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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trade with Sumer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trade_with_Sumer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trade with Sumer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trade_with_Sumer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Meluhha_dog"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Meluhha_dog""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>"Meluhha dog"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Meluhha_dog"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meluhhan_trading_colony_in_Sumer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meluhhan_trading_colony_in_Sumer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Meluhhan trading colony in Sumer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meluhhan_trading_colony_in_Sumer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animal_figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Animal figurines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_materials_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_materials_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Maritime materials trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_materials_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Akkadians_and_Neo-Sumerians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_Akkadians_and_Neo-Sumerians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_Akkadians_and_Neo-Sumerians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_with_the_Indus_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_with_the_Indus_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Identification with the Indus Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_with_the_Indus_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Meluhha"_as_Meroe,_in_the_14th–2nd_centuries_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Meluhha"_as_Meroe,_in_the_14th–2nd_centuries_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>"Meluhha" as Meroe, in the 14th–2nd centuries BCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Meluhha"_as_Meroe,_in_the_14th–2nd_centuries_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%88%89%E1%88%93" title="ሜሉሓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሜሉሓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE" title="মেলুঃহা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেলুঃহা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melukhkha" title="Melukhkha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Melukhkha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melu%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%ABa" title="Meluḫḫa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meluḫḫa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7" title="ملوخا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملوخا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="मेलुह्हा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेलुह्हा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melukhkha" title="Melukhkha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Melukhkha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90" title="მელუხა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მელუხა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluha" title="Meluha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meluha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7" title="ملوحا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملوحا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melua" title="Melua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Melua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Мелухха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мелухха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="மெலுக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெலுக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meluhha" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Мелухха – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мелухха" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483421#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Meluhha<br /><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠</span></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg/288px-Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg/432px-Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg/576px-Moyen_Orient_3mil_aC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Location of foreign lands for the Mesopotamians, including Meluhha.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/288px-Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/432px-Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/576px-Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Impression of a cylinder seal of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, with label: "The Divine <a href="/wiki/Sharkalisharri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharkalisharri">Sharkalisharri</a> Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buffalo">long-horned buffalo</a> is thought to have come from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>. Circa 2217–2193 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b><span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Meluḫḫa</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Melukhkha</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈨𒈛𒄩<a href="/wiki/%F0%92%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="𒆠">𒆠</a></span></span> <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Me-luḫ-ḫa<sup>KI</sup></i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> name of a prominent trading partner of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>. Its identification remains an open question, but most scholars associate it with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh200846_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh200846-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Balochistan#Etymology" title="Balochistan">Balochistan § Etymology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a> identifies <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidians</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Harappan Culture</a> and the Meluhhan people mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> records. In his book <i>Deciphering the Indus Script.</i> Parpola states that the <a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> are remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, the word "Meluhha" derives from the Dravidian words <i>mel</i> ("elevated") and <i>akam</i> ("place"). Parpola also relates Meluhha with <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, which he calls the "<a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Proto-Dravidian</a> homeland". He also relates Meluhha with the transient word <a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vedic_sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic sanskrit">Vedic</a> word used to mean "barbarian" and used by the incoming <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Aryan speaking</a> population for the native Harappan population.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another piece of possible evidence that points to the people of Meluhha as being Proto-Dravidian is the fact that <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a> believed to be exported to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> by the Harappans, was known as <i>ilu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <i>eḷḷu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>. One theory is that these words derive from the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages#Classification" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> word for sesame (<i>eḷḷ </i> or <i>eḷḷu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a>, who associates IVC with the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> speakers, suggests an alternative etymology from the <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">para-Munda</a> word for wild sesame: <i>jar-tila</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Munda is an <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic language">Austroasiatic language</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008354_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008354-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_with_Sumer">Trade with Sumer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trade with Sumer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Mesopotamian "Meluhha" seal</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:289px;max-width:289px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_Shu-ilishu,_interpreter_of_the_Meluhhan_language,_Louvre_Museum_AO_22310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_Shu-ilishu%2C_interpreter_of_the_Meluhhan_language%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_22310.jpg/287px-Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_Shu-ilishu%2C_interpreter_of_the_Meluhhan_language%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_22310.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_Shu-ilishu%2C_interpreter_of_the_Meluhhan_language%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_22310.jpg/431px-Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_Shu-ilishu%2C_interpreter_of_the_Meluhhan_language%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_22310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_Shu-ilishu%2C_interpreter_of_the_Meluhhan_language%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_22310.jpg/574px-Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_Shu-ilishu%2C_interpreter_of_the_Meluhhan_language%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_22310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="802" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meluhha-ki_on_a_cylinder_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Meluhha-ki_on_a_cylinder_seal.jpg/97px-Meluhha-ki_on_a_cylinder_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Meluhha-ki_on_a_cylinder_seal.jpg/146px-Meluhha-ki_on_a_cylinder_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Meluhha-ki_on_a_cylinder_seal.jpg/194px-Meluhha-ki_on_a_cylinder_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> cylinder seal with inscription: <i>"Šu-ilišu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language"</i>: "Meluhha" appears with the standard <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> as <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈨𒈛𒄩<a href="/wiki/%F0%92%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="𒆠">𒆠</a></span> (<span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Me-luḫ-ḫa<sup>KI</sup></i></span>, "KI" standing for "country").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference AO 22310.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Trade_and_transportation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilization trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Indian maritime history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> texts repeatedly refer to three important centers with which they traded: <a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>, and Meluhha.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbrauns-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sumerian location of Magan is now accepted to be the area currently encompassing the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dilmun was a <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> which traded with Mesopotamian civilizations, the current scholarly consensus is that Dilmun encompassed <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a> and the adjacent coast of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saed_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saed-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_cylinder_A_(IX_19)_Magan_Meluha_with_transcription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gudea_cylinder_A_%28IX_19%29_Magan_Meluha_with_transcription.jpg/220px-Gudea_cylinder_A_%28IX_19%29_Magan_Meluha_with_transcription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gudea_cylinder_A_%28IX_19%29_Magan_Meluha_with_transcription.jpg/330px-Gudea_cylinder_A_%28IX_19%29_Magan_Meluha_with_transcription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gudea_cylinder_A_%28IX_19%29_Magan_Meluha_with_transcription.jpg/440px-Gudea_cylinder_A_%28IX_19%29_Magan_Meluha_with_transcription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gudea_cylinders" title="Gudea cylinders">Gudea cylinders</a> inscription A IX:19, Gudea mentions of the devotions to his Temple: "Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words <a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a> (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈣𒃶</span>) and Meluhha (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈨𒈛𒄩</span>) appear vertically in the first column on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In an inscription, <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> (2334–2279 BCE) referred to ships coming from Meluhha, <a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHO_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandson <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> (2254–2218 BCE) listing the rebel kings to his rule, mentioned "<a href="/wiki/(..)ibra" title="(..)ibra">(..)ibra</a>, man of Melukha".<sup id="cite_ref-SCHO_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an inscription, <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 21st century BCE</span>) referred to the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHO_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbrauns-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Gudea_cylinders" title="Gudea cylinders">Gudea cylinders</a>, Gudea mentions that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Inscription of cylinder A, IX:19<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gudea_cylinders" title="Gudea cylinders">cylinder B</a>, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> and bright <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> from Meluhha".<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbrauns-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meluhha is also mentioned in mythological legends such as <i><a href="/wiki/Enki_and_Ninhursag" class="mw-redirect" title="Enki and Ninhursag">Enki and Ninhursag</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "May the foreign land of Meluhha load precious desirable cornelian, perfect <i>mes</i> wood and beautiful <i>aba</i> wood into large ships for you"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Enki and Ninhursag</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>There are no known mentions of Meluhha after 1760 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHO_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Meluhha_dog""><span id=".22Meluhha_dog.22"></span>"Meluhha dog"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Meluhha dog""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">"Meluhha dog"</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhole_(Asiatic_wild_dog)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dhole_%28Asiatic_wild_dog%29_cropped.jpg/134px-Dhole_%28Asiatic_wild_dog%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dhole_%28Asiatic_wild_dog%29_cropped.jpg/201px-Dhole_%28Asiatic_wild_dog%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dhole_%28Asiatic_wild_dog%29_cropped.jpg/268px-Dhole_%28Asiatic_wild_dog%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuon-alpinus-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cuon-alpinus-map.png/250px-Cuon-alpinus-map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cuon-alpinus-map.png/375px-Cuon-alpinus-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cuon-alpinus-map.png/500px-Cuon-alpinus-map.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The "red dog from Meluhha", received by <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> as a tribute of the people of <a href="/wiki/Marhashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marhashi">Marhashi</a>, could be a <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, also called "Asiatic red dog", a type of red-colored dog native to southern and Eastern Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf</a> (also called the red jackal) is another candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-JMC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>In one of his inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> mentions that he received as a tribute from <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhasi</a> a Meluhha red dog:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Ibbi-Sîn, the god of his country, the mighty king, king of Ur and king of the four world quarters, his speckled Meluḫḫa 'dog', from <a href="/wiki/Mar%E1%B8%ABa%C5%A1i" class="mw-redirect" title="Marḫaši">Marḫaši</a> brought by them as tribute, a replica of it he fashioned, and for his life he dedicated it to him (<a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a>)."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Meluhha dog inscription of Inni-Sin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The qualifier used to describe the dog is <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒁱</span>, which can be read either <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">dar</i></span> "red" as an adjective,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">gun<sub>3</sub></i></span> "speckled" as an intransitive verb,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and interpretations vary based on these two possible meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that this "red dog" could be a <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a>, also called "Asiatic red dog", a type of red-colored dog native to southern and eastern Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-JMC_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meluhhan_trading_colony_in_Sumer">Meluhhan trading colony in Sumer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meluhhan trading colony in Sumer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the Sumerian period, there are numerous mentions in inscriptions of a Meluhha settlement in southern Sumer near the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VF_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VF-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the references seem to date to the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> and especially the <a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">Ur III</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-VF_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VF-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of the settlement has been tentatively identified with the city of Guabba.<sup id="cite_ref-VF_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VF-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The references to "large boats" in Guabba suggests that it may have functioned as a trading colony which initially had direct contact with Meluhha.<sup id="cite_ref-VF_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VF-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It seems that direct trade with Meluhha subsided during the <a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">Ur III</a> period, and was replaced by trade with <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>, possibly corresponding to the end of urban systems in the Indus Valley around that time.<sup id="cite_ref-VF_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VF-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751_(horizontal).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tablet from the period of Shulgi, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.[31] "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".[32][31]"><img alt="A tablet from the period of Shulgi, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.[31] "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".[32][31]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Meluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751_%28horizontal%29.jpg/200px-Meluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751_%28horizontal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Meluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751_%28horizontal%29.jpg/300px-Meluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751_%28horizontal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Meluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751_%28horizontal%29.jpg/400px-Meluhha_village_tablet_-_BM17751_%28horizontal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tablet from the period of <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, mentioning the "Meluhha" village in Sumer. British Museum, BM 17751.<sup id="cite_ref-SP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Meluhha" (<small><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠</span></small>) actually appears on the beginning of the other side (column II, 1) in the sentence "The granary of the village of Meluhha".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BM17751_Meluhha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transcription of tablet BM 17751, with the word "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠).[31] Column II continues Column I on the reverse."><img alt="Transcription of tablet BM 17751, with the word "Meluhha" (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠).[31] Column II continues Column I on the reverse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BM17751_Meluhha.jpg/200px-BM17751_Meluhha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BM17751_Meluhha.jpg/300px-BM17751_Meluhha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BM17751_Meluhha.jpg/400px-BM17751_Meluhha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transcription of tablet BM 17751, with the word "Meluhha" (<small><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠</span></small>).<sup id="cite_ref-SP_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Column II continues Column I on the reverse.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">"Animal figurines"</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_monkey_of_Meskalamdug_(grave_PG_755_at_Ur).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gold_monkey_of_Meskalamdug_%28grave_PG_755_at_Ur%29.jpg/79px-Gold_monkey_of_Meskalamdug_%28grave_PG_755_at_Ur%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gold_monkey_of_Meskalamdug_%28grave_PG_755_at_Ur%29.jpg/119px-Gold_monkey_of_Meskalamdug_%28grave_PG_755_at_Ur%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gold_monkey_of_Meskalamdug_%28grave_PG_755_at_Ur%29.jpg/158px-Gold_monkey_of_Meskalamdug_%28grave_PG_755_at_Ur%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gold monkey on a pin, from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur" title="Royal Cemetery at Ur">Royal Cemetery at Ur</a>, circa 2600 BCE.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_monkey_statuette_in_red_limestone_found_in_Susa_in_2340_-_2100_BCE_disovered_in_the_Tel_of_the_Acropolis_at_Susa_LOUVRE_Sb5884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asia_monkey_statuette_in_red_limestone_found_in_Susa_in_2340_-_2100_BCE_disovered_in_the_Tel_of_the_Acropolis_at_Susa_LOUVRE_Sb5884.jpg/145px-Asia_monkey_statuette_in_red_limestone_found_in_Susa_in_2340_-_2100_BCE_disovered_in_the_Tel_of_the_Acropolis_at_Susa_LOUVRE_Sb5884.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asia_monkey_statuette_in_red_limestone_found_in_Susa_in_2340_-_2100_BCE_disovered_in_the_Tel_of_the_Acropolis_at_Susa_LOUVRE_Sb5884.jpg/218px-Asia_monkey_statuette_in_red_limestone_found_in_Susa_in_2340_-_2100_BCE_disovered_in_the_Tel_of_the_Acropolis_at_Susa_LOUVRE_Sb5884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asia_monkey_statuette_in_red_limestone_found_in_Susa_in_2340_-_2100_BCE_disovered_in_the_Tel_of_the_Acropolis_at_Susa_LOUVRE_Sb5884.jpg/290px-Asia_monkey_statuette_in_red_limestone_found_in_Susa_in_2340_-_2100_BCE_disovered_in_the_Tel_of_the_Acropolis_at_Susa_LOUVRE_Sb5884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="2840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Asian monkey statuette in red limestone found in Susa, dated to 2340–2100 BCE, discovered in the Tel of the Acropolis at Susa. Louvre Museum, Sb5884.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Several Indus seals with <a href="/wiki/Harappan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Harappan script">Harappan script</a> have been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the archeological record for the existence of the trade with the Indus civilization in Mesopotamia is meager. According to <a href="/wiki/W._Andrew_Robinson" title="W. Andrew Robinson">Andrew Robinson</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the other hand, there is not nearly so much incontrovertible evidence for the Indus–Mesopotamia trade as archaeologists might wish. Nissen refers to a ‘meagre archaeological record’. There is only one Indus weight from Ur, for example, out of a total of just fourteen Indus weights found in Mesopotamia, neighbouring Iran (Susa) and the Persian Gulf area. Only some twenty Indus seals have turned up in Mesopotamia since the earliest discoveries, of which nine have been dated to the Akkadian period (2334–2154 BC) and two to the Isin and Larsa dynasties (2000–1800 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-robinson93_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson93-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_figurines">Animal figurines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animal figurines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various figurines of exotic animals in gold or carnelian are thought to have been imported from Meluhha. Many such statuettes have been found in Mesopotamian excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-JMC_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carnelian statuette of an Asian monkey was found in the excavation of the Acropolis of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, and dated to circa 2340–2100 BCE. It is thought that it may have been imported from India. It is now in the Louvre Museum, reference Sb5884.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_materials_trade">Maritime materials trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maritime materials trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds,_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal,_3000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg/260px-Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg/390px-Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg/520px-Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3359" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Model of a <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> tablet, 2500–1750 BCE (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum, New Delhi</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA158_158]-[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA159_159]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA158_158]-[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA159_159]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicting a boat with a central cabin, possibly carrying land-seeking birds for navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu0IwDwAAQBAJpgPT32_32]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu0IwDwAAQBAJpgPT32_32]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flat-bottomed river row-boats appear in two Indus seals, but their seaworthiness is debatable.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Specific items of high volume trade are timber and specialty wood such as ebony, for which large ships were used. Luxury items also appear, such as <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> mined at a Harappan colony at <a href="/wiki/Shortugai" title="Shortugai">Shortugai</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1980s, important archaeological discoveries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> were made at <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Jinz" title="Ras al-Jinz">Ras al-Jinz</a> (Oman), located at the easternmost point of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with Oman, and the Middle East in general.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_with_the_Akkadians_and_Neo-Sumerians">Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AO_5476_(front,_with_transcription).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AO_5476_%28front%2C_with_transcription%29.jpg/220px-AO_5476_%28front%2C_with_transcription%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AO_5476_%28front%2C_with_transcription%29.jpg/330px-AO_5476_%28front%2C_with_transcription%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AO_5476_%28front%2C_with_transcription%29.jpg/440px-AO_5476_%28front%2C_with_transcription%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5384" data-file-height="6860" /></a><figcaption>Account of the victories of <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Abalgamash" title="Abalgamash">Abalgamash</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Marhashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marhashi">Marhashi</a>. In his inscriptions, Rimush mentioned the army led by Abalgamash included troops from Meluhha. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> AO5476.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WLH93_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLH93-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDLI-Archival_View_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDLI-Archival_View-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to some accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a>, he fought against the troops of Meluhha, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-WLH93_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLH93-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Rimuš, the king of the world, in battle over <a href="/wiki/Abalgamash" title="Abalgamash">Abalgamash</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Parahshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Parahshum">Parahshum</a>, was victorious. And Zahara<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> and Gupin and Meluḫḫa within Paraḫšum assembled for battle, but he (Rimush) was victorious and struck down 16,212 men and took 4,216 captives. Further, he captured Ehmahsini, King of Elam, and all the nobles of Elam. Further he captured Sidaga'u the general of Paraḫšum and Sargapi, general of Zahara, in between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Awan_(ancient_city)" title="Awan (ancient city)">Awan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, by the "Middle River". Further a burial mound at the site of the town he heaped up over them. Furthermore, the foundations of Paraḫšum from the country of Elam he tore out, and so Rimuš, king of the world, rules Elam, (as) the god <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> had shown..."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Inscription of Rimush<sup id="cite_ref-WLH93_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLH93-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDLI-Archival_View_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDLI-Archival_View-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> too, in one of his inscriptions, mentioned his victory over the territories of <a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a>, Meluhha, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCHO_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_with_the_Indus_Valley">Identification with the Indus Valley</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Identification with the Indus Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most scholars suggest that <i>Meluhha</i> was the Sumerian name for the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnish scholars <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Simo Parpola</a> identify <i>Meluhha</i> (earlier variant <i>Me-lah-ha</i>) from earlier Sumerian documents with <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <i>mel akam</i> "high abode" or "high country". Many items of trade such as wood, minerals, and gemstones were indeed extracted from the hilly regions near the Indus settlements. They further claim that <i>Meluhha</i> is the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">mleccha</a></i>, meaning "barbarian, foreigner".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Middle_East_14022019_Gold_and_carnelian_beads_2600-2300_BC_Royal_cemetery_of_Ur_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/British_Museum_Middle_East_14022019_Gold_and_carnelian_beads_2600-2300_BC_Royal_cemetery_of_Ur_%28composite%29.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Middle_East_14022019_Gold_and_carnelian_beads_2600-2300_BC_Royal_cemetery_of_Ur_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/British_Museum_Middle_East_14022019_Gold_and_carnelian_beads_2600-2300_BC_Royal_cemetery_of_Ur_%28composite%29.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Middle_East_14022019_Gold_and_carnelian_beads_2600-2300_BC_Royal_cemetery_of_Ur_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/British_Museum_Middle_East_14022019_Gold_and_carnelian_beads_2600-2300_BC_Royal_cemetery_of_Ur_%28composite%29.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Middle_East_14022019_Gold_and_carnelian_beads_2600-2300_BC_Royal_cemetery_of_Ur_%28composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3192" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Etched_carnelian_beads" title="Etched carnelian beads">etched carnelian beads</a> in this necklace from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cemetery_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Cemetery of Ur">Royal Cemetery of Ur</a> dating to the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">First Dynasty of Ur</a> (2600-2500 BCE) were probably imported from the Indus Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_Carnelian_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM_Carnelian-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Early texts, such as the Rimush inscription describing combat against Meluhha troops in the area of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> circa 2200 BC, seem to indicate that Meluhha is to the east, suggesting either the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a> or India.<sup id="cite_ref-WLH93_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLH93-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, much later texts, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a></i> documenting the military exploits of King <a href="/wiki/Assurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Assurbanipal">Assurbanipal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (668–627 BC), long after the Indus Valley civilization had ceased to exist, seem to imply that <i>Meluhha</i> is to be found in Africa, in the area of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WLH93_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLH93-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is sufficient archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent. Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indian seals have been found at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and other Mesopotamian sites.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Persian-Gulf style of <a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal" title="Stamp seal">circular stamped</a> rather than rolled seals, also known from Dilmun, that appear at <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>), as well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade network, which G.L. Possehl has called a "Middle Asian Interaction Sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What the commerce consisted of is less sure: timber and precious woods, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and luxury goods such as <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> and glazed stone beads, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> from the Persian Gulf, and shell and bone inlays, were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, woolen textiles, perhaps oil and grains and other foods. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> ingots, certainly, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and chickens, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia—all these have been instanced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Meluhha"_as_Meroe,_in_the_14th–2nd_centuries_BCE"><span id=".22Meluhha.22_as_Meroe.2C_in_the_14th.E2.80.932nd_centuries_BCE"></span>"Meluhha" as Meroe, in the 14th–2nd centuries BCE</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Meluhha" as Meroe, in the 14th–2nd centuries BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Meluhha</i> appears in EL-AMARNA letters, as a place at Kush/Nubia, near Egypt (EA70, EA95, EA108 ,EA112, EA117, EA132, EA133). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meroe_9_October_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Meroe_9_October_2020.jpg/220px-Meroe_9_October_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Meroe_9_October_2020.jpg/330px-Meroe_9_October_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Meroe_9_October_2020.jpg/440px-Meroe_9_October_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>A modern satellite view of the region of <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Assyrian and Hellenistic eras, cuneiform texts continued to use (or revive) old place names, giving a perhaps artificial sense of continuity between contemporary events and events of the distant past.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Media</a> is referred to as "the land of the <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a people who had been prominent around 2000 BC. </p><p><i>Meluhha</i> also appears in these texts, in contexts suggesting that "Meluhha" and "Magan" were kingdoms adjacent to Egypt. In the <a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> writes about his first march against Egypt: "In my first campaign I marched against <i><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a></i> and <i>Meluhha</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt"><i>Musur</i></a> (Egypt) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush#Name" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kûsu</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>", ie Nubia), whom <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, king of Assyria, the father who begot me, had defeated, and whose land he brought under his sway."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, "Magan" has been interpreted as "Muṣur" (ancient name of Egypt) and "Meluhha" as "<a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>" (capital of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meluhha_as_mentioned_by_Ashurbanipal_in_the_Rassam_cylinder_in_643_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meluhha_as_mentioned_by_Ashurbanipal_in_the_Rassam_cylinder_in_643_BCE.jpg/220px-Meluhha_as_mentioned_by_Ashurbanipal_in_the_Rassam_cylinder_in_643_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meluhha_as_mentioned_by_Ashurbanipal_in_the_Rassam_cylinder_in_643_BCE.jpg/330px-Meluhha_as_mentioned_by_Ashurbanipal_in_the_Rassam_cylinder_in_643_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meluhha_as_mentioned_by_Ashurbanipal_in_the_Rassam_cylinder_in_643_BCE.jpg/440px-Meluhha_as_mentioned_by_Ashurbanipal_in_the_Rassam_cylinder_in_643_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="96" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Meluhha (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠</span>) as mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a> in 643 BCE, as a territory associated with Egypt, probably <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a> (column 1 line 52)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the term was used archaically to refer to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, as in an account of a festival celebrating the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Syrian War">Sixth Syrian War</a>, or in reference to the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> in Egypt (<i>"Antiochus the King marched triumphantly through the cities of Meluhha"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Land_of_the_Elephant_Kings_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Land_of_the_Elephant_Kings-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These references do not necessarily mean that early references to <i>Meluhha</i> also referred to Egypt. Direct contacts between Sumer and the Indus Valley had ceased even during the <a href="/wiki/Mature_Harappan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mature Harappan">Mature Harappan</a> phase when Oman and Bahrain (Magan and Dilmun) became intermediaries. After the sack of Ur by the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a> and subsequent invasions in Sumer, its trade and contacts shifted west and Meluhha passed almost into mythological memory. The resurfacing of the name could simply reflect cultural memory of a rich and distant land, its use in records of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> military expeditions serving to aggrandize those kings. This kind of re-attribution of archaic geographical terms was a regular occurrence during the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Land_of_the_Elephant_Kings_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Land_of_the_Elephant_Kings-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/(..)ibra" title="(..)ibra">(..)ibra</a></b> (between 2300 BC – 2200 BC), possibly contemporary to <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic history of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Indian maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan (civilization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">Names for India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum">"Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum"</a>. <i>Louvre Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louvre+Museum&rft.atitle=Cylinder+Seal+of+Ibni-Sharrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fcylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12067">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D12067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownFeldman2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187"><i>Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614510352" title="Special:BookSources/9781614510352"><bdi>9781614510352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Approaches+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Art&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781614510352&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4DoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh200846-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh200846_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2008">McIntosh 2008</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asko Parpola (1994), <i>Deciphering the Indus script</i>, Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpolaParpola1975" class="citation cs2">Parpola, Asko; Parpola, Simo (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/StOrE/article/view/49874/14912">"On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit mleccha"</a>, <i>Studia Orientalia</i>, <b>46</b>: 205–238</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=On+the+relationship+of+the+Sumerian+toponym+Meluhha+and+Sanskrit+mleccha&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=205-238&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft.au=Parpola%2C+Simo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.tsv.fi%2Findex.php%2FStOrE%2Farticle%2Fview%2F49874%2F14912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._J._Witzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. J. Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206073939/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf">"Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</i>, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 25, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Vedic+Studies&rft.atitle=Substrate+Languages+in+Old+Indo-Aryan+%28%E1%B9%9Agvedic%2C+Middle+and+Late+Vedic%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com%2Fejvs0501%2Fejvs0501article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth2005" class="citation book cs1">Southworth, Franklin (2005). <i>Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Archaeology+of+South+Asia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span> (See Appendix C.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008354-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008354_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2008">McIntosh 2008</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, Asko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353"><i>The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190226930" title="Special:BookSources/9780190226930"><bdi>9780190226930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190226930&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDagXCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=12071">"Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Meluhha+interpreter+seal.+Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not%26idNotice%3D12071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA352"><i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-042-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Ixuott4doC%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenbrauns-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenbrauns_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA87"><i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-042-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Ixuott4doC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbedHellyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001). <i>United Arab Emirates: a new perspective</i>. London: Trident Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900724470" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900724470"><bdi>978-1900724470</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47140175">47140175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Arab+Emirates%3A+a+new+perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Trident+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47140175&rft.isbn=978-1900724470&rft.aulast=Abed&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft.au=Hellyer%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayeem1990" class="citation book cs1">Nayeem, M. A. (1990). "Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula: Bahrain". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwBuAAAAMAAJ"><i>M. A. Nayeem</i></a>. Hyderabad Publishers. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185492025" title="Special:BookSources/9788185492025"><bdi>9788185492025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistory+and+Protohistory+of+the+Arabian+Peninsula%3A+Bahrain&rft.btitle=M.+A.+Nayeem&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Hyderabad+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788185492025&rft.aulast=Nayeem&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwBuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saed-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saed_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5800/">"Sa'ad and Sae'ed Area in Failaka Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Sa%27ad+and+Sae%27ed+Area+in+Failaka+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend"<br />"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront</i></span>" (cylinder A, IX:19)" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea">"Louvre Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louvre+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fcylindres-de-gudea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.2.1.7&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc&lineid=c217.815#c217.815">"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"</a>. <i>etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetcsl.cgi%3Ftext%3Dc.2.1.7%26display%3DCrit%26charenc%3Dgcirc%26lineid%3Dc217.815%23c217.815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHO-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCHO_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCHO_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCHO_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCHO_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCHO_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schoyencollection.com/history-collection-introduction/sumerian-history-collection/cuneiform-indus-valley-ms-2814">"MS 2814 - The Schoyen Collection"</a>. <i>www.schoyencollection.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schoyencollection.com&rft.atitle=MS+2814+-+The+Schoyen+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoyencollection.com%2Fhistory-collection-introduction%2Fsumerian-history-collection%2Fcuneiform-indus-valley-ms-2814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">J'étendrai sur le monde le respect de mon temple, sous mon nom l'univers depuis l'horizon s'y rassemblera, et [même les pays lointains] Magan et Meluhha, sortant de leurs montagnes, y descendront</i></span>" (cylinder A, IX:19)" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/cylindres-de-gudea">"Louvre Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louvre+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fcylindres-de-gudea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA97"><i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-042-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Ixuott4doC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Michalowski, Piotr (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Ur-Michalowski2011.pdf"><i>The correspondance of the Kings of Ur</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 257, note 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondance+of+the+Kings+of+Ur&rft.pages=257%2C+note+28&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Michalowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientportsantiques.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDocuments%2FPLACES%2FIndOc-Gulf%2FUr-Michalowski2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMC-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMC_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMC_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMC_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2008">McIntosh 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA187">187</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelb1970" class="citation journal cs1">Gelb, I. J. (1970). "Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources". <i>Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23294921">23294921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Assyriologie+et+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.atitle=Makkan+and+Melu%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%ABa+in+Early+Mesopotamian+Sources&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23294921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gelb&rft.aufirst=I.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohl2015" class="citation book cs1">Kohl, Philip L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85Y0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA389"><i>The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries</i></a>. Routledge. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28225-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28225-9"><bdi>978-1-317-28225-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bronze+Age+Civilization+of+Central+Asia%3A+Recent+Soviet+Discoveries&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-28225-9&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85Y0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P432309">"CDLI-Archival View"</a>. <i>cdli.ucla.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdli.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=CDLI-Archival+View&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ucla.edu%2Fsearch%2Farchival_view.php%3FObjectID%3DP432309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/D.html">"Sumerian Dictionary "Dar" entry"</a>. <i>oracc.iaas.upenn.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oracc.iaas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Sumerian+Dictionary+%22Dar%22+entry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.iaas.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2FD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/G.html">"Sumerian Dictionary "Gunu" entry"</a>. <i>oracc.iaas.upenn.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oracc.iaas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Sumerian+Dictionary+%22Gunu%22+entry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.iaas.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2FG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2016" class="citation book cs1">Lawler, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LE8ADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Why Did the Chicken Cross the World?: The Epic Saga of the Bird that Powers Civilization</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-2990-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-2990-9"><bdi>978-1-4767-2990-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Did+the+Chicken+Cross+the+World%3F%3A+The+Epic+Saga+of+the+Bird+that+Powers+Civilization&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-2990-9&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLE8ADAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VF-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VF_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VF_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VF_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VF_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VF_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermaak2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vermaak, Fanie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1228519">"Guabba, the Meluhhan village in Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>Journal for Semitics</i>. <b>17/2</b>: 454–471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Semitics&rft.atitle=Guabba%2C+the+Meluhhan+village+in+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=17%2F2&rft.pages=454-471&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Vermaak&rft.aufirst=Fanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1228519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simo Parpola, Asko Parpola and Robert H. Brunswig, Jr <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274936748_The_Meluhha_Village_Evidence_of_Acculturation_of_Harappan_Traders_in_Late_Third_Millennium_Mesopotamia">"The Meluḫḫa Village: Evidence of Acculturation of Harappan Traders in Late Third Millennium Mesopotamia?"</a> in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 20, No. 2, 1977, p. 136-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1894-1015-11">"Collections Online British Museum"</a>. <i>www.britishmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Collections+Online+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FW_1894-1015-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMS-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/oeuvre-notices/statuette-de-singe">"Asian monkey statuette from Susa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+monkey+statuette+from+Susa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fstatuette-de-singe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade2013" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Julian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtzWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA148"><i>Indian Ocean In Antiquity</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 148–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136155314" title="Special:BookSources/9781136155314"><bdi>9781136155314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ocean+In+Antiquity&rft.pages=148-152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136155314&rft.aulast=Reade&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtzWAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossehl2002" class="citation book cs1">Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA221"><i>The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101722" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101722"><bdi>9780759101722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780759101722&rft.aulast=Possehl&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmAuAsi4ePIC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadd1958" class="citation book cs1">Gadd, G. J. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33779/page/n11"><i>Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals+of+Ancient+Indian+style+found+at+Ur&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Gadd&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.33779%2Fpage%2Fn11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodany2012" class="citation book cs1">Podany, Amanda H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971829-0"><bdi>978-0-19-971829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+Kings%3A+How+International+Relations+Shaped+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971829-0&rft.aulast=Podany&rft.aufirst=Amanda+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTvRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_AruzRonald_Wallenfels2003" class="citation book cs1">Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC&pg=PA246"><i>Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-043-1"><bdi>978-1-58839-043-1</bdi></a>. <q>Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+First+Cities%3A+The+Third+Millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-043-1&rft.au=Joan+Aruz&rft.au=Ronald+Wallenfels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8l9X_3rHFdEC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson93-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robinson93_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2015" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Andrew (2015), <i>The Indus: Lost Civilizations</i>, London: Reakton Books, p. 93, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780235417" title="Special:BookSources/9781780235417"><bdi>9781780235417</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus%3A+Lost+Civilizations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Reakton+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781780235417&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA158_158]-[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA159_159]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA158_158]-[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1AJO2A-CbccCpgPA159_159]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2008">McIntosh (2008)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA158">158</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA159">159</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchinAllchin1982" class="citation book cs1">Allchin, Raymond; Allchin, Bridget (29 July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA189"><i>The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–189, listing of figures <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PR10">p.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28550-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28550-6"><bdi>978-0-521-28550-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Civilization+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=188-189%2C+listing+of+figures+p.x&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28550-6&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Allchin%2C+Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4s-YsP6vcIC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenoyerHeuston2005" class="citation book cs1">Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&pg=PA66"><i>The Ancient South Asian World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522243-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522243-2"><bdi>978-0-19-522243-2</bdi></a>. <q>The molded terra-cotta tablet shows a flat-bottomed Indus boat with a central cabin. Branches tied to the roof may have been used for protection from bad luck, and travelers took a pet bird along to help them guide them to land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+South+Asian+World&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522243-2&rft.aulast=Kenoyer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Heuston%2C+Kimberley+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CjvF88iEE8C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu0IwDwAAQBAJpgPT32_32]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu0IwDwAAQBAJpgPT32_32]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathew2017">Mathew (2017)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robinson_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2015" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Andrew (2015), <i>The Indus: Lost Civilizations</i>, London: Reakton Books, pp. 89–91, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780235417" title="Special:BookSources/9781780235417"><bdi>9781780235417</bdi></a>, <q>To what extent such a reed-made river vessel would have been seaworthy is debatable. ... Did the flat-bottomed Indus river boats mutate into the crescent-shaped hull of Heyerdahl's reed boat before taking to the Arabian Sea? Did they reach as far as the coast of East Africa, as the Tigris did? No one knows.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus%3A+Lost+Civilizations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89-91&rft.pub=Reakton+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781780235417&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosi1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tosi, Maurizio (1987). "Die Indus-Zivilisation jenseits des indischen Subkontinents". In Ardeleanu-Jansen, Alexandra; Urban, Urban (eds.). <i>Vergessene Städte am Indus, Frühe Kulturen in Pakistan vom 8. bis 2. Jahrtausend</i> (in German). Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3805309570" title="Special:BookSources/3805309570"><bdi>3805309570</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925200287">925200287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Indus-Zivilisation+jenseits+des+indischen+Subkontinents&rft.btitle=Vergessene+St%C3%A4dte+am+Indus%2C+Fr%C3%BChe+Kulturen+in+Pakistan+vom+8.+bis+2.+Jahrtausend&rft.place=Mainz+am+Rhein&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=P.+von+Zabern&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925200287&rft.isbn=3805309570&rft.aulast=Tosi&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910032138/http://www.visitoman.nl/pdf/RAJ%20English%20brochure%20copy.pdf"><i>Ras Al Jinz Visitor Center Brochure</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Ras Al Jinz Visitor Center, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoman.nl/pdf/RAJ%20English%20brochure%20copy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 September 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ras+Al+Jinz+Visitor+Center+Brochure&rft.pub=Ras+Al+Jinz+Visitor+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitoman.nl%2Fpdf%2FRAJ%2520English%2520brochure%2520copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P220618">"CDLI-Found Texts"</a>. <i>cdli.ucla.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdli.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=CDLI-Found+Texts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ucla.edu%2Fsearch%2Fsearch_results.php%3FSearchMode%3DText%26ObjectID%3DP220618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayne" class="citation book cs1">Frayne, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29704423"><i>Sargonic and Gutian Periods</i></a>. pp. 55–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sargonic+and+Gutian+Periods&rft.pages=55-56&rft.aulast=Frayne&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29704423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WLH93-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WLH93_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLH93_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLH93_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLH93_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLH93_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblin2006" class="citation book cs1">Hamblin, William J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT93"><i>Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-52062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-52062-6"><bdi>978-1-134-52062-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+to+1600+BC%3A+Holy+Warriors+at+the+Dawn+of+History&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-52062-6&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbiyDDd0uKGMC%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDLI-Archival_View-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDLI-Archival_View_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDLI-Archival_View_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461954">"CDLI-Archival View"</a>. <i>cdli.ucla.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdli.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=CDLI-Archival+View&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ucla.edu%2Fsearch%2Farchival_view.php%3FObjectID%3DP461954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayne" class="citation book cs1">Frayne, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29704423"><i>Sargonic and Gutian Periods</i></a>. pp. 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sargonic+and+Gutian+Periods&rft.pages=57-58&rft.aulast=Frayne&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29704423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2009" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QD9GrxiILH8C&pg=PA784"><i>The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39485-7"><bdi>978-0-415-39485-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia%3A+From+the+Early+Bronze+Age+to+the+Fall+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39485-7&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQD9GrxiILH8C%26pg%3DPA784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossehl2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Possehl" title="Gregory Possehl">Possehl, Gregory L.</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA219"><i>The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective</i></a>, Rowman Altamira, p. 219, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0172-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2&rft.aulast=Possehl&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmAuAsi4ePIC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpolaParpola1975" class="citation journal cs1">Parpola, Asko; Parpola, Simo (1975). "On the relationship of the Sumerian Toponym Meluhha and Sanskrit Mleccha". <i>Studia Orientalia</i>. <b>46</b>: 205–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=On+the+relationship+of+the+Sumerian+Toponym+Meluhha+and+Sanskrit+Mleccha&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=205-238&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft.au=Parpola%2C+Simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM_Carnelian-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM_Carnelian_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" <a href="/wiki/File:Ur_Grave_gold_and_carnelian_beads_necklace.jpg" title="File:Ur Grave gold and carnelian beads necklace.jpg">Photograph of the necklace in question</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansman1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hansman, John (1973). "A "Periplus" of Magan and Meluhha". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 554–587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00119858">10.1017/s0041977x00119858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140709175">140709175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=A+%22Periplus%22+of+Magan+and+Meluhha&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=554-587&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00119858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140709175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hansman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001211210600/http://hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/urseals.htm">"urseals"</a>. <i>hindunet.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/urseals.htm">the original</a> on 2000-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hindunet.org&rft.atitle=urseals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindunet.org%2Fhindu_history%2Fsarasvati%2Fhtml%2Furseals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Keay2000" class="citation book cs1">John Keay (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay"><i>India: A History</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871138002" title="Special:BookSources/9780871138002"><bdi>9780871138002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780871138002&rft.au=John+Keay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiahistory00keay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possehl, G.L. (2007), “The Middle Asian Interaction Sphere”, <i>Expedition</i> <b>49</b>/1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop1997" class="citation book cs1">Van De Mieroop, Marc (1997). <i>The Ancient Mesopotamian City</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Mesopotamian+City&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Van+De+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs_&_Hunger1988" class="citation book cs1">Sachs & Hunger (1988). <i>Astronomical Diaries & Related Texts from Babylonia, vol.1</i>. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. –330 Obv.18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Diaries+%26+Related+Texts+from+Babylonia%2C+vol.1&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=-330+Obv.18&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Sachs+%26+Hunger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2016" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, James B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEWWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294"><i>Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8276-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-8276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+Texts+Relating+to+the+Old+Testament+with+Supplement&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8276-2&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEWWCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original text and translation: <a href="/wiki/File:Ashurbanipal_The_First_Egyptian_War.jpg" title="File:Ashurbanipal The First Egyptian War.jpg">lines 51 and 52 of the Rassam cylinder</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pFk53uejMjcC/page/n25/mode/2up"><i>History of Assurbanipall, Translated from the Cuneiform Inscriptions by George Smith</i></a>. Williams and Norgate. 1871. pp. 15 and 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Assurbanipall%2C+Translated+from+the+Cuneiform+Inscriptions+by+George+Smith&rft.pages=15+and+48&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_pFk53uejMjcC%2Fpage%2Fn25%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs_&_Hunger1988" class="citation book cs1">Sachs & Hunger (1988). <i>Astronomical Diaries & Related Texts from Babylonia, vol.2</i>. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. –168 A Obv.14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Diaries+%26+Related+Texts+from+Babylonia%2C+vol.2&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=-168+A+Obv.14-15&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Sachs+%26+Hunger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Land_of_the_Elephant_Kings-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Land_of_the_Elephant_Kings_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Land_of_the_Elephant_Kings_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kosmin, Paul J. (21 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA321"><i>The Land of the Elephant Kings</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72882-0"><bdi>978-0-674-72882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Elephant+Kings&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72882-0&rft.aulast=Kosmin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UWdAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew2017" class="citation book cs1">Mathew, K. S. (2017). <i>Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58833-1"><bdi>978-1-351-58833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shipbuilding%2C+Navigation+and+the+Portuguese+in+Pre-modern+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-58833-1&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Jane R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC"><i>The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079072" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079072"><bdi>9781576079072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781576079072&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJO2A-CbccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade1996" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Julian, ed. (1996). <i>The Indian Ocean in Antiquity</i>. London: Kegan Paul Intl. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875303686">875303686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean+in+Antiquity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+Intl.&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F875303686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeluhha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meluhha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212814/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf">Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script</a> by Iravatham Mahadevan</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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