CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Timeline of Pretoria - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4cdc961c-328a-46bf-8de3-ac149054ba3d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Timeline_of_Pretoria","wgTitle":"Timeline of Pretoria","wgCurRevisionId":1245124170,"wgRevisionId":1245124170,"wgArticleId":43901658,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2022","Dynamic lists","CS1 errors: unsupported parameter","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Pretoria","History of Pretoria","Timelines of cities in Africa","Pretoria-related lists","South African timelines","Timelines of capitals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Timeline_of_Pretoria","wgRelevantArticleId":43901658,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18144317","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Timeline of Pretoria - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Pretoria"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Pretoria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Timeline_of_Pretoria rootpage-Timeline_of_Pretoria skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Timeline+of+Pretoria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Timeline+of+Pretoria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Timeline+of+Pretoria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Timeline+of+Pretoria" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900s-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900s-1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1900s-1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900s-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s-1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1950s-1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of Pretoria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18144317#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pretoria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Timeline_of_Pretoria" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pretoria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pretoria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Timeline_of_Pretoria" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Timeline_of_Pretoria" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&oldid=1245124170" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Timeline_of_Pretoria&id=1245124170&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTimeline_of_Pretoria"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTimeline_of_Pretoria"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historical_images_of_Pretoria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18144317" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The following is a <a href="/wiki/Category:City_timelines" title="Category:City timelines">timeline</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria#History" title="Pretoria">history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> province, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_Pretoria" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of Pretoria">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient">Ancient</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>200 000 ya artefacts found in a rock shelter on the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Castle" title="Erasmus Castle">Erasmus Castle</a> property.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_South_Africa" title="Category:History of South Africa">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History of <span class="fn org label">South Africa</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monomotapa_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/250px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/375px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/500px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1582" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa#Middle_Stone_Age" title="Early history of South Africa">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa#Late_Stone_Age" title="Early history of South Africa">Late Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">Dutch colonisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaka kaSenzangakhona">Shaka kaSenzangakhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingane_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingane kaSenzangakhona">Dingane kaSenzangakhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpande_kaSenzangakhona" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpande kaSenzangakhona">Mpande kaSenzangakhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetshwayo_kaMpande" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetshwayo kaMpande">Cetshwayo kaMpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinuzulu_kaCetshwayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo">Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo</a></li> <li>1887 Annexation (British)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)#British_colonization" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">British colonisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of South Africa during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">Apartheid referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-apartheid</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Presidency of Nelson Mandela">Mandela presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki#Presidency_of_South_Africa" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe#Presidency_(2008–2009)" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Motlanthe presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#President_of_South_Africa_(2009–2018)" title="Jacob Zuma">Zuma presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa#Presidency_(2018–present)" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa presidency</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of South African inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in South Africa">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa#History" title="Religion in South Africa">Religious history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">List of years in South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></i></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Africa" title="Template:History of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:History of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_street_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Church_street_1881.jpg/220px-Church_street_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Church_street_1881.jpg/330px-Church_street_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Church_street_1881.jpg/440px-Church_street_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_Street,_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church Street, Pretoria (page does not exist)">Church Street, Pretoria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Street_(Pretoria)" class="extiw" title="fr:Church Street (Pretoria)">fr</a>]</span>, 1881</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1825 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mzilikazi" title="Mzilikazi">Mzilikazi</a> arrives in the Transvaal region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a>, or the genocide of the people of the Transvaal by Mzilikazi lasts until 1840.</li></ul></li> <li>1837 <ul><li>Mzilikazi and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Matabele</a> defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> and forced to flee across the Limpopo river</li></ul></li> <li>1840 <ul><li>First permanent white settlers in the Pretoria area.</li></ul></li> <li>1848 <ul><li>David Botha builds a farmhouse that would later become the <a href="/wiki/Pionier_Museum" title="Pionier Museum">Pionier Museum</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1852 <ul><li>17 January: The <a href="/wiki/Sand_River_Convention" title="Sand River Convention">Sand River Convention</a> signed granting the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> north of the Vaal river (<a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>) self-government as the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li>1853 <ul><li>16 November: The establishment of the Volksraad (parliament) of the South African Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.W._Pretorius" class="mw-redirect" title="M.W. Pretorius">M.W. Pretorius</a> buys the farms of Elandspoort and Koedoespoort and later in November of the same year the town of Pretoria is founded on the two adjoining farms.</li></ul></li> <li>1855 <ul><li>Pretoria founded by <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> to be the capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cullinan_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullinan diamond">Cullinan diamond</a> field discovered near Pretoria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">University of South Africa</a> founded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Volkstem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Volkstem (page does not exist)">De Volkstem</a></i> Dutch/English-language <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_South_Africa" title="List of newspapers in South Africa">newspaper</a> begins publication.<sup id="cite_ref-CRLnewspapers_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRLnewspapers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgers_Park" title="Burgers Park">Burgers Park</a> layout of Pretoria's first botanical gardens.</li></ul></li> <li>1877 <ul><li>British annexation of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a></li></ul></li> <li>1879 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Diocesan_School_for_Girls,_Pretoria" title="St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Pretoria">St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls</a> was established.</li></ul></li> <li>1880 <ul><li>16 December: Outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li>December: The city is besieged by <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republican</a> forces.</li></ul></li> <li>1881 <ul><li>March: The city is once again besieged by <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republican</a> forces.</li> <li>3 August: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Convention" title="Pretoria Convention">Pretoria Convention</a> peace treaty signed ending the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal</a> independence reinstated with Pretoria as capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1905-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1884 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kruger_House,_Pretoria" title="Kruger House, Pretoria">Kruger House</a> built.</li></ul></li> <li>1886 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_House" title="Melrose House">Melrose House</a> built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1892 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ou_Raadsaal" title="Ou Raadsaal">Raadsaal</a> (Transvaal parliament) rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1905-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Museum">State Museum</a> founded focusing mostly on Natural History.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1905-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgers_Park" title="Burgers Park">Burgers Park</a> laid out as the city's first botanical gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1896</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa,_Plan_of_Pretoria,_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa%2C_Plan_of_Pretoria%2C_1895.jpg/220px-The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa%2C_Plan_of_Pretoria%2C_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa%2C_Plan_of_Pretoria%2C_1895.jpg/330px-The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa%2C_Plan_of_Pretoria%2C_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa%2C_Plan_of_Pretoria%2C_1895.jpg/440px-The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa%2C_Plan_of_Pretoria%2C_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>city plan, 1895</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staats_Model_School" title="Staats Model School">Staats Model School</a> built.</li></ul></li> <li>1897 <ul><li>6 April: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Fort Schanskop</a> built.</li> <li>8 June: <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Pretoria" title="Palace of Justice, Pretoria">Palace of Justice</a> built.</li> <li>4 September: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Fort Wonderboompoort</a> built.</li></ul></li> <li>1898 <ul><li>18 January: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Fort Klapperkop</a> built.</li> <li>November: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Fort Daspoortrand</a> built.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_News" title="Pretoria News">Pretoria News</a> founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1899 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Gardens_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Zoological Gardens of South Africa">Zoo</a> founded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1905-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1900 <ul><li>5 June: British forces occupy the city.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900s-1940s">1900s-1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1900s-1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1901 - <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School" title="Pretoria Boys High School">Pretoria Boys High School</a> founded.</li> <li>1902 <ul><li>31 May: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a> is signed in <a href="/wiki/Melrose_House" title="Melrose House">Melrose House</a> marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and the establishment of the British <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_High_School_for_Girls" title="Pretoria High School for Girls">Pretoria High School for Girls</a> founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Mine" title="Premier Mine">Premier diamond mine</a> begins operating near Pretoria at <a href="/wiki/Cullinan,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullinan, Gauteng">Cullinan</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1903 - "Local self-government granted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1905-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1905 <ul><li>Lady Selbourne suburb established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathabatha2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathabatha2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-segregated-city_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segregated-city-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Large <a href="/wiki/Cullinan_Diamond" title="Cullinan Diamond">Cullinan Diamond</a> discovered near Pretoria.</li></ul></li> <li>1906 - Imported <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">jacaranda</a> trees planted.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1910 <ul><li>Pretoria becomes the administrative capital of the British colonial <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_railway_station" title="Pretoria railway station">Pretoria railway station</a> rebuilt.</li></ul></li> <li>1913 - <a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a> constructed in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_Pretoria" title="Arcadia, Pretoria">Arcadia</a>.</li> <li>1920 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_Ho%C3%ABr_Meisieskool" title="Afrikaanse Hoër Meisieskool">Afrikaanse Hoër Meisieskool</a> founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_Ho%C3%ABr_Seunskool" title="Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool">Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool</a> founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1922 - <a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers%27_College,_Mount_Edmund" title="Christian Brothers' College, Mount Edmund">Christian Brothers' College</a> was founded.</li> <li>1923 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium" title="Loftus Versfeld Stadium">Stadium</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_Pretoria" title="Arcadia, Pretoria">Arcadia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterkloof_House_Preparatory_School" title="Waterkloof House Preparatory School">Waterkloof House Preparatory School</a> was founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1930 - <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> was founded.</li> <li>1931 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Capitol_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Capitol Theatre (page does not exist)">Capitol Theatre</a> (cinema) opens.<sup id="cite_ref-cinema_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinema-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>14 October: Pretoria receives official city status.</li></ul></li> <li>1935 - <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_City_Hall" title="Pretoria City Hall">Pretoria City Hall</a> built.<sup id="cite_ref-sahistory_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahistory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1939 - 1 July: <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Pretoria" title="Trolleybuses in Pretoria">Trolleybuses in Pretoria</a> begin operating.</li> <li>1940 - <a href="/wiki/Atteridgeville" title="Atteridgeville">Atteridgeville</a> suburb established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathabatha2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathabatha2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1942 - Danville suburb established.<sup id="cite_ref-sahistory_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahistory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1946 <ul><li>June: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Pretoria National Botanical Garden">Pretoria National Botanical Garden</a> established in the east of the city.</li> <li>Population: 167,649 city; 244,496 urban agglomeration.<sup id="cite_ref-UN1955_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1955-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1948 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenkloof" title="Groenkloof">Groenkloof</a> suburb established.<sup id="cite_ref-sahistory_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahistory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Catholic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pretoria" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pretoria">Vicariate of Pretoria</a> established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_High_School" title="Clapham High School">Clapham High School</a> was founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1949 <ul><li>Hercules becomes part of Pretoria.<sup id="cite_ref-sahistory_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahistory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a> erected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Wonderboom" title="Hoërskool Wonderboom">Die Hoërskool Wonderboom</a> founded.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s-1990s">1950s-1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950s-1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1951 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_Pretoria" title="Menlo Park, Pretoria">Menlo Park</a> suburb was established</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_North_High_School" title="Pretoria North High School">Pretoria North High School</a> was founded</li> <li>Population: 231,710 city; 285,379 urban agglomeration.<sup id="cite_ref-UN1955_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1955-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vlakfontein township established.<sup id="cite_ref-segregated-city_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segregated-city-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1952 - <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Oos-Moot" title="Hoërskool Oos-Moot">Hoërskool Oos-Moot</a> was founded.</li> <li>1955 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenary_of_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centenary of Pretoria (page does not exist)">Centenary of Pretoria</a> celebrations under the mayoralty of <a href="/wiki/Hilgard_Muller" title="Hilgard Muller">Hilgard Muller</a></li> <li>The old German community hall is acquired by the National Theatre Organisation (NTO) and converted into the Breytenbach Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillview_High_School" title="Hillview High School">Hillview High School</a> was founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1956 <ul><li>9 August <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's march</a>.</li> <li>Historical Association of South Africa headquartered in Pretoria.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1958 - 17 November The first theatre production opens at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Breytenbach_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breytenbach Theatre (page does not exist)">Breytenbach Theatre</a>.</li> <li>1959 - "Treason trial" of ANC leaders begins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 - <a href="/wiki/Laudium" title="Laudium">Laudium</a> township<sup id="cite_ref-segregated-city_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segregated-city-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Africa Institute of South Africa established.</li> <li>1961 - City becomes capital of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 - Eersterus area established.<sup id="cite_ref-segregated-city_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segregated-city-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Menlopark" title="Hoërskool Menlopark">Die Hoërskool Menlopark</a> was founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Alban%27s_College" title="St. Alban's College">St. Alban's College</a> was founded.</li> <li>9 October: <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a> begins.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalley1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalley1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1964 <ul><li>12 June: In the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>'s original 5-year sentence is extended to <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentence</a> for high <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Kathrada" title="Ahmed Kathrada">Ahmed Kathrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mlangeni" title="Andrew Mlangeni">Andrew Mlangeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elias_Motsoaledi" title="Elias Motsoaledi">Elias Motsoaledi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Pretoria" title="Palace of Justice, Pretoria">Palace of Justice</a>.</li> <li>6 November: <a href="/wiki/Vuyisile_Mini" title="Vuyisile Mini">Vuyisile Mini</a> is being hanged due to <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for treason together with Wilson Khayinga and Zinakile Mkaba.</li> <li>November: In the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rivonia_Trial" title="Little Rivonia Trial">Little Rivonia Trial</a>, sentence was introduced for another treason: <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Mkwayi" title="Wilton Mkwayi">Wilton Mkwayi</a> received <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentence</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dave_Kitson_(South_African_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Kitson (South African politician)">Dave Kitson</a> twenty years; <a href="/wiki/Laloo_Chiba" title="Laloo Chiba">Laloo Chiba</a> eighteen years; <a href="/wiki/John_Matthews_(South_African_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Matthews (South African politician)">John Matthews</a> fifteen years and <a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a> twelve years.</li></ul></li> <li>1966 - Fort Klapperkop is restored and turned into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Klapperkop_Military_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Klapperkop Military Museum (page does not exist)">Fort Klapperkop Military Museum</a>.</li> <li>1970 <ul><li>Population: 543,950 city; 561,703 urban agglomeration.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns_F.C." title="Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.">Mamelodi Sundowns</a> was established.</li></ul></li> <li>1972 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daspoort_Tunnel" title="Daspoort Tunnel">Daspoort Tunnel</a> opens.</li> <li>21 February: <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Pretoria" title="Trolleybuses in Pretoria">Trolleybuses in Pretoria</a> cease operating.</li></ul></li> <li>1974 - <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Overkruin" title="Hoërskool Overkruin">Hoërskool Overkruin</a> was founded.</li> <li>1975 - <a href="/wiki/Pionier_Museum" title="Pionier Museum">Pionier Museum</a> opens in the oldest extant structure in Pretoria, a farmhouse circa 1848.</li> <li>1976 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Glen_High_School" title="The Glen High School">The Glen High School</a> was founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a> suburb was founded</li></ul></li> <li>1977 - 12 September: Death of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sahistory_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahistory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Waterkloof" title="Hoërskool Waterkloof">Hoërskool Waterkloof</a> was founded.</li> <li>6 April <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mahlangu" title="Solomon Mahlangu">Solomon Mahlangu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a> operative hanged due to <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menlyn_Park" title="Menlyn Park">Menlyn Park</a> shopping mall in business.</li></ul></li> <li>1981 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Theatre,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre, South Africa">State Theatre</a> opens.</li> <li>Hoërskool Montana was founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1983 <ul><li>20 May: <a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kalley1999_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalley1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a>, the military wing of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>. The bombing killed 19, including two perpetrators, and wounded 217,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1983_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1983-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%ABrskool_Die_Wilgers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoërskool Die Wilgers (page does not exist)">Hoërskool Die Wilgers</a> was founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1984 - Atteridgeville-Saulsville Residents Organisation formed.</li> <li>1985 <ul><li>28 February <a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a> was released from custody of Apartheid government after spending 22 years in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Central_Prison" title="Pretoria Central Prison">Pretoria Central Prison</a> white prison.</li> <li>Large <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_Diamond" title="Golden Jubilee Diamond">Golden Jubilee Diamond</a> discovered near Pretoria</li> <li>21 November The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamelodi_Massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamelodi Massacre (page does not exist)">Mamelodi Massacre</a> occurs after 8000 protesters march on the Mamelodi Town Council due to high rent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen people lost their lives.</li> <li>Population: 443,059 city; 822,925 urban agglomeration.<sup id="cite_ref-UN1995_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperSport_United_F.C." title="SuperSport United F.C.">SuperSport United</a> was established.</li></ul></li> <li>1986 - Idasa institute founded.<sup id="cite_ref-ISN_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987 - <a href="/wiki/Willowridge_High_School_(Pretoria)" title="Willowridge High School (Pretoria)">Willowridge High School</a> was founded.</li> <li>1988 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%ABrskool_Garsfontein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoërskool Garsfontein (page does not exist)">Hoërskool Garsfontein</a> was founded.</li> <li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a> established.<sup id="cite_ref-ISN_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Population: 525,583 city; 1,080,187 metro.<sup id="cite_ref-UN1995_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Europa2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1993 - <a href="/wiki/Radio_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Pretoria">Radio Pretoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuks_FM" title="Tuks FM">Tuks FM</a> radio begin broadcasting.</li> <li>1994 <ul><li>City becomes part of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging">Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vaal</a> province (later <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inauguration of South African <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Arte_Alphen_Park" title="Pro Arte Alphen Park">Pro Arte Alphen Park</a> was founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li>Population: 692,348 city.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Area of city: 229 square miles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Local_Government_Association" title="South African Local Government Association">South African Local Government Association</a> headquartered in Pretoria.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.salga.org.za/Documents/NMA%20Documents%202016/SALGA%20Organisational%20Report.pdf">[1]</a></li></ul></li> <li>2000 <ul><li>5 December: Pretoria becomes the seat of the newly established <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Impak</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_South_Africa" title="List of newspapers in South Africa">newspaper</a> begins publication.<sup id="cite_ref-CRLnewspapers_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRLnewspapers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June: University of Pretoria's <a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapungubwe Museum">Mapungubwe Museum</a> opens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_College,_Pretoria" title="Crawford College, Pretoria">Crawford College</a> was founded.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Tshwane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_Tshwane.jpg/220px-Map_Tshwane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Map_Tshwane.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Map of Tshwane, showing location of Pretoria, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg/220px-Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg/330px-Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg/440px-Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>View of Pretoria, 2008</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">Website</a> <i>Tshwane.gov.za</i> launched.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li>30 July: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a> signed in Pretoria. It was an agreement made between <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) in an attempt to bring about an end to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_University_of_Technology" title="Tshwane University of Technology">Tshwane University of Technology</a> established by merging several former institutions.</li> <li>8 March:<a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Park (South Africa)">Freedom Park</a> is inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodlands_Boulevard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodlands Boulevard (page does not exist)">Woodlands Boulevard</a> shopping centre in business.</li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li>December: Shanty town unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li>August: <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a> demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_Museums_of_South_Africa" title="Ditsong Museums of South Africa">Ditsong Museums of South Africa</a> is created in order to manage several Museums in Pretoria and Johannesburg.</li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> begins operating with stations at Hatfield, Pretoria Central and Centurion.</li> <li>August: Economic protest.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgosientso_Ramokgopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgosientso Ramokgopa">Kgosientso Ramokgopa</a> becomes mayor of Tshwane.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Census of 2011">Population</a>: 2,921,488 in Tshwane.</li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li>11 July: Construction begins on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Re_Yeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Re Yeng (page does not exist)">A Re Yeng</a> rapid bus transit system.</li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li>31 January: <a href="/wiki/2013_Pretoria_train_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Pretoria train collision">Train collision</a> injuring 300 people near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalafong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalafong (page does not exist)">Kalafong</a> station.</li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> in Tshwane reaches annual mean of 51 <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a> and 63 <a href="/wiki/PM10" class="mw-redirect" title="PM10">PM10</a>, more than <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_guideline" title="Air quality guideline">recommended</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 December: <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Re_Yeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Re Yeng (page does not exist)">A Re Yeng</a> rapid bus transit system launches.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li>20–23 June:<a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Riots</a> broke out in Tshwane over the ANC's selection of <a href="/wiki/Thoko_Didiza" title="Thoko Didiza">Thoko Didiza</a> as mayoral candidate for Tshwane.<sup id="cite_ref-Retaining_the_Big_5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retaining_the_Big_5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a> result in the deaths of at least five people after it turned <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">xenophobic</a> in nature.</li> <li>19 August: <a href="/wiki/Solly_Msimanga" title="Solly Msimanga">Solly Msimanga</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> is sworn in as the Executive Mayor after the <a href="/wiki/South_African_municipal_elections,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal elections, 2016">2016 Municipal Elections</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li>24 February: An <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Anti-Immigration Protest</a> resulting in the arrest of 136 protesters.</li> <li>1 April: The grand opening of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_Square,_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time Square, Pretoria (page does not exist)">Time Square, Pretoria</a> the second biggest casino complex in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 November: <a href="/wiki/SunBet_Arena" title="SunBet Arena">SunBet Arena</a> at Times square was opened.</li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li>11 February: <a href="/wiki/Solly_Msimanga" title="Solly Msimanga">Solly Msimanga</a> resigns as mayor</li> <li>12 February 2019: <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Mokgalapa" title="Stevens Mokgalapa">Stevens Mokgalapa</a> is elected mayor.</li> <li>23 August 2019: Hoërskool Hendrik Verwoerd becomes as the newly Rietondale High School.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria#History" title="Pretoria">Pretoria history</a> (<a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria#Geskiedenis" class="extiw" title="af:Pretoria">af</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pretoria_suburbs" title="List of Pretoria suburbs">List of Pretoria suburbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:City_timelines" title="Category:City timelines">Timelines</a> of other <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Africa" title="List of municipalities in South Africa">cities</a> in South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cape_Town" title="Timeline of Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Durban" title="Timeline of Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Johannesburg" title="Timeline of Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pietermaritzburg" title="Timeline of Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Elizabeth" title="Timeline of Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeenan1996_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeenan1996">Heenan 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRLnewspapers-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRLnewspapers_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRLnewspapers_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.crl.edu/search~S35?/dPretoria+%28South+Africa%29+--+Newspapers">"Pretoria (South Africa) -- Newspapers"</a>. <i>Global Resources Network</i>. Chicago, US: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Research_Libraries" title="Center for Research Libraries">Center for Research Libraries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Resources+Network&rft.atitle=Pretoria+%28South+Africa%29+--+Newspapers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.crl.edu%2Fsearch~S35%3F%2FdPretoria%2B%2528South%2BAfrica%2529%2B--%2BNewspapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1905-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1905_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell1905">Bell 1905</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817232303/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/Services/ParksandHorticulture/Pages/Parks.aspx">"Parks"</a>. City of Tshwane. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za/Services/ParksandHorticulture/Pages/Parks.aspx">the original</a> on 17 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parks&rft.pub=City+of+Tshwane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshwane.gov.za%2FServices%2FParksandHorticulture%2FPages%2FParks.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathabatha2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathabatha2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathabatha2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathabatha2004">Mathabatha 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-segregated-city-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segregated-city_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segregated-city_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segregated-city_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segregated-city_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/segregated-city-2?page=1">"Pretoria the Segregated City"</a>. Cape Town: South African History Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pretoria+the+Segregated+City&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=South+African+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fsegregated-city-2%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/10/28/purple-haze-deemed-too-pesky-to-plant/">"Letter from Pretoria: Purple haze deemed too pesky to plant"</a>, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, 28 October 2002</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Pretoria%3A+Purple+haze+deemed+too+pesky+to+plant&rft.date=2002-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2002%2F10%2F28%2Fpurple-haze-deemed-too-pesky-to-plant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinema-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cinema_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/south-africa/pretoria?status=all">"Movie Theaters in Pretoria, South Africa"</a>. <i>CinemaTreasures.org</i>. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CinemaTreasures.org&rft.atitle=Movie+Theaters+in+Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcinematreasures.org%2Ftheaters%2Fsouth-africa%2Fpretoria%3Fstatus%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sahistory-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sahistory_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sahistory_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sahistory_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sahistory_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sahistory_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/pretoria-timeline-1800-2009">"Pretoria Timeline 1800-2009"</a>. Cape Town: South African History Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pretoria+Timeline+1800-2009&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=South+African+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Ftopic%2Fpretoria-timeline-1800-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN1955-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN1955_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN1955_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm">"Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants"</a>. <i>Demographic Yearbook 1955</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Office_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical Office of the United Nations">Statistical Office of the United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+of+capital+city+and+cities+of+100%2C000+or+more+inhabitants&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook+1955&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Statistical+Office+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2F1950_round.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127095328/http://pretoria.co.za/directory/arts/theatre/breytenbach-theatre">"Breytenbach Theatre"</a>. <i>pretoria.co.za</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pretoria.co.za/directory/arts/theatre/breytenbach-theatre">the original</a> on 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pretoria.co.za&rft.atitle=Breytenbach+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpretoria.co.za%2Fdirectory%2Farts%2Ftheatre%2Fbreytenbach-theatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgsa.co.za/?page_id=44">"Our Story"</a>. Hatfield, Pretoria: Historical Association of South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Story&rft.place=Hatfield%2C+Pretoria&rft.pub=Historical+Association+of+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhgsa.co.za%2F%3Fpage_id%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalley1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalley1999_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalley1999_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Audrey_Kalley1999" class="citation book cs1">Jacqueline Audrey Kalley; et al., eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC"><i>Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30247-3"><bdi>978-0-313-30247-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+African+Political+History%3A+A+Chronology+of+Key+Political+Events+from+Independence+to+Mid-1997&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30247-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVrVK2ElINMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Statistical_Office1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Statistical Office (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm">"Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants"</a>. <i>Demographic Yearbook 1975</i>. New York. pp. 253–279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+of+capital+city+and+cities+of+100%2C000+and+more+inhabitants&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook+1975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=253-279&rft.date=1976&rft.au=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Statistical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2F1970_round.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1983-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1983_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/20/newsid_4326000/4326975.stm">"1983: Car bomb in South Africa kills 16"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1983%3A+Car+bomb+in+South+Africa+kills+16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F20%2Fnewsid_4326000%2F4326975.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rekordeast.co.za/35291/mamelodi-massacre-commemorated/">"Mamelodi massacre commemorated"</a>. 21 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mamelodi+massacre+commemorated&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frekordeast.co.za%2F35291%2Fmamelodi-massacre-commemorated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN1995-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN1995_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN1995_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_for_Economic_and_Social_Information_and_Policy_Analysis,_Statistics_Division1997" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm">"Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants"</a>. <i>1995 Demographic Yearbook</i>. New York. pp. 262–321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+of+capital+cities+and+cities+of+100%2C000+and+more+inhabitants&rft.btitle=1995+Demographic+Yearbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=262-321&rft.date=1997&rft.au=United+Nations+Department+for+Economic+and+Social+Information+and+Policy+Analysis%2C+Statistics+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2F1990_round.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISN-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISN_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISN_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Organizations">"Organizations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Relations_and_Security_Network" title="International Relations and Security Network">International Relations and Security Network</a></i>. Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Technische_Hochschule_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich">Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Relations+and+Security+Network&rft.atitle=Organizations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isn.ethz.ch%2FDigital-Library%2FOrganizations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa2003-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Europa2003_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"South Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C"><i>Africa South of the Sahara 2003</i></a>. Regional Surveys of the World. <a href="/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431315" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431315"><bdi>9781857431315</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-3896">0065-3896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2003&rft.series=Regional+Surveys+of+the+World&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0065-3896&rft.isbn=9781857431315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KBP7QbalX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm">"Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants"</a>. <i>Demographic Yearbook 2012</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demographic+Yearbook+2012&rft.atitle=Population+of+Capital+Cities+and+Cities+of+100%2C000+or+More+Inhabitants&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923095329/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/AboutTshwane/Pages/City-of-Tshwane-in-a-Nutshell.aspx">"City of Tshwane in a Nutshell"</a>. City of Tshwane. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za/AboutTshwane/Pages/City-of-Tshwane-in-a-Nutshell.aspx">the original</a> on 23 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Tshwane+in+a+Nutshell&rft.pub=City+of+Tshwane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshwane.gov.za%2FAboutTshwane%2FPages%2FCity-of-Tshwane-in-a-Nutshell.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010302053018/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/">"Tshwane.gov.za"</a>. City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za">the original</a> on 2 March 2001 – via <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tshwane.gov.za&rft.pub=City+of+Tshwane+Metropolitan+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshwane.gov.za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/25/international/africa/25durban.html">"Shantytown Dwellers in South Africa Protest Sluggish Pace of Change"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 25 December 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shantytown+Dwellers+in+South+Africa+Protest+Sluggish+Pace+of+Change&rft.date=2005-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F12%2F25%2Finternational%2Fafrica%2F25durban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Mehler2009" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Mehler; et al., eds. (2009). "South Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOVYchAfCYYC"><i>Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2008</i></a>. Vol. 5. Koninklijke Brill. pp. 473+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17811-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17811-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17811-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft.btitle=Africa+Yearbook%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Society+South+of+the+Sahara+in+2008&rft.pages=473%2B&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17811-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxOVYchAfCYYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Mehler2012" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Mehler; et al., eds. (2012). "South Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSUzAQAAQBAJ"><i>Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2011</i></a>. Vol. 8. Koninklijke Brill. pp. 511+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24178-7"><bdi>978-90-04-24178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft.btitle=Africa+Yearbook%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Society+South+of+the+Sahara+in+2011&rft.pages=511%2B&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24178-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSUzAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/south-african-mayors.html">"South African mayors"</a>. <i>City Mayors.com</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/City_Mayors_Foundation" title="City Mayors Foundation">City Mayors Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Mayors.com&rft.atitle=South+African+mayors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymayors.com%2Fmayors%2Fsouth-african-mayors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923104458/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/AboutTshwane/Council/OfficeofExecutiveMayor/Pages/default.aspx">"Office of the Executive Mayor"</a>. City of Tshwane. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za/AboutTshwane/Council/OfficeofExecutiveMayor/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 23 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Executive+Mayor&rft.pub=City+of+Tshwane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshwane.gov.za%2FAboutTshwane%2FCouncil%2FOfficeofExecutiveMayor%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100014/http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/"><i>Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database</i></a>, Geneva, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/">the original</a> on 28 March 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Urban+Ambient+Air+Pollution+Database&rft.place=Geneva&rft.date=2016&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fphe%2Fhealth_topics%2Foutdoorair%2Fdatabases%2Fcities%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://showme.co.za/pretoria/tourism/tshwane-announces-bus-rapid-transit-system/">"Pretoria's new Bus Rapid Transit System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pretoria%27s+new+Bus+Rapid+Transit+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowme.co.za%2Fpretoria%2Ftourism%2Ftshwane-announces-bus-rapid-transit-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retaining_the_Big_5-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Retaining_the_Big_5_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMataboge" class="citation news cs1">Mataboge, Mmanaledi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-03-ancs-2016-headache-retaining-the-big-5">"ANC's 2016 headache – retaining the Big 5"</a>. <i>Mail & Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=ANC%27s+2016+headache+%E2%80%93+retaining+the+Big+5&rft.aulast=Mataboge&rft.aufirst=Mmanaledi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2015-09-03-ancs-2016-headache-retaining-the-big-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suninternational.com/time-square/events/time-square-opening-in-pretoria/">"Time Square Grand Opening"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Square+Grand+Opening&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suninternational.com%2Ftime-square%2Fevents%2Ftime-square-opening-in-pretoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Published in 20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1905" class="citation book cs1">H.T. Montague Bell; C. Arthur Lane (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OeRnrH19kwMC&pg=PA9">"Pretoria"</a>. <i>Guide to the Transvaal</i>. Johannesburg Reception Committee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pretoria&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Transvaal&rft.pub=Johannesburg+Reception+Committee&rft.date=1905&rft.au=H.T.+Montague+Bell&rft.au=C.+Arthur+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOeRnrH19kwMC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Samler_BrownG._Gordon_Brown1906" class="citation cs2">A. Samler Brown; G. Gordon Brown, eds. (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA398">"Pretoria"</a>, <i>Guide to South Africa</i> (14th ed.), London: <a href="/wiki/Sampson_Low,_Marston_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampson Low, Marston & Company">Sampson Low, Marston & Company</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pretoria&rft.btitle=Guide+to+South+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYdJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeenan1996" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Heenan (1996). "Pretoria". In Noelle Watson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa</i></a>. UK: Routledge. pp. 592+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884964036" title="Special:BookSources/1884964036"><bdi>1884964036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pretoria&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=592%2B&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1884964036&rft.au=Patrick+Heenan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR44VRnNCzAYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paxton1999" class="citation book cs1">John Paxton, ed. (1999). "Pretoria, South Africa". <i>Penguin Encyclopedia of Places</i> (3rd ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140512755" title="Special:BookSources/9780140512755"><bdi>9780140512755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.btitle=Penguin+Encyclopedia+of+Places&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780140512755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Published in 21st century</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathabatha2004" class="citation book cs1">Sello Mathabatha (2004). "The PAC and the POQO in Pretoria, 1958-1964". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIQttVhKf3EC"><i>Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1960-1970</i></a>. Zebra. p. 299+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-906-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-906-7"><bdi>978-1-86872-906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+PAC+and+the+POQO+in+Pretoria%2C+1958-1964&rft.btitle=Road+to+Democracy+in+South+Africa%3A+1960-1970&rft.pages=299%2B&rft.pub=Zebra&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-906-7&rft.au=Sello+Mathabatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIQttVhKf3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|agency=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Shillington2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Shillington" title="Kevin Shillington">Kevin Shillington</a>, ed. (2005), "Pretoria", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC"><i>Encyclopedia of African History</i></a>, London: Routledge, p. 1229+, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135456702" title="Special:BookSources/9781135456702"><bdi>9781135456702</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pretoria&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1229%2B&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135456702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumyHqvAErOAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivien_AllenHannes_Meiring2007" class="citation book cs1">Vivien Allen; Hannes Meiring (2007). <i>Kruger's Pretoria: Buildings and Personalities of the City in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Protea Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86919-102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86919-102-3"><bdi>978-1-86919-102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kruger%27s+Pretoria%3A+Buildings+and+Personalities+of+the+City+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=Protea+Book+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86919-102-3&rft.au=Vivien+Allen&rft.au=Hannes+Meiring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historical_images_of_Pretoria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Historical images of Pretoria">Historical images of Pretoria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivalplatform.org/registry/search/search&keywords=Pretoria">"Registry: (Pretoria)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archivalplatform.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivalplatform.org">Archivalplatform.org</a></i>. Rondebosch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archivalplatform.org&rft.atitle=Registry%3A+%28Pretoria%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivalplatform.org%2Fregistry%2Fsearch%2Fsearch%26keywords%3DPretoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> (Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Pretoria&rows=96">"(Pretoria)"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Pretoria%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeana.eu%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DPretoria%26rows%3D96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> (Images, etc.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Pretoria&utf8=✓">"(Pretoria)"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" title="Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Pretoria%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdp.la%2Fsearch%3Fpage_size%3D100%26q%3DPretoria%26utf8%3D%E2%9C%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> (Images, etc.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/vk/?k0=title&v0=Pretoria&c=UBFfm631&c=GIGA_swb&c=ascLeiden&c=NAI&c=IFEAS&c=ilissOLC&c=AiLiSs&c=base&c=dkg">"(Pretoria)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Library_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa">Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa</a></i>. Germany: <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_University_Library" title="Frankfurt University Library">Frankfurt University Library</a>. 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Library+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.atitle=%28Pretoria%29&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilissafrica.de%2Fen%2Fvk%2F%3Fk0%3Dtitle%26v0%3DPretoria%26c%3DUBFfm631%26c%3DGIGA_swb%26c%3DascLeiden%26c%3DNAI%26c%3DIFEAS%26c%3DilissOLC%26c%3DAiLiSs%26c%3Dbase%26c%3Ddkg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> (Bibliography)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?F9=0&S0=Pretoria&F0=0">"(Pretoria)"</a>. <i>Connecting-Africa</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Afrika-Studiecentrum,_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden">African Studies Centre</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connecting-Africa&rft.atitle=%28Pretoria%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connecting-africa.net%2Fquery_2.php%3FF9%3D0%26S0%3DPretoria%26F0%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> (Bibliography)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Pretoria">"(Pretoria)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AfricaBib.org" class="mw-redirect" title="AfricaBib.org">AfricaBib.org</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AfricaBib.org&rft.atitle=%28Pretoria%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Fquery_a.php%3Fti%3DPretoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> (Bibliography)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22Pretoria%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.title%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22bibjson.year.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22bibjson.month.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D">"(Pretoria)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></i>. UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directory+of+Open+Access+Journals&rft.atitle=%28Pretoria%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoaj.org%2Fsearch%3Fsource%3D%257B%2522query%2522%253A%257B%2522query_string%2522%253A%257B%2522query%2522%253A%2522Pretoria%2522%252C%2522default_field%2522%253A%2522bibjson.title%2522%252C%2522default_operator%2522%253A%2522AND%2522%257D%257D%252C%2522sort%2522%253A%255B%257B%2522bibjson.year.exact%2522%253A%257B%2522order%2522%253A%2522desc%2522%257D%257D%252C%257B%2522bibjson.month.exact%2522%253A%257B%2522order%2522%253A%2522desc%2522%257D%257D%255D%252C%2522from%2522%253A0%252C%2522size%2522%253A100%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span> (Bibliography of <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> articles)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/gah/pretoria-south-africa-1855">"Pretoria, South Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BlackPast.org" title="BlackPast.org">BlackPast.org</a></i>. US. 22 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BlackPast.org&rft.atitle=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fgah%2Fpretoria-south-africa-1855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pretoria,_Tshwane,_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pretoria" title="Template:Pretoria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pretoria" title="Template talk:Pretoria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pretoria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pretoria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pretoria,_Tshwane,_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">Tshwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Education in Pretoria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria#History" title="Pretoria">History</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Mass media in Pretoria">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Pretoria" title="Category:People from Pretoria">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Sport in Pretoria">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Transport in Pretoria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Pretoria">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_City_Hall" title="Pretoria City Hall">Pretoria City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Pretoria Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Theatre,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre, South Africa">State Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Pretoria" title="Palace of Justice, Pretoria">Palace of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_Raadsaal" title="Ou Raadsaal">Ou Raadsaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Pretoria" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Pretoria">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Museums in Pretoria">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ditsong_Museums" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_Museums_of_South_Africa" title="Ditsong Museums of South Africa">Ditsong Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Ditsong National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History (Transvaal Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_National_Museum_of_Cultural_History" title="Ditsong National Museum of Cultural History">National Museum of Cultural History (African Window)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionier_Museum" title="Pionier Museum">Pionier Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Marks" title="Sammy Marks">Sammy Marks Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswaing_crater" title="Tswaing crater">Tswaing Meteorite Crater Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruger_House,_Pretoria" title="Kruger House, Pretoria">Kruger House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Prinsloo_Agricultural_Museum" title="Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum">Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Park (South Africa)">Freedom Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_Collection" title="Mapungubwe Collection">Mapungubwe Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_House" title="Melrose House">Melrose House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Tilburg_Collection" title="Van Tilburg Collection">Van Tilburg Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wouw_Museum" title="Van Wouw Museum">Van Wouw Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force_Museum" title="South African Air Force Museum">Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Police_Transport_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African Police Transport Museum (page does not exist)">Police Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Art_Museum" title="Pretoria Art Museum">Pretoria Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Klapperkop_Military_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Klapperkop Military Museum (page does not exist)">Fort Klapperkop Military Museum</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Square,_Pretoria" title="Church Square, Pretoria">Church Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sammy_Marks_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sammy Marks Square (page does not exist)">Sammy Marks Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretorius_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretorius Square (page does not exist)">Pretorius Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Mahlangu_Freedom_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square (page does not exist)">Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_Square,_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time Square, Pretoria (page does not exist)">Time Square</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Pretoria National Botanical Garden">Pretoria National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgers_Park" title="Burgers Park">Burgers Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnolia_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnolia Dal (page does not exist)">Magnolia Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Gardens_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Zoological Gardens of South Africa">National Zoological Gardens of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroes%27_Acre,_Pretoria" title="Heroes' Acre, Pretoria">Heroes' Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springbok_Park,_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springbok Park, Pretoria (page does not exist)">Springbok Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venning_Park" title="Venning Park">Pretoria Rosarium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenkloof_Nature_Reserve" title="Groenkloof Nature Reserve">Groenkloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_Valley,_Pretoria" title="Fountains Valley, Pretoria">Fountains Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapperkop_Nature_Reserve" title="Klapperkop Nature Reserve">Klapperkop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderboom_Nature_Reserve" title="Wonderboom Nature Reserve">Wonderboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faerie_Glen_Nature_Reserve" title="Faerie Glen Nature Reserve">Faerie Glen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Schoeman_Freeway" title="Ben Schoeman Freeway">Ben Schoeman Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Bypass">Pretoria Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_routes_in_Pretoria" title="Metropolitan routes in Pretoria">Metropolitan routes in Pretoria</a></li> <li>National routes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N1_(South_Africa)" title="N1 (South Africa)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N4_(South_Africa)" title="N4 (South Africa)">N4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum_Highway" title="Platinum Highway">Platinum Highway</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N14_(South_Africa)" title="N14 (South Africa)">N14</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional routes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R21_(South_Africa)" title="R21 (South Africa)">R21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R50_(South_Africa)" title="R50 (South Africa)">R50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R55_(South_Africa)" title="R55 (South Africa)">R55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R80_(South_Africa)" title="R80 (South Africa)">R80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R101_(South_Africa)" title="R101 (South Africa)">R101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R104_(South_Africa)" title="R104 (South Africa)">R104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R513_(South_Africa)" title="R513 (South Africa)">R513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R514_(South_Africa)" title="R514 (South Africa)">R514</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Paul_Kruger" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Paul Kruger">Statue of Paul Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Nelson_Mandela,_Union_Buildings" title="Statue of Nelson Mandela, Union Buildings">Statue of Nelson Mandela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_Gauteng" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_of_Gauteng" title="Template:Municipalities of Gauteng"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_of_Gauteng" title="Template talk:Municipalities of Gauteng"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_of_Gauteng" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities of Gauteng"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_Gauteng" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">Municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ekurhuleni_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality">Ekurhuleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">Tshwane</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Gauteng_with_districts_shaded_and_municipalities_numbered_(2016).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Gauteng_with_districts_shaded_and_municipalities_numbered_%282016%29.svg/75px-Map_of_Gauteng_with_districts_shaded_and_municipalities_numbered_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Gauteng_with_districts_shaded_and_municipalities_numbered_%282016%29.svg/113px-Map_of_Gauteng_with_districts_shaded_and_municipalities_numbered_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Gauteng_with_districts_shaded_and_municipalities_numbered_%282016%29.svg/150px-Map_of_Gauteng_with_districts_shaded_and_municipalities_numbered_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">District</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedibeng_District_Municipality" title="Sedibeng District Municipality">Sedibeng</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emfuleni_Local_Municipality" title="Emfuleni Local Municipality">Emfuleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesedi_Local_Municipality" title="Lesedi Local Municipality">Lesedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midvaal_Local_Municipality" title="Midvaal Local Municipality">Midvaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Rand_District_Municipality" title="West Rand District Municipality">West Rand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merafong_City_Local_Municipality" title="Merafong City Local Municipality">Merafong City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogale_City_Local_Municipality" title="Mogale City Local Municipality">Mogale City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_West_City_Local_Municipality" title="Rand West City Local Municipality">Rand West City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Gauteng" title="List of municipalities in Gauteng">List of municipalities in Gauteng</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_South_Africa_(1901–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Years in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Years in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_South_Africa_(1901–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">1901</a>–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_South_Africa" title="1901 in South Africa">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_South_Africa" title="1902 in South Africa">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_South_Africa" title="1903 in South Africa">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_South_Africa" title="1904 in South Africa">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_South_Africa" title="1905 in South Africa">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_South_Africa" title="1906 in South Africa">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_South_Africa" title="1907 in South Africa">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_South_Africa" title="1908 in South Africa">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_South_Africa" title="1909 in South Africa">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_South_Africa" title="1910 in South Africa">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_South_Africa" title="1911 in South Africa">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_South_Africa" title="1912 in South Africa">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_South_Africa" title="1913 in South Africa">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_South_Africa" title="1914 in South Africa">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_South_Africa" title="1915 in South Africa">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_South_Africa" title="1916 in South Africa">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_South_Africa" title="1917 in South Africa">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_South_Africa" title="1918 in South Africa">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_South_Africa" title="1919 in South Africa">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_South_Africa" title="1920 in South Africa">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_South_Africa" title="1921 in South Africa">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_South_Africa" title="1922 in South Africa">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_South_Africa" title="1923 in South Africa">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_South_Africa" title="1924 in South Africa">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_South_Africa" title="1925 in South Africa">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_South_Africa" title="1926 in South Africa">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_South_Africa" title="1927 in South Africa">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_South_Africa" title="1928 in South Africa">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_South_Africa" title="1929 in South Africa">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_South_Africa" title="1930 in South Africa">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_South_Africa" title="1931 in South Africa">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_South_Africa" title="1932 in South Africa">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_South_Africa" title="1933 in South Africa">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_South_Africa" title="1934 in South Africa">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_South_Africa" title="1935 in South Africa">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_South_Africa" title="1936 in South Africa">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_South_Africa" title="1937 in South Africa">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_South_Africa" title="1938 in South Africa">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_South_Africa" title="1939 in South Africa">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_South_Africa" title="1940 in South Africa">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_South_Africa" title="1941 in South Africa">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_South_Africa" title="1942 in South Africa">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_South_Africa" title="1943 in South Africa">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_South_Africa" title="1944 in South Africa">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_South_Africa" title="1945 in South Africa">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_South_Africa" title="1946 in South Africa">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_South_Africa" title="1947 in South Africa">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_South_Africa" title="1948 in South Africa">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_South_Africa" title="1949 in South Africa">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_South_Africa" title="1950 in South Africa">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_South_Africa" title="1951 in South Africa">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_South_Africa" title="1952 in South Africa">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_South_Africa" title="1953 in South Africa">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_South_Africa" title="1954 in South Africa">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_South_Africa" title="1955 in South Africa">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_South_Africa" title="1956 in South Africa">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_South_Africa" title="1957 in South Africa">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_South_Africa" title="1958 in South Africa">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_South_Africa" title="1959 in South Africa">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_South_Africa" title="1960 in South Africa">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_South_Africa" title="1961 in South Africa">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_South_Africa" title="1962 in South Africa">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_South_Africa" title="1963 in South Africa">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_South_Africa" title="1964 in South Africa">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_South_Africa" title="1965 in South Africa">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_South_Africa" title="1966 in South Africa">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_South_Africa" title="1967 in South Africa">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_South_Africa" title="1968 in South Africa">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_South_Africa" title="1969 in South Africa">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_South_Africa" title="1970 in South Africa">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_South_Africa" title="1971 in South Africa">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_South_Africa" title="1972 in South Africa">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_South_Africa" title="1973 in South Africa">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_South_Africa" title="1974 in South Africa">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_South_Africa" title="1975 in South Africa">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_South_Africa" title="1976 in South Africa">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_South_Africa" title="1977 in South Africa">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_South_Africa" title="1978 in South Africa">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_South_Africa" title="1979 in South Africa">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_South_Africa" title="1980 in South Africa">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_South_Africa" title="1981 in South Africa">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_South_Africa" title="1982 in South Africa">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_South_Africa" title="1983 in South Africa">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_South_Africa" title="1984 in South Africa">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_South_Africa" title="1985 in South Africa">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_South_Africa" title="1986 in South Africa">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_South_Africa" title="1987 in South Africa">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_South_Africa" title="1988 in South Africa">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_South_Africa" title="1989 in South Africa">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_South_Africa" title="1990 in South Africa">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_South_Africa" title="1991 in South Africa">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_South_Africa" title="1992 in South Africa">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_South_Africa" title="1993 in South Africa">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_South_Africa" title="1994 in South Africa">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_South_Africa" title="1995 in South Africa">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_South_Africa" title="1996 in South Africa">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_South_Africa" title="1997 in South Africa">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_South_Africa" title="1998 in South Africa">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_South_Africa" title="1999 in South Africa">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_South_Africa" title="2000 in South Africa">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_South_Africa" title="2001 in South Africa">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_South_Africa" title="2002 in South Africa">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_South_Africa" title="2003 in South Africa">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_South_Africa" title="2004 in South Africa">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_South_Africa" title="2005 in South Africa">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_South_Africa" title="2006 in South Africa">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_South_Africa" title="2007 in South Africa">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_South_Africa" title="2008 in South Africa">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_South_Africa" title="2009 in South Africa">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_South_Africa" title="2010 in South Africa">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_South_Africa" title="2011 in South Africa">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_South_Africa" title="2012 in South Africa">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_South_Africa" title="2013 in South Africa">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_South_Africa" title="2014 in South Africa">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_South_Africa" title="2015 in South Africa">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_South_Africa" title="2016 in South Africa">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_South_Africa" title="2017 in South Africa">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_South_Africa" title="2018 in South Africa">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_South_Africa" title="2019 in South Africa">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_South_Africa" title="2020 in South Africa">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_South_Africa" title="2021 in South Africa">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_South_Africa" title="2022 in South Africa">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_South_Africa" title="2023 in South Africa">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_South_Africa" title="2024 in South Africa">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_South_Africa" title="2025 in South Africa">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timelines_of_cities_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timelines_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Template:Timelines of cities in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timelines_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Timelines of cities in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timelines_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timelines of cities in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timelines_of_cities_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timelines of cities in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa-countries-northern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/30px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/45px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Africa-countries-northern.svg/60px-Africa-countries-northern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Algeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Algiers" title="Timeline of Algiers">Algiers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Batna,_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Batna, Algeria (page does not exist)">Batna</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_ville_de_Batna" class="extiw" title="fr:Chronologie de la ville de Batna">fr</a>]</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Oran" title="Timeline of Oran">Oran</a></dd> <dt>Egypt</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Alexandria" title="Timeline of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></dd> <dt>Libya</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Benghazi" title="Timeline of Benghazi">Benghazi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tripoli" title="Timeline of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></dd> <dt>Morocco</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Casablanca" title="Timeline of Casablanca">Casablanca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Fez" title="Timeline of Fez">Fez</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Marrakesh" title="Timeline of Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Meknes" title="Timeline of Meknes">Meknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rabat" title="Timeline of Rabat">Rabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Sal%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Salé (page does not exist)">Salé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_Sal%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Chronologie de Salé">fr</a>]</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tangier" title="Timeline of Tangier">Tangier</a></dd> <dt>Sudan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Khartoum" title="Timeline of Khartoum">Khartoum</a></dd> <dt>Tunisia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tunis" title="Timeline of Tunis">Tunis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West-Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/West-Africa.svg/30px-West-Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/West-Africa.svg/45px-West-Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/West-Africa.svg/60px-West-Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Benin</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cotonou" title="Timeline of Cotonou">Cotonou</a></dd> <dt>Burkina Faso</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ouagadougou" title="Timeline of Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></dd> <dt>Cape Verde</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Praia" title="Timeline of Praia">Praia</a></dd> <dt>Ghana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Accra" title="Timeline of Accra">Accra</a></dd> <dt>Guinea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Conakry" title="Timeline of Conakry">Conakry</a></dd> <dt>Guinea-Bissau</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bissau" title="Timeline of Bissau">Bissau</a></dd> <dt>Ivory Coast</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Abidjan" title="Timeline of Abidjan">Abidjan</a></dd> <dt>Liberia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Monrovia" title="Timeline of Monrovia">Monrovia</a></dd> <dt>Mali</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bamako" title="Timeline of Bamako">Bamako</a></dd> <dt>Mauritania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nouakchott" title="Timeline of Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></dd> <dt>Niger</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Niamey" title="Timeline of Niamey">Niamey</a></dd> <dt>Nigeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ibadan" title="Timeline of Ibadan">Ibadan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kano" title="Timeline of Kano">Kano</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lagos" title="Timeline of Lagos">Lagos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Harcourt" title="Timeline of Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></dd> <dt>Senegal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dakar" title="Timeline of Dakar">Dakar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Timeline of Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a></dd> <dt>Sierra Leone</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Freetown" title="Timeline of Freetown">Freetown</a></dd> <dt>Togo</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lom%C3%A9" title="Timeline of Lomé">Lomé</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central-Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Central-Africa.svg/30px-Central-Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Central-Africa.svg/45px-Central-Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Central-Africa.svg/60px-Central-Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Cameroon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Douala" title="Timeline of Douala">Douala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yaound%C3%A9" title="Timeline of Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></dd> <dt>Central African Republic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangui" title="Timeline of Bangui">Bangui</a></dd> <dt>Congo Republic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazzaville" title="Timeline of Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></dd> <dt>DR Congo</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bukavu" title="Timeline of Bukavu">Bukavu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Goma" title="Timeline of Goma">Goma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kinshasa" title="Timeline of Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kisangani" title="Timeline of Kisangani">Kisangani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lubumbashi" title="Timeline of Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></dd> <dt>Gabon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Libreville" title="Timeline of Libreville">Libreville</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East-Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/East-Africa.svg/30px-East-Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/East-Africa.svg/45px-East-Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/East-Africa.svg/60px-East-Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Burundi</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bujumbura" title="Timeline of Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a></dd> <dt>Djibouti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></dd> <dt>Eritrea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asmara" title="Timeline of Asmara">Asmara</a></dd> <dt>Ethiopia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Timeline of Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mekelle" title="Timeline of Mekelle">Mekelle</a></dd> <dt>Kenya</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mombasa" title="Timeline of Mombasa">Mombasa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nairobi" title="Timeline of Nairobi">Nairobi</a></dd> <dt>Rwanda</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kigali" title="Timeline of Kigali">Kigali</a></dd> <dt>Tanzania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dar_es_Salaam" title="Timeline of Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zanzibar_City" title="Timeline of Zanzibar City">Zanzibar</a></dd> <dt>Uganda</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kampala" title="Timeline of Kampala">Kampala</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern-Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Southern-Africa.svg/30px-Southern-Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Southern-Africa.svg/45px-Southern-Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Southern-Africa.svg/60px-Southern-Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Angola</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Benguela" title="Timeline of Benguela">Benguela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Luanda" title="Timeline of Luanda">Luanda</a></dd> <dt>Botswana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Gaborone" title="Timeline of Gaborone">Gaborone</a></dd> <dt>Madagascar</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Antananarivo" title="Timeline of Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></dd> <dt>Malawi</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lilongwe" title="Timeline of Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></dd> <dt>Mauritius</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Louis" title="Timeline of Port Louis">Port Louis</a></dd> <dt>Mozambique</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Beira,_Mozambique" title="Timeline of Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Maputo" title="Timeline of Maputo">Maputo</a></dd> <dt>Namibia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Windhoek" title="Timeline of Windhoek">Windhoek</a></dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cape_Town" title="Timeline of Cape Town">Cape Town</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Durban" title="Timeline of Durban">Durban</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Johannesburg" title="Timeline of Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pietermaritzburg" title="Timeline of Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Elizabeth" title="Timeline of Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretoria</a></dd> <dt>Zambia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lusaka" title="Timeline of Lusaka">Lusaka</a></dd> <dt>Zimbabwe</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bulawayo" title="Timeline of Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Harare" title="Timeline of Harare">Harare</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City_timelines" title="Category:City timelines">Category:City timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">Lists of cities in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&oldid=1245124170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&oldid=1245124170</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pretoria" title="Category:Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Pretoria" title="Category:History of Pretoria">History of Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Category:Timelines of cities in Africa">Timelines of cities in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pretoria-related_lists" title="Category:Pretoria-related lists">Pretoria-related lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_African_timelines" title="Category:South African timelines">South African timelines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines_of_capitals" title="Category:Timelines of capitals">Timelines of capitals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynamic_lists" title="Category:Dynamic lists">Dynamic lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Category:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 September 2024, at 04:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pretoria&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bnzx6","wgBackendResponseTime":113,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.730","walltime":"0.934","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4166,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":161653,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2639,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":181944,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 739.998 1 -total"," 27.98% 207.058 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.62% 152.616 24 Template:Cite_web"," 14.42% 106.721 1 Template:History_of_South_Africa"," 13.92% 102.989 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.02% 88.928 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.06% 67.065 15 Template:Sfn"," 9.01% 66.680 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.33% 54.260 12 Template:Cite_book"," 5.64% 41.760 22 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.415","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7549789,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Samler_BrownG._Gordon_Brown1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreas_Mehler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreas_Mehler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeenan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacqueline_Audrey_Kalley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paxton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Shillington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMataboge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathabatha2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_for_Economic_and_Social_Information_and_Policy_Analysis,_Statistics_Division1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Statistical_Office1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivien_AllenHannes_Meiring2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dynamic list\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"History of South Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Illm\"] = 1,\n [\"Municipalities of Gauteng\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Pretoria\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 15,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South Africa year nav\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC right\"] = 1,\n [\"Timelines of cities in Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-krcdh","timestamp":"20241122164915","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Timeline of Pretoria","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Pretoria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18144317","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18144317","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-09-21T12:53:04Z","dateModified":"2024-09-11T04:14:31Z","headline":"timeline of notable events in the history of Pretoria"}</script> </body> </html>