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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Portraiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Degeneracy"_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Degeneracy"_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>"Degeneracy" and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Degeneracy"_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Artworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_productions_of_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_productions_of_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>First productions of plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_productions_of_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles,_essays_and_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles,_essays_and_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Articles, essays and writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles,_essays_and_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oskar Kokoschka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7" title="أوسكار كوكوشكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوسكار كوكوشكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Koko%C5%9Fka" title="Oskar Kokoşka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oskar Kokoşka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оскар Какошка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оскар Какошка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оскар Кокошка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оскар Кокошка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Όσκαρ Κοκόσκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσκαρ Κοκόσκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اسکار کوکوشکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکار کوکوشکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EC%BD%94%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%88%EC%B9%B4" title="오스카르 코코슈카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스카르 코코슈카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օսկար Կոկոշկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսկար Կոկոշկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אוסקר קוקושקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסקר קוקושקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscharius_Kokoschka" title="Anscharius Kokoschka – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anscharius Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskars_Koko%C5%A1ka" title="Oskars Kokoška – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oskars Kokoška" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оскар Кокошка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оскар Кокошка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7" title="اوسكار كوكوشكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوسكار كوكوشكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AB" title="オスカー・ココシュカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスカー・ココシュカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кокошка, Оскар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кокошка, Оскар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="ඔස්කාර් කොකොෂ්කා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔස්කාර් කොකොෂ්කා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оскар Кокошка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оскар Кокошка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oskar Kokoschka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оскар Кокошка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оскар Кокошка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%A1" title="奥斯卡·柯克西卡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥斯卡·柯克西卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oskar Kokoshka" redirects here. For the Hey Arnold! character, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hey_Arnold!_characters#Sunset_Arms_boarders" title="List of Hey Arnold! characters">List of Hey Arnold! characters § Sunset Arms boarders</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Oskar Kokoschka</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_Kokoschka_(1963)_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Oskar_Kokoschka_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg/220px-Oskar_Kokoschka_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Oskar_Kokoschka_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Oskar Kokoschka in 1963, by <a href="/wiki/Erling_Mandelmann" title="Erling Mandelmann">Erling Mandelmann</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1886-03-01</span>)</span>1 March 1886<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6chlarn" title="Pöchlarn">Pöchlarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1980<span style="display:none">(1980-02-22)</span> (aged 93)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Austrian</li><li>Czechoslovak</li><li>British</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Play writing">play writing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oskar Kokoschka</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> (1 March 1886 – 22 February 1980) was an Austrian <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, and teacher best known for his intense <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionistic</a> portraits and landscapes, as well as his theories on vision that influenced the Viennese Expressionist movement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PoechlarnKokoschkaHaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PoechlarnKokoschkaHaus.jpg/220px-PoechlarnKokoschkaHaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PoechlarnKokoschkaHaus.jpg/330px-PoechlarnKokoschkaHaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PoechlarnKokoschkaHaus.jpg/440px-PoechlarnKokoschkaHaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>The house in which Oskar Kokoschka was born in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6chlarn" title="Pöchlarn">Pöchlarn</a> (August 2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>The second child of Gustav Josef Kokoschka, a goldsmith, and Maria Romana Kokoschka (née Loidl), Oskar Kokoschka was born in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6chlarn" title="Pöchlarn">Pöchlarn</a>. He had a sister, Berta, born in 1889; a brother, Bohuslav, born in 1892; and an elder brother who died in infancy. Oskar had a strong belief in omens, spurred by a story of a fire breaking out in Pöchlarn shortly after his mother gave birth to him. The family's life was not easy, largely due to a lack of financial stability of his father. They constantly moved into smaller flats, farther and farther from the thriving centre of the town. Concluding that his father was inadequate, Kokoschka drew closer to his mother; and seeing himself as the head of the household, he continued to support his family when he gained financial independence. Kokoschka entered a <i><a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a></i> in 1897,<sup id="cite_ref-mdr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a type of secondary school, where emphasis was placed on the study of modern subjects such as the sciences and language. Despite his intent of continuing a formal education in chemistry, Kokoschka was not interested in such subjects, as he only excelled in art, and spent most of his time reading classic literature during his lessons. Like many of Kokoschka's French and German contemporaries, he was interested in the primitive and exotic art featured in the ethnographical exhibits around Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_Kokoschka_by_Hugo_Erfurth_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oskar_Kokoschka_by_Hugo_Erfurth_1919.jpg/220px-Oskar_Kokoschka_by_Hugo_Erfurth_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oskar_Kokoschka_by_Hugo_Erfurth_1919.jpg/330px-Oskar_Kokoschka_by_Hugo_Erfurth_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oskar_Kokoschka_by_Hugo_Erfurth_1919.jpg/440px-Oskar_Kokoschka_by_Hugo_Erfurth_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Kokoschka by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Erfurth" title="Hugo Erfurth">Hugo Erfurth</a>, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Kokoschka's teachers suggested he pursue a career in the fine arts after being impressed by some of his drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against his father's will, Kokoschka applied to the <a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbeschule" title="Kunstgewerbeschule">Kunstgewerbeschule</a> in Vienna, now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Applied_Arts_Vienna" title="University of Applied Arts Vienna">University of Applied Arts Vienna</a>. He received a scholarship and was one of few applicants to be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vienna Kunstgewerbeschule was a progressive school of applied arts that focused mainly on architecture, furniture, crafts, and modern design. Unlike the more prestigious and traditional <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna" title="Academy of Fine Arts Vienna">Academy of Fine Arts Vienna</a>, the Kunstgewerbeschule was dominated by instructors of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a>. Kokoschka studied there from 1904 to 1909 and was influenced by his teacher <a href="/wiki/Carl_Otto_Czeschka" title="Carl Otto Czeschka">Carl Otto Czeschka</a> in developing an original style. </p><p>Among Kokoschka's early works were gesture drawings of children, which portrayed them as awkward and corpse-like. Kokoschka had no formal training in painting and so approached the medium without regard to the "traditional" or "correct" way to paint. The teachers at the Kunstgewerbeschule helped Kokoschka gain opportunities through the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte" title="Wiener Werkstätte">Wiener Werkstätte</a> or Viennese Workshops. Kokoschka's first commissions were postcards and drawings for children. Later, Kokoschka said that this exercise provided "the basis of [his] artistic training".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early career was marked by portraits of Viennese celebrities, painted in a nervously animated style. </p><p>Following his own artistic training, Kokoschka dedicated years of his life thereafter teaching art and writing articles and speeches documenting his views and practices as an educator. 17th-century Czech humanist and education reformer, <a href="/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">Jan Amos Comenius</a>, was Kokoschka’s primary influence in terms of how to approach education. From Comenius’s theories, Kokoschka adopted the belief that students benefit most from using their five senses to facilitate reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokoschka taught in Vienna from 1911 to 1913 and then again in Dresden from 1919 to 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his efforts as a teacher were noted in various publications, they generally focused on his personality captured within his own art rather than his classroom practices. Kokoschka neglected the conventional structured methodologies and theories assumed by art educators, and instead taught through storytelling infused with mythological themes and dramatic emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, Kokoschka delivered his essay “Von der Natur der Gesichte” (“On the Nature of Visions”) at the Akademischen Verband für Literatur und Musik in Vienna. This essay outlined Kokoschka’s artistic conceptualization about the relationship between inner vision and optical sight.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In considering his own art, Kokoschka expressed that inspiration stemmed from daily observations that he collected optically while engaging with his contemporary surroundings. Kokoschka’s ability to acknowledge how these stimulations manifested within his inner imagination resulted in works that draw upon the subconscious rather than optical vision. Further, Kokoschka granted the viewer with the task of interpreting the image based upon how they experience the vision within their own realm of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept, in congruency with <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky’s</a> theory pertaining to spirituality in art, has become the basis for which art historians understand Viennese Expressionism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vienna_Avant-Garde">Vienna Avant-Garde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vienna Avant-Garde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1908 Kokoschka was offered the opportunity of submitting works to the first Vienna <i>Kunstschau.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This government funded exhibition was established to both bring in tourists and affirm Vienna's prominence within the art world. Kokoschka received a commission from the Director of the Wiener Werkstätte, Fritz Wärndorfer, for color images that would supplement a children’s book and be displayed at the exhibition. Kokoschka, however, took the liberty of producing images that would serve as illustrations to the poem he wrote a year earlier, <i>Die träumenden Knaben (The Dreaming Youths)</i>, which took on the form of an autobiographical adolescent fantasy that was inappropriate for a young audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his autobiography, Kokoschka explained the origins of the poem, which follow his personal experience as a young student who was in love with his Swedish classmate, Lilith.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Die träumenden Knaben</i> consists of introductory pages with two small black and white lithographs, in addition to eight larger color lithographs with a vertical column of text positioned beside each image. Influenced by the compositions found in medieval art, Kokoschka depicted various moments in time simultaneously within each individual image. Kokoschka also adopted the bold lines and expressive colors of traditional European folk art and juxtaposed them with the stylized ornamentation and two-dimensional bodies of <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a>. The final page, titled <i>Das Mädchen Li und ich</i> (the Girl Li and I), features the angular forms of the young boy (Kokoschka) and girl (Lilith), taking on the style of the Belgian sculptor <a href="/wiki/George_Minne" title="George Minne">George Minne</a>. This work, which Kokoschka dedicated to his former teacher <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, demonstrates the transition from Jugendstil to Expressionism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Die träumenden Knaben</i> along with the tapestry titled <i>The Dream Bearers</i>, which is now lost, were the first works ever to be exhibited by Kokoschka. Like the book illustrations, Kokoschka’s tapestry was considered disturbing due to its depiction of youthful, exotic and sexualized fantasies. Upon showing these two works, Kokoschka was subject to a backlash from conservative officials and only a small proportion of the five hundred copies of <i>Die träumenden Knaben</i> were actually bound and sold.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, he was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbeschule" title="Kunstgewerbeschule">Kunstgewerbeschule</a> and found his place within the Viennese avant-garde.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austrian architect <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a> befriended Kokoschka and introduced him to other avant-garde members who then became his subjects in a series of portrait paintings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portraiture">Portraiture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portraiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of Lotte Franzos</i> (1909), <a href="/wiki/The_Phillips_Collection" title="The Phillips Collection">The Phillips Collection</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kokoschka painted a bulk of his portraiture between 1909 and 1914. Unlike many of his contemporaries who were also receiving portrait commissions, such as Edvard Munch, Kokoschka maintained complete artistic freedom because they were generally not ordered directly by the sitter. A majority of Kokoschka’s subjects were clients of the architect Loos, and it was Loos who ordered the portraits and agreed to purchase them if the sitter chose not to.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other portraits by Kokoschka feature friends and advocates within his circle who supported the modern art of this period. Prominent members of this group who had their portraits painted include the art dealer <a href="/wiki/Herwarth_Walden" title="Herwarth Walden">Herwarth Walden</a>, art supporter Lotte Franzos, poet <a href="/wiki/Peter_Altenberg" title="Peter Altenberg">Peter Altenberg</a>, and art historians <a href="/wiki/Hans_Tietze" title="Hans Tietze">Hans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erica_Tietze-Conrat" title="Erica Tietze-Conrat">Erica Tietze</a>. </p><p>Kokoschka’s portraits demonstrate the conventions of traditional portraiture, primarily regarding the perspective in which he captures the sitters. However, Kokoschka also adopted elements of the modern style which involved incorporating hands within the composition to further capture the emotion expressed through an individual's gestures. These portraits also utilize the unconscious positioning of the sitter’s body, which Kokoschka believed would unveil the inner tensions of their subconscious.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kokoschka’s portraits incorporate an expressive color palette similar to those featured in the works of German Die Brücke artists at the time. Kokoschka’s use of shrill, harsh colors that make the subjects appear as rotting corpses is not meant to be understood as a portrayal of their individual physical conditions, but rather an overarching indication of a decomposing age.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bold lines and patches of bright color juxtaposed against an otherwise solid, dull background were visual interpretations of the anxieties felt by Kokoschka and those in circle. Kokoschka’s portraits, however, differed from those of his contemporaries due to his belief in the symbolic importance of the act of painting itself, which is emphasized by visible brushstrokes and areas of exposed canvas. Kokoschka integrated painterly techniques with those used in drawing, as seen in his use of vibrant and contrasting colors, rapid brushstrokes, anxious scratch marks, and uneven handling. </p><p>In a letter from 1909, Kokoschka noted that he “would like to do a nervously disordered portrait.”<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no additional elements to establish a narrative for the sitter, Kokoschka stressed that the essence of the individual comes out through the means of creating their image. Patrick Werkner, an art historian, describes Kokoschka’s portraits by suggesting that it is as if the skin becomes separated from the body, allowing the viewer to see through the physiognomy like a veil only to make visible the means of depiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokoschka’s portraits as a whole comment on the overwhelming feelings of uncertainty felt by those who were aware of the shifting cultural milieu leading up the end of the old order of the Austrian Empire in 1918. </p><p>Kokoschka’s portrait, <i><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tietze" title="Hans Tietze">Hans Tietze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erica_Tietze-Conrat" title="Erica Tietze-Conrat">Erica Tietze-Conrat</a></i>, was painted in 1909 in the library of the couple’s home.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from being close friends of the artist, the couple were also prominent art historians of the time. Erica Tietze-Conrat explained that while Kokoschka was creating their portrait, he encouraged them to move freely and continue their work at the two desks that were situated adjacent to one another by a window. After painting her husband in profile, Kokoschka asked Erica to position herself so that he could paint her frontally. Shortly after beginning the painting, Kokoschka set down his paintbrush and began using only his fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokoschka used his fingernails to scratch thin lines into the paint, which appear in outlines and areas of hatching and crosshatching, as well as throughout the background. Although painted in their library, the figures appear to be existing in a surreal, subliminal space. Kokoschka blends vibrant tones of blue and red upon an otherwise muted green background. In the portrait, the couple do not face each other, but their hands reach out as if they are about to touch. Their hands then become the means of communication, symbolizing the bridge for which their inner energies may flow back and forth. The couple was forced to flee Austria in 1938 as a result of their Jewish heritage, but were able to take with them this portrait that they refused to exhibit until it was purchased by the Museum of Modern Art in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin">Berlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Bride_of_the_Wind%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka,_a_self-portrait_expressing_his_unrequited_love_for_Alma_Mahler_(widow_of_composer_Gustav_Mahler),_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/%27Bride_of_the_Wind%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_a_self-portrait_expressing_his_unrequited_love_for_Alma_Mahler_%28widow_of_composer_Gustav_Mahler%29%2C_1913.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/%27Bride_of_the_Wind%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_a_self-portrait_expressing_his_unrequited_love_for_Alma_Mahler_%28widow_of_composer_Gustav_Mahler%29%2C_1913.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/%27Bride_of_the_Wind%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_a_self-portrait_expressing_his_unrequited_love_for_Alma_Mahler_%28widow_of_composer_Gustav_Mahler%29%2C_1913.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_the_Wind" title="The Bride of the Wind">The Bride of the Wind</a></i> or <i>The Tempest,</i> oil on canvas, a self-portrait expressing his love for <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a>, widow of composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, 1914</figcaption></figure><p>Kokoschka moved to Berlin in 1910, the same year the <a href="/wiki/New_Secession" title="New Secession">Neue Secession</a> was established in Berlin. The group, composed of artists and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Emil Nolde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Heckel" title="Erich Heckel">Erich Heckel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Pechstein" title="Max Pechstein">Max Pechstein</a>, formed as a rebellion against the older <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Secession</a> group. While Kokoschka refrained from adopting the group's techniques and ideologies, he did admire the sense of community established between its members.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlin art dealer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cassirer" title="Paul Cassirer">Paul Cassirer</a> saw promise in Kokoschka's works and launched the artist into the international circle. Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Herwarth_Walden" title="Herwarth Walden">Herwarth Walden</a>, a publisher and art critic who was introduced to Kokoschka by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a>, employed Kokoschka as an illustrator for his magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Sturm" title="Der Sturm">Der Sturm</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-eight drawings by Kokoschka were published in the magazine during its first year; and although he was featured significantly less, Kokoschka remained a contributor to the periodical. Kokoschka's first piece for <i>Der Sturm,</i> a drawing from the series <i>Menschenköpfe (People's Heads),</i> was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a>. The twentieth Issue of the periodical featured both Kokoschka's first cover illustration, which supplemented <i>Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen</i>, as well as the artist's first literary contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokoschka continued to travel back and forth between Vienna and Berlin over the next four years. </p><p>Kokoschka had a passionate, often stormy affair with <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a>. It began in 1912, five years after the death of her four-year-old daughter Maria Mahler and two years before her affair with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, later a celebrated architect in Berlin. But after two years together, Alma rejected him, explaining that she was afraid of being too overcome with passion. She married Walter Gropius in 1915 and lived with him until their divorce in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokoschka continued to love Alma Mahler his entire life, and one of his most acclaimed works, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_the_Wind" title="The Bride of the Wind">The Bride of the Wind</a></i> (<i>The Tempest</i>; 1913), is expressive of their relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Lachnit_GAO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lachnit_GAO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a> visited the studio while Kokoschka was painting this masterpiece. Kokoschka's poem <i>Allos Makar</i> was inspired by this relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He volunteered for service as a cavalryman in the Austrian army in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and in 1915 was seriously wounded. At the hospital, the doctors decided that he was mentally unstable. Nevertheless, he continued to develop his career as an artist, traveling across Europe and painting the landscape. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He commissioned a life-sized female doll in 1918. Although intended to simulate Alma and receive his affection, the 'Alma doll' did not satisfy Kokoschka and he destroyed it during a party.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Kokoschka began teaching at the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Dresden Academy of Fine Arts">Kunstakademie Dresden</a>. In an open letter addressed to the inhabitants of Dresden from 1920, Kokoschka argued that the civil war battles between the revolutionary parties should be moved outside of the city’s borders in order to protect the art which could not escape the crossfire. This letter was penned after an incident on 15 March 1920 when a bullet damaged <i><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_at_the_Fountain" title="Bathsheba at the Fountain">Bathsheba at the Fountain</a></i>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of his letter, Kokoschka received backlash from the Communist artists <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield">John Heartfield</a> in what was referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstlump" title="Kunstlump">Kunstlump</a></i> debate, or Art Scoundrel Debate. Many other artists, however, continued to support the work of Kokoschka.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1922 he attended the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Progressive_Artists" title="International Congress of Progressive Artists">International Congress of Progressive Artists</a> and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists".<sup id="cite_ref-Review_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kokoschka returned to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in the autumn of 1931, where he spent six months in the home he had purchased for his parents eleven years earlier. Located in Vienna’s 16th District known as Liebharstal, the house, now functioning as the artist’s studio, provided a view of <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Wilhelminenberg" title="Schloss Wilhelminenberg">Schloss Wilhelminenberg</a> which had been converted into a Kinderheim, or orphanage, by the City Council. During this time, Kokoschka accepted a commission by the Social Democratic City Council, ‘<a href="/wiki/Red_Vienna" title="Red Vienna">Red Vienna</a>,’ for a painting that would be hung inside the Rathaus, or City Hall. Kokoschka, along with other Austrian artists, was asked to create an artwork depicting Vienna in contribution to this project managed by the Historisches Museum der Stadt (<a href="/wiki/Wien_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wien Museum">Wien Museum</a>). In honor of the humanitarian efforts of the City Counsel, Kokoschka decided to illustrate children playing outside of the palace in the foreground of the composition which otherwise consisted of a cityscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other identifiable Viennese architecture within the painting includes the City Hall and <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St. Stephen's Cathedral</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Degeneracy"_and_World_War_II"><span id=".22Degeneracy.22_and_World_War_II"></span>"Degeneracy" and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Degeneracy" and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deemed a "<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">degenerate</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>, Kokoschka fled Austria in 1934 for Prague. In Prague his name was adopted by a group of other expatriate artists, the Oskar-Kokoschka-Bund (OKB), though Kokoschka declined participation with their group.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained Czechoslovak citizenship in 1935. In 1938, when the Czechs began to mobilize for the expected invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, he fled to the United Kingdom and remained there during the war. With the help of the <a href="/wiki/British_Committee_for_Refugees_from_Czechoslovakia" title="British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia">British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia</a> (later the <i>Czech Refugee Trust Fund</i>), all members of the OKB were able to escape through Poland and Sweden. </p><p>During World War II, Kokoschka painted anti-Fascist works such as the allegory <i>What We Are Fighting For</i> (1943).<sup id="cite_ref-Lachnit_GAO_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lachnit_GAO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokoschka left the bustling city center of London and settled in <a href="/wiki/Polperro" title="Polperro">Polperro</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. While residing in this seaside village, Kokoschka made paintings depicting landscapes of the harbor, along with <i>The Crab</i>, which began a series of works embedded with political allegories resisting the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokoschka’s <i>The Crab</i> was painted between 1939 and 1940, and captures the view of the harbor from the artist’s house in Polperro. This work functions as a self-portrait of the artist, where Kokoschka is the swimmer representing Czechoslovakia. The large crab is symbolic of <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, the British Prime Minister at the time the painting was created. In explaining this painting, Kokoschka said the crab “would only have to put out one claw to save him from drowning, but remains aloof.”<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, this painting demonstrates the instability he felt as a result of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation</a> forcing him to seek refuge in other countries across Europe. This landscape painting, amongst others by Kokoschka, were brought with him to London unfinished where they were transformed into political allegories.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in London, Kokoschka also painted <i>The Red Egg,</i> another political painting referencing the destruction of Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this satirical painting, Kokoschka comments on the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> of 1938 with grotesque caricatures of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. </p><p>During several summer months, he and his young Czech wife, Oldřiška “Olda” Palkovská Kokoschka (1915–2009), lived in <a href="/wiki/Ullapool" title="Ullapool">Ullapool</a>, a village in <a href="/wiki/Wester_Ross" title="Wester Ross">Wester Ross</a>, Scotland. There he drew with coloured pencil (a technique he developed in Scotland), and painted many local landscape views in watercolour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While in Ullapool, Kokoschka painted a portrait of his friend, the wealthy industrialist Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, Uncle of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Altmann" title="Maria Altmann">Maria Altmann</a>. The painting hangs at the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Kunsthaus Zürich">Kunsthaus Museum</a> in Zurich.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1941–1946 he and Olda spent several weeks each summer with the Czech Professor Emil Korner at his home <a href="/wiki/Elrig" title="Elrig">The House of Elrig</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wigtownshire" title="Wigtownshire">Wigtownshire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kokoschka naturalised as a British subject on 21 February 1947 and would only regain Austrian citizenship in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He travelled briefly to the United States in 1947 before settling in <a href="/wiki/Villeneuve,_Vaud" title="Villeneuve, Vaud">Villeneuve</a>, Switzerland in 1953, where he lived the rest of his life. Kokoschka spent these years as an educator at the Internationale Sommer Akademie für Bildenden Künste, (<a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Jacobi" title="Ricarda Jacobi">Ricarda Jacobi</a> being one of his pupils) while also working on stage designs and publishing a collection of his writings. A retrospective of Kokoschka's work was exhibited at the Tate Gallery in London in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of the Deutscher Künstlerbund, Oskar Kokoschka took part in its annual exhibitions from 1952 to 1955.[16] He took part in documenta 1 (1955), documenta II (1959), and also documenta III in 1964 in Kassel. In 1966 he won the competition for the commissioned portrait of <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">German Bundestag</a> against his competitor Eugen Denzel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kokoschka died on 22 February 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>, at the age of 93, eight days before his 94th birthday, of complications after contracting influenza. He was interred in the Montreux Central Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-mdr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kokoschka had much in common with his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Max Beckmann</a>. Both maintained their independence from <a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionism</a>, yet are now regarded as textbook examples of the style. Nonetheless, their individualism set both apart from the main movements of twentieth-century <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>. Both wrote eloquently of the need to develop the art of "seeing" (Kokoschka emphasized <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> while Beckmann was concerned with mystical insight into the invisible realm), and both were masters of innovative oil-painting techniques anchored in earlier traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kokoschka was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1959_New_Year_Honours" title="1959 New Year Honours">1959 New Year Honours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a> in 1960 together with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artworks">Artworks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg/170px-Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg/255px-Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg/340px-Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Portrait_of_Lotte_Franzos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of Lotte Franzos</i> 1909, (oil on canvas, 114.9 cm × 79.4 cm), <a href="/wiki/The_Phillips_Collection" title="The Phillips Collection">The Phillips Collection</a>, Washington, DC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Nude_with_Back_Turned%27,_ink,_gouache_and_chalk_drawing_by_Oskar_Kokoschka,_c._1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/%27Nude_with_Back_Turned%27%2C_ink%2C_gouache_and_chalk_drawing_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_c._1907.jpg/170px-%27Nude_with_Back_Turned%27%2C_ink%2C_gouache_and_chalk_drawing_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_c._1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/%27Nude_with_Back_Turned%27%2C_ink%2C_gouache_and_chalk_drawing_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_c._1907.jpg/255px-%27Nude_with_Back_Turned%27%2C_ink%2C_gouache_and_chalk_drawing_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_c._1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/30/%27Nude_with_Back_Turned%27%2C_ink%2C_gouache_and_chalk_drawing_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_c._1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><i>Nude with Back Turned,</i> ink, gouache and chalk drawing, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1907</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Oskar_Kokoschka_-_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="5967" /></a><figcaption><i>Veronica's Veil</i>. 1911, (120,6 cm x 80,7 cm), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Budapest" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest">Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Port_of_Marseille%27,_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka,_1925,_Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini_de_Marseille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/%27The_Port_of_Marseille%27%2C_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1925%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini_de_Marseille.jpg/220px-%27The_Port_of_Marseille%27%2C_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1925%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini_de_Marseille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/%27The_Port_of_Marseille%27%2C_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1925%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini_de_Marseille.jpg/330px-%27The_Port_of_Marseille%27%2C_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1925%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini_de_Marseille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/%27The_Port_of_Marseille%27%2C_painting_by_Oskar_Kokoschka%2C_1925%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini_de_Marseille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>'The Port of Marseille', painting by Oskar Kokoschka, 1925, Musée Cantini de Marseille</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1909: <i>Lotte Franzos</i></li> <li>1909: <i>Martha Hirsch I</i></li> <li>1909: <i>Hans and <a href="/wiki/Erica_Tietze-Conrat" title="Erica Tietze-Conrat">Erika Tietze</a></i></li> <li>1909: <i>St. Veronica with the Sudarium</i></li> <li>1909: <i>Les Dents du Midi</i></li> <li>1909: <i>Children Playing</i></li> <li>1910: <i>Still Life with Lamb and Hyacinth</i></li> <li>1910: <i>Rudolf Blümner</i></li> <li>1911: Lady in Red</li> <li>1911: <i>Hermann Schwarzwald I</i></li> <li>1911: <i>Egon Wellesz</i></li> <li>1911: <i>Crucifixion</i></li> <li>1912: <i>Two Nudes</i></li> <li>1913: <i>Landscape in the Dolomites (with Cima Tre Croci)</i></li> <li>1913: <i>The Tempest</i></li> <li>1913: <i>Carl Moll</i></li> <li>1913: <i>Still Life with Putto and Rabbit</i></li> <li>1914: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_the_Wind" title="The Bride of the Wind">The Bride of the Wind</a></i></li> <li>1914: <i>Portrait of Franz Hauser</i></li> <li>1915: <i>Knight Errant</i></li> <li>1917: <i>Portrait of the Artist's Mother</i></li> <li>1917: <i>Lovers with Cat</i></li> <li>1917: <i>Stockholm Harbour</i></li> <li>1920: <i>The Power of Music</i></li> <li>1919: <i>Dresden, Neustadt I</i></li> <li>1921: <i>Dresden, Neustadt II</i></li> <li>1921: <i>Two Girls</i></li> <li>1922: <i>Self-Portrait at the Easel</i></li> <li>1923: <i>Self-Portrait with Crossed Arms</i></li> <li>1924: <i>Venice, Boats on the Dogana</i></li> <li>1925: <i>Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal I</i></li> <li>1925: <i>Toledo</i></li> <li>1926: <i>Mandrill</i></li> <li>1926: <i>Deer</i></li> <li>1926: <i>London Large Thames View I</i></li> <li>1929: <i>Arab Women and Child</i></li> <li>1929: <i>Pyramids at Gizeh</i></li> <li>1932: <i>Girl with Flowers</i></li> <li>1934: <i>Prague, View from the Villa Kramář</i></li> <li>1936: <i>Portrait <a href="/wiki/Adele_Bloch-Bauer" title="Adele Bloch-Bauer">Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer</a></i></li> <li>1937: <i>Olda Palkovská</i></li> <li>1938: <i>Prague – Nostalgia</i></li> <li>1940: <i>The Crab</i></li> <li>1941: <i>Anschluss – Alice in Wonderland</i></li> <li>1941: <i>The Red Egg</i></li> <li>1948: <i>Self-Portrait (Fiesole)</i></li> <li>1950: <i>The Myth of Prometheus</i></li> <li>1962: <i>Storm Tide in Hamburg</i></li> <li>1966: <i>The Rejected Lover</i></li> <li>1966: <i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971: <i>Time, Gentlemen, Please</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kokoschka's literary works are as peculiar and interesting as his art. His memoir, <i>A Sea Ringed with Visions</i>, details his theories of both corporeal and visceral vision and how they shape consciousness, art, and realities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His short play <i><a href="/wiki/Murderer,_the_Hope_of_Women" title="Murderer, the Hope of Women">Murderer, the Hope of Women</a></i> (1909, set ten years later by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rder,_Hoffnung_der_Frauen" title="Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen">Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen</a></i>) is often called the first Expressionist drama. His <i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_und_Eurydike" title="Orpheus und Eurydike">Orpheus und Eurydike</a></i> (1918) became an opera by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>, who was first approached for <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1908: <i>Die traumenden Knaben</i> (The Dreaming Youths) Vienna: Wiener Werkstätte (Originally published in an edition of 500 by the Wiener Werkstätte. Unsold copies numbered 1–275, were reissued in 1917 by Kurt Wolff Verlag.)</li> <li>1909: <i>Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen</i> (Murderer, the Hope of Women) (Play)</li> <li>1913: <i>Der gefesselte Columbus</i> (Columbus Bound). [Berlin]: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Gurlitt" title="Fritz Gurlitt">Fritz Gurlitt</a>, [1913] (known as <i>Der weisse Tiertoter</i> (The White Animal Slayer).</li> <li>1919: <i>Orpheus and Eurydike</i>, in: <i>Vier Dramen: Orpheus und Eurydike; Der brennende Dornbusch; Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen; [and] Hiob</i>. Berlin</li> <li>1955: <i>Designs of the Stage-Settings for W.A. Mozart's Magic Flute, Salzburg Festival 1955/56</i>. Salzburg: Galerie Welz</li> <li>1962: <i>A Sea Ringed with Visions</i>. London: Thames & Hudson <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01014-3">978-0-500-01014-3</a> (Autobiography)</li> <li>1974: <i>My Life</i>; translated (from "Mein Leben") by David Britt. London: Thames & Hudson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01087-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01087-0">0-500-01087-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_productions_of_plays">First productions of plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First productions of plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1907: <i>Sphinx und Strohmann. Komödie für Automaten</i>. 29 March 1909 at Cabaret Fledermaus, Vienna</li> <li>1909: <i>Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen</i></li> <li>1911: <i>Der brennende Dornbusch</i></li> <li>1913: <i>Sphinx und Strohmann, Ein Curiosum</i>. 14 April 1917 in the <i>Dada-Galerie</i>, Zürich</li> <li>1917: <i>Hiob</i> (an enlarged version of <i>Sphinx und Strohmann</i>, 1907)</li> <li>1919: <i>Orpheus und Eurydike</i> <ul><li>1923: new version as opera libretto; music by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>. 27 November 1926 at the <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Kassel" title="Staatstheater Kassel">Staatstheater Kassel</a></li></ul></li> <li>1936–38/1972: <i><a href="/wiki/Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles,_essays_and_writings"><span id="Articles.2C_essays_and_writings"></span>Articles, essays and writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Articles, essays and writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1960: "Lettre de Voyage", Oskar Kokoschka, <a href="/wiki/X_(magazine)" title="X (magazine)"><i>X magazine</i></a>, Vol. I, No. II (March 1960)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Modern:_The_Portrait_in_Vienna_1900" title="Facing the Modern: The Portrait in Vienna 1900">Facing the Modern: The Portrait in Vienna 1900</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mdr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mdr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De, mdr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/ns-zeit/oskar-kokoschka100.html">"Wer war Oskar Kokoschka?"</a>. <i>mdr.de</i> (in German). Leipzig: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mdr.de&rft.atitle=Wer+war+Oskar+Kokoschka%3F&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=De&rft.aufirst=mdr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fzeitreise%2Fns-zeit%2Foskar-kokoschka100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokoschka1948" class="citation book cs1">Kokoschka, Oskar (1948). <i>Oskar Kokoschka, a retrospective exhibition</i>. Published for the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston ... [et al.] by the Chanticleer Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1022847914">1022847914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oskar+Kokoschka%2C+a+retrospective+exhibition&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Institute+of+Contemporary+Art%2C+Boston+...+%5Bet+al.%5D+by+the+Chanticleer+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1022847914&rft.aulast=Kokoschka&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitford1986" class="citation book cs1">Whitford, Frank (1986). <i>Oskar Kokoschka: A Life</i>. Library of Congress Cataloging. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-11794-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-11794-9"><bdi>0-689-11794-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oskar+Kokoschka%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Cataloging&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-689-11794-9&rft.aulast=Whitford&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvocoressi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Calvocoressi, Richard (2006). "Oskar Kokoschka, Red Vienna and the Education of the Child". <i>Austrian Studies</i>. <b>14</b>: 215–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faus.2006.0009">10.1353/aus.2006.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27944808">27944808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245841590">245841590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austrian+Studies&rft.atitle=Oskar+Kokoschka%2C+Red+Vienna+and+the+Education+of+the+Child&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=215-226&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245841590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27944808%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faus.2006.0009&rft.aulast=Calvocoressi&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToub1994" class="citation journal cs1">Toub, James (1994). "Oskar Kokoschka as Teacher". <i>Journal of Aesthetic Education</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 35–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3333266">10.2307/3333266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8510">0021-8510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3333266">3333266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aesthetic+Education&rft.atitle=Oskar+Kokoschka+as+Teacher&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-49&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0021-8510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3333266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3333266&rft.aulast=Toub&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimpano,_Nathan_J._(Nathan_James)2017" class="citation book cs1">Timpano, Nathan J. (Nathan James) (2017). <i>Constructing the Viennese modern body: art, hysteria, and the puppet</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22018-8"><bdi>978-1-138-22018-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988858215">988858215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Viennese+modern+body%3A+art%2C+hysteria%2C+and+the+puppet&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988858215&rft.isbn=978-1-138-22018-8&rft.au=Timpano%2C+Nathan+J.+%28Nathan+James%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimpano2011" class="citation journal cs1">Timpano, Nathan J (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806045501/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/essays/69646608/dialectics-vision-oskar-kokoschka-historiography-expressionistic-sight">"The Dialectics of Vision: Oskar Kokoschka and the Historiography of Expressionistic Sight"</a>. <i>Journal of Art Historiography</i> (5, p1): 2–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/essays/69646608/dialectics-vision-oskar-kokoschka-historiography-expressionistic-sight">the original</a> on 6 August 2020 – via Ebsco Host.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Art+Historiography&rft.atitle=The+Dialectics+of+Vision%3A+Oskar+Kokoschka+and+the+Historiography+of+Expressionistic+Sight&rft.issue=5%2C+p1&rft.pages=2-13&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Timpano&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Fessays%2F69646608%2Fdialectics-vision-oskar-kokoschka-historiography-expressionistic-sight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/oskar-kokoschka-die-traumenden-knaben-the-dreaming-boys/">"Oskar Kokoschka Die träumenden Knaben (The dreaming boys) | NGV"</a>. <i>www.ngv.vic.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ngv.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Oskar+Kokoschka+Die+tr%C3%A4umenden+Knaben+%28The+dreaming+boys%29+%7C+NGV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngv.vic.gov.au%2Fessay%2Foskar-kokoschka-die-traumenden-knaben-the-dreaming-boys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokoschka2002" class="citation book cs1">Kokoschka, Oskar (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oskarkokoschkaea0000koko"><i>Oskar Kokoschka : early portraits from Vienna and Berlin, 1909–1914</i></a></span>. Natter, Tobias G. (Tobias Günter), Neue Galerie New York., Hamburger Kunsthalle. New York: Neue Galerie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09556-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09556-2"><bdi>0-300-09556-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49731224">49731224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oskar+Kokoschka+%3A+early+portraits+from+Vienna+and+Berlin%2C+1909%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Neue+Galerie&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49731224&rft.isbn=0-300-09556-2&rft.aulast=Kokoschka&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foskarkokoschkaea0000koko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A New Biography Paints a Colorful Portrait of Bauhaus Founder Walter Gropius". Hyperallergic. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lachnit_GAO-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lachnit_GAO_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lachnit_GAO_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lachnit, Edwin (2003). "Kokoschka, Oskar". <i>Grove Art Online</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theviennasecession.com/gallery/oskar-kokoschka/">https://www.theviennasecession.com/gallery/oskar-kokoschka/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/oskar-kokoschka/">https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/oskar-kokoschka/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alma-mahler.com/engl/almas_life/puppet3.html">Alma. History (alma-mahler.com)</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokoschka1992" class="citation book cs1">Kokoschka, Oskar (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letters190519760000koko"><i>Letters: 1905–1976</i></a></span>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01528-5"><bdi>978-0-500-01528-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters%3A+1905%E2%80%931976&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-500-01528-5&rft.aulast=Kokoschka&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletters190519760000koko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersLauderLindbergPrice2018" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Olaf; Lauder, Ronald S.; Lindberg, Steven; Price, Renée; Heckmann, Stefanie; Huyssen, Andreas (2018). <i>Before the fall : German and Austrian art of the 1930s</i>. Munich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5760-7"><bdi>978-3-7913-5760-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023370135">1023370135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+fall+%3A+German+and+Austrian+art+of+the+1930s&rft.place=Munich&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1023370135&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-5760-7&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=Lauder%2C+Ronald+S.&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Steven&rft.au=Price%2C+Ren%C3%A9e&rft.au=Heckmann%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Huyssen%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Review_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Doesburg" class="citation web cs1">van Doesburg, Theo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/de-stijl-%E2%80%9Ca-short-review-of-the-proceedings-of-the-congress-of-international-progressive-artists-followed-by-the-statements-made-by-the-artists%E2%80%99-groups%E2%80%9D-1922/">"De Stijl, "A Short Review of the Proceedings [of the Congress of International Progressive Artists], Followed by the Statements Made by the Artists' Groups" (1922)"</a>. <i>modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com</i>. Ross Lawrence Wolfe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=De+Stijl%2C+%22A+Short+Review+of+the+Proceedings+%5Bof+the+Congress+of+International+Progressive+Artists%5D%2C+Followed+by+the+Statements+Made+by+the+Artists%27+Groups%22+%281922%29&rft.aulast=van+Doesburg&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodernistarchitecture.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F10%2F22%2Fde-stijl-%25E2%2580%259Ca-short-review-of-the-proceedings-of-the-congress-of-international-progressive-artists-followed-by-the-statements-made-by-the-artists%25E2%2580%2599-groups%25E2%2580%259D-1922%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Holz, <i>Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a Democratic Public Sphere</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate" class="citation web cs1">Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kokoschka-the-crab-t03834">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Crab', Oskar Kokoschka, 1939–40"</a>. <i>Tate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=%27The+Crab%27%2C+Oskar+Kokoschka%2C+1939%E2%80%9340&rft.au=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fartworks%2Fkokoschka-the-crab-t03834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/20/nazi-stolen-art-klimtlondonnationalgallery.html">"London's National Gallery hosts Klimt portrait seized by Nazis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London%27s+National+Gallery+hosts+Klimt+portrait+seized+by+Nazis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F10%2F20%2Fnazi-stolen-art-klimtlondonnationalgallery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37940" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37940/page/1839">"No. 37940"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 25 April 1947. p. 1839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37940&rft.pages=1839&rft.date=1947-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37940%2Fpage%2F1839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/artists/oskar-kokoschka/biography">"Oskar Kokoschka Biography – Oskar Kokoschka on artnet"</a>. <i>www.artnet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artnet.com&rft.atitle=Oskar+Kokoschka+Biography+%E2%80%93+Oskar+Kokoschka+on+artnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnet.com%2Fartists%2Foskar-kokoschka%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imago-images.de/fotos-bilder/oskar-kokoschka-adenauer">"Oskar Kokoschka Adenauer Fotos | IMAGO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oskar+Kokoschka+Adenauer+Fotos+%26%23124%3B+IMAGO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imago-images.de%2Ffotos-bilder%2Foskar-kokoschka-adenauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://redfox.london/index.php/art-gallery/item/oskar-kokoschka">http://redfox.london/index.php/art-gallery/item/oskar-kokoschka</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette41589" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41589/supplement/11">"No. 41589"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 30 December 1958. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+41589&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1958-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F41589%2Fsupplement%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erasmusprijs.org/en/laureates/oskar-kokoschka/">"Erasmusprijswinnaars"</a>. <i>Praemium Erasmianum Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Praemium+Erasmianum+Foundation&rft.atitle=Erasmusprijswinnaars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferasmusprijs.org%2Fen%2Flaureates%2Foskar-kokoschka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oskar-kokoschka.ch/de/1020/1483/Konrad%20Adenauer">"Fondation Oskar Kokoschka - Online Werkkatalog - Online Werkkatalog"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fondation+Oskar+Kokoschka+-+Online+Werkkatalog+-+Online+Werkkatalog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oskar-kokoschka.ch%2Fde%2F1020%2F1483%2FKonrad%2520Adenauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimpano" class="citation web cs1">Timpano, Nathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistoriography.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/timpano.pdf">"The dialectics of vision: Oskar Kokoschka and the historiography of expressionistic sight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Art Historiography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Historiography&rft.atitle=The+dialectics+of+vision%3A+Oskar+Kokoschka+and+the+historiography+of+expressionistic+sight&rft.aulast=Timpano&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farthistoriography.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F12%2Ftimpano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further sources</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson, Donald</a> "Oskar Kokoschka at Polperro", in: <i>The Cornish Banner</i>, November 2009, pp. 19–33</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson, Donald</a> "Researching Kokoschka", in: <i>The Cornish Banner</i>, November 2010, pp. 22–24</li> <li>K. Holz, <i>Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a Democratic Public Sphere</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045917">Extensive article</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li>Holz, K. (2004) <i>Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: resistance and acquiescence in a democratic public sphere</i>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a></li> <li>Kokoschka, Oskar (1962) <i>A Sea Ringed with Visions</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01014-3">978-0-500-01014-3</a> (Autobiography)</li> <li>Weidinger, Alfred (1996) <i>Kokoschka and Alma Mahler</i>. Munich: Prestel-Verlag <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-1722-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-1722-9">3-7913-1722-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alfred Weidinger: <i>Oskar Kokoschka. Dreaming Boy and Enfant Terrible. Early Graphic Works, 1902–1909</i>. Ed. Albertina, Vienna 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246977185">246977185</a></li> <li>Alfred Weidinger: <i>Kokoschka and Alma Mahler: Testimony to a Passionate Relationship</i>. Prestel, New York 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-1722-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-1722-9">3-7913-1722-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_G._Natter" title="Tobias G. Natter">Tobias G. Natter</a>, (Ed.), <i>Oskar Kokoschka. The Early Portraits 1909–1914</i>, exhibition catalog Neue Galerie New York and Hamburger Kunsthalle. DuMont, Cologne 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8321-7182-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8321-7182-7">3-8321-7182-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Westheim" title="Paul Westheim">Paul Westheim</a>, <i>Oskar Kokoschka : das Werk Kokoschkas in 135 Abbildungen</i>, exhibition catalogue, Paul Cassirer Verlag, Berlin, 1925.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Kokoschka Life's work</i>, documentary directed by Michel Rodde, Switzerland, 2017, 91', distributed in Canada by K-Films Amérique (VOD).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Oskar Kokoschka – La mia vita, <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Benincasa" title="Carmine Benincasa">Carmine Benincasa</a> – Ed. Marsilio, Venezia 1981</li> <li>Oskar Kokoschka, "Lettre de Voyage", <a href="/wiki/X_(magazine)" title="X (magazine)"><i>X magazine</i></a>, Vol. I, No. II (March 1960)</li> <li>Berland, Rosa JH. "Expressionist Death Images and the Feminine Other: Oskar Kokoschka’s Mörder Hoffnung der Frauen (1907) and Hugo Von Hofmannsthal’s Elektra (1903). <i>Death Representations in Literature</i>. Cambridge Scholars, 2015.</li> <li>Berland, Rosa JH. "The radical work of Oskar Kokoschka and the alternative venues of Die Kunstschauen of 1908–1909, Vienna, Austria." <i>Exhibiting Outside the Academy, Salon and Biennial, 1775–1999</i>. Ashgate Press, 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_G._Natter" title="Tobias G. Natter">Tobias G. Natter</a>, Franz Smola (Eds.), <i>Kokoschka. Das Ich im Brennpunkt</i>, Brandstätter Publishing, Vienna 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85033-785-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85033-785-4">978-3-85033-785-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerland2008" class="citation journal cs1">Berland, Rosa JH (Winter–Spring 2008). "The Exploration of Dreams: Kokoschka's <i>Die träumenden Knaben and Freud</i>". <i>Source</i>. <b>27</b> (2/3 Special issue on art and psychoanalysis): 25–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Source&rft.atitle=The+Exploration+of+Dreams%3A+Kokoschka%27s+Die+tr%C3%A4umenden+Knaben+and+Freud&rft.chron=winter%E2%80%93spring&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2%2F3+Special+issue+on+art+and+psychoanalysis&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Berland&rft.aufirst=Rosa+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerland" class="citation web cs1">Berland, Rosa JH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/thinking_pictures/berland.htm">"The Early Portraits of Oskar Kokoschka: A Narrative of Inner Life"</a>. Image and Narrative<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Early+Portraits+of+Oskar+Kokoschka%3A+A+Narrative+of+Inner+Life&rft.pub=Image+and+Narrative&rft.aulast=Berland&rft.aufirst=Rosa+JH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imageandnarrative.be%2Finarchive%2Fthinking_pictures%2Fberland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOskar+Kokoschka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hilde Berger: <i>Ob es Hass ist solche Liebe? Oskar Kokoschka und Alma Mahler</i>, Böhlau Verlag, Wien 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-205-99103-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-205-99103-6">3-205-99103-6</a>, 2nd edition 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-205-78078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-205-78078-6">978-3-205-78078-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_G._Natter" title="Tobias G. Natter">Tobias G. Natter</a>, <i>Die Welt von Klimt, Schiele und Kokoschka. Sammler und Mäzene</i>, DuMont, Cologne 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8321-7258-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8321-7258-0">3-8321-7258-0</a>.</li> <li>Oliver Hilmes: <i>Witwe im Wahn. Das Leben der Alma Mahler-Werfel</i>, Siedler Vlg., München 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-797-0">978-3-88680-797-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_G._Natter" title="Tobias G. Natter">Tobias G. Natter</a>, Max Hollein (Eds.),<i>The Naked Truth: Klimt, Schiele, Kokoschka, and other Scandals</i>, Prestel, Munich, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-3284-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-3284-8">3-7913-3284-8</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang Maier-Preusker: <i>Buch- und Mappenwerke mit Grafik des Deutschen Expressionismus</i>, Ausst.Kat. für Hansestadt Wismar, Wien 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900208-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-900208-37-9">3-900208-37-9</a></li> <li>Tilo Richter (ed.): <i>Horst Tappe: Kokoschka</i>, m. Fotografien v. Horst Tappe, Zitaten (d/e/f) u. Grafiken v. Oskar Kokoschka, Vorwort v. Christoph Vitali, Christoph Merian Verlag, Basel 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85616-235-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-85616-235-6">3-85616-235-6</a></li> <li>Heinz Spielmann: <i>Oskar Kokoschka – Leben und Werk</i>, Dumont Verlag. Köln 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-7320-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-7320-3">978-3-8321-7320-3</a>.</li> <li>Alfred Weidinger: Kokoschkas King Lear. Albertina, Wien 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900656-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-900656-29-0">3-900656-29-0</a></li> <li>Alfred Weidinger: <i>Kokoschka und Alma Mahler  –  Dokumente einer leidenschaftlichen Begegnung</i>, Reihe 'Pegasus Bibliothek', Prestel Vlg., München/New York 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-1711-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-1711-3">3-7913-1711-3</a>. * <i>Widerstand statt Anpassung: Deutsche Kunst im Widerstand gegen den Faschismus 1933–1945</i>, Elefanten Press Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1980</li> <li>Alfred Weidinger, Alice Strobl: <i>Oskar Kokoschka. Die Zeichnungen und Aquarelle 1897–1916</i>. Werkkatalog, 1. Band. Hg. Albertina. Verlag Galerie Welz, Salzburg 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85349-290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85349-290-1">978-3-85349-290-1</a></li> <li>Alfred Weidinger: <i>Oskar Kokoschka. Träumender Knabe – Enfant terrible, 1906–1922</i>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Husslein" title="Agnes Husslein">Agnes Husslein</a>-Arco, Alfred Weidinger. Belvedere, Wien 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-901508-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-901508-37-0">978-3-901508-37-0</a></li> <li>Norbert Werner (ed.): <i>Kokoschka – Leben und Werk in Daten und Bildern</i>, Insel Vlg., Frankfurt. 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-458-32609-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-458-32609-X">3-458-32609-X</a></li> <li>Hans M. Wingler, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Welz" title="Friedrich Welz">Friedrich Welz</a>: <i>Oskar Kokoschka – Das druckgraphische Werk </i>, Verlag Galerie Welz, Salzburg 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85349-037-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-85349-037-9">3-85349-037-9</a></li> <li>Johann Winkler, Katharina Erling: <i>Oskar Kokoschka. Die Gemälde 1906–1929</i>, Verlag Galerie Welz, Salzburg 1995</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oskar_Kokoschka" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oskar_Kokoschka" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8241370">Oskar Kokoschka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museejenisch.ch/collections/412.html">Fondation Oskar Kokoschka</a> at the Musée Jenisch in <a href="/wiki/Vevey" title="Vevey">Vevey</a>, with illustrations of Kokoschka works, text in French</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jottings.ca/carol/kokoschka.html">Kokoschka: Knight Errant of 20th Century Painting</a>, a memorial lecture by Carol Hoorn Fraser</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecityreview.com/kokosch.html">Gallery of Kokoschka's early works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectie.boijmans.nl/en/search/?ds=list&creator=Oskar%20Kokoschka#results#results">Kokoschka's "Double Portrait of Hans Mardersteig and Carl Georg Heise", "The Mandril" and "Walter Hasenclever"</a> at the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, with images of the works, and descriptions in English.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oskar Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Käthe Kollwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lachnit" title="Wilhelm Lachnit">Wilhelm Lachnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lehmbruck" title="Wilhelm Lehmbruck">Wilhelm Lehmbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Liebermann" title="Max Liebermann">Max Liebermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Lohse-W%C3%A4chtler" title="Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler">Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Macke" title="August Macke">August Macke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Meidner" title="Ludwig Meidner">Ludwig Meidner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Morgner" title="Wilhelm Morgner">Wilhelm Morgner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Mueller" title="Otto Mueller">Otto Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Emil Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Pechstein" title="Max Pechstein">Max Pechstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rohlfs" title="Christian Rohlfs">Christian Rohlfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schlemmer" title="Oskar Schlemmer">Oskar Schlemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schlichter" title="Rudolf Schlichter">Rudolf Schlichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Schreyer" title="Lothar Schreyer">Lothar Schreyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">Censorship in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurlitt_Collection" title="Gurlitt Collection">Gurlitt Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildebrand_Gurlitt" title="Hildebrand Gurlitt">Hildebrand Gurlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Gurlitt_(art_collector)" title="Cornelius Gurlitt (art collector)">Cornelius Gurlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Bern" title="Museum of Fine Arts Bern">Museum of Fine Arts Bern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154260#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121266113">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/31998450">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/51840/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp6999tB6t9rJrfHt4Dv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118564722">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80032699">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909937v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909937v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kokoschka, Oskar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV024440">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36559517">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004509&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1137364">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26181">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069366489">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058307">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000148098&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000036743&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=198979">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M5998">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz14dp55p21zbg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629173505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/85636">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263823005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058610543506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14098280">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02017569?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500024536">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/45471">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=4025660&lng=en">SIKART</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/68781b20-9f4d-4de5-8a39-34c06627cf9e">KulturNav</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/bf79baa5-fd46-486c-9512-3889c4452599">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/3801/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/3197">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/15761">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/824/">Auckland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=54177">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/oskar-kokoschka">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1292356">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118564722.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118564722">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026951991">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011640">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cc12m9">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/28110">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30113535">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&oldid=1245421684">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschka&oldid=1245421684</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1886_births" title="Category:1886 births">1886 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980_deaths" title="Category:1980 deaths">1980 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Austrian_painters" 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