal fights.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_%27Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri">Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri</a>, <i>wali</i> of al-Andalus, had to quash a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> in 756, and immediately head south to fight <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Rahman I">Abd ar-Rahman I</a>, who defeated him.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northeastern Iberia and the remainder of Septimania was left without any relevant commander in charge. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> defenders of Narbonne surrendered to the Frankish forces, proceeding to eliminate the Andalusian garrison after killing the Arab-Berber Muslim troops, and opening the gates of the stronghold to the investing forces of the Carolingian king.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the Frankish king Pepin had promised to uphold and respect the Gothic laws and probably their own government, so garnering the allegiance of the Gothic nobility of Septimania.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_troops_leaving_Narbonne_to_Pepin_le_Bref_in_759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Muslim_troops_leaving_Narbonne_to_Pepin_le_Bref_in_759.jpg/300px-Muslim_troops_leaving_Narbonne_to_Pepin_le_Bref_in_759.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Muslim_troops_leaving_Narbonne_to_Pepin_le_Bref_in_759.jpg/450px-Muslim_troops_leaving_Narbonne_to_Pepin_le_Bref_in_759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Muslim_troops_leaving_Narbonne_to_Pepin_le_Bref_in_759.jpg/600px-Muslim_troops_leaving_Narbonne_to_Pepin_le_Bref_in_759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2618" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>Arab and Berber Muslim troops retreating from <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)" title="Siege of Narbonne (752–759)">Frankish conquest of Septimania in 759</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illustration by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bayard" title="Émile Bayard">Émile Bayard</a>, 1880.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)" title="Siege of Narbonne (752–759)">Narbonne capitulated to the Franks in 759</a> only after Pepin promised the defenders of the city to uphold the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Code" title="Visigothic Code">Visigothic law</a>, and the county was granted to Miló, the Gothic count in Muslim times, thus earning the loyalty of Septimanian Goths against <a href="/wiki/Waifer_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifer of Aquitaine">Duke Waifer</a>, the independent ruler (<i>princeps</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)" title="Siege of Narbonne (752–759)">Frankish conquest of Narbonne in 759</a>, the Muslim Arabs and Berbers were defeated by the Christian Franks and expelled to their Andalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation, and the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> came up reinforced.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege remained as a key battlefield in the context of the Carolingian expedition south to <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and Septimania starting in 752.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iberian Christian counter-offensive known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> began in the early 8th century, when Andalusian Muslim forces managed to temporarily push into Aquitaine.<sup id="cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of Narbonne's submission, Pepin took <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, and then directed his effort against <a href="/wiki/History_of_Toulouse#508–768:_Merovingian_Franks_and_the_duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="History of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albigeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Albigeois">Albigeois</a> in Aquitaine, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short#Expansion_of_the_Frankish_realm" title="Pepin the Short">battle for Aquitaine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gothia_in_Carolingian_times">Gothia in Carolingian times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gothia in Carolingian times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_carolingien_768-811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Empire_carolingien_768-811.jpg/300px-Empire_carolingien_768-811.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Empire_carolingien_768-811.jpg/450px-Empire_carolingien_768-811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Empire_carolingien_768-811.jpg/600px-Empire_carolingien_768-811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>:<br />Blue = realm of <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> in 758;<br />Orange = expansion under <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> until 814;<br />Yellow = <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)#Frankish_Empire_and_successor_states" title="March (territory)">Marches</a> and dependencies;<br />Red = <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> was taken by the Franks in 760. Pepin then diverted northwest to Aquitaine, triggering the war against <a href="/wiki/Waifer_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifer of Aquitaine">Waifer of Aquitaine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a>, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> were conquered. In 777, the wali of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_al-Arabi" title="Sulayman al-Arabi">Sulayman al-Arabi</a>, and the wali of <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Taur_of_Huesca" title="Abu Taur of Huesca">Abu Taur</a>, offered their submission to <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and also the submission of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_of_Zaragoza" title="Husayn of Zaragoza">Husayn</a>, wali of <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>. When Charlemagne invaded the Upper March in 778, Husayn refused allegiance and he had to retire. In the Pyrénées, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass">the Basques defeated his forces in Roncesvalles</a> (August 15, 778). </p><p>The Frankish king found Septimania and the borderlands so devastated and depopulated by warfare, with the inhabitants hiding among the mountains, that he made grants of land that were some of the earliest identifiable <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> to Visigothic and other refugees. Charlemagne also founded several monasteries in Septimania, around which the people gathered for protection. Beyond Septimania to the south Charlemagne established the <a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Hispanic Marches</a> in the borderlands of his empire. The territory passed to Louis, king in Aquitaine, but it was governed by Frankish margraves and then dukes (from 817) of Septimania. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Pyrenees_under_the_Carolingians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eastern_Pyrenees_under_the_Carolingians.jpg/250px-Eastern_Pyrenees_under_the_Carolingians.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Eastern_Pyrenees_under_the_Carolingians.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/March_(territory)#Frankish_Empire_and_successor_states" title="March (territory)">Marches</a> of the eastern Pyrénées under the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>: <i>Marca Gothica</i> and <i>Marca Hispanica</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Frankish noble <a href="/wiki/Bernat_of_Septimania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernat of Septimania">Bernat of Septimania</a> was the ruler of these lands from 826 to 832. His career (he was beheaded in 844) characterized the turbulent 9th century in Septimania. His appointment as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Counts_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Counts of Barcelona">Count of Barcelona</a> in 826 occasioned a general uprising of the Catalan lords (<a href="/wiki/Bellonids" title="Bellonids">Bellonids</a>) at this intrusion of Frankish power over the lands of <i>Gothia</i>. For suppressing <a href="/wiki/Berenguer_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenguer of Toulouse">Berenguer of Toulouse</a> and the Catalans, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> rewarded Bernat with a series of counties, which roughly delimit 9th century Septimania: Narbonne, Béziers, Agde, Magalona, Nîmes and Uzés. Rising against Charles the Bald in 843, Bernat was apprehended at Toulouse and beheaded. Bernat's son, known as <a href="/wiki/Bernat_of_Gothia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernat of Gothia">Bernat of Gothia</a>, also served as Count of Barcelona and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Girona" title="Count of Girona">Girona</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Margrave_of_Gothia" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Gothia">Margrave of Gothia</a> and Septimania from 865 to 878. </p><p>Septimania became known as <i>Gothia</i> after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. It retained these two names while it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Toulouse" title="Count of Toulouse">counts of Toulouse</a> during early part of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, but other names became regionally more prominent such as, <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Conflent" title="County of Conflent">Conflent</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Raz%C3%A8s" title="County of Razès">Razès</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a>, and the name <i>Gothia</i> (along with the older name <i>Septimania</i>) faded away during the 10th century, as the region fractured into smaller feudal entities, which sometimes retained Carolingian titles, but lost their Carolingian character, as the culture of Septimania evolved into the culture of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>. This fragmentation in small feudal entities and the resulting fading and the gradual shifting of the name <i>Gothia</i> are the most probable origins of the ancient geographical area known as <i>Gathalania</i> or <i>Cathalania</i> which has reached our days as the present region of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. </p><p>The name was used because the area was populated by a higher concentration of Goths than in surrounding regions. The rulers of this area, when joined with several counties, were titled the <a href="/wiki/Marquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis">Marquesses</a> of Gothia (and, also, the <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Dukes</a> of Septimania). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septimania_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Septimania timeline">Septimania timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Septimanie</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɛptimani]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">Septimània</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[septiˈmanjɔ]</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James,_223-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James,_223_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James,_223_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James,_223_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James,_223_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James236-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James236_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James236_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James236_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James236_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deanesly_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deanesly_2019_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeanesly2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Deanesly" title="Margaret Deanesly">Deanesly, Margaret</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20ufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244">"The Later Merovingians"</a>. <i>A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911</i>. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 244–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367184582" title="Special:BookSources/9780367184582"><bdi>9780367184582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Later+Merovingians&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Medieval+Europe%3A+From+476%E2%80%93911&rft.place=London+and+New+York+City&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+The+Medieval+World&rft.pages=244-245&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780367184582&rft.aulast=Deanesly&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20ufDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1998_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins, Roger</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05IVoPSfb48C&pg=PA66">"Italy and Spain, 773–801"</a>. <i>Charlemagne</i>. <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>/<a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-26924-2_4">10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26924-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26924-2"><bdi>978-1-349-26924-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy+and+Spain%2C+773%E2%80%93801&rft.btitle=Charlemagne&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+London%2C+and+Toronto&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan%2FUniversity+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-26924-2_4&rft.isbn=978-1-349-26924-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05IVoPSfb48C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach1971">Bachrach (1971)</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach1971">Bachrach (1971)</a>, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach1971">Bachrach (1971)</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson19_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson19_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1969">Thompson (1969)</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins60-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins60_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins60_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2004">Collins (2004)</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson,_75-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson,_75_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson,_75_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson,_75_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1969">Thompson (1969)</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson,_95-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson,_95_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1969">Thompson (1969)</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson227-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson227_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson227_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1969">Thompson (1969)</a>, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson228-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson228_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1969">Thompson (1969)</a>, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1969">Thompson (1969)</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenna1178-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKenna1178_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKenna1178_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKenna1938">McKenna (1938)</a>, pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1969">Thompson (1969)</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, pp. 228–229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James229-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James229_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James229_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, pp. 240–241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1980">James (1980)</a>, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, P. M., Lambton, Ann K. S. and Lewis, Bernard (1977). <i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29135-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29135-6">0-521-29135-6</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan1983">O'Callaghan (1983)</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2013_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2013_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2013_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2013" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Patrick S. (2013). "The Battle of the River Berre". <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Karwansaray BV: 44–48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578218">48578218</a>. <q>After three months, <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Eudo the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a>, lifted the siege. Eudo's army decimated the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, killed <a href="/wiki/Al-Samh_ibn_Malik_al-Khawlani" title="Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani">As-Sahm</a> and drove the survivors from <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+River+Berre&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-48&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48578218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2211-5129&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Patrick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verbruggen_2005-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verbruggen_2005_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbruggen2005" class="citation book cs1">Verbruggen, J. F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I78P9K6Iq_YC&pg=PA56">"The Role of the Cavalry in Medieval Warfare"</a>. In Rogers, Clifford J.; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, Bernard S.</a> (eds.). <i>The Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume III</i>. <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk" title="Woodbridge, Suffolk">Woodbridge, Suffolk</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell Press</a>. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846154058" title="Special:BookSources/9781846154058"><bdi>9781846154058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81qwd.6">10.7722/j.ctt81qwd.6</a>. <q>After 734 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> advanced against the nobles in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and placed the region of <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">his counts</a>. [...] Charles marched afterwards to <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> and besieged it. Then an army of <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> came to relieve Narbonne. Charles marched against them and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Berre" title="Battle of the River Berre">defeated them along the banks of the Berre</a>. Charles still devastated the area around <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="Siege of Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agde" title="Agde">Agde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, but an uprising in <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Saxony</a> caused him to make an expedition to hold onto that land. [...] Charles Martel had subjected the whole of <a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a>, again by battles, and had to besiege <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Avignon_(737)" title="Siege of Avignon (737)">Avignon</a> and Narbonne there. He did not have the time to conquer <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Septimania</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Cavalry+in+Medieval+Warfare&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Medieval+Military+History%3A+Volume+III&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt81qwd.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781846154058&rft.aulast=Verbruggen&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI78P9K6Iq_YC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_1995-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1995_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1995_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1995_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins, Roger</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mlO-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">"Conquerors Divided"</a>. <i>The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chichester,_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichester, West Sussex">Chichester, West Sussex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19405-7"><bdi>978-0-631-19405-7</bdi></a>. <q>It would be quite anachronistic that the <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> <a href="/wiki/French_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="French aristocracy">aristocracy</a> would or those whose primary interests lay in the south would welcome the extension into their region of the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">eastern Frankish Mayors of the Palace</a>, or that a sense of Christian solidarity should mean more than the dictates of <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a></i>. For that matter it was not with any sense of obligation to free formerly Christian lands from Islamic rule that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> launched a raid into western Provence in 737. <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Avignon_(737)" title="Siege of Avignon (737)">He took Avignon</a>, but clearly did not retain it, and advanced to besiege Narbonne, the centre of Arab control in the March. The Frankish chronicles record his victory over a relieving force sent by the governor <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj">ʿUqba</a>, but their uniform silence makes it clear that despite this he failed to take the city itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conquerors+Divided&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Spain%3A+710%E2%80%93797&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19405-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmlO-EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows1993" class="citation journal cs1">Meadows, Ian (March–April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199302/the.arabs.in.occitania.htm">"The Arabs in Occitania"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>. <b>44</b>: 24–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Arabs+in+Occitania&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=24-29&rft.date=1993-03%2F1993-04&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199302%2Fthe.arabs.in.occitania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetburn2016" class="citation news cs1">Netburn, Deborah (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-muslim-graves-france-20160222-story.html">"Earliest Known Medieval Muslim Graves are Discovered in France"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Earliest+Known+Medieval+Muslim+Graves+are+Discovered+in+France&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.aulast=Netburn&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-muslim-graves-france-20160222-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitz2016" class="citation web cs1">Newitz, Annalee (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/02/medieval-muslim-graves-in-france-reveal-a-previously-unseen-history/">"Medieval Muslim Graves in France Reveal a Previously Unseen History"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Medieval+Muslim+Graves+in+France+Reveal+a+Previously+Unseen+History&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.aulast=Newitz&rft.aufirst=Annalee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2F02%2Fmedieval-muslim-graves-in-france-reveal-a-previously-unseen-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35660488">"France's Earliest 'Muslim Burials' Found"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France%27s+Earliest+%27Muslim+Burials%27+Found&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-35660488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleize,_YvesMendisco,_FannyPemonge,_Marie-HélèneHubert,_Christophe2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gleize, Yves; Mendisco, Fanny; Pemonge, Marie-Hélène; Hubert, Christophe; Groppi, Alexis; Houix, Bertrand; Deguilloux, Marie-France; Breuil, Jean-Yves (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4765927">"Early Medieval Muslim Graves in France: First Archaeological, Anthropological and Palaeogenomic Evidence"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (2): e0148583. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1148583G">2016PLoSO..1148583G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148583">10.1371/journal.pone.0148583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4765927">4765927</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26910855">26910855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Medieval+Muslim+Graves+in+France%3A+First+Archaeological%2C+Anthropological+and+Palaeogenomic+Evidence&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0148583&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4765927%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26910855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148583&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1148583G&rft.au=Gleize%2C+Yves&rft.au=Mendisco%2C+Fanny&rft.au=Pemonge%2C+Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Hubert%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Groppi%2C+Alexis&rft.au=Houix%2C+Bertrand&rft.au=Deguilloux%2C+Marie-France&rft.au=Breuil%2C+Jean-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4765927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Archibald R. 1965</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, Bernard S.</a> (1971). <i>Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merovingian+Military+Organization%2C+481%E2%80%93751&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1989" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1989). <i>The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–97</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Spain%2C+710%E2%80%9397&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2004" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (2004). <i>Visigothic Spain, 409–711</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visigothic+Spain%2C+409%E2%80%93711&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(historian)" title="Edward James (historian)">James, Edward</a> (1980). "Septimania and its frontier: an archaeological approach". In Edward James (ed.). <i>Visigothic Spain: New Approaches</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Septimania+and+its+frontier%3A+an+archaeological+approach&rft.btitle=Visigothic+Spain%3A+New+Approaches&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1965" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Archibald Ross (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/index.htm"><i>The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050</i></a>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Southern+French+and+Catalan+Society%2C+718%E2%80%931050&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Flewis%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna1938" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Stephen (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/mckenna/index.htm"><i>Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom</i></a>. Catholic University of America Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism+and+Pagan+Survivals+in+Spain+up+to+the+Fall+of+the+Visigothic+Kingdom&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fmckenna%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1983" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1983). <i>A History of Medieval Spain</i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Spain&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1969" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, E. A. (1969). <i>The Goths in Spain</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths+in+Spain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1972" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Arthur J. (1972) [1965]. <i>A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France 768–900</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03298-8"><bdi>978-0-231-03298-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+Princedom+in+Feudal+France+768%E2%80%93900&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03298-8&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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