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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Surrealist Manifestos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_Manifestos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Expansion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expansion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surrealist_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealist_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Surrealist literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealist_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealist_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Surrealist films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealist_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealist_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Surrealist photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealist_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealist_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Surrealist theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealist_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealist_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Surrealist music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealism_and_international_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealism_and_international_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Surrealism and international politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surrealism_and_international_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Surrealism and international politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Surrealism_and_international_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Internal politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Golden age </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Golden age subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Post_War_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_the_Post_War_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 World War II and the Post War period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Post_War_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Breton_Surrealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Breton_Surrealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-Breton Surrealism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Breton_Surrealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impact and influences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_and_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact and influences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-May_68" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_68"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 May 68 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_68-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodernism_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodernism_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Postmodernism and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodernism_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Surrealist groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealism_and_the_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealism_and_the_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Surrealism and the theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealism_and_the_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_precursors_in_older_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_precursors_in_older_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Alleged precursors in older art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_precursors_in_older_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-André_Breton_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#André_Breton_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 André Breton writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-André_Breton_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Overview websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealism_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealism_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Surrealism and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealism_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealist_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealist_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Surrealist poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealist_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Surrealism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismus" title="Surrealismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Surrealismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سريالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سريالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismu" title="Surrealismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Surrealismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrrealizm" title="Sürrealizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sürrealizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سوررئالیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوررئالیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="পরাবাস্তববাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরাবাস্তববাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiau-hi%C4%81n-si%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chhiau-hiān-si̍t-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiau-hiān-si̍t-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сюррэалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сюррэалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сюррэалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сюррэалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Сюрреализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сюрреализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadrealizam" title="Nadrealizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nadrealizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сюрреализм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сюрреализм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismus" title="Surrealismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Surrealismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisimu" title="Surrealisimu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Surrealisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swrealaeth" title="Swrealaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swrealaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismus" title="Surrealismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Surrealismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrrealism" title="Sürrealism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sürrealism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Υπερρεαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερρεαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismo" title="Surrealismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Surrealismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superrealismo" title="Superrealismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Superrealismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismo" title="Surrealismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Surrealismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فراواقع‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراواقع‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisma" title="Surrealisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Surrealisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surr%C3%A9alisme" title="Surréalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surréalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osr%C3%A9alachas" title="Osréalachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Osréalachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismo" title="Surrealismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Surrealismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="પરાવાસ્તવવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પરાવાસ્તવવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%ED%98%84%EC%8B%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="초현실주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초현실주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սյուրռեալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սյուրռեալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अतियथार्थवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अतियथार्थवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadrealizam" title="Nadrealizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nadrealizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surealisme" title="Surealisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surealisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BArrealismi" title="Súrrealismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súrrealismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismo" title="Surrealismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Surrealismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="סוריאליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוריאליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%A9alisme" title="Suréalisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Suréalisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF)" title="ಸರ್ರಿಯಲಿಸಮ್ (ನವ್ಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ ಚಳವಳಿ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ರಿಯಲಿಸಮ್ (ನವ್ಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ ಚಳವಳಿ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სიურრეალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიურრეალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сюрреализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сюрреализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealydhieth" title="Surrealydhieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Surrealydhieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireyalis" title="Sireyalis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sireyalis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreal%C3%AEzm" title="Surrealîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Surrealîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сюрреализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сюрреализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismus" title="Surrealismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Surrealismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirre%C4%81lisms" title="Sirreālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sirreālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siurrealizmas" title="Siurrealizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Siurrealizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surealisme" title="Surealisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Surealisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BCrrealizmus" title="Szürrealizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szürrealizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Надреализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Надреализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="സർ‌റിയലിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർ‌റിയലിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreali%C5%BCmu" title="Surrealiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Surrealiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="السيرياليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السيرياليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surealisme" title="Surealisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Surealisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сюрреализм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сюрреализм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဆာရီယယ်လစ်ဇင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆာရီယယ်လစ်ဇင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अतियथार्थवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अतियथार्थवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A0" title="シュルレアリスム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュルレアリスム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surr%C3%A9alisme" title="Surréalisme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Surréalisme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealisme" title="Surrealisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Surrealisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealizm" title="Surrealizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Surrealizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਪੜਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੜਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سریلزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سریلزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surr%C3%A9yalisme" title="Surréyalisme – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Surréyalisme" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surealism" title="Surealism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Surealism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealizm" title="Surrealizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Surrealizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismo" title="Surrealismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Surrealismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprarealism" title="Suprarealism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suprarealism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Надреализм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Надреализм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сюрреализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сюрреализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealismus" title="Surrealismus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Surrealismus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealizmi" title="Surrealizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Surrealizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrialismu" title="Surrialismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Surrialismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Surrealism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AA" title="ماورائي حقيقت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماورائي حقيقت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealizmus" title="Surrealizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Surrealizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadrealizem" title="Nadrealizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadrealizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سوریاڵیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوریاڵیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Надреализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Надреализам" 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searchaux" style="display:none">International cultural movement active from the 1920s to the 1950s</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Surrealism</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:MagrittePipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Treachery of Images, by René Magritte (1929)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/MagrittePipe.jpg/220px-MagrittePipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/MagrittePipe.jpg/330px-MagrittePipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/MagrittePipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="264" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Treachery_of_Images" title="The Treachery of Images">The Treachery of Images</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> (1929), featuring the declaration "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'This is not a pipe')</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1920s–1950s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">France, Belgium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major figures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Carrington" title="Leonora Carrington">Carrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonor_Fini" title="Leonor Fini">Fini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ret_Oppenheim" title="Méret Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical painting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern art</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width: 14em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #cccccc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealism</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_techniques" title="Surrealist techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Surrealists" title="Birmingham Surrealists">Birmingham Surrealists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Surrealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Women Surrealists">Women Surrealists</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Surrealism_sidebar" title="Template:Surrealism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Surrealism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Surrealism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Surrealism is an <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">cultural movement</a> that developed in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a> in which artists aimed to allow the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a> to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of <a href="/wiki/Illogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Illogical">illogical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dreamlike" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamlike">dreamlike</a> scenes and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Its intention was, according to leader <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manifesto_of_Surrealism-4">[4]</a> It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well. Works of Surrealism feature the <a href="/wiki/Element_of_surprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Element of surprise">element of surprise</a>, unexpected <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposition" title="Juxtaposition">juxtapositions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur_(literary_device)" title="Non sequitur (literary device)">non sequitur</a>. However, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost (for instance, of the "pure psychic <a href="/wiki/Automatic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic behavior">automatism</a>" Breton speaks of in the first Surrealist Manifesto), with the works themselves being secondary, i.e., artifacts of surrealist experimentation.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Leader Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. At the time, the movement was associated with political causes such as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. It was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> movement of the 1910s.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The term "Surrealism" originated with <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a> in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> However, the Surrealist movement was not officially established until after October 1924, when the <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a> published by French poet and critic <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> succeeded in claiming the term for his group over a rival faction led by <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Goll" title="Yvan Goll">Yvan Goll</a>, who had published his own surrealist manifesto two weeks prior.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The most important center of the movement was <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, impacting the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, literature, film, and <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">music</a> of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_the_movement">Founding of the movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding of the movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Elephant_Celebes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/The_Elephant_Celebes.jpg/220px-The_Elephant_Celebes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/The_Elephant_Celebes.jpg/330px-The_Elephant_Celebes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/The_Elephant_Celebes.jpg/440px-The_Elephant_Celebes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>, The Elephant Celebes, 1921</figcaption></figure> The word surrealism was first coined in March 1917 by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He wrote in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Derm%C3%A9e" title="Paul Dermée">Paul Dermée</a>: "All things considered, I think in fact it is better to adopt surrealism than supernaturalism, which I first used" [Tout bien examiné, je crois en effet qu'il vaut mieux adopter surréalisme que surnaturalisme que j'avais d'abord employé].<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Apollinaire used the term in his program notes for <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parade_(ballet)" title="Parade (ballet)">Parade</a>, which premiered 18 May 1917. Parade had a one-act scenario by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> and was performed with music by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a>. Cocteau described the ballet as "realistic". Apollinaire went further, describing Parade as "surrealistic":<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <blockquote>This new alliance—I say new, because until now scenery and costumes were linked only by factitious bonds—has given rise, in Parade, to a kind of surrealism, which I consider to be the point of departure for a whole series of manifestations of the New Spirit that is making itself felt today and that will certainly appeal to our best minds. We may expect it to bring about profound changes in our arts and manners through universal joyfulness, for it is only natural, after all, that they keep pace with scientific and industrial progress. (Apollinaire, 1917)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></blockquote> The term was taken up again by Apollinaire, both as subtitle and in the preface to his play <a href="/wiki/The_Breasts_of_Tiresias" title="The Breasts of Tiresias">Les Mamelles de Tirésias: Drame surréaliste</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> scattered the writers and artists who had been based in Paris, and in the interim, many became involved with Dada, believing that excessive rational thought and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> values had brought the conflict of the war upon the world. The Dadaists protested with <a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">anti-art</a> gatherings, performances, writings and art works. After the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. During the war, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, who had trained in medicine and psychiatry, served in a <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> hospital where he used <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s psychoanalytic methods with soldiers suffering from <a href="/wiki/Shell-shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell-shock">shell-shock</a>. Meeting the young writer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vach%C3%A9" title="Jacques Vaché">Jacques Vaché</a>, Breton felt that Vaché was the spiritual son of writer and <a href="/wiki/Pataphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pataphysics">pataphysics</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a>. He admired the young writer's anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition. Later Breton wrote, "In literature, I was successively taken with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Rimbaud</a>, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with <a href="/wiki/Germain_Nouveau" title="Germain Nouveau">Nouveau</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont" title="Comte de Lautréamont">Lautréamont</a>, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Littérature (magazine)">Littérature</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Louis Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Soupault" title="Philippe Soupault">Philippe Soupault</a>. They began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_automatism" title="Surrealist automatism">automatic writing</a>—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault continued writing evolving their techniques of automatism and published <a href="/wiki/Les_Champs_Magn%C3%A9tiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Champs Magnétiques">The Magnetic Fields</a> (1920). By October 1924, two rival Surrealist groups had formed to publish a <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a>. Each claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Appolinaire. One group, led by <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Goll" title="Yvan Goll">Yvan Goll</a> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Albert-Birot" title="Pierre Albert-Birot">Pierre Albert-Birot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Derm%C3%A9e" title="Paul Dermée">Paul Dermée</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Arnauld" title="Céline Arnauld">Céline Arnauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Giuseppe Ungaretti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy" title="Pierre Reverdy">Pierre Reverdy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Arland" title="Marcel Arland">Marcel Arland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Delteil" title="Joseph Delteil">Joseph Delteil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Jean Painlevé">Jean Painlevé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The group led by André Breton claimed that <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_automatism" title="Surrealist automatism">automatism</a> was a better tactic for societal change than those of Dada, as led by Tzara, who was now among their rivals. Breton's group grew to include writers and artists from various <a href="/wiki/Media_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (arts)">media</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret" title="Benjamin Péret">Benjamin Péret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Crevel" title="René Crevel">René Crevel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Robert Desnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Baron" title="Jacques Baron">Jacques Baron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Morise" title="Max Morise">Max Morise</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Diary_of_a_Genius-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Naville" title="Pierre Naville">Pierre Naville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Vitrac" title="Roger Vitrac">Roger Vitrac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gala_%C3%89luard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gala Éluard">Gala Éluard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Arp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Arp">Hans Arp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Malkine" title="Georges Malkine">Georges Malkine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Leiris" title="Michel Leiris">Michel Leiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Limbour" title="Georges Limbour">Georges Limbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yves_Tanguy" title="Yves Tanguy">Yves Tanguy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a><a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-sadoul_mon_ami_bunuel-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Revolution_Surrealiste_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/La_Revolution_Surrealiste_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the first issue of <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_surr%C3%A9aliste" title="La Révolution surréaliste">La Révolution surréaliste</a>, December 1924</figcaption></figure> As they developed their philosophy, they believed that Surrealism would advocate the idea that ordinary and depictive expressions are vital and important, but that the sense of their arrangement must be open to the full range of imagination according to the <a href="/wiki/Hegelian_Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian Dialectics">Hegelian Dialectic</a>. They also looked to the <a href="/wiki/Dialectical#Marxist_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical">Marxist dialectic</a> and the work of such theorists as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Freud's work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">idiosyncrasy</a>, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness. As Dalí later proclaimed, "There is only one difference between a madman and me. I am not mad."<a href="#cite_note-Diary_of_a_Genius-18">[18]</a> Beside the use of dream analysis, they emphasized that "one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical and startling effects."<a href="#cite_note-PynchonSurralism-22">[22]</a> Breton included the idea of the startling juxtapositions in his 1924 manifesto, taking it in turn from a 1918 essay by poet <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy" title="Pierre Reverdy">Pierre Reverdy</a>, which said: "a juxtaposition of two more or less distant realities. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be−the greater its emotional power and poetic reality."<a href="#cite_note-Breton_(1924)-23">[23]</a> The group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to free people from false rationality, and restrictive customs and structures. Breton proclaimed that the true aim of Surrealism was "long live the social revolution, and it alone!" To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. In 1924, two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Surrealist_Research" title="Bureau of Surrealist Research">Bureau of Surrealist Research</a> was established and began publishing the journal <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_surr%C3%A9aliste" title="La Révolution surréaliste">La Révolution surréaliste</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_Manifestos">Surrealist Manifestos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surrealist Manifestos">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yvan_Goll,_Surr%C3%A9alisme,_Manifeste_du_surr%C3%A9alisme,_Volume_1,_Number_1,_October_1,_1924,_cover_by_Robert_Delaunay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yvan_Goll%2C_Surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Manifeste_du_surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Volume_1%2C_Number_1%2C_October_1%2C_1924%2C_cover_by_Robert_Delaunay.jpg/220px-Yvan_Goll%2C_Surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Manifeste_du_surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Volume_1%2C_Number_1%2C_October_1%2C_1924%2C_cover_by_Robert_Delaunay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yvan_Goll%2C_Surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Manifeste_du_surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Volume_1%2C_Number_1%2C_October_1%2C_1924%2C_cover_by_Robert_Delaunay.jpg/330px-Yvan_Goll%2C_Surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Manifeste_du_surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Volume_1%2C_Number_1%2C_October_1%2C_1924%2C_cover_by_Robert_Delaunay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yvan_Goll%2C_Surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Manifeste_du_surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Volume_1%2C_Number_1%2C_October_1%2C_1924%2C_cover_by_Robert_Delaunay.jpg/440px-Yvan_Goll%2C_Surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Manifeste_du_surr%C3%A9alisme%2C_Volume_1%2C_Number_1%2C_October_1%2C_1924%2C_cover_by_Robert_Delaunay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="5313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Goll" title="Yvan Goll">Yvan Goll</a>, Surréalisme, Manifeste du surréalisme,<a href="#cite_note-Surréalisme-24">[24]</a> Volume 1, Number 1, October 1, 1924, cover by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a></div> Leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Apollinaire. One group, led by <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Goll" title="Yvan Goll">Yvan Goll</a>, consisted of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Albert-Birot" title="Pierre Albert-Birot">Pierre Albert-Birot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Derm%C3%A9e" title="Paul Dermée">Paul Dermée</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Arnauld" title="Céline Arnauld">Céline Arnauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Giuseppe Ungaretti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy" title="Pierre Reverdy">Pierre Reverdy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Arland" title="Marcel Arland">Marcel Arland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Delteil" title="Joseph Delteil">Joseph Delteil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Jean Painlevé">Jean Painlevé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Durozoi-25">[25]</a> The other group, led by Breton, included Aragon, Desnos, Éluard, Baron, Crevel, Malkine, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Andr%C3%A9_Boiffard" title="Jacques-André Boiffard">Jacques-André Boiffard</a> and Jean Carrive, among others.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Yvan Goll published the Manifeste du surréalisme, 1 October 1924, in his first and only issue of Surréalisme<a href="#cite_note-Surréalisme-24">[24]</a> two weeks prior to the release of Breton's Manifeste du surréalisme, published by Éditions du Sagittaire, 15 October 1924. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées,<a href="#cite_note-Durozoi-25">[25]</a> over the rights to the term Surrealism. In the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Though the quarrel over the anteriority of Surrealism concluded with the victory of Breton, the history of surrealism from that moment would remain marked by fractures, resignations, and resounding excommunications, with each surrealist having their own view of the issue and goals, and accepting more or less the definitions laid out by André Breton.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Breton's 1924 Surrealist Manifesto defines the purposes of Surrealism. He included citations of the influences on Surrealism, examples of Surrealist works, and discussion of Surrealist automatism. He provided the following definitions: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Dictionary: Surrealism, n. Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation. Encyclopedia: Surrealism. Philosophy. Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected associations, in the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. It tends to ruin once and for all other psychic mechanisms and to substitute itself for them in solving all the principal problems of life.<a href="#cite_note-Manifesto_of_Surrealism-4">[4]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion">Expansion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Woman_with_Her_Throat_Cut%27,_a_flor_piece_by_Giacometti,_1932_(cast_1949),_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_(New_York_City).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/%27Woman_with_Her_Throat_Cut%27%2C_a_flor_piece_by_Giacometti%2C_1932_%28cast_1949%29%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_%28New_York_City%29.jpg/170px-%27Woman_with_Her_Throat_Cut%27%2C_a_flor_piece_by_Giacometti%2C_1932_%28cast_1949%29%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_%28New_York_City%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/%27Woman_with_Her_Throat_Cut%27%2C_a_flor_piece_by_Giacometti%2C_1932_%28cast_1949%29%2C_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_%28New_York_City%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a>'s Woman with Her Throat Cut, 1932 (cast 1949), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art, New York City</a></figcaption></figure> The movement in the mid-1920s was characterized by meetings in cafes where the Surrealists played collaborative drawing games, discussed the theories of Surrealism, and developed a variety of <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_techniques" title="Surrealist techniques">techniques</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_automatism#Automatic_drawing_and_painting" title="Surrealist automatism">automatic drawing</a>. Breton initially doubted that visual arts could even be useful in the Surrealist movement since they appeared to be less malleable and open to chance and automatism. This caution was overcome by the discovery of such techniques as <a href="/wiki/Frottage_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frottage (art)">frottage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grattage" title="Grattage">grattage</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decalcomania" title="Decalcomania">decalcomania</a>. Soon more visual artists became involved, including <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Tanguy" title="Yves Tanguy">Yves Tanguy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Alberto Giacometti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Hugo" title="Valentine Hugo">Valentine Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ret_Oppenheim" title="Méret Oppenheim">Méret Oppenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyen" title="Toyen">Toyen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansuke_Yamamoto_(artist)" title="Kansuke Yamamoto (artist)">Kansuke Yamamoto</a>. Later, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Donati" title="Enrico Donati">Enrico Donati</a>, Vinicius Pradella and Denis Fabbri became involved as well. Though Breton admired <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> and courted them to join the movement, they remained peripheral.<a href="#cite_note-tomkins-32">[32]</a> More writers also joined, including former Dadaist <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Char" title="René Char">René Char</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sadoul" title="Georges Sadoul">Georges Sadoul</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masson_automatic_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Masson_automatic_drawing.jpg/220px-Masson_automatic_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Masson_automatic_drawing.jpg/330px-Masson_automatic_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Masson_automatic_drawing.jpg/440px-Masson_automatic_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a>. Automatic Drawing. 1924. Ink on paper, 23.5 × 20.6 cm. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York.</figcaption></figure> In 1925 an autonomous Surrealist group formed in Brussels. The group included the musician, poet, and artist <a href="/wiki/E._L._T._Mesens" title="E. L. T. Mesens">E. L. T. Mesens</a>, painter and writer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Noug%C3%A9" title="Paul Nougé">Paul Nougé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lecomte" title="Marcel Lecomte">Marcel Lecomte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souris" title="André Souris">André Souris</a>. In 1927 they were joined by the writer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Scutenaire" title="Louis Scutenaire">Louis Scutenaire</a>. They corresponded regularly with the Paris group, and in 1927 both Goemans and Magritte moved to Paris and frequented Breton's circle.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[19]</a> The artists, with their roots in <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, the abstraction of <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>, also reached to older "bloodlines" or <a href="/wiki/Proto-Surrealism" title="Proto-Surrealism">proto-surrealists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, and the so-called primitive and naive arts. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_automatism#Automatic_drawing_and_painting" title="Surrealist automatism">automatic drawings</a> of 1923 are often used as the point of the acceptance of visual arts and the break from Dada, since they reflect the influence of the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a>. Another example is Giacometti's 1925 Torso, which marked his movement to simplified forms and inspiration from preclassical sculpture. However, a striking example of the line used to divide Dada and Surrealism among art experts is the pairing of 1925's <a href="/wiki/Little_Machine_Constructed_by_Minimax_Dadamax_in_Person" title="Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person">Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person (Von minimax dadamax selbst konstruiertes maschinchen)</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> with The Kiss (Le Baiser)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> from 1927 by Max Ernst.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>] The first is generally held to have a distance, and erotic subtext, whereas the second presents an erotic act openly and directly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] In the second the influence of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a> and the drawing style of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a> is visible with the use of fluid curving and intersecting lines and colour, whereas the first takes a directness that would later be influential in movements such as <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Red_Tower_by_Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/The_Red_Tower_by_Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg/220px-The_Red_Tower_by_Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/The_Red_Tower_by_Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg/330px-The_Red_Tower_by_Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/The_Red_Tower_by_Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg/440px-The_Red_Tower_by_Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a>, The Red Tower (La Tour Rouge), 1913, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Guggenheim Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Giorgio de Chirico, and his previous development of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical art">metaphysical art</a>, was one of the important joining figures between the philosophical and visual aspects of Surrealism. Between 1911 and 1917, he adopted an unornamented depictional style whose surface would be adopted by others later. The Red Tower (La tour rouge) from 1913 shows the stark colour contrasts and illustrative style later adopted by Surrealist painters. His 1914 The Nostalgia of the Poet (La Nostalgie du poète)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> has the figure turned away from the viewer, and the juxtaposition of a bust with glasses and a fish as a relief defies conventional explanation. He was also a writer whose novel <a href="/wiki/Hebdomeros" title="Hebdomeros">Hebdomeros</a> presents a series of dreamscapes with an unusual use of punctuation, syntax, and grammar designed to create an atmosphere and frame its images. His images, including set designs for the <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a>, would create a decorative form of Surrealism, and he would be an influence on the two artists who would be even more closely associated with Surrealism in the public mind: Dalí and Magritte. He would, however, leave the Surrealist group in 1928. In 1924, Miró and Masson applied Surrealism to painting. The first Surrealist exhibition, La Peinture Surrealiste, was held at Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. It displayed works by Masson, <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>, Miró, and others. The show confirmed that Surrealism had a component in the visual arts (though it had been initially debated whether this was possible), and techniques from Dada, such as <a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">photomontage</a>, were used. The following year, on March 26, 1926, Galerie Surréaliste opened with an exhibition by Man Ray. Breton published Surrealism and Painting in 1928 which summarized the movement to that point, though he continued to update the work until the 1960s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_literature">Surrealist literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surrealist literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Surrealist_poets" title="List of Surrealist poets">List of Surrealist poets</a></div> The first Surrealist work, according to leader Breton, was <a href="/wiki/Les_Chants_de_Maldoror" title="Les Chants de Maldoror">Les Chants de Maldoror</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and the first work written and published by his group of Surréalistes was <a href="/wiki/Les_Champs_Magn%C3%A9tiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Champs Magnétiques">Les Champs Magnétiques</a> (May–June 1919).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Littérature contained automatist works and accounts of dreams. The magazine and the portfolio both showed their disdain for literal meanings given to objects and focused rather on the undertones; the poetic undercurrents present. Not only did they give emphasis to the poetic undercurrents, but also to the connotations and the overtones which "exist in ambiguous relationships to the visual images."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Because Surrealist writers seldom, if ever, appear to organize their thoughts and the images they present, some people find much of their work difficult to parse. This notion however is a superficial comprehension, prompted no doubt by Breton's initial emphasis on automatic writing as the main route toward a higher reality. But—as in Breton's case—much of what is presented as purely automatic is actually edited and very "thought out". Breton himself later admitted that automatic writing's centrality had been overstated, and other elements were introduced, especially as the growing involvement of visual artists in the movement forced the issue, since automatic painting required a rather more strenuous set of approaches. Thus, such elements as collage were introduced, arising partly from an ideal of startling juxtapositions as revealed in <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy" title="Pierre Reverdy">Pierre Reverdy</a>'s poetry. And—as in Magritte's case (where there is no obvious recourse to either automatic techniques or collage)—the very notion of convulsive joining became a tool for revelation in and of itself. Surrealism was meant to be always in flux—to be more modern than modern—and so it was natural there should be a rapid shuffling of the philosophy as new challenges arose. Artists such as Max Ernst and his surrealist collages demonstrate this shift to a more modern art form that also comments on society.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Surrealists revived interest in Isidore Ducasse, known by his pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont" title="Comte de Lautréamont">Comte de Lautréamont</a>, and for the line "beautiful as the chance meeting on a dissecting table of a sewing machine and an umbrella", and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>, two late 19th-century writers believed to be the precursors of Surrealism. Examples of Surrealist literature are Artaud's Le Pèse-Nerfs (1926), Aragon's <a href="/wiki/Irene%27s_Cunt" title="Irene's Cunt">Irene's Cunt</a> (1927), Péret's Death to the Pigs (1929), Crevel's Mr. Knife Miss Fork (1931), <a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Owl" title="The Blind Owl">the Blind Owl</a> (1937), and Breton's Sur la route de San Romano (1948). <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_surr%C3%A9aliste" title="La Révolution surréaliste">La Révolution surréaliste</a> continued publication into 1929 with most pages densely packed with columns of text, but which also included reproductions of art, among them works by de Chirico, Ernst, Masson, and Man Ray. Other works included books, poems, pamphlets, automatic texts and theoretical tracts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_films">Surrealist films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surrealist films">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist cinema</a></div> Early films by Surrealists include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte_(film)" title="Entr'acte (film)">Entr'acte</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">René Clair</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman" title="The Seashell and the Clergyman">The Seashell and the Clergyman</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: La Coquille et le clergyman) by <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a>, scenario by Antonin Artaud (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89toile_de_mer" title="L'Étoile de mer">L'Étoile de mer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%82ge_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Âge d'Or">L'Âge d'Or</a> by Buñuel and Dalí (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_a_Poet" title="The Blood of a Poet">The Blood of a Poet</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Le sang d'un poète) by Jean Cocteau (1930)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_photography">Surrealist photography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surrealist photography">edit</a>]</div> Famous Surrealist photographers are the French <a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, the French/Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Brassa%C3%AF" title="Brassaï">Brassaï</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahun" title="Claude Cahun">Claude Cahun</a> and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Emiel_van_Moerkerken" title="Emiel van Moerkerken">Emiel van Moerkerken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moerkerken-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_theatre">Surrealist theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surrealist theatre">edit</a>]</div> The word surrealist was first used by Apollinaire to describe his 1917 play <a href="/wiki/The_Breasts_of_Tiresias" title="The Breasts of Tiresias">Les Mamelles de Tirésias</a> ("The Breasts of Tiresias"), which was later <a href="/wiki/Les_mamelles_de_Tir%C3%A9sias" title="Les mamelles de Tirésias">adapted into an opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Roger_Vitrac" title="Roger Vitrac">Roger Vitrac</a>'s The Mysteries of Love (1927) and Victor, or The Children Take Over (1928) are often considered the best examples of Surrealist theatre, despite his expulsion from the movement in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The plays were staged at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Alfred_Jarry" title="Theatre Alfred Jarry">Theatre Alfred Jarry</a>, the theatre Vitrac co-founded with <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a>, another early Surrealist who was expelled from the movement.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Following his collaboration with Vitrac, Artaud would extend Surrealist thought through his theory of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a>. Artaud rejected the majority of Western theatre as a perversion of its original intent, which he felt should be a mystical, metaphysical experience.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Instead, he envisioned a theatre that would be immediate and direct, linking the unconscious minds of performers and spectators in a sort of ritual event, Artaud created in which emotions, feelings, and the metaphysical were expressed not through language but physically, creating a mythological, archetypal, allegorical vision, closely related to the world of dreams.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Spanish playwright and director <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, also experimented with surrealism, particularly in his plays <a href="/wiki/The_Public_(play)" title="The Public (play)">The Public</a> (1930), <a href="/wiki/When_Five_Years_Pass" title="When Five Years Pass">When Five Years Pass</a> (1931), and <a href="/wiki/Play_Without_a_Title" title="Play Without a Title">Play Without a Title</a> (1935). Other surrealist plays include Aragon's Backs to the Wall (1925).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_Lights_the_Lights" title="Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights">Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights</a> (1938) has also been described as "American Surrealism", though it is also related to a theatrical form of <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_music">Surrealist music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surrealist music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealist music</a></div> In the 1920s several composers were influenced by Surrealism, or by individuals in the Surrealist movement. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souris" title="André Souris">André Souris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, who stated that his work Arcana was drawn from a dream sequence.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Souris in particular was associated with the movement: he had a long relationship with Magritte, and worked on <a href="/wiki/Paul_Noug%C3%A9" title="Paul Nougé">Paul Nougé</a>'s publication Adieu Marie. Music by composers from across the twentieth century have been associated with surrealist principles, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Tailleferre" title="Germaine Tailleferre">Germaine Tailleferre</a> of the French group <a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a> wrote several works which could be considered to be inspired by Surrealism[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], including the 1948 ballet Paris-Magie (scenario by <a href="/wiki/Lise_Deharme" title="Lise Deharme">Lise Deharme</a>), the operas La Petite Sirène (book by Philippe Soupault) and Le Maître (book by Eugène Ionesco).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Tailleferre also wrote popular songs to texts by Claude Marci, the wife of Henri Jeanson, whose portrait had been painted by Magritte in the 1930s. Even though Breton by 1946 responded rather negatively to the subject of music with his essay Silence is Golden, later Surrealists, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Garon" title="Paul Garon">Paul Garon</a>, have been interested in—and found parallels to—Surrealism in the improvisation of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>. Jazz and blues musicians have occasionally reciprocated this interest. For example, the <a href="/wiki/1976_World_Surrealist_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 World Surrealist Exhibition">1976 World Surrealist Exhibition</a> included performances by <a href="/wiki/David_%22Honeyboy%22_Edwards" title="David "Honeyboy" Edwards">David "Honeyboy" Edwards</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrealism_and_international_politics">Surrealism and international politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Surrealism and international politics">edit</a>]</div> Surrealism as a political force developed unevenly around the world: in some places more emphasis was on artistic practices, in other places on political practices, and in other places still, Surrealist praxis looked to supersede both the arts and politics. During the 1930s, the Surrealist idea spread from Europe to North America, South America (founding of the <a href="/wiki/Mandr%C3%A1gora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandrágora">Mandrágora</a> group in Chile in 1938), <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caribbean">the Caribbean</a>, and throughout Asia, as both an artistic idea and as an ideology of political change.<a href="#cite_note-Bauduin_et_al-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiteri-63">[63]</a> Politically, Surrealism was <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauduin_et_al-62">[62]</a> The split from Dada has been characterised as a split between anarchists and communists, with the Surrealists as communist. Breton and his comrades supported <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and his <a href="/wiki/International_Left_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="International Left Opposition">International Left Opposition</a> for a while, though there was an openness to anarchism that manifested more fully after World War II. Some Surrealists, such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret" title="Benjamin Péret">Benjamin Péret</a>, Mary Low, and Juan Breá, aligned with forms of <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a>. When the Dutch surrealist photographer <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiel_van_Moerkerken" class="extiw" title="nl:Emiel van Moerkerken">Emiel van Moerkerken</a> came to Breton, he did not want to sign the manifesto because he was not a Trotskyist. For Breton being a communist was not enough. Breton denied Van Moerkerken's pictures for a publication afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-Moerkerken-40">[40]</a> This caused a split in surrealism. Others fought for complete liberty from political ideologies, like <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen" title="Wolfgang Paalen">Wolfgang Paalen</a>, who, after Trotsky's assassination in Mexico, prepared a schism between art and politics through his counter-surrealist art-magazine <a href="/wiki/DYN_(magazine)" title="DYN (magazine)">DYN</a> and so prepared the ground for the abstract expressionists. Dalí supported capitalism and the fascist dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> but cannot be said to represent a trend in Surrealism in this respect; in fact, he was considered, by Breton and his associates, to have betrayed and left Surrealism. Benjamin Péret, Mary Low, Juan Breá, and Spanish-native <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Granell" title="Eugenio Granell">Eugenio Fernández Granell</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">POUM</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bauduin_et_al-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiteri-63">[63]</a> Breton's followers, along with the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party</a>, were working for the "liberation of man". However, Breton's group refused to prioritize the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> struggle over radical creation such that their struggles with the Party made the late 1920s a turbulent time for both. Many individuals closely associated with Breton, notably Aragon, left his group to work more closely with the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-Bauduin_et_al-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiteri-63">[63]</a> Surrealists have often sought to link their efforts with political ideals and activities. In the Declaration of January 27, 1925,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> for example, members of the Paris-based <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Surrealist_Research" title="Bureau of Surrealist Research">Bureau of Surrealist Research</a> (including Breton, Aragon and Artaud, as well as some two dozen others) declared their affinity for revolutionary politics. While this was initially a somewhat vague formulation, by the 1930s many Surrealists had strongly identified themselves with communism. The foremost document of this tendency within Surrealism is the Manifesto for a Free Revolutionary Art,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> published under the names of Breton and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, but actually co-authored by Breton and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> However, in 1933 the Surrealists' assertion that a "<a href="/wiki/Proletarian_literature" title="Proletarian literature">proletarian literature</a>" within a capitalist society was impossible led to their break with the Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires, and the expulsion of Breton, Éluard and Crevel from the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[19]</a> In 1925, the Paris Surrealist group and the extreme left of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> came together to support <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_%27Abd_al-Karim_al-Khattabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi">Abd-el-Krim</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> uprising against French colonialism in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. In an open letter to writer and French ambassador to Japan, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Claudel" title="Paul Claudel">Paul Claudel</a>, the Paris group announced: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We Surrealists pronounced ourselves in favour of changing the imperialist war, in its chronic and colonial form, into a civil war. Thus we placed our energies at the disposal of the revolution, of the proletariat and its struggles, and defined our attitude towards the colonial problem, and hence towards the colour question.</blockquote> The anticolonial revolutionary and proletarian politics of "Murderous Humanitarianism" (1932) which was drafted mainly by Crevel, signed by Breton, Éluard, Péret, Tanguy, and the Martiniquan Surrealists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Yoyotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Yoyotte (page does not exist)">Pierre Yoyotte</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.M._Monnerot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.M. Monnerot (page does not exist)">J.M. Monnerot</a> perhaps makes it the original document of what is later called "black Surrealism",<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> although it is the contact between <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a> and Breton in the 1940s in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> that really lead to the communication of what is known as "black Surrealism". Anticolonial revolutionary writers in the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, a French colony at the time, took up Surrealism as a revolutionary method – a critique of European culture and a radical subjective. This linked with other Surrealists and was very important for the subsequent development of Surrealism as a revolutionary praxis. The journal <a href="/wiki/Tropiques" title="Tropiques">Tropiques</a>, featuring the work of Césaire along with <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_C%C3%A9saire" title="Suzanne Césaire">Suzanne Césaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nil" title="René Ménil">René Ménil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucie_Th%C3%A9s%C3%A9e" title="Lucie Thésée">Lucie Thésée</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristide_Maug%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristide Maugée (page does not exist)">Aristide Maugée</a> and others, was first published in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1938 André Breton traveled with his wife, the painter <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Lamba" title="Jacqueline Lamba">Jacqueline Lamba</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to meet Trotsky (staying as the guest of Diego Rivera's former wife Guadalupe Marin), and there he met <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> and saw her paintings for the first time. Breton declared Kahlo to be an "innate" Surrealist painter.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_politics">Internal politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internal politics">edit</a>]</div> In 1929 the satellite group associated with the journal Le Grand Jeu, including <a href="/wiki/Roger_Gilbert-Lecomte" title="Roger Gilbert-Lecomte">Roger Gilbert-Lecomte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Henry" title="Maurice Henry">Maurice Henry</a> and the Czech painter <a href="/wiki/Josef_Sima" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Sima">Josef Sima</a>, was ostracized. Also in February, Breton asked Surrealists to assess their "degree of moral competence", and theoretical refinements included in the second <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">manifeste du surréalisme</a> excluded anyone reluctant to commit to collective action, a list which included Leiris, Limbour, Morise, Baron, Queneau, Prévert, Desnos, Masson and Boiffard. Excluded members launched a counterattack, sharply criticizing Breton in the pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Un_Cadavre" title="Un Cadavre">Un Cadavre</a>, which featured a picture of Breton wearing a <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>. The pamphlet drew upon an earlier act of subversion by likening Breton to <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a>, whose unquestioned value Breton had challenged in 1924. The disunion of 1929–30 and the effects of Un Cadavre had very little negative impact upon Surrealism as Breton saw it, since core figures such as Aragon, Crevel, Dalí and Buñuel remained true to the idea of group action, at least for the time being. The success (or the controversy) of Dalí and Buñuel's film <a href="/wiki/L%27Age_d%27Or" title="L'Age d'Or">L'Age d'Or</a> in December 1930 had a regenerative effect, drawing a number of new recruits, and encouraging countless new artistic works the following year and throughout the 1930s. Disgruntled surrealists moved to the periodical <a href="/wiki/Documents_(magazine)" title="Documents (magazine)">Documents</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a>, whose anti-idealist materialism formed a hybrid Surrealism intending to expose the base instincts of humans.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-pompidou-70">[70]</a> To the dismay of many, Documents fizzled out in 1931, just as Surrealism seemed to be gathering more steam. There were a number of reconciliations after this period of disunion, such as between Breton and Bataille, while Aragon left the group after committing himself to the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> in 1932. More members were ousted over the years for a variety of infractions, both political and personal, while others left in pursuit of their own style. By the end of World War II, the surrealist group led by André Breton decided to explicitly embrace anarchism. In 1952 Breton wrote "It was in the black mirror of anarchism that surrealism first recognised itself."<a href="#cite_note-anarchosurrealism-71">[71]</a> Breton was consistent in his support for the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Anarchiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Anarchiste">francophone Anarchist Federation</a> and he continued to offer his solidarity after the <a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformists</a> supporting Fontenis transformed the FA into the Fédération Communiste Libertaire. He was one of the few intellectuals who continued to offer his support to the FCL during the Algerian war when the FCL suffered severe repression and was forced underground. He sheltered Fontenis whilst he was in hiding. He refused to take sides on the splits in the French anarchist movement and both he and Peret expressed solidarity as well with the new <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_anarchiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération anarchiste">Fédération anarchiste</a> set up by the synthesist anarchists and worked in the Antifascist Committees of the 60s alongside the FA.<a href="#cite_note-anarchosurrealism-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Golden age">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the 1930s, Surrealism continued to become more visible to the public at large. A <a href="/wiki/British_Surrealist_Group" title="British Surrealist Group">Surrealist group developed in London</a> and, according to Breton, their 1936 <a href="/wiki/London_International_Surrealist_Exhibition" title="London International Surrealist Exhibition">London International Surrealist Exhibition</a> was a high-water mark of the period and became the model for international exhibitions. Another English Surrealist group developed <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Surrealists" title="Birmingham Surrealists">in Birmingham</a>, meanwhile, and was distinguished by its opposition to the London surrealists and preferences for surrealism's French heartland. The two groups would reconcile later in the decade. Dalí and Magritte created the most widely recognized images of the movement. Dalí joined the group in 1929 and participated in the rapid establishment of the visual style between 1930 and 1935. Surrealism as a visual movement had found a method: to expose psychological truth; stripping ordinary objects of their normal significance, to create a compelling image that was beyond ordinary formal organization, in order to evoke empathy from the viewer. 1931 was a year when several Surrealist painters produced works which marked turning points in their stylistic evolution: Magritte's Voice of Space (La Voix des airs)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> is an example of this process, where three large spheres representing bells hang above a landscape. Another Surrealist landscape from this same year is Yves Tanguy's <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Premontory_Palace.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Premontory Palace.jpg (page does not exist)">Promontory Palace (Palais promontoire)</a>, with its molten forms and liquid shapes. Liquid shapes became the trademark of Dalí, particularly in his <a href="/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Memory" title="The Persistence of Memory">The Persistence of Memory</a>, which features the image of watches that sag as if they were melting. The characteristics of this style—a combination of the depictive, the abstract, and the psychological—came to stand for the alienation which many people felt in the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modern</a> period, combined with the sense of reaching more deeply into the psyche, to be "made whole with one's individuality". Between 1930 and 1933, the Surrealist Group in Paris issued the periodical <a href="/wiki/Le_Surr%C3%A9alisme_au_service_de_la_r%C3%A9volution" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution">Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution</a> as the successor of La Révolution surréaliste. From 1936 through 1938 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen" title="Wolfgang Paalen">Wolfgang Paalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Onslow_Ford" title="Gordon Onslow Ford">Gordon Onslow Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Matta" title="Roberto Matta">Roberto Matta</a> joined the group. Paalen contributed <a href="/wiki/Fumage" title="Fumage">Fumage</a> and Onslow Ford <a href="/wiki/Coulage" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulage">Coulage</a> as new pictorial automatic techniques. Long after personal, political and professional tensions fragmented the Surrealist group, Magritte and Dalí continued to define a visual program in the arts. This program reached beyond painting, to encompass photography as well, as can be seen from a Man Ray self-portrait, whose use of assemblage influenced <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a>'s collage boxes. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg/220px-L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg/330px-L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/L%27Ange_du_Foyeur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>, L'Ange du Foyer ou le Triomphe du Surréalisme (1937), private collection</figcaption></figure> During the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim" title="Peggy Guggenheim">Peggy Guggenheim</a>, an important American art collector, married Max Ernst and began promoting work by other Surrealists such as Yves Tanguy and the British artist <a href="/wiki/John_Tunnard" title="John Tunnard">John Tunnard</a>. Major exhibitions in the 1930s <ul><li>1936 – <a href="/wiki/London_International_Surrealist_Exhibition" title="London International Surrealist Exhibition">London International Surrealist Exhibition</a> is organised in London by the art historian <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a>, with an introduction by André Breton.</li> <li>1936 – <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York shows the exhibition <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantastic_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantastic Art (page does not exist)">Fantastic Art</a>, Dada and Surrealism.</li> <li>1938 – A new <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_du_Surr%C3%A9alisme" title="Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme">Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme</a> was held at the Beaux-arts Gallery, Paris, with more than 60 artists from different countries, and showed around 300 paintings, objects, collages, photographs and installations. The Surrealists wanted to create an exhibition which in itself would be a creative act and called on Marcel Duchamp, Wolfgang Paalen, Man Ray and others to do so. At the exhibition's entrance Salvador Dalí placed his <a href="/wiki/Rainy_Taxi" title="Rainy Taxi">Rainy Taxi</a> (an old taxi rigged to produce a steady drizzle of water down the inside of the windows, and a shark-headed creature in the driver's seat and a blond mannequin crawling with live snails in the back) greeted the patrons who were in full evening dress. Surrealist Street filled one side of the lobby with mannequins dressed by various Surrealists. Paalen and Duchamp designed the main hall to seem like cave with 1,200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling over a coal brazier with a single light bulb which provided the only lighting, as well as the floor covered with humid leaves and mud.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art. On the floor Wolfgang Paalen created a small lake with grasses and the aroma of roasting coffee filled the air. Much to the Surrealists' satisfaction the exhibition scandalized the viewers.<a href="#cite_note-tomkins-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_the_Post_War_period">World War II and the Post War period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II and the Post War period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indefinite_Divisibility.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Indefinite_Divisibility.jpg/220px-Indefinite_Divisibility.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Indefinite_Divisibility.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yves_Tanguy" title="Yves Tanguy">Yves Tanguy</a> Indefinite Divisibility, 1942, <a href="/wiki/Albright_Knox_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright Knox Art Gallery">Albright Knox Art Gallery</a>, Buffalo, New York</figcaption></figure> World War II created havoc not only for the general population of Europe but especially for the European artists and writers that opposed Fascism and Nazism. Many important artists fled to North America and relative safety in the United States. The art community in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_York_City" title="Culture of New York City">New York City</a> in particular was already grappling with Surrealist ideas and several artists like <a href="/wiki/Arshile_Gorky" title="Arshile Gorky">Arshile Gorky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Motherwell" title="Robert Motherwell">Robert Motherwell</a> converged closely with the surrealist artists themselves, albeit with some suspicion and reservations. Ideas concerning the unconscious and dream imagery were quickly embraced. By the Second World War, the taste of the American <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> in New York swung decisively towards <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionism">Abstract Expressionism</a> with the support of key taste makers, including <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim" title="Peggy Guggenheim">Peggy Guggenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Steinberg" title="Leo Steinberg">Leo Steinberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Clement Greenberg</a>. However, it should not be easily forgotten that Abstract Expressionism itself grew directly out of the meeting of American (particularly New York) artists with European Surrealists self-exiled during World War II. In particular, Gorky and Paalen influenced the development of this American art form, which, as Surrealism did, celebrated the instantaneous human act as the well-spring of creativity. The early work of many Abstract Expressionists reveals a tight bond between the more superficial aspects of both movements, and the emergence (at a later date) of aspects of <a href="/wiki/Dadaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaist">Dadaistic</a> humor in such artists as <a href="/wiki/Rauschenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauschenberg">Rauschenberg</a> sheds an even starker light upon the connection. Up until the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a>, Surrealism can be seen to have been the single most important influence on the sudden growth in American arts, and even in Pop, some of the humor manifested in Surrealism can be found, often turned to a cultural criticism. The Second World War overshadowed, for a time, almost all intellectual and artistic production. In 1939 Wolfgang Paalen was the first to leave Paris for the New World as exile. After a long trip through the forests of British Columbia, he settled in Mexico and founded his influential art-magazine <a href="/wiki/DYN_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="DYN (journal)">Dyn</a>. In 1940 Yves Tanguy married American Surrealist painter <a href="/wiki/Kay_Sage" title="Kay Sage">Kay Sage</a>. In 1941, Breton went to the United States, where he co-founded the short-lived magazine <a href="/wiki/VVV_(magazine)" title="VVV (magazine)">VVV</a> with Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, and the American artist <a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(artist)" title="David Hare (artist)">David Hare</a>. However, it was the American poet, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Ford" title="Charles Henri Ford">Charles Henri Ford</a>, and his magazine <a href="/wiki/View_(magazine)" title="View (magazine)">View</a> which offered Breton a channel for promoting Surrealism in the United States. The View special issue on Duchamp was crucial for the public understanding of Surrealism in America. It stressed his connections to Surrealist methods, offered interpretations of his work by Breton, as well as Breton's view that Duchamp represented the bridge between early modern movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">Futurism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, to Surrealism. Wolfgang Paalen left the group in 1942 due to political/philosophical differences with Breton. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Conspirators_by_Colin_Middleton_1942lr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/The_Conspirators_by_Colin_Middleton_1942lr.jpg/260px-The_Conspirators_by_Colin_Middleton_1942lr.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/The_Conspirators_by_Colin_Middleton_1942lr.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The Conspirators by Colin Middleton (1942), the Irish Surrealist's response to the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a> </figcaption></figure> Though the war proved disruptive for Surrealism, the works continued. Many Surrealist artists continued to explore their vocabularies, including Magritte. Many members of the Surrealist movement continued to correspond and meet. While Dalí may have been excommunicated by Breton, he neither abandoned his themes from the 1930s, including references to the "persistence of time" in a later painting, nor did he become a depictive pompier. His classic period did not represent so sharp a break with the past as some descriptions of his work might portray, and some, such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thirion" title="André Thirion">André Thirion</a>, argued that there were works of his after this period that continued to have some relevance for the movement. When the war reached Ireland with the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a> in May 1941, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Middleton" title="Colin Middleton">Colin Middleton</a>, who had experimented with surrealist themes in the 1930s, responded with a series of dark works reflecting the shocked state of the people of the city. These were exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Belfast Municipal Gallery and Museum</a> after its restoration in 1943, following near destruction in the blitz.<a href="#cite_note-PatMurphy-74">[74]</a> During the 1940s Surrealism's influence was also felt in England, America and the Netherlands where Gertrude Pape and her husband Theo van Baaren helped to popularize it in their publication The Clean Handkerchief.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a> took an interest in <a href="/wiki/Biomorphism" title="Biomorphism">biomorphic</a> figures, and in England <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)" title="Francis Bacon (artist)">Francis Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a> used or experimented with Surrealist techniques. However, <a href="/wiki/Conroy_Maddox" title="Conroy Maddox">Conroy Maddox</a>, one of the first British Surrealists whose work in this genre dated from 1935, remained within the movement, and organized an exhibition of current Surrealist work in 1978 in response to an earlier show which infuriated him because it did not properly represent Surrealism. Maddox's exhibition, titled Surrealism Unlimited, was held in Paris and attracted international attention. He held his last one-man show in 2002, and died three years later. Magritte's work became more realistic in its depiction of actual objects, while maintaining the element of juxtaposition, such as in 1951's Personal Values (Les Valeurs Personnelles)<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and 1954's Empire of Light (L’Empire des lumières).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Magritte continued to produce works which have entered artistic vocabulary, such as Castle in the Pyrenees (Le Château des Pyrénées),<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> which refers back to Voix from 1931, in its suspension over a landscape. Other figures from the Surrealist movement were expelled. Several of these artists, like <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Matta" title="Roberto Matta">Roberto Matta</a> (by his own description) "remained close to Surrealism".<a href="#cite_note-tomkins-32">[32]</a> Frida Kahlo should be mentioned. She had a New York solo exhibition in 1938 with 25 paintings, encouraged by Breton himself. After the crushing of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endre_Rozsda" title="Endre Rozsda">Endre Rozsda</a> returned to Paris to continue creating his own word that had been transcended the surrealism. The preface to his first exhibition in the Furstenberg Gallery (1957) was written by Breton yet.<a href="#cite_note-breton-79">[79]</a> Many new artists explicitly took up the Surrealist banner. <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning" title="Dorothea Tanning">Dorothea Tanning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> continued to work, for example, with Tanning's Rainy Day Canape from 1970. Duchamp continued to produce sculpture in secret including an installation with the realistic depiction of a woman viewable only through a peephole. Breton continued to write and espouse the importance of liberating the human mind, as with the publication <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tower_of_Light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tower of Light (page does not exist)">The Tower of Light</a> in 1952. Breton's return to France after the War, began a new phase of Surrealist activity in Paris, and his critiques of rationalism and dualism found a new audience. Breton insisted that Surrealism was an ongoing revolt against the reduction of humanity to market relationships, religious gestures and misery and to espouse the importance of liberating the human mind. Major exhibitions of the 1940s, '50s and '60s <ul><li>1942 – First Papers of Surrealism – New York – The Surrealists again called on Duchamp to design an exhibition. This time he wove a 3-dimensional web of string throughout the rooms of the space, in some cases making it almost impossible to see the works.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> He made a secret arrangement with an associate's son to bring his friends to the opening of the show, so that when the finely dressed patrons arrived, they found a dozen children in athletic clothes kicking and passing balls and skipping rope. His design for the show's catalog included "found", rather than posed, photographs of the artists.<a href="#cite_note-tomkins-32">[32]</a></li> <li>1947 – International Surrealist Exhibition – Galerie Maeght, Paris<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>1959 – International Surrealist Exhibition – Paris</li> <li>1960 – Surrealist Intrusion in the Enchanters' Domain – New York</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Breton_Surrealism">Post-Breton Surrealism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-Breton Surrealism">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, the artists and writers associated with the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> were closely associated with Surrealism. While <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> was critical of and distanced himself from Surrealism, others, such as <a href="/wiki/Asger_Jorn" title="Asger Jorn">Asger Jorn</a>, were explicitly using Surrealist techniques and methods. <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">The events of May 1968</a> in France included a number of Surrealist ideas, and among the slogans the students spray-painted on the walls of the Sorbonne were familiar Surrealist ones. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a> would commemorate this in a painting titled May 1968. There were also groups who associated with both currents and were more attached to Surrealism, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Surrealist_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Surrealist Group (page does not exist)">Revolutionary Surrealist Group</a>. During the 1980s, behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, Surrealism again entered into politics with an underground artistic opposition movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a>. The Orange Alternative was created in 1981 by <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Fydrych" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldemar Fydrych">Waldemar Fydrych</a> (alias 'Major'), a graduate of history and art history at the University of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>. They used Surrealist symbolism and terminology in their large-scale happenings organized in the major Polish cities during the <a href="/wiki/Jaruzelski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a> regime and painted Surrealist graffiti on spots covering up anti-regime slogans. Major himself was the author of a "Manifesto of Socialist Surrealism". In this manifesto, he stated that the socialist (communist) system had become so Surrealistic that it could be seen as an expression of art itself. Surrealistic art also remains popular with museum patrons. The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Guggenheim Museum</a> in New York City held an exhibit, Two Private Eyes, in 1999, and in 2001 <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a> held an exhibition of Surrealist art that attracted over 170,000 visitors. In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum">Met</a> in New York City held a show, Desire Unbound, and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a> in Paris a show called La Révolution surréaliste. Surrealist groups and literary publications have continued to be active up to the present day, with groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Surrealist_Group" title="Chicago Surrealist Group">Chicago Surrealist Group</a>, the Leeds Surrealist Group, and the Surrealist Group of Stockholm. <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer" title="Jan Švankmajer">Jan Švankmajer</a> of the Czech-Slovak Surrealists continues to make films and experiment with objects. In Ireland, novelists and poets associated with Surrealism are <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bailie" title="Tony Bailie">Tony Bailie</a>, Matthew Geden, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kudryavitsky" title="Anatoly Kudryavitsky">Anatoly Kudryavitsky</a>, Afric McGlinchey, Tim Murphy, <a href="/wiki/Ciaran_O%27Driscoll" title="Ciaran O'Driscoll">Ciaran O'Driscoll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_W._Sexton" title="John W. Sexton">John W. Sexton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Dublin-based <a href="/wiki/SurVision" title="SurVision">SurVision</a> online magazine "currently the only international magazine devoted exclusively to surrealist poetry."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Such contemporary avantgardist poets as Sergey Buryukov, Anna Glazova, Tatyana Graus, Dmitry Grigoriev, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kudryavitsky" title="Anatoly Kudryavitsky">Anatoly Kudryavitsky</a>, and others representative Surrealism in <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_influences">Impact and influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact and influences">edit</a>]</div> While Surrealism is typically associated with the arts, it has impacted many other fields. In this sense, Surrealism does not specifically refer only to self-identified "Surrealists", or those sanctioned by Breton, rather, it refers to a range of creative acts of revolt and efforts to liberate imagination.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In addition to Surrealist theory being grounded in the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a>, to its advocates its inherent dynamic is <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a> thought.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Surrealist artists have also cited the <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thecityreview1-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thecityreview1-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont" title="Comte de Lautréamont">Comte de Lautréamont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> as influences.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_68">May 68</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: May 68">edit</a>]</div> Surrealists believe that non-Western cultures also provide a continued source of inspiration for Surrealist activity because some may induce a better balance between instrumental reason and imagination in flight than Western culture.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Surrealism has had an identifiable impact on radical and revolutionary politics, both directly — as in some Surrealists joining or allying themselves with radical political groups, movements and parties — and indirectly — through the way in which Surrealists emphasize the intimate link between freeing imagination and the mind, and liberation from repressive and archaic social structures. This was especially visible in the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> of the 1960s and 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">French revolt of May 1968</a>, whose slogan "All power to the imagination" quoted by <a href="/wiki/The_Situationists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Situationists">The Situationists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s#Other_groups" title="Enragés">Enragés</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> from the originally Marxist "Rêvé-lutionary" theory and praxis of Breton's French Surrealist group.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodernism_and_popular_culture">Postmodernism and popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postmodernism and popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Many significant literary movements in the later half of the 20th century were directly or indirectly influenced by Surrealism. This period is known as the <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">Postmodern</a> era; though there is no widely agreed upon central definition of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>, many themes and techniques commonly identified as Postmodern are nearly identical to Surrealism. First Papers of Surrealism presented the fathers of surrealism in an exhibition that represented the leading monumental step of the avant-gardes towards installation art.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Many writers from and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> were influenced greatly by Surrealists. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Joans" title="Ted Joans">Ted Joans</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> are often categorized as both Beat and Surrealist writers. Many other Beat writers show significant evidence of Surrealist influence. A few examples include <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kaufman" title="Bob Kaufman">Bob Kaufman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Corso" title="Gregory Corso">Gregory Corso</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ferlinghetti" title="Lawrence Ferlinghetti">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Artaud in particular was very influential to many of the Beats, but especially Ginsberg and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Solomon" title="Carl Solomon">Carl Solomon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Ginsberg cites Artaud's "Van Gogh – The Man Suicided by Society" as a direct influence on "<a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a>",<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> along with Apollinaire's "Zone",<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> García Lorca's "Ode to Walt Whitman",<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and Schwitters' "Priimiititiii".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The structure of Breton's "Free Union" had a significant influence on Ginsberg's "Kaddish".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In Paris, Ginsberg and Corso met their heroes Tristan Tzara, Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Benjamin Péret, and to show their admiration Ginsberg kissed Duchamp's feet and Corso cut off Duchamp's tie.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, a core member of the Beat Generation and a postmodern novelist, developed the <a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">cut-up technique</a> with former surrealist <a href="/wiki/Brion_Gysin" title="Brion Gysin">Brion Gysin</a>—in which chance is used to dictate the composition of a text from words cut out of other sources—referring to it as the "Surrealist Lark" and recognizing its debt to the techniques of Tristan Tzara.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Postmodern novelist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, who was also influenced by Beat fiction, experimented since the 1960s with the surrealist idea of startling juxtapositions; commenting on the "necessity of managing this procedure with some degree of care and skill", he added that "any old combination of details will not do. Spike Jones Jr., whose father's orchestral recordings had a deep and indelible effect on me as a child, said once in an interview, 'One of the things that people don't realize about Dad's kind of music is, when you replace a C-sharp with a gunshot, it has to be a C-sharp gunshot or it sounds awful.'"<a href="#cite_note-PynchonSurralism-22">[22]</a> Many other postmodern fiction writers have been directly influenced by Surrealism. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a>, for example, has translated Surrealist poetry and said the Surrealists were "a real discovery" for him.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, when called a Magical Realist, said he saw his work instead "allied to surrealism".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> regarded as a surrealist filmmaker being quoted, "David Lynch has once again risen to the spotlight as a champion of surrealism,"<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> in regard to his show <a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a>. For the work of other postmodernists, such as <a href="/wiki/Donald_Barthelme" title="Donald Barthelme">Donald Barthelme</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coover" title="Robert Coover">Robert Coover</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> a broad comparison to Surrealism is common. <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a>, a popular technique among novelists of the latter half of the 20th century especially among Latin American writers, has some obvious similarities to Surrealism with its juxtaposition of the normal and the dream-like, as in the work of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> was inspired by the revolutionary voice in Surrealist poetry and points to inspiration Breton and Artaud found in Fuentes' homeland, Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Though Surrealism was a direct influence on Magic Realism in its early stages, many Magic Realist writers and critics, such as Amaryll Chanady<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and S. P. Ganguly,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> while acknowledging the similarities, cite the many differences obscured by the direct comparison of Magic Realism and Surrealism such as an interest in psychology and the artefacts of European culture they claim is not present in Magic Realism. A prominent example of a Magic Realist writer who points to Surrealism as an early influence is <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> who also later criticized Surrealism's delineation between real and unreal as not representing the true South American experience.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_groups">Surrealist groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Surrealist groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Surrealist_groups" title="Category:Surrealist groups">Category:Surrealist groups</a></div> Surrealist individuals and groups have carried on with Surrealism after the death of André Breton in 1966. The original Paris Surrealist Group was disbanded by member Jean Schuster in 1969, but another Parisian surrealist group was later formed. The current Surrealist Group of Paris has recently published the first issue of their new journal, Alcheringa. The Group of Czech-Slovak Surrealists never disbanded, and continue to publish their journal Analogon, which now spans almost 100 volumes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealism_and_the_theatre">Surrealism and the theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Surrealism and the theatre">edit</a>]</div> Surrealist theatre and Artaud's "Theatre of Cruelty" were inspirational to many within the group of playwrights that the critic Martin Esslin called the "<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>" (in his 1963 book of the same name). Though not an organized movement, Esslin grouped these playwrights together based on some similarities of theme and technique; Esslin argues that these similarities may be traced to an influence from the Surrealists. <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a> in particular was fond of Surrealism, claiming at one point that Breton was one of the most important thinkers in history.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> was also fond of Surrealists, even translating much of the poetry into English.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Other notable playwrights whom Esslin groups under the term, for example <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Adamov" title="Arthur Adamov">Arthur Adamov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Arrabal" title="Fernando Arrabal">Fernando Arrabal</a>, were at some point members of the Surrealist group.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Alice Farley is an American-born artist who became active during the 1970s in San Francisco after training in dance at the California Institute of the Arts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-130">[130]</a> Farley uses vivid and elaborate costuming that she describes as "the vehicles of transformation capable of making a character's thoughts visible".<a href="#cite_note-:0-130">[130]</a> Often collaborating with musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Threadgill" title="Henry Threadgill">Henry Threadgill</a>, Farley explores the role of improvisation in dance, bringing in an automatic aspect to the productions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Farley has performed in a number of surrealist collaborations including the <a href="/wiki/World_Surrealist_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="World Surrealist Exhibition">World Surrealist Exhibition</a> in Chicago in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-:0-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_precursors_in_older_art">Alleged precursors in older art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alleged precursors in older art">edit</a>]</div> Various much older artists are sometimes claimed as precursors of Surrealism. Foremost among these are <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo" title="Giuseppe Arcimboldo">Giuseppe Arcimboldo</a>, whom Dalí called the "father of Surrealism."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Apart from their followers, other artists who may be mentioned in this context include <a href="/wiki/Joos_de_Momper" title="Joos de Momper">Joos de Momper</a>, for some <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> landscapes. Many critics feel these works belong to <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">fantastic art</a> rather than having a significant connection with Surrealism.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surrealist_artists" title="Category:Surrealist artists">Category:Surrealist artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bion#Bizarre_object" title="Wilfred Bion">Bizarre Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_influenced_by_the_Surrealist_movement" title="List of films influenced by the Surrealist movement">List of films influenced by the Surrealist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_surrealists" title="Women surrealists">Women surrealists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exquisite_corpse" title="Exquisite corpse">Exquisite corpse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a> – Poetic style of painting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Surrealism" title="Organic Surrealism">Organic Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a> – Art created outside the boundaries of official culture by those untrained in the arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a> – Visual art inspired by psychedelic experiences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%B3n_de_Mayo" title="Salón de Mayo">Salón de Mayo</a> – exhibition held in Havana, CubaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback (Cuba)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century art book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3542-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-3542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+20th-Century+art+book.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprinted.&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3542-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/fr/14451967/andre_breton_manifeste_du_surrealisme/">André Breton, Manifeste du surréalisme, various editions</a>, Bibliothèque nationale de France. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P906UFXIoMUC&dq=%22resolve+the+previously+contradictory+conditions+of+dream+and+reality%22&pg=PA611">Ian Chilvers, The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists</a>, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 611, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-953294-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-953294-X">0-19-953294-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Manifesto_of_Surrealism-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_of_Surrealism_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manifesto_of_Surrealism_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209063222/http://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">"André Breton (1924), Manifesto of Surrealism"</a>. Tcf.ua.edu. 1924-06-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">the original</a> on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2012-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andr%C3%A9+Breton+%281924%29%2C+Manifesto+of+Surrealism&rft.pub=Tcf.ua.edu&rft.date=1924-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcf.ua.edu%2FClasses%2FJbutler%2FT340%2FSurManifesto%2FManifestoOfSurrealism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreton1997" class="citation book cs1">Breton, André (1997). The Automatic Message (First. ed.). London: Atlas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9477-5799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9477-5799-1"><bdi>978-0-9477-5799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Automatic+Message.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First.&rft.pub=Atlas+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9477-5799-1&rft.aulast=Breton&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhies" class="citation web cs1">Voorhies, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/surr/hd_surr.htm">"Surrealism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Surrealism&rft.aulast=Voorhies&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fsurr%2Fhd_surr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "The movement started in 1917, that year of war and revolution, when the term was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and when three young intellectuals, André Breton, Philipp Soupault and Louis Aragon, met each other in Paris and found that they shared the same overriding artistic principle: any art, in future, was only possible if it denied the validity of bourgeois sense and morals."— page 11 In: Haslam, Malcolm. The Real World of the Surrealists. New York: Galley Press / W.H.Smith Publishers, 1978. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "Guillaume Apollinaire having coined the term surréalisme in the spring of 1917, subtitled his play Le Mamelles de Tirésias, performed just before his death the following year, Drame surréaliste. It was in fact Apollinaire who first introduced Breton to Philippe Soupault at his 125 Boulevard St. Germaine apartment, meeting-place for most of the significant avant-garde figures of the day." p. 39 in David Gascoyne's Translator's Introduction to "The Magnetic Fields," included with "The Immaculate Conception," in Breton, André. The Automatic Message. Translated by David Gascoyne, Antony Melville, & Jon Graham. (London and Geurnsey: Atlas Press, 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900565-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-900565-01-3">1-900565-01-3</a> & CIP available from <a href="/wiki/The_British_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Library">The British Library</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Yvan Goll's manifesto preceded Breton's by fourteen days, although Breton eventually succeeded in claiming the term for his group. See Matthew S. Witkovsky, "Surrealism in the Plural: Guillaume Apollinaire, Ivan Goll and Devětsil in the 1920s" Papers of Surrealism, 2, Summer 2004, pp. 1–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Hargrove, Nancy (1998). "The Great Parade: Cocteau, Picasso, Satie, Massine, Diaghilev—and T.S. Eliot". Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 31 (1). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Jean-Paul Clébert, Dictionnaire du surréalisme, A.T.P. & Le Seuil, Chamalières, p. 17, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922015316/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07112005-201540/unrestricted/Doyle_dis.pdf">Tracy A. Doyle, Erik Satie's ballet Parade: an arrangement for woodwind quintet and percussion with Historical Summary</a>, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1998, Louisiana State University, August 2005, pp. 51–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Vassiliki Kolocotroni, Jane Goldman, and Olga Taxidou, Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents, University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Gascoyne, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Sams, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Breton, "Vaché is surrealist in me", in <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Gérard Durozoi, An excerpt from History of the Surrealist Movement, Chapter Two, 1924–1929, Salvation for Us Is Nowhere, translation by Alison Anderson, U of Chicago Press, pp. 63–74, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-17411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-17411-2">978-0-226-17411-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Diary_of_a_Genius-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diary_of_a_Genius_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diary_of_a_Genius_18-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí, Salvador</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/66/82/15682.html">Diary of a Genius</a> quoted in The Columbia World of Quotations (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406060625/http://www.bartleby.com/66/82/15682.html">Archived</a> April 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_19-3">d</a> Dawn Ades, with Matthew Gale: "Surrealism", The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2007. Accessed March 15, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groveart.com/">GroveArt.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516052642/http://www.groveart.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sadoul_mon_ami_bunuel-20"><a href="#cite_ref-sadoul_mon_ami_bunuel_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadoul1951" class="citation journal cs1">Sadoul, Georges (12–18 December 1951). "Mon ami Buñuel". L'Écran Française. 335: 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27%C3%89cran+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Mon+ami+Bu%C3%B1uel&rft.volume=335&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1951-12-12%2F1951-12-18&rft.aulast=Sadoul&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate" class="citation web cs1">Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/dora-maar/exhibition-guide">"Dora Maar"</a>. Tate. Retrieved 2024-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Dora+Maar&rft.au=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ftate-modern%2Fdora-maar%2Fexhibition-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PynchonSurralism-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PynchonSurralism_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PynchonSurralism_22-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> (1984) <a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a>, p.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Breton_(1924)-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Breton_(1924)_23-0">^</a> Breton (1924) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">Manifesto of Surrealism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209063222/http://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">Archived</a> 2010-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy" title="Pierre Reverdy">Pierre Reverdy</a>'s comment was published in his journal Nord-Sud, March 1918 </li> <li id="cite_note-Surréalisme-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Surréalisme_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Surréalisme_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnaaj19241001-01&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------">"Surréalisme 1 October 1924 — Princeton Blue Mountain collection"</a>. bluemountain.princeton.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bluemountain.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Surr%C3%A9alisme+1+October+1924+%E2%80%94+Princeton+Blue+Mountain+collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbluemountain.princeton.edu%2Fbluemtn%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbluemtn%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dbmtnaaj19241001-01%26e%3D-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durozoi-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durozoi_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durozoi_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/174115.html">"Durozoi, History of the Surrealist Movement, excerpt"</a>. press.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Durozoi%2C+History+of+the+Surrealist+Movement%2C+excerpt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2FMisc%2FChicago%2F174115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism, transl. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane (Ann Arbor, 1971), p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/the-ahrb-centre-for-studies-of-surrealism-and-its-legacies-project(9182d222-4cfe-489b-a944-4998933b322c).html">"The AHRB Centre for Studies of Surrealism and its Legacies. | Research Explorer | The University of Manchester"</a>. www.research.manchester.ac.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.research.manchester.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+AHRB+Centre+for+Studies+of+Surrealism+and+its+Legacies.+%26%23124%3B+Research+Explorer+%26%23124%3B+The+University+of+Manchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.manchester.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Fthe-ahrb-centre-for-studies-of-surrealism-and-its-legacies-project%289182d222-4cfe-489b-a944-4998933b322c%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonVilain1997" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Eric; Vilain, Robert (April 6, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERMoAyKPKqsC&q=the+first+surrealist+manifesto%2C+Yvan+goll&pg=PA8">Yvan Goll—Claire Goll: Texts and Contexts</a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0854571833" title="Special:BookSources/0854571833"><bdi>0854571833</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yvan+Goll%E2%80%94Claire+Goll%3A+Texts+and+Contexts&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1997-04-06&rft.isbn=0854571833&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Vilain%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERMoAyKPKqsC%26q%3Dthe%2Bfirst%2Bsurrealist%2Bmanifesto%252C%2BYvan%2Bgoll%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lettresvolees.fr/eluard/surrealisme.html">"Man Ray / Paul Eluard – Les Mains libres – 1937 – Qu'est-ce que le surréalisme ?"</a>. www.lettresvolees.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lettresvolees.fr&rft.atitle=Man+Ray+%2F+Paul+Eluard+%E2%80%93+Les+Mains+libres+%E2%80%93+1937+%E2%80%93+Qu%27est-ce+que+le+surr%C3%A9alisme+%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lettresvolees.fr%2Feluard%2Fsurrealisme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigneron2009" class="citation book cs1">Vigneron, Denis (April 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01gJAajH9m0C&q=manifeste+du+surr%C3%A9alisme%2C+%22La+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9+est+la+base+de+tout+grand+art%22&pg=PA472">La création artistique espagnole à l'épreuve de la modernité esthétique européenne, 1898–1931</a>. Editions Publibook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782748348347" title="Special:BookSources/9782748348347"><bdi>9782748348347</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cr%C3%A9ation+artistique+espagnole+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9preuve+de+la+modernit%C3%A9+esth%C3%A9tique+europ%C3%A9enne%2C+1898%E2%80%931931&rft.pub=Editions+Publibook&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft.isbn=9782748348347&rft.aulast=Vigneron&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01gJAajH9m0C%26q%3Dmanifeste%2Bdu%2Bsurr%25C3%25A9alisme%252C%2B%2522La%2Br%25C3%25A9alit%25C3%25A9%2Best%2Bla%2Bbase%2Bde%2Btout%2Bgrand%2Bart%2522%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> José Pierre, Surrealism, Heron, 1970 </li> <li id="cite_note-tomkins-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tomkins_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomkins_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomkins_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomkins_32-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins" title="Calvin Tomkins">Tomkins, Calvin</a>, Duchamp: A Biography. Henry Holt and Company, Inc, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5789-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-5789-7">0-8050-5789-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/1129">Link to Guggenheim collection</a> with reproduction of the painting and further information. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/1132">Link to Guggenheim collection</a> with reproduction of the painting and further information. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/854">Link to Guggenheim collection</a> with reproduction of the painting and further information. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Brêton, André. Communicating Vessels. Trans. Mary Ann Caws & Geoffrey T. Harris. London & Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press/Bison Books, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Breton, André. Les Vases communicants. Paris: Gallimard, 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Vaneigem, Raoul. A Cavalier History of Surrealism. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oakland: AK Press, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDANAE2020" class="citation web cs1">DANAE (2020-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/digital-art-weekly/digital-montage-on-collage-and-the-legacy-of-modernism-ac9043247c61">"Digital Montage: On Collage and the Legacy of Modernism"</a>. Medium. Retrieved 2021-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Digital+Montage%3A+On+Collage+and+the+Legacy+of+Modernism&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.au=DANAE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fdigital-art-weekly%2Fdigital-montage-on-collage-and-the-legacy-of-modernism-ac9043247c61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moerkerken-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moerkerken_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moerkerken_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoerkerken2011" class="citation book cs1">Moerkerken, Emiel van (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731109379">Emiel van Moerkerken</a>. Moerkerken, Bruno van, Vos, Minke. Zwolle: D'jonge Hond. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8910-221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8910-221-8"><bdi>978-90-8910-221-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731109379">731109379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emiel+van+Moerkerken&rft.place=Zwolle&rft.pub=D%27jonge+Hond&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731109379&rft.isbn=978-90-8910-221-8&rft.aulast=Moerkerken&rft.aufirst=Emiel+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F731109379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThynne2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thynne, Lizzie (2002-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.2.3.168">"Claude Cahun: an experimental biopic"</a>. Journal of Media Practice. 2 (3): 168–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fjmpr.2.3.168">10.1386/jmpr.2.3.168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2753">1468-2753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191603274">191603274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Media+Practice&rft.atitle=Claude+Cahun%3A+an+experimental+biopic&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=168-174&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191603274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-2753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fjmpr.2.3.168&rft.aulast=Thynne&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1386%2Fjmpr.2.3.168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2024" class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Donna (2024-06-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/article/2024/jun/16/rare-photographs-dora-maar-picasso-tormented-muse">"Rare photographs by Dora Maar cast Picasso's tormented muse in a new light"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 2024-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Rare+photographs+by+Dora+Maar+cast+Picasso%27s+tormented+muse+in+a+new+light&rft.date=2024-06-16&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjun%2F16%2Frare-photographs-dora-maar-picasso-tormented-muse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapti2016" class="citation book cs1">Rapti, Vassiliki (2016-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOEoDAAAQBAJ&q=Roger+Vitrac:+Un+Reprouv%C3%A9+du+Surr%C3%A9alisme+review&pg=PA3">Ludics in Surrealist Theatre and Beyond</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-10309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-10309-7"><bdi>978-1-317-10309-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludics+in+Surrealist+Theatre+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-10309-7&rft.aulast=Rapti&rft.aufirst=Vassiliki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOEoDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DRoger%2BVitrac%3A%2BUn%2BReprouv%25C3%25A9%2Bdu%2BSurr%25C3%25A9alisme%2Breview%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuslander1980" class="citation journal cs1">Auslander, Philip (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3206891">"Surrealism in the Theatre: The Plays of Roger Vitrac"</a>. Theatre Journal. 32 (3): 357–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3206891">10.2307/3206891</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-2882">0192-2882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3206891">3206891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Surrealism+in+the+Theatre%3A+The+Plays+of+Roger+Vitrac&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-369&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0192-2882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3206891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3206891&rft.aulast=Auslander&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3206891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, David, ed. (2016-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118476215">A Companion to Dada and Surrealism: Hopkins/A Companion to Dada and Surrealism</a>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118476215">10.1002/9781118476215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47621-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47621-5"><bdi>978-1-118-47621-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Dada+and+Surrealism%3A+Hopkins%2FA+Companion+to+Dada+and+Surrealism&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118476215&rft.isbn=978-1-118-47621-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781118476215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJannarone2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jannarone, Kimberly (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0040557405000153/type/journal_article">"The Theatre before Its Double: Artaud Directs in the Alfred Jarry Theatre"</a>. Theatre Survey. 46 (2): 247–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040557405000153">10.1017/S0040557405000153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5574">0040-5574</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194096618">194096618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Theatre+before+Its+Double%3A+Artaud+Directs+in+the+Alfred+Jarry+Theatre&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-273&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194096618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0040-5574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040557405000153&rft.aulast=Jannarone&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0040557405000153%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtaud1958" class="citation book cs1">Artaud, Antonin (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmf8CMzu3kIC&q=the+theatre+and+its+double">The Theater and Its Double</a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-5030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-5030-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-5030-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theater+and+Its+Double&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-5030-1&rft.aulast=Artaud&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbmf8CMzu3kIC%26q%3Dthe%2Btheatre%2Band%2Bits%2Bdouble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823075755/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Absurd.htm">"The Theatre Of The Absurd"</a>. Arts.gla.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Absurd.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-23. Retrieved 2009-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+Of+The+Absurd&rft.pub=Arts.gla.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FSlavonic%2FAbsurd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906153307/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/theatre/eisser/semiotics.html">"Artaud and Semiotics"</a>. Holycross.edu. 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New Haven and London: Yale UP, 2001. 421–495. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2016" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Caroline (2016). Erik Satie: a Parisian Composer and his World. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artacademieparis.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/magritte_Castle-in-the-Pyrenees.jpg">the original</a> on May 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artacademieparis&rft.atitle=Castle+in+the+Pyrenees&rft.aulast=Magritte&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartacademieparis.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2Fmagritte_Castle-in-the-Pyrenees.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-breton-79"><a href="#cite_ref-breton_79-0">^</a> Breton, André. Surrealism and Painting, Icon, 1973 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchamp" class="citation web cs1">Duchamp, Marcel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toutfait.com/issues/volume2/issue_4/interviews/hirschhorn/popup_9.html">"Sixteen Miles of String"</a>. Toutfait.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sixteen+Miles+of+String&rft.pub=Toutfait.com&rft.aulast=Duchamp&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toutfait.com%2Fissues%2Fvolume2%2Fissue_4%2Finterviews%2Fhirschhorn%2Fpopup_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> International Surrealist Exhibition – Galerie Maeght, Paris« L’espace d'exposition comme matrice signifiante: l'exemple de l'exposition internationale du surréalisme à la galerie Maeght à Paris en 1947 », Ligiea, n°73-74-75-76 : Art et espace. Perception et représentation. Le lieu, le visible et l'espace-temps. le geste, le corps et le regard, sous la direction de Giovanni Lista, Paris, juin 2007, p. 230-242. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Seeds of Gravity: An Anthology of Contemporary Surrealist Poetry from Ireland, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kudryavitsky" title="Anatoly Kudryavitsky">Anatoly Kudryavitsky</a>, Dublin: SurVision Books, 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-18-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-18-8">978-1-912963-18-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Tim Murphy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drb.ie/essays/on-the-waves-of-the-surreal">On the Waves of the Surreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Review_of_Books" title="Dublin Review of Books">Dublin Review of Books</a>, 1 April 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> message-door: An Anthology of Contemporary Surrealist Poetry from Russia, ed. and trans. by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kudryavitsky" title="Anatoly Kudryavitsky">Anatoly Kudryavitsky</a>, Dublin: SurVision Books, 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-17-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-17-1">978-1-912963-17-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Vaneigem, Raoul (Dupuis Jules-François), Histoire désinvolte du surréalisme. Nonville: Paul Vermont, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaneigem1999" class="citation book cs1">Vaneigem, Raoul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/raoul-vaneigem-a-cavalier-history-of-surrealism.lt.pdf">A Cavalier History of Surrealism</a> (PDF). Translated by Nicholson-Smith, Donald. Edinburgh: AK Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cavalier+History+of+Surrealism&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Vaneigem&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fraoul-vaneigem-a-cavalier-history-of-surrealism.lt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Vaneigem, Raoul (Dupuis Jules-François), Histoire désinvolte du surréalisme. Nonville: Paul Vermont, 1977. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/raoul-vaneigem-a-cavalier-history-of-surrealism.lt.pdf">A Cavalier History of Surrealism</a>, Edinburgh: AK Press, 1999. pp. 49–51; 69–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-thecityreview1-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thecityreview1_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thecityreview1_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsley" class="citation web cs1">Horsley, Carter B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615202647/http://www.thecityreview.com/surreal.html">"Surrealism:Two Private Eyes"</a>. thecityreview.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecityreview.com/surreal.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecityreview.com&rft.atitle=Surrealism%3ATwo+Private+Eyes&rft.aulast=Horsley&rft.aufirst=Carter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecityreview.com%2Fsurreal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160524010735/http://www.anthonychristian.co.uk/ezine16.html">Anthony Christian, Hieronymus Bosch, The First Surrealist</a>. Retrieved August 27, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChénieux-Gendron1990" class="citation book cs1">Chénieux-Gendron, Jacqueline (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPrI92j80r0C&q=rimbaud+and+surrealism&pg=PA17">Surrealism</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06811-6"><bdi>978-0-231-06811-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrealism&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06811-6&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A9nieux-Gendron&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPrI92j80r0C%26q%3Drimbaud%2Band%2Bsurrealism%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBays1964" class="citation journal cs1">Bays, Gwendolyn M. (1964). "Rimbaud-Father of Surrealism?". Yale French Studies (31): 45–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2929720">10.2307/2929720</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2929720">2929720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+French+Studies&rft.atitle=Rimbaud-Father+of+Surrealism%3F&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=45-51&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2929720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2929720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bays&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Choucha, Nadia. Surrealism & the Occult: Shamanism, Alchemy and the Birth of an Artistic Movement. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny; Inner Traditions, 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Deleuze, Gilles. The Logic of Sense. (English translation of Logique du sens. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1969.) Translated by Mark Lester with Charles Stivale; edited by Constantin V. Boundas. New York: Columbia UP, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Viénet, Rene. Enragés and situationists in the occupation movement, France May '68. New York; London: Autonomedia; Rebel Press, 1992, p.21 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Ford, Simon. The Situationist International: A User's Guide. London: Black Dog, 2005, pp. 112–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Demos, T. J. "Duchamp's Labyrinth: "First Papers of Surrealism", 1942." October 97 (2001): 91–119. Accessed March 16, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F779088">10.2307/779088</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Dana Gioia. California poetry: from the Gold Rush to the present.Heyday Books, 2004.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890771-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-890771-72-4">1-890771-72-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890771-72-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890771-72-0">978-1-890771-72-0</a>. pg. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Franklin Rosemont, Robin D. G. Kelley. Black, Brown, & Beige: Surrealist Writings from Africa and the Diaspora. University of Texas Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71997-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71997-3">0-292-71997-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71997-2">978-0-292-71997-2</a>. og. 219–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Rosemont, pg. 222–226 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Bob Kaufman. Cranial Guitar. Coffee House Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56689-038-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56689-038-1">1-56689-038-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56689-038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56689-038-0">978-1-56689-038-0</a>. pg. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Kirby Olson. Gregory Corso: doubting Thomist. 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University of Michigan Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06353-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06353-7">0-472-06353-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06353-6">978-0-472-06353-6</a>. pg. 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Dave Meltzer. San Francisco beat: talking with the poets. 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(2001), paperback, 628 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0486-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7535-0486-3">0-7535-0486-3</a>. pg. 12, 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Allen Ginsberg. "Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography." Ed. Barry Miles. Harper Perennial, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-092611-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-092611-2">0-06-092611-2</a>. pg. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ginsberg, pg. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> pg. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ginsberg, pg. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Miles, pg. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Miles, pg. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> William S. Burroughs, James Grauerholz, Ira Silverberg. Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader.Grove Press, 2000. 080213694X, 9780802136947. pg. 119, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Paul Auster. Collected prose: autobiographical writings, true stories, critical essays, prefaces and collaborations with artists. Macmillan, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42468-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-42468-X">0-312-42468-X</a>, 9780312424688. pg. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Catherine Cundy. Salman Rushdie. Manchester University Press ND, 1996.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-4409-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-4409-X">0-7190-4409-X</a>, 9780719044090. pg. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Salman Rushdie, Michael Reder. Conversations with Salman Rushdie. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-185-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57806-185-7">1-57806-185-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-185-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-185-3">978-1-57806-185-3</a>. pg. 111, 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322230627/http://facets.org/blog/exclusive/watch/essays/david-lynch-and-surrealism-deconstruction-of-the-lynchian-label/">"David Lynch and Surrealism: Deconstruction of the 'Lynchian' Label"</a>. Facets Features. 2017-09-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facets.org/blog/exclusive/watch/essays/david-lynch-and-surrealism-deconstruction-of-the-lynchian-label/">the original</a> on 2020-03-22. Retrieved 2020-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facets+Features&rft.atitle=David+Lynch+and+Surrealism%3A+Deconstruction+of+the+%27Lynchian%27+Label&rft.date=2017-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacets.org%2Fblog%2Fexclusive%2Fwatch%2Fessays%2Fdavid-lynch-and-surrealism-deconstruction-of-the-lynchian-label%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Nel" title="Philip Nel">Philip Nel</a>. The Avant-Garde and American Postmodernity: Small Incisive Shocks. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2009. 1604732520, 9781604732528. pg. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Brian Evenson. Understanding Robert Coover. Univ of South Carolina Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-482-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-482-6">1-57003-482-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-482-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-482-4">978-1-57003-482-4</a>. pg. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> McMurray, George R. "Gabriel García Márquez." Gabriel García Márquez. Ungar, 1977. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine and Bridget Broderick. Vol. 27. Detroit: Gale Research, 1984. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 2 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Maarten van Delden. Carlos Fuentes, Mexico, and Modernity. Vanderbilt University Press, 1999.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8265-1345-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8265-1345-X">0-8265-1345-X</a>, 9780826513458. pg. 55, 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Maggie Ann Bowers. Magic(al) realism. Routledge, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26853-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26853-2">0-415-26853-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26853-0">978-0-415-26853-0</a>. pg. 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Shannin Schroeder. Rediscovering magical realism in the Americas. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98049-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98049-9">0-275-98049-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98049-8">978-0-275-98049-8</a>. pg. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Navarro, Gabriel. Musica y escrita en Alejo Carpentier Alicante: Universidad de Alicante. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7908-476-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-7908-476-6">84-7908-476-6</a>. pg. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Emory Elliott, Cathy N. Davidson. The Columbia history of the American novel. Columbia University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07360-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-07360-7">0-231-07360-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07360-8">978-0-231-07360-8</a>. pg. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Eugène Ionesco. Present past, past present: a personal memoir. Da Capo Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80835-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80835-8">0-306-80835-8</a>. pg. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Rosette C. Lamont. Ionesco's imperatives: the politics of culture. University of Michigan Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10310-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10310-5">0-472-10310-5</a>. pg. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> James Knowlson. Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett. London. Bloomsbury Publishing, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-3169-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-3169-2">0-7475-3169-2</a>., pg. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Daniel Albright. Beckett and aesthetics. Cambridge University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82908-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82908-9">0-521-82908-9</a>. pg. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsslin2004" class="citation book cs1">Esslin (6 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKOrGfbC624C&pg=PA89">The Theatre of the Absurd</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400075232" title="Special:BookSources/9781400075232"><bdi>9781400075232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+the+Absurd&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2004-01-06&rft.isbn=9781400075232&rft.au=Esslin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKOrGfbC624C%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Justin Wintle. Makers of modern culture. Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26583-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26583-5">0-415-26583-5</a>. pg. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> C. D. Innes. Avant garde theatre, 1892–1992.Routledge, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06518-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06518-6">0-415-06518-6</a>. pg. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosemont1998" class="citation book cs1">Rosemont, Penelope (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surrealistwomeni00rose/page/208">Surrealist Women: An International Anthology</a>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surrealistwomeni00rose/page/208">208, 292, 356–358, 383, 438, 439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77088-1"><bdi>978-0-292-77088-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surrealist+Women%3A+An+International+Anthology&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=208%2C+292%2C+356-358%2C+383%2C+438%2C+439&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77088-1&rft.aulast=Rosemont&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurrealistwomeni00rose%2Fpage%2F208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarleyThreadgillFieldMorrow1997" class="citation journal cs1">Farley, Alice; Threadgill, Henry; Field, Thalia; Morrow, Bradford (1997). "Erotec [the human life of machines]: An Interview with Alice Farley and Henry Threadgill". Conjunctions (28): 229–240. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2324">0278-2324</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24515633">24515633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conjunctions&rft.atitle=Erotec+%5Bthe+human+life+of+machines%5D%3A+An+Interview+with+Alice+Farley+and+Henry+Threadgill&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=229-240&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24515633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0278-2324&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Threadgill%2C+Henry&rft.au=Field%2C+Thalia&rft.au=Morrow%2C+Bradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusik2021" class="citation journal cs1">Susik, Abigail (2021-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsa-asu.org/index.php/JSA/article/view/228">"'Always for Pleasure': Chicago Surrealism and Fashion, An Interview with Penelope Rosemont"</a>. Journal of Surrealism and the Americas. 12 (1): 78–92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-0459">2326-0459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Surrealism+and+the+Americas&rft.atitle=%27Always+for+Pleasure%27%3A+Chicago+Surrealism+and+Fashion%2C+An+Interview+with+Penelope+Rosemont&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-92&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft.issn=2326-0459&rft.aulast=Susik&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsa-asu.org%2Findex.php%2FJSA%2Farticle%2Fview%2F228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2018" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Alina (2018-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-bosch-describe-high-fashion-heavy-metal">"Why Bosch Is Used to Describe Everything from High Fashion to Heavy Metal"</a>. Artsy. Retrieved 2019-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artsy&rft.atitle=Why+Bosch+Is+Used+to+Describe+Everything+from+High+Fashion+to+Heavy+Metal&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsy.net%2Farticle%2Fartsy-editorial-bosch-describe-high-fashion-heavy-metal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalpost.com/afterword/giuseppe-arcimboldo-the-prince-of-produce-portraiture">"Giuseppe Arcimboldo: The prince of produce portraiture"</a>. nationalpost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalpost&rft.atitle=Giuseppe+Arcimboldo%3A+The+prince+of+produce+portraiture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fafterword%2Fgiuseppe-arcimboldo-the-prince-of-produce-portraiture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> "...the tendency to interpret Bosch's imagery in terms of modern Surrealism or Freudian psychology is anachronistic. We forget too often that Bosch never read Freud and that modern psychoanalysis would have been incomprehensible to the medieval mind... Modern psychology may explain the appeal Bosch's pictures have for us, but it cannot explain the meaning they had for Bosch and his contemporaries. Bosch did not intend to evoke the subconscious of the viewer, but to teach him certain moral and spiritual truths, and thus his images generally had a precise and premeditated significance." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosing,_Walter.2000" class="citation book cs1">Bosing, Walter. (2000). Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1450–1516 : between heaven and hell. London: Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-5856-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-5856-0"><bdi>3-8228-5856-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45329900">45329900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hieronymus+Bosch%2C+c.+1450%E2%80%931516+%3A+between+heaven+and+hell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45329900&rft.isbn=3-8228-5856-0&rft.au=Bosing%2C+Walter.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>Manifestoes of Surrealism containing the first, second and introduction to a possible third manifesto, the novel The Soluble Fish, and political aspects of the Surrealist movement. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-17900-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-17900-4">0-472-17900-4</a> .</li> <li>What is Surrealism?: Selected Writings of André Breton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87348-822-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87348-822-9">0-87348-822-9</a> .</li> <li>Conversations: The Autobiography of Surrealism (Gallimard 1952) (Paragon House English rev. ed. 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56924-970-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56924-970-9">1-56924-970-9</a>.</li> <li>The Abridged Dictionary of Surrealism, reprinted in: <ul><li>Bonnet, Marguerite, ed. (1988). Oeuvres complètes, 1:328. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Ades, Dawn. Surrealism in Latin America: Vivisimo Muerto, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-117-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-117-6">978-1-60606-117-6</a></li> <li>Alexandrian, Sarane. Surrealist Art London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire, Guillaume</a> 1917, 1991. Program note for Parade, printed in Oeuvres en prose complètes, 2:865–866, Pierre Caizergues and Michel Décaudin, eds. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.</li> <li>Allmer, Patricia (ed.) Intersections – Women Artists/Surrealism/Modernism, Rethinking Art's Histories series, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2016.</li> <li>Allmer, Patricia and Donna Roberts (eds) '"Wonderful Things" – Surrealism and Egypt', Dada/Surrealism, University of Iowa, 20:1, 2013.</li> <li>Allmer, Patricia (ed.) Angels of Anarchy: Women Artists and Surrealism, London and Manchester: Prestel and Manchester Art Gallery, 2009.</li> <li>Allmer, Patricia and Hilde van Gelder (eds.) Collective Inventions: Surrealism in Belgium, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Allmer, Patricia and Hilde Van Gelder (eds.) 'The Forgotten Surrealists: Belgian Surrealism Since 1924', Image [&] Narrative, no. 13, 2005.</li> <li>Brotchie, Alastair and Gooding, Mel, eds. A Book of Surrealist Games Berkeley, California: Shambhala, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-084-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-084-9">1-57062-084-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Caws" title="Mary Ann Caws">Caws, Mary Ann</a> Surrealist Painters and Poets: An Anthology 2001, MIT Press.</li> <li>Chadwick, Whitney. Mirror Images: Women, Surrealism, and Self-Representation. The MIT Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53157-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53157-3">978-0-262-53157-3</a></li> <li>Chadwick, Whitney. Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement. 1985, Bulfinch Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-1599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-1599-9">978-0-8212-1599-9</a></li> <li>Durozoi, Gerard, History of the Surrealist Movement Translated by Alison Anderson University of Chicago Press. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-17411-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-17411-5">0-226-17411-5</a>.</li> <li>Flahutez, Fabrice, Nouveau Monde et Nouveau Mythe. Mutations du surréalisme de l'exil américain à l'écart absolu (1941–1965), Les presses du réel, Dijon, 2007.</li> <li>Flahutez, Fabrice(ed.), Julia Drost (ed.), Anne Helmreich (ed.), Martin Schieder (ed.), Networking Surrealism in the United States. Artists, Agents and the Market, T.1., Paris, DFK, 2019, 400p. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-947449-50-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-947449-50-7">978-3-947449-50-7</a>) (PDF) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.11588/arthistoricum.485">https://doi.org/10.11588/arthistoricum.485</a></li> <li>Fort, Ilene Susan and Tere Arcq, editors. In Wonderland: The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2012.</li> <li>Galtsova, Elena. Surrealism and Theatre. On the Theatrical Aesthetics of the French Surrealism, Moscow, Russian State University for the Humanities, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7281-1146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7281-1146-7">978-5-7281-1146-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hopkins2004" class="citation book cs1">David Hopkins (2004). Dada and Surrealism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280254-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280254-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280254-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dada+and+Surrealism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280254-5&rft.au=David+Hopkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Leddy, Annette and Conwell, Donna. Farewell to Surrealism: The Dyn Circle in Mexico, Los Angeles: Getty Publications. 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-118-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-118-3">978-1-60606-118-3</a></li> <li>Lewis, Helena. Dada Turns Red. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh Press, 1990.</li> <li>Low Mary, Breá Juan, Red Spanish Notebook, City Light Books, Sans Francisco, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87286-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87286-132-5">0-87286-132-5</a></li> <li>Melly, George Paris and the Surrealists Thames & Hudson. 1991.</li> <li>Moebius, Stephan. Die Zauberlehrlinge. Soziologiegeschichte des Collège de Sociologie. Konstanz: UVK 2006. About the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sociology" title="College of Sociology">College of Sociology</a>, its members and sociological impacts.</li> <li>Nadeau, Maurice. History of Surrealism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-40345-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-40345-2">0-674-40345-2</a>.</li> <li>Polizzotti, Mark. Why Surrealism Matters. Yale University Press, 2024. Review: Saler, Michael, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/why-surrealism-matters-review-utopia-of-the-imagination-5835f221">"'Why Surrealism Matters' Review: Utopia of the Imagination"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, February 23, 2024.</li> <li>Richard Jean-Tristan. Les structures inconscientes du signe pictural/Psychanalyse et surréalisme (Unconscious structures of pictural sign), L'Harmattan ed., Paris (France), 1999</li> <li>Review "Mélusine" in French by Center of surrealism studies directed by Henri Behar since 1979, edited by Editions l'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, Suisse. Download platform www.artelittera.com 14.00</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSams,_Jeremy1997" class="citation book cs1">Sams, Jeremy (1997) [1993]. "Poulenc, Francis". In Amanda Holden (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operaguidepengui00nich">The Penguin Opera Guide</a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051385-1"><bdi>978-0-14-051385-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poulenc%2C+Francis&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051385-1&rft.au=Sams%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperaguidepengui00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Anthologies</dt></dl> <ul><li>Contemporary Tangential Surrealist Poetry: An Anthology. Ed. by Tony Kitt. Dublin: SurVision Books, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-44-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-44-7">978-1-912963-44-7</a>.</li> <li>message-door: An Anthology of Contemporary Surrealist Poetry from Russia. Ed. and trans. by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kudryavitsky" title="Anatoly Kudryavitsky">Anatoly Kudryavitsky</a>. Dublin: SurVision Books, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-17-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-17-1">978-1-912963-17-1</a>.</li> <li>Seeds of Gravity: An Anthology of Contemporary Surrealist Poetry from Ireland. Ed. by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kudryavitsky" title="Anatoly Kudryavitsky">Anatoly Kudryavitsky</a>. Dublin: SurVision Books, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-18-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912963-18-8">978-1-912963-18-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Surrealism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Surrealism">Surrealism</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="André_Breton_writings">André Breton writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: André Breton writings">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">Manifesto of Surrealism by André Breton. 1924.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209063222/http://www.tcf.ua.edu/Classes/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm">Archived</a> 2010-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207230811/https://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~fa1871/whatsurr.html">What is Surrealism? Lecture by Breton, Brussels 1934</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_websites">Overview websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Overview websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918070327/http://www.cnac-gp.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Surrealistart-EN/ENS-Surrealistart-EN.htm">Timeline of Surrealism</a> from <a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Pompidou</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.site-magister.com/surrealis.htm">Le Surréalisme</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ltmrecordings.com/surrealismreviewednotes.html">Surrealism Reviewed audiobook (archive recordings)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547l1">"Surrealism"</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Dawn Adiss, Malcolm Bowie and Darien Leader (In Our Time, Nov. 15, 2001)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealism_and_politics">Surrealism and politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Surrealism and politics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath" class="citation web cs1">Heath, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/history/1919-1950-the-politics-of-surrealism">"1919–1950: The politics of Surrealism"</a>. Libcom.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1919%E2%80%931950%3A+The+politics+of+Surrealism&rft.pub=Libcom.org&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Fhistory%2F1919-1950-the-politics-of-surrealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosemont1989" class="citation web cs1">Rosemont, Franklin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/70spubs/73surreal/arsenalindex.htm">"Herbert Marcuse and Surrealism"</a>. Arsenal vol. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arsenal+vol.+4&rft.atitle=Herbert+Marcuse+and+Surrealism&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Rosemont&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcuse.org%2Fherbert%2Fpubs%2F70spubs%2F73surreal%2Farsenalindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (2007-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/28/topstories3.artnews">"How the surrealists sold out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+surrealists+sold+out&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2007%2Fmar%2F28%2Ftopstories3.artnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrealist_poetry">Surrealist poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrealism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Surrealist poetry">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullette" class="citation web cs1">Gullette, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718140135/http://alangullette.com/essays/lit/surreal.htm">"The Theory and Techniques of Surrealist Poetry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alangullette.com/essays/lit/surreal.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2009-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Techniques+of+Surrealist+Poetry&rft.aulast=Gullette&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falangullette.com%2Fessays%2Flit%2Fsurreal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textetc.com/modernist/surrealism.html">Surrealism in Poetry</a> Holcombe, C. J.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alb-neckar-schwarzwald.de/surrealism/surrealism.html">A sample of French Surrealist poetry</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackaman1989" class="citation book cs1">Jackaman, Rob (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9_6DAOSscC">The course of English surrealist poetry since the 1930s</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-932-7"><bdi>978-0-88946-932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+course+of+English+surrealist+poetry+since+the+1930s&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-932-7&rft.aulast=Jackaman&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDV9_6DAOSscC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurrealism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benjamin-peret.org/documents/128-aime-cesaire-et-le-surrealisme.html">Aimé Césaire and Surrealism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100919154241/http://www.benjamin-peret.org/documents/128-aime-cesaire-et-le-surrealisme.html">Archived</a> 2010-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Surrealism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Surrealism" title="Template:Surrealism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Surrealism" title="Template talk:Surrealism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Surrealism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Surrealism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Agar" title="Eileen Agar">Eileen Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Jean Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget" title="Eugène Atget">Eugène Atget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bellmer" title="Hans Bellmer">Hans Bellmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Andr%C3%A9_Boiffard" title="Jacques-André Boiffard">Jacques-André Boiffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brandt" title="Bill Brandt">Bill Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Brauner" title="Victor Brauner">Victor Brauner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Brennan" title="Fanny Brennan">Fanny Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Bridgwater" title="Emmy Bridgwater">Emmy Bridgwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brunius" title="Jacques Brunius">Jacques Brunius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahun" title="Claude Cahun">Claude Cahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Carrington" title="Leonora Carrington">Leonora Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithell_Colquhoun" title="Ithell Colquhoun">Ithell Colquhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_Dal%C3%AD" title="Gala Dalí">Gala Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dallaire" title="Jean Dallaire">Jean Dallaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Delvaux" title="Paul Delvaux">Paul Delvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Óscar Domínguez">Óscar Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Dotremont" title="Christian Dotremont">Christian Dotremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duhamel" title="Marcel Duhamel">Marcel Duhamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Echtermeyer" title="Curt Echtermeyer">Curt Echtermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor_Fini" title="Leonor Fini">Leonor Fini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Onslow_Ford" title="Gordon Onslow Ford">Gordon Onslow Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Franc%C3%A9s" title="Esteban Francés">Esteban Francés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Alberto Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(sculptor)" title="Julio González (sculptor)">Julio González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Graverol" title="Jane Graverol">Jane Graverol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9rold" title="Jacques Hérold">Jacques Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Hugo" title="Valentine Hugo">Valentine Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerome_Kamrowski" title="Gerome Kamrowski">Gerome Kamrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wifredo_Lam" title="Wifredo Lam">Wifredo Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Lamba" title="Jacqueline Lamba">Jacqueline Lamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Maddox" title="Conroy Maddox">Conroy Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Malkine" title="Georges Malkine">Georges Malkine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mari%C3%ABn" title="Marcel Mariën">Marcel Mariën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Matta" title="Roberto Matta">Roberto Matta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_Medek" title="Mikuláš Medek">Mikuláš Medek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Mellor" title="Oscar Mellor">Oscar Mellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Melville" title="John Melville">John Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._T._Mesens" title="E. L. T. Mesens">E. L. T. Mesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Miller" title="Lee Miller">Lee Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ret_Oppenheim" title="Méret Oppenheim">Méret Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paalen" title="Wolfgang Paalen">Wolfgang Paalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Palencia" title="Benjamín Palencia">Benjamín Palencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Penrose" title="Roland Penrose">Roland Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_del_Renzio" title="Toni del Renzio">Toni del Renzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Sage" title="Kay Sage">Kay Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Seligmann" title="Kurt Seligmann">Kurt Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souris" title="André Souris">André Souris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stejskal" title="Martin Stejskal">Martin Stejskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_%C5%A0tyrsk%C3%BD" title="Jindřich Štyrský">Jindřich Štyrský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tabard" title="Maurice Tabard">Maurice Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Tanguy" title="Yves Tanguy">Yves Tanguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Tanning" title="Dorothea Tanning">Dorothea Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Teige" title="Karel Teige">Karel Teige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristians_Tonny" title="Kristians Tonny">Kristians Tonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyen" title="Toyen">Toyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Valentin" title="Albert Valentin">Albert Valentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedios_Varo" title="Remedios Varo">Remedios Varo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Walker" title="James F. Walker">James F. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radojica_%C5%BDivanovi%C4%87_Noe" title="Radojica Živanović Noe">Radojica Živanović Noe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unica_Z%C3%BCrn" title="Unica Zürn">Unica Zürn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Moses_Alexandre" title="Maxime Moses Alexandre">Maxime Moses Alexandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Louis Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Baron" title="Jacques Baron">Jacques Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monny_de_Boully" title="Monny de Boully">Monny de Boully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Caillois" title="Roger Caillois">Roger Caillois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Calas" title="Nicolas Calas">Nicolas Calas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Crevel" title="René Crevel">René Crevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Daumal" title="René Daumal">René Daumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Robert Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vratislav_Effenberger" title="Vratislav Effenberger">Vratislav Effenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Gauthier" title="Renée Gauthier">Renée Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Gilbert-Lecomte" title="Roger Gilbert-Lecomte">Roger Gilbert-Lecomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Goll" title="Yvan Goll">Yvan Goll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Gracq" title="Julien Gracq">Julien Gracq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Hamoir" title="Irène Hamoir">Irène Hamoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Hugnet" title="Georges Hugnet">Georges Hugnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Kaplan" title="Nelly Kaplan">Nelly Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Kr%C3%A1l" title="Petr Král">Petr Král</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lamantia" title="Philip Lamantia">Philip Lamantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Lautr%C3%A9amont" title="Comte de Lautréamont">Comte de Lautréamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lecomte" title="Marcel Lecomte">Marcel Lecomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Leiris" title="Michel Leiris">Michel Leiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Limbour" title="Georges Limbour">Georges Limbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Malet" title="Léo Malet">Léo Malet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Mansour" title="Joyce Mansour">Joyce Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Mati%C4%87" title="Dušan Matić">Dušan Matić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Melville_(art_critic)" title="Robert Melville (art critic)">Robert Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nil" title="René Ménil">René Ménil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Morise" title="Max Morise">Max Morise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Naville" title="Pierre Naville">Pierre Naville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nezval" title="Vítězslav Nezval">Vítězslav Nezval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Noug%C3%A9" title="Paul Nougé">Paul Nougé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_P%C4%83un" title="Paul Păun">Paul Păun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret" title="Benjamin Péret">Benjamin Péret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastko_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Rastko Petrović">Rastko Petrović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ponge" title="Francis Ponge">Francis Ponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pr%C3%A9vert" title="Jacques Prévert">Jacques Prévert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reverdy" title="Pierre Reverdy">Pierre Reverdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Risti%C4%87_(surrealist)" title="Marko Ristić (surrealist)">Marko Ristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sadoul" title="Georges Sadoul">Georges Sadoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Scutenaire" title="Louis Scutenaire">Louis Scutenaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Soupault" title="Philippe Soupault">Philippe Soupault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Watson_Taylor_(surrealist)" title="Simon Watson Taylor (surrealist)">Simon Watson Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thirion" title="André Thirion">André Thirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vach%C3%A9" title="Jacques Vaché">Jacques Vaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Van_Hirtum" title="Marianne Van Hirtum">Marianne Van Hirtum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Vitrac" title="Roger Vitrac">Roger Vitrac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9phale" title="Acéphale">Acéphale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Automatistes" title="Les Automatistes">Les Automatistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Surrealists" title="Birmingham Surrealists">Birmingham Surrealists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Surrealist_Group" title="British Surrealist Group">British Surrealist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Surrealist_Research" title="Bureau of Surrealist Research">Bureau of Surrealist Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Imagists" title="Chicago Imagists">Chicago Imagists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Surrealist_Group" title="Chicago Surrealist Group">Chicago Surrealist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dau_al_Set" title="Dau al Set">Dau al Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Cock_Society" title="Fighting Cock Society">Fighting Cock Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firesign_Theatre" title="The Firesign Theatre">The Firesign Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goon_Show" title="The Goon Show">The Goons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_d%27Elx" title="Grup d'Elx">Grup d'Elx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mandr%C3%A1gora" title="La Mandrágora">La Mandrágora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refus_Global" title="Refus Global">Refus Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Surrealist_Group_in_Stockholm" title="The Surrealist Group in Stockholm">The Surrealist Group in Stockholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto" title="Surrealist Manifesto">Surrealist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_automatism" title="Surrealist automatism">Surrealist automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_music" title="Surrealist music">Surrealist music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_techniques" title="Surrealist techniques">Surrealist techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_du_Surr%C3%A9alisme" title="Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme">Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_International_Surrealist_Exhibition" title="London International Surrealist Exhibition">London International Surrealist Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_surrealists" title="Women surrealists">Women surrealists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoiac-critical_method" title="Paranoiac-critical method">Paranoiac-critical method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avant-garde_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avant-garde" title="Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde" title="Template talk:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avant-garde_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern (Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-Maniera</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition to modern</a> (c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> (1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a> (1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schools_of_poetry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template talk:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schools_of_poetry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmatova%27s_Orphans" title="Akhmatova's Orphans">Akhmatova's Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auden_Group" title="Auden Group">Auden Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">The Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_poets" title="Black Mountain poets">Black Mountain poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Poetry_Revival" title="British Poetry Revival">British Poetry Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_poets" title="Cairo poets">Cairo poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_poet" title="Cavalier poet">Cavalier poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhayavaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhayavaad">Chhayavaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_poets" title="Graveyard poets">Churchyard poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptismo" title="Conceptismo">Conceptismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_poetry" title="Confessional poetry">Confessionalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culteranismo" title="Culteranismo">Culteranismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_Poets" title="Cyclic Poets">Cyclic Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_image" title="Deep image">Deep image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Della_Cruscans" title="Della Cruscans">Della Cruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymock_poets" title="Dymock poets">Dymock poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_poets_of_Elan" class="mw-redirect" title="The poets of Elan">The poets of Elan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitives_(poets)" title="Fugitives (poets)">Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garip" title="Garip">Garip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistori_del_Gay_Saber" title="Consistori del Gay Saber">Gay Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2727" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generation_of_the_%2730s" title="Category:Generation of the '30s">Generation of the '30s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian poets">Georgian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(literature)" title="The Group (literature)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Aesthetes" title="Harvard Aesthetes">Harvard Aesthetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist_poetry" title="Informationist poetry">Informationist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0kinci_Yeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İkinci Yeni (page does not exist)">İkinci Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindyworobak_Movement" title="Jindyworobak Movement">Jindyworobaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinism" title="Marinism">Marinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_poetry" title="Martian poetry">Martian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">Misty Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(literature)" title="The Movement (literature)">The Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">New American Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apocalyptics" title="New Apocalyptics">New Apocalyptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Formalism" title="New Formalism">New Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Others_(art_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Others (art group)">Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">Précieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymers%27_Club" title="Rhymers' Club">Rhymers' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(literary_group)" title="Sons of Ben (literary group)">Sons of Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_poets" title="Spasmodic poets">Spasmodic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung_poetry" title="Sung poetry">Sung poetry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranian poetry">Uranian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutiste" title="Zutiste">Zutiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/16px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/24px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, 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