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aria-controls="toc-Early_inhabitants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early inhabitants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Neolithic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celts_and_Indo-Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celts_and_Indo-Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Celts and Indo-Europeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celts_and_Indo-Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Roman_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Roman_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pre-Roman populations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-Roman_populations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pre-Roman populations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-Roman_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lusitanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lusitanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Lusitanians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lusitanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Pre-Roman_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Pre-Roman_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other Pre-Roman groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Pre-Roman_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Romanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Nation_(868-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Nation_(868-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Portuguese Nation (868-) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Nation_(868-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Genetic comparisons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_minority_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_minority_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Native minority languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_minority_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Ethnic minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Surnames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Diaspora </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diaspora subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sephardi_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardi_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sephardi Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardi_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Expulsion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3 Shoah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.4 Twenty-first century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas_outside_of_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas_outside_of_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Americas outside of Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas_outside_of_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.3 Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_(excluding_Brazil)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_(excluding_Brazil)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.4 Latin America (excluding Brazil) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_(excluding_Brazil)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_outside_of_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_outside_of_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Europe outside of Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_outside_of_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France,_Belgium,_Luxembourg,_Monaco,_Andorra_and_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France,_Belgium,_Luxembourg,_Monaco,_Andorra_and_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4.1 France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra and Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France,_Belgium,_Luxembourg,_Monaco,_Andorra_and_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5.1 Colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5.2 Post-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5.3 Genetic evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6.2 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Caledonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Caledonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6.3 New Caledonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Caledonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7.1 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7.2 Indian Subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7.3 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.8 Diaspora populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Law and Justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Influencers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Portuguese people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese" title="Portugese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portugese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="برتغاليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برتغاليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuqallar" title="Portuqallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portuqallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پورتوقال‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورتوقال‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Партугальцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партугальцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Партугальцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партугальцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Португалци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Португалци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguesos" title="Portuguesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portuguesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Португалсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Португалсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuges" title="Portuges – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Portuges" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalci" title="Portugalci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portugalci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94tachi" title="Pɔtachi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Pɔtachi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesen" title="Portugiesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portugiesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugallased" title="Portugallased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portugallased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πορτογάλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πορτογάλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Pueblo portugués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo portugués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaloj" title="Portugaloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portugaloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaldar" title="Portugaldar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugaldar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مردم پرتغال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم پرتغال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugais_(peuple)" title="Portugais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portugais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaing%C3%A9alaigh_(gr%C3%BApa_eitneach)" title="Portaingéalaigh (grúpa eitneach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Portaingéalaigh (grúpa eitneach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Pobo portugués – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo portugués" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EC%9D%B8" title="포르투갈인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պորտուգալացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուգալացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalci" title="Portugalci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portugalci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Portugis" title="Orang Portugis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Португайлаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Португайлаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoghesi" title="Portoghesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portoghesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פורטוגזים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטוגזים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პორტუგალიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტუგალიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Португалдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Португалдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Португалдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Португалдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ຊາວປອກຕຸຍການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊາວປອກຕຸຍການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81%C4%BCi" title="Portugāļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalai" title="Portugalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugeze" title="Portugeze – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Portugeze" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuges" title="Portuges – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Portuges" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1lok" title="Portugálok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugálok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Португалци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Португалци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პორტუგალიარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პორტუგალიარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برتجاليين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برتجاليين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Portugis" title="Orang Portugis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugezen" title="Portugezen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugezen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="ポルトガル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Португалихой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Португалихой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisarar" title="Portugisarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Portugisarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugallar" title="Portugallar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portugallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalczycy" title="Portugalczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portugalczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugueses" title="Portugueses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portugueses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portughezi" title="Portughezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portughezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Португальцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португальцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Португаллар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Португаллар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_fowk" title="Portuguese fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Portuguese fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugez%C3%ABt" title="Portugezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portugezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="පෘතුගීසි ජාතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘතුගීසි ජාතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%C4%8Dania" title="Portugalčania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portugalčania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalci" title="Portugalci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portugalci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Португалци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Португалци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalci" title="Portugalci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portugalci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to Portugal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a specific analysis of the population of Portugal, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics of Portugal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 16,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Portuguese_people" title="Talk:Portuguese people">talk page</a>. (May 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Portuguese people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Portugueses, Portuguesas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Portuguese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_Portuguese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Portuguese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_Portuguese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Portuguese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_Portuguese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Portuguese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Portugal: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10.6 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5,000,000 (includes Portuguese nationals and their descendants down to the third generation; excludes more distant ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-Dn.pt-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000 (Portuguese born & ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,400,000 (Portuguese ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> – 1,300,000 (ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> (additional 55,441 Portuguese born)<a href="#cite_note-observatorioemigracao.pt-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> – 471,810<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> (Portuguese ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">203 696<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> – 265,272<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-Observatório_da_Emigração-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000 (42,008 citizens)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">184,774<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170,000<a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></th><td class="infobox-data">152,616<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data">151,028<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115 165 – 244,217<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (<a href="/wiki/Bayingyi_people" title="Bayingyi people">Bayingyi</a>)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80,654<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80,000<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">73,903<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42,000<a href="#cite_note-sapo.pt-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000 (Burgher)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000 (Kristang)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-56">[56]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,633<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,318 (ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,853<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,700<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17,000<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-63">[63]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,308<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,000 (ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> (1,643 Portuguese born)<a href="#cite_note-observatorioemigracao.pt-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,400<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,542<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,000 <a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,288<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,971<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,245<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,400[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,700[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,700[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,945<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>-speaking peoples Especially <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Lusophones</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_a">^a</a> Total number of ethnic Portuguese varies wildly based on the definition.</td></tr></tbody></table> The Portuguese people (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Portugueses – masculine – or Portuguesas) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and nation <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">indigenous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, a country that occupies the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">south-west Europe</a>, who share <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pop-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minahan-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The Portuguese state began with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/868" title="868">868</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a> (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">kingdom</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a>. This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-:21-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-93">[93]</a> The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_maritime_exploration" title="Portuguese maritime exploration">explored</a> <a href="/wiki/Hic_sunt_Dracones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hic sunt Dracones">distant lands</a> previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">conquest of Ceuta</a>, the Portuguese took a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, which culminated in a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">colonial empire</a>. It was one of the first global empires and one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries, with territories that became part numerous countries.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-weforum1-96">[96]</a> Portugal helped to launch the spread of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a> to other geographies.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-weforum1-96">[96]</a> During and after the period of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, the Portuguese diaspora spread across the world.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a>]</div> The Portuguese people's <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">heritage</a> largely derives from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Conii</a>),<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples (<a href="/wiki/Gallaecians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallaecians">Gallaecians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turduli" title="Turduli">Turduli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a>).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> They were later <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bycroft2019-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olalde2019-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>–the native language of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">overwhelming majority</a> of Portuguese people–stems from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes who arrived as ruling elites after the Roman period, starting in <a href="/wiki/409" title="409">409</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> These included the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>. The pastoral <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alenquer,_Portugal" title="Alenquer, Portugal">Alenquer</a>, from "Alen Kerke" or "Temple of the Alans").<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Iberia</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula">early 8th century</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Faro_(1249)" title="Siege of Faro (1249)">12th century</a>, also left small <a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a> genetic contributions.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bycroft2019-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olalde2019-108">[108]</a> Other minor – as well as later – influences include small <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minho_(river)" title="Minho (river)">Minho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-História_da_Póvoa_de_Varzim-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vikings-_Warriors_from_the_sea-121">[121]</a> Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> in southern coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The name Portugal is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> that comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word Portus (meaning port) and a second word Cale, whose meaning and origin are unclear. Cale is probably a reminder of the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a> (also known as Callaeci), a Celtic tribe that lived in part of <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">Northern Portugal</a>. Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>), situated on the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro River</a> on the Atlantic coast (Portus Cale). The name Cale seems to come from the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> – perhaps from one of their specifications, Cailleach – but which, in everyday life, was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word for kalós (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, Portus Gallus<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> "port of the Gauls". During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the area around Cale became known through the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> as Portucale. Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become Portugale, or Portugal, from the 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and <a href="/wiki/Minho_(river)" title="Minho (river)">Minho</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_inhabitants">Early inhabitants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early inhabitants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula">Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aroeira3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aroeira3.jpg/220px-Aroeira3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aroeira3.jpg/330px-Aroeira3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aroeira3.jpg/440px-Aroeira3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aroeira_3" title="Aroeira 3">Aroeira 3</a> skull of 400,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> found in 2014. The oldest trace of human history in Portugal</figcaption></figure> Portuguese origins are predominantly from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and Western Europe. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">modern humans</a> inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosome</a> and <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> peoples who began settling the European continent at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">last glaciation</a> around 45,000 years ago. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y-Haplogroup_R1_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Y-Haplogroup_R1_distribution.png/220px-Y-Haplogroup_R1_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Y-Haplogroup_R1_distribution.png/330px-Y-Haplogroup_R1_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Y-Haplogroup_R1_distribution.png/440px-Y-Haplogroup_R1_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a> (purple) and <a href="/wiki/R1b" class="mw-redirect" title="R1b">R1b</a> (red). See also <a href="/wiki/File:R1b.jpg" title="File:R1b.jpg">this map</a> for distribution in Europe.</figcaption></figure> Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a> refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> link modern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberians</a> to much of Western Europe, particularly the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Y-chromosome <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroup</a> <a href="/wiki/R1b" class="mw-redirect" title="R1b">R1b</a> is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Modal_Haplotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Modal Haplotype">Atlantic Modal Haplotype</a> (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neolithic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">colonization of Europe</a> from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> after reaching the rest of the continent. According to the <a href="/wiki/Demic_diffusion" title="Demic diffusion">demic diffusion</a> model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15044595-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celts_and_Indo-Europeans">Celts and Indo-Europeans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celts and Indo-Europeans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cultures,_1200_BC.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cultures%2C_1200_BC.PNG/220px-Cultures%2C_1200_BC.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cultures%2C_1200_BC.PNG/330px-Cultures%2C_1200_BC.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cultures%2C_1200_BC.PNG/440px-Cultures%2C_1200_BC.PNG 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>A simplified map of archaeological cultures of the late Bronze Age (c. 1200 BC): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  central <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  northern Urnfield culture</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  (in central Europe) <a href="/wiki/Knov%C3%ADz_culture" title="Knovíz culture">Knovíz culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Danubian_culture" title="Danubian culture">Danubian culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></div></figcaption></figure> In the 3rd millennium BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the first wave of migrations by <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">haplogroup R1b</a> in Western Europe, most common in many areas of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a>, was primarily due to massive migrations from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of Eastern Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, along with carriers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">proto-Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italic">proto-Italic</a>. Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal DNA">autosomal DNA</a> were analyzed in addition to paternal <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/224px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/336px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/448px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Indo-European migrations</figcaption></figure> The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celts</a>. The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-EBO-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mattoso" title="José Mattoso">José Mattoso</a> described.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> haplogroup H, a cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> façade, including the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Coast" title="Cantabrian Coast">Cantabrian Coast</a> and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean. This finding adds strong evidence that <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">Northern Portugal</a> was a cul-de-sac population, a kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7825-138">[138]</a> Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> migrations, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">ethnic origin</a> was mainly a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">pre-Celts</a> or para-<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a><a href="#cite_note-google1854-139">[139]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples such as <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Roman_populations">Pre-Roman populations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman populations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lusitanians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>.</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> (or Lusitānus – singular – Lusitani – plural – in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) were an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European people</a> living in the Western <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> long before it became the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Extremadura and part of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>). They spoke <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a>, of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions (<a href="/wiki/Minho_Province" title="Minho Province">Minho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douro_(intermunicipal_community)" title="Douro (intermunicipal community)">Douro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes" title="Trás-os-Montes">Trás-os-Montes</a>) identify more with <a href="/wiki/Gallaecians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallaecians">Gallaecians</a>. Linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Evans" title="Ellis Evans">Ellis Evans</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallaecian">Gallaecian</a>-Lusitanian was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> variant.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> They were a large <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> who lived between <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> rivers. The <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> may have originated in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Sholars such as <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_h%C3%93g%C3%A1in" title="Dáithí Ó hÓgáin">Dáithí Ó hÓgáin</a> consider them to be <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> He claimed they were initially dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celts</a>, before gaining full independence. Romanian <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarlat_Lambrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scarlat Lambrino (page does not exist)">Scarlat Lambrino</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlat_Lambrino" class="extiw" title="ro:Scarlat Lambrino">ro</a>], active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally a tribal <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> group, related to the <a href="/wiki/Lusones" title="Lusones">Lusones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The first area settled by the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> was probably the <a href="/wiki/Douro_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro Valley">Douro Valley</a> and the region of <a href="/wiki/Beira_Alta_(region)" title="Beira Alta (region)">Beira Alta</a>; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagus river">Tagus river</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> conquest. The Lusitanians originated from either <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italic">Proto-Italic</a> populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> migrations into the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube Valley</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> may have developed east of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, moving north and spreading with the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>, may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory_(2013)-146">[146]</a> The Lusitanians' Celtic root, is further emphasized by research by the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute">Max Planck Institute</a> on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In Roman times, the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (<a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a>) river. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Pre-Roman_groups">Other Pre-Roman groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other Pre-Roman groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Portugal_tribos_principais.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_de_Portugal_tribos_principais.png/260px-Mapa_de_Portugal_tribos_principais.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="565" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Mapa_de_Portugal_tribos_principais.png 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations. <a href="/wiki/Turduli" title="Turduli">Turduli</a> movement in red, <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a> in brown and Lusitanian in a blue colour. Most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.</figcaption></figure> As the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of the tribes living in "Portugal" prior to Roman rule: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tribes</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bardili_(Turduli)" title="Bardili (Turduli)">Bardili (Turduli)</a></td> <td>living in the <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Península de Setúbal">Setúbal peninsula</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bracari" title="Bracari">Bracari</a></td> <td>living between the rivers <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2mega_(river)" title="Tâmega (river)">Tâmega</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1vado_River" title="Cávado River">Cávado</a>, in the area of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Callaici" class="mw-redirect" title="Callaici">Callaici</a></td> <td>living along and north of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coelerni" title="Coelerni">Coelerni</a></td> <td>living in the mountains between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Tua_River" title="Tua River">Tua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabor_River" title="Sabor River">Sabor</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes or Conii</a></td> <td>living in the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> and the south of <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equaesi" title="Equaesi">Equaesi</a></td> <td>living in the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">mountainous</a> region of modern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grovii" title="Grovii">Grovii</a></td> <td>a mysterious tribe living in the <a href="/wiki/Minho_(river)" title="Minho (river)">Minho</a> valley; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interamici" title="Interamici">Interamici</a></td> <td>living in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trás-os-Montes (region)">Trás-os-Montes</a> and in the border areas with <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a> (in modern Spain); </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leuni" title="Leuni">Leuni</a></td> <td>living between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Lima_River" title="Lima River">Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minho_(river)" title="Minho (river)">Minho</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luanqui" title="Luanqui">Luanqui</a></td> <td>living between the rivers Tâmega and Tua; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limici" title="Limici">Limici</a></td> <td>living in the swamps of the river <a href="/wiki/Limia_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limia (river)">Lima</a>, on the border between Portugal and Galicia; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narbasi" title="Narbasi">Narbasi</a></td> <td>living in the north of modern Portugal (interior) and nearby area of southern Galicia; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemetati" title="Nemetati">Nemetati</a></td> <td>living north of the Douro Valley in the area of <a href="/wiki/Mondim_de_Basto" title="Mondim de Basto">Mondim</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></td> <td>also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sefes" title="Sefes">Sefes</a> and supposedly linked to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cempsii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cempsii (page does not exist)">Cempsii</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cempsos" class="extiw" title="pt:Cempsos">pt</a>].<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> There is not a consensus regarding their exact origins and location. They are believed to have been the first known humans to inhabit the whole Atlantic margin covering Portugal and Galicia, the people from ‘Finis terrae’ at the end of the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paesuri" title="Paesuri">Paesuri</a></td> <td>a dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living between the rivers Douro and <a href="/wiki/Vouga_River" title="Vouga River">Vouga</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quaquerni" title="Quaquerni">Quaquerni</a></td> <td>living in the mountains at the mouths of rivers Cávado and Tâmega; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seurbi" title="Seurbi">Seurbi</a></td> <td>living between the rivers <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1vado_River" title="Cávado River">Cávado</a> and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho); </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamagani" title="Tamagani">Tamagani</a></td> <td>from the area of <a href="/wiki/Chaves,_Portugal" title="Chaves, Portugal">Chaves</a>, near the river Tâmega; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tapoli" title="Tapoli">Tapoli</a></td> <td>another dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living north of the river Tagus, on the border between modern Portugal and Spain; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a></td> <td>In southern municipalities such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Br%C3%A1s_de_Alportel" title="São Brás de Alportel">São Brás de Alportel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turduli" title="Turduli">Turduli</a></td> <td>in the east of <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> (Guadiana Valley); </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turduli_Veteres" title="Turduli Veteres">Turduli Veteres</a></td> <td>literally "ancient Turduli", living south of the estuary of the river Douro; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turdulorum_Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Turdulorum Oppida">Turdulorum Oppida</a></td> <td>Turduli living in the Portuguese region of <a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(historical)" title="Estremadura Province (historical)">Estremadura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beira_Litoral_Province" title="Beira Litoral Province">Beira Litoral</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turodi" title="Turodi">Turodi</a></td> <td>living in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trás-os-Montes (region)">Trás-os-Montes</a> and bordering areas of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a></td> <td>living in the eastern border areas of Portugal, and in Spanish provinces of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ávila (province)">Ávila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanca (province)">Salamanca</a>, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Zamora_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamora (province)">Zamora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo (province)">Toledo</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cáceres (province)">Cáceres</a>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoelae" title="Zoelae">Zoelae</a></td> <td>living in the mountains of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serra_da_Nogueira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serra da Nogueira (page does not exist)">Serra da Nogueira</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_da_Nogueira" class="extiw" title="pt:Serra da Nogueira">pt</a>], Sanabria and Culebra, up to the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Mogadouro" title="Mogadouro">Mogadouro</a> in northern Portugal and adjacent areas of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romanization">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Celtiberian_War" title="First Celtiberian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Celtiberian_War" title="Second Celtiberian War">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg/220px-Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg/330px-Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg/440px-Nt-Viriato_Viseu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viriathus" title="Viriathus">Viriato</a> (179 – 139 BC), led a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla</a> war against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> for eight years. He was <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a> by <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">traitors</a> from his ranks, who killed him in his sleep for a <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The statue depicted is in <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rome conquered the peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>. After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> invaders. In the end they were punished by <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a> <a href="/wiki/Servius_Sulpicius_Galba_(consul_144_BC)" title="Servius Sulpicius Galba (consul 144 BC)">Servius Galba</a> in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> to the Roman provinces in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (modern France). Three years later (147 B.C.), <a href="/wiki/Viriathus" title="Viriathus">Viriathus</a> became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Audax,_Ditalcus_and_Minurus" title="Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus">Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Popillius_Laenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Popillius Laenas">Marcus Popillius Laenas</a>. However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Caepio_(consul_106_BC)" title="Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul 106 BC)">Quintus Servilius Caepio</a> ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/220px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/330px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/440px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Viriathus" title="Viriathus">Viriathus</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> was the first Portuguese ‘<a href="/wiki/National_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero">national hero</a>’ .<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> After Viriathus' rule, the <a href="/wiki/Celticized" class="mw-redirect" title="Celticized">celticized</a> Lusitanians largely adopted <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> culture and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language. Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "<a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizens of Rome</a>". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include <a href="/wiki/Engratia" title="Engratia">Saint Engrácia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quiteria" title="Quiteria">Saint Quitéria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marina_of_Aguas_Santas" title="Marina of Aguas Santas">Saint Marina of Aguas Santas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> impacted the population, both genetically and culturally; the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> derives mostly from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bycroft2019-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olalde2019-108">[108]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Mario Pei</a>, the phonetic distance found between Portuguese and Latin stands at 31%.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_cities_in_Portugal" title="Roman cities in Portugal">Roman domination</a> lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg/183px-Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg/275px-Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg/366px-Placa_largo_passeio_alegre_povoa_varzim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>A street plate in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a> (describing names of local families), believed related to Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Bom%C3%A4rken" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomärken">Bomärken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></figcaption></figure> After the Romans, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> (an estimated 2–3% of the population),<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> lingered. The <a href="/wiki/Suebians" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebians">Suebians</a> were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a>), are the regions with the highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other influences include small <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> who raided coastal areas mainly in <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minho_(river)" title="Minho (river)">Minho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-História_da_Póvoa_de_Varzim-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vikings-_Warriors_from_the_sea-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/220px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/330px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/440px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> Timetable and expulsion of the Moors.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> and Christian Jews became <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> (Cristãos novos); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new <a href="/wiki/Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Surnames">surnames</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Several genetic studies, including the most comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide</a> studies published on historical and modern populations of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, conclude that the <a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Moorish occupation</a> left few to no <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and ower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19061982-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bycroft2019-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olalde2019-108">[108]</a> Following the end of the Reconquista and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Faro_(1249)" title="Siege of Faro (1249)">Conquest of Faro</a>, religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the "Ciganos" (<a href="/wiki/Roma_gypsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma gypsies">Roma gypsies</a>)<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> later suffered persecution from the state and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> or fled the country, creating a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> England, US,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Balkans">Balkans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> and beyond. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_Nation_(868-)">Portuguese Nation (868-)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portuguese Nation (868-)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritesdeAlmeida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BritesdeAlmeida.jpg/220px-BritesdeAlmeida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BritesdeAlmeida.jpg/330px-BritesdeAlmeida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BritesdeAlmeida.jpg/440px-BritesdeAlmeida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a> tile image of <a href="/wiki/Brites_de_Almeida" title="Brites de Almeida">Brites de Almeida</a> killing <a href="/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Castilian</a> soldiers</figcaption></figure> The political origin of the Portuguese state is in the founding of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/868" title="868">868</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Condado Portucalense; in period documents the name used was Portugalia<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a>). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Although the country began as a county, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a> on 24 June 1128 Portugal was officially recognised as a kingdom via the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a>. The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-:21-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-93">[93]</a> A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota" title="Battle of Aljubarrota">Battle of Aljubarrota</a> in 1385, linked to <a href="/wiki/Brites_de_Almeida" title="Brites de Almeida">Brites de Almeida</a>, thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese throne</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_comparisons">Genetic comparisons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetic comparisons">edit</a>]</div> The Portuguese share some DNA with the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The results of the present <a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">HLA</a> study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>-area <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>: a high frequency of the HLA-<a href="/wiki/Haplotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplotypes">haplotypes</a> A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a>, confirming a lower admixture with <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean people">Mediterraneans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7825-138">[138]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/220px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/330px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/440px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3505" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA), R1b1a1a2 (R-M269)</figcaption></figure> The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes, the latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a> (very likely of Portuguese ancestry).<a href="#cite_note-portgenes-177">[177]</a> The pan-European haplotype <a href="/wiki/HLA_A1-B8-DR3-DQ2" title="HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2">A1-B8-DR3</a> and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations.<a href="#cite_note-portgenes-177">[177]</a> Men from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">mainland Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">the Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">haplogroup R1b</a>, and Mediterranean J and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E3b</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">European countries</a>, and communities. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/Haplogroup </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253" title="Haplogroup I-M253">I1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2*/I2a</a> </th> <th>I2b </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a> </th> <th>J*/J1 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> </th> <th>T </th> <th>Q </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">N</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>58.5 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>16 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>44.5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>81 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>15.5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>13.5 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>69 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>20.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>20.5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and Portuguese may be the same language (see also: <a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics of Portugal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_municipalities_by_population" title="List of Portuguese municipalities by population">List of Portuguese municipalities by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon_set_of_images.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lisbon_set_of_images.jpg/224px-Lisbon_set_of_images.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lisbon_set_of_images.jpg/336px-Lisbon_set_of_images.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lisbon_set_of_images.jpg/449px-Lisbon_set_of_images.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, with 545,143 inhabitants in the city proper, is the capital and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">largest city in Portugal</a>.</figcaption></figure> Around 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> out of a total population of 10.467 million.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency.<a href="#cite_note-:9-187">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in the EU as a whole) as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">People aged 65 or more</a> accounted for 23%.<a href="#cite_note-pordata.pt-189">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> is 1.35 against the EU average of 1.53.<a href="#cite_note-pordata.pt-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy at birth</a> is 83.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Due to the high percentage of senior citizens, the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">crude mortality rate</a> (12%)<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> is well in excess of the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">crude birth rate</a> (8%).<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Portugal boasts one of the world's lowest <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality rates</a> (3%), down from 9% in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The average age of women at first childbirth was at 30 years, in contrast to the EU average of 28.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> About 67% live in urban settings, concentrated along the coast and in the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_metropolitan_area" title="Lisbon metropolitan area">Lisbon metropolitan area</a>, which hosts 2,883,645, or 28%.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> About 65% of the national population, or 6,760,989 people, live in the 56 municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, about 18% of all <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Portugal" title="List of municipalities of Portugal">national municipalities</a>. The country hosts 122 municipalities, about 40% of all national municipalities, with a population of 10,000 inhabitants or less, totaling 678,855 inhabitants, about 7% of the national population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_minority_languages">Native minority languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Native minority languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages of Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asturllion%C3%A9s_en_Tierra_de_Miranda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Asturllion%C3%A9s_en_Tierra_de_Miranda.png/220px-Asturllion%C3%A9s_en_Tierra_de_Miranda.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Asturllion%C3%A9s_en_Tierra_de_Miranda.png/330px-Asturllion%C3%A9s_en_Tierra_de_Miranda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Asturllion%C3%A9s_en_Tierra_de_Miranda.png/440px-Asturllion%C3%A9s_en_Tierra_de_Miranda.png 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Areas in <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">Northern Portugal</a> where Mirandese is spoken</figcaption></figure> The main language spoken as first language is <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Other autochthonous languages include: <ul><li>Caló (see also <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló language</a>), the language of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portuguese-Romani community</a>. Some 52,000 Romani people live in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>Mirandês (see also <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese language</a>) is an officially recognised language.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> It enjoys special protection in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Miranda_do_Douro" title="Miranda do Douro">Miranda do Douro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimioso" title="Vimioso">Vimioso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mogadouro" title="Mogadouro">Mogadouro</a>. About 15,000 people speak the language (0.14%).<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The language is part of the <a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturian-Leonese linguistic</a> group which includes the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian Language">Asturian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> minority languages of Northwestern Spain.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> All of its speakers are bilingual and speak <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> is common.</li> <li>Barranquenhu (see also <a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a>) is spoken in the town of <a href="/wiki/Barrancos" title="Barrancos">Barrancos</a> (in the border between <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, in Spain). Some 3,000 speak the language (0.03%).<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> It is a Portuquese dialect influenced by <a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a> and, later, southern Spanish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico" class="mw-redirect" title="Minderico">Minderico</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Minde,_Alcanena" class="mw-redirect" title="Minde, Alcanena">Minde</a>, which is practically <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">extinct</a> (150 remaining speakers).<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese Sign Language</a>, the official language for the deaf community. About 30,000 deaf people (0.29%) use the language.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The first teacher of <a href="/wiki/Deaf-mute" title="Deaf-mute">deaf-mutes</a> in France was <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portuguese-Jew</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rodrigues_Pereira" title="Jacob Rodrigues Pereira">Jacob Rodrigues Pereira</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_minorities">Ethnic minorities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnic minorities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration to Portugal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Racism in Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Romani people in Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeiras_Imigrantes_Seixal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bandeiras_Imigrantes_Seixal.jpg/249px-Bandeiras_Imigrantes_Seixal.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bandeiras_Imigrantes_Seixal.jpg/374px-Bandeiras_Imigrantes_Seixal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bandeiras_Imigrantes_Seixal.jpg/498px-Bandeiras_Imigrantes_Seixal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Flags of the countries of origin of the main immigrant communities in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Seixal" title="Seixal">Seixal</a></figcaption></figure> People from Portugal's former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">colonies</a>, particularly Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese Africa</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Retornados" class="mw-redirect" title="Retornados">Afro-Portuguese</a>), <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a>, have been migrating to Portugal since the 1900s. Many <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavs</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (now one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">ethnic minorities</a>)<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_diaspora" title="Moldovan diaspora">Moldovans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, have been migrating to Portugal since the late 20th century. A wave of Ukrainians arrived in Portugal after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, approximately 60,000, making them the second largest migrant community after Brazilians.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> A Chinese minority of <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> origin as well as of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Chinese mainlanders</a> are present. Other relevant <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian communities</a> include <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Portugal" title="Indians in Portugal">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Portugal" title="Nepalis in Portugal">Nepalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Bangladesh–Portugal relations">Bangladeshis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Diaspora">Pakistanis</a> while, dealing with <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans" title="Venezuelans">Venezuelans</a> – numbering about 27,700 – are present.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> A small minority of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people#Portugal" title="Romani people">Romani</a> live–about 52,000.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Portugal is home to other EU and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a> nationals (French, Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Spaniards). The UK and France represented the largest senior resident communities as of 2019. They are part of a larger expatriate community including <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Officially registered foreigners amount to 7% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-:9-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">place of birth or citizenship at birth</a>, were Portuguese citizens. Some 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> and 5,000–6,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Jews</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Belmonte_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmonte Jews">Belmonte Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Flag maps<a href="#cite_note-226">[a]</a> for each <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Portugal" title="Districts of Portugal">Portuguese district</a> as of January 2022<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Largest immigrant population by district. Brazilians plus Venezuelans in Madeira, Britons in Algarve and Indians in Beja"><img alt="Largest immigrant population by district. Brazilians plus Venezuelans in Madeira, Britons in Algarve and Indians in Beja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1st_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.png/140px-1st_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1st_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.png/210px-1st_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1st_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.png/280px-1st_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="796" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Largest immigrant population by district. Brazilians plus <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans" title="Venezuelans">Venezuelans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> and Indians in <a href="/wiki/Beja_District" title="Beja District">Beja</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2nd_nationality_PT_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second largest. Cape Verdeans in Lisbon Area, Italians in Porto with Britons and Romanians in the interior."><img alt="Second largest. Cape Verdeans in Lisbon Area, Italians in Porto with Britons and Romanians in the interior." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2nd_nationality_PT_2022.svg/140px-2nd_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2nd_nationality_PT_2022.svg/210px-2nd_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2nd_nationality_PT_2022.svg/280px-2nd_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Second largest. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans" title="Cape Verdeans">Cape Verdeans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_metropolitan_area" title="Lisbon metropolitan area">Lisbon Area</a>, Italians in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> with <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> in the interior.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_nationality_PT_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Third largest. US-citizens in the Azores, Chinese in the north, Africans in Lisbon metropolitan area."><img alt="Third largest. US-citizens in the Azores, Chinese in the north, Africans in Lisbon metropolitan area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/3rd_nationality_PT_2022.svg/140px-3rd_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/3rd_nationality_PT_2022.svg/210px-3rd_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/3rd_nationality_PT_2022.svg/280px-3rd_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Third largest. <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">US-citizens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, Chinese in the north, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Africans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_metropolitan_area" title="Lisbon metropolitan area">Lisbon metropolitan area</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fourth largest. Angolans and Eastern Europeans (such as Ukrainians in Santarém) present nationwide"><img alt="Fourth largest. Angolans and Eastern Europeans (such as Ukrainians in Santarém) present nationwide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/4th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg/140px-4th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/4th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg/210px-4th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/4th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg/280px-4th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fourth largest. <a href="/wiki/Angolans_in_Portugal" title="Angolans in Portugal">Angolans</a> and Eastern Europeans (such as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m_District" title="Santarém District">Santarém</a>) present nationwide</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 260px;"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fifth largest. Chinese near the Spanish border and Europeans along the coast."><img alt="Fifth largest. Chinese near the Spanish border and Europeans along the coast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/5th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg/140px-5th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/5th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg/210px-5th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/5th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg/280px-5th_foreign_nationality_PT_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fifth largest. Chinese near the <a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Portugal–Spain border">Spanish border</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> along the coast.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surnames">Surnames</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Surnames">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a></div> A Portuguese surname is typically composed of a variable number of <a href="/wiki/Family_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Family names">family names</a> (rarely one, often two or three or more). The first additional names are usually the mother's surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the final surname (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name#The_particle_'de'" title="Portuguese name">excluding prepositions</a>) is used in greetings. Portugal's adaptable naming system complies with the country's legal framework. The law mandates that a child must be given at least one personal name and one surname from a parent. The limit is two personal names and four surnames.<a href="#cite_note-irn_nome-228">[227]</a> In pre-Roman times, inhabitants had either a single name or a name followed by a patronym, which reflected their ethnicity or their tribe/region. These names could be <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Conii" class="mw-redirect" title="Conii">Conii</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman onomastic</a> system began to slowly gain popularity after the first century AD. This system involved adopting a Roman name (tria nomina), which consisted of a praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile), and <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a>. Today, most Portuguese surnames have a Germanic patronymic (such as <a href="/wiki/Henriques_(surname)" title="Henriques (surname)">Henriques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pires" title="Pires">Pires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_(surname)" title="Rodrigues (surname)">Rodrigues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lopes" title="Lopes">Lopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunes" title="Nunes">Nunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernandes" title="Fernandes">Fernandes</a> etc. where the ending -es means "son of"), locative (<a href="/wiki/Gouveia,_Portugal" title="Gouveia, Portugal">Gouveia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima_River" title="Lima River">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maia,_Portugal" title="Maia, Portugal">Maia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mascarenhas_(surname)" title="Mascarenhas (surname)">Mascarenhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpa" title="Serpa">Serpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montes_(surname)" title="Montes (surname)">Montes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fonseca_(surname)" title="Fonseca (surname)">Fonseca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barroso_(surname)" title="Barroso (surname)">Barroso</a>), religious origin (<a href="/wiki/Cruz" title="Cruz">Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reis_(surname)" title="Reis (surname)">Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Jesus" title="De Jesus">De Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moys%C3%A9s" title="Moysés">Moysés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nascimento_(surname)" title="Nascimento (surname)">Nascimento</a>), occupational (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpinteiro_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpinteiro (surname) (page does not exist)">Carpinteiro</a> (carpenter), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malheiro_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malheiro (surname) (page does not exist)">Malheiro</a> (wool-maker, thresher), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardineiro_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardineiro (surname) (page does not exist)">Jardineiro</a> (gardener), or derived from physical appearance (<a href="/wiki/Branco_(surname)" title="Branco (surname)">Branco</a> (white), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigueiro_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigueiro (surname) (page does not exist)">Trigueiro</a> (brown, tanned), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loura%C3%A7o_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louraço (surname) (page does not exist)">Louraço</a> (blond). Toponymic, locative, and religion-derived surnames are often preceded by the preposition 'of' in its varying forms: (De, de), (Do, do- masculine), (Da, da- feminine) or 'of the' (dos, Dos, das, Das – plural) such as De Carvalho, Da Silva, de Gouveia, Da Costa, da Maia, do Nascimento, dos Santos, das Mercês. If the preposition is followed by a vowel, sometimes apostrophes are used in surnames (or stage names) such as D'Oliveira, d'Abranches, d'Eça. In some previous Asian colonies (India, Malaysia, East Timor) alternative spellings are used such as 'D'Souza, Desouza, De Cunha, Ferrao, Dessais, Balsemao, Conceicao, Gurjao, Mathias, Thomaz. The majority of Portuguese have multiple surnames. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Most Common Surnames<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Surname </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Individuals (000) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silva" title="Silva">Silva</a> </td> <td>9.44% </td> <td>999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santos_(surname)" title="Santos (surname)">Santos</a> </td> <td>5.96% </td> <td>628 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferreira_(surname)" title="Ferreira (surname)">Ferreira</a> </td> <td>5.25% </td> <td>553 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pereira_(surname)" title="Pereira (surname)">Pereira</a> </td> <td>4.88% </td> <td>514 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oliveira_(surname)" title="Oliveira (surname)">Oliveira</a> </td> <td>3.71% </td> <td>391 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_(surname)" title="Costa (surname)">Costa</a> </td> <td>3.68% </td> <td>387 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_(surname)" title="Rodrigues (surname)">Rodrigues</a> </td> <td>3.57% </td> <td>376 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martins_(surname)" title="Martins (surname)">Martins</a> </td> <td>3.23% </td> <td>340 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Jesus" title="De Jesus">Jesus</a> </td> <td>2.99% </td> <td>315 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sousa_(surname)" title="Sousa (surname)">Sousa</a> </td> <td>2.95% </td> <td>311 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fernandes" title="Fernandes">Fernandes</a> </td> <td>2.82% </td> <td>297 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Gonçalves">Gonçalves</a> </td> <td>2.76% </td> <td>291 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gomes" title="Gomes">Gomes</a> </td> <td>2.57% </td> <td>271 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lopes" title="Lopes">Lopes</a> </td> <td>2.52% </td> <td>265 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marques_(surname)" title="Marques (surname)">Marques</a> </td> <td>2.51% </td> <td>265 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alves" title="Alves">Alves</a> </td> <td>2.37% </td> <td>250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Almeida_(surname)" title="Almeida (surname)">Almeida</a> </td> <td>2.27% </td> <td>239 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ribeiro" title="Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a> </td> <td>2.27% </td> <td>239 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinto" title="Pinto">Pinto</a> </td> <td>2.09% </td> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carvalho" title="Carvalho">Carvalho</a> </td> <td>1.97% </td> <td>208 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teixeira" title="Teixeira">Teixeira</a> </td> <td>1.69% </td> <td>178 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moreira_(name)" title="Moreira (name)">Moreira</a> </td> <td>1.54% </td> <td>162 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Correia" title="Correia">Correia</a> </td> <td>1.53% </td> <td>161 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendes_(name)" title="Mendes (name)">Mendes</a> </td> <td>1.39% </td> <td>146 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunes" title="Nunes">Nunes</a> </td> <td>1.32% </td> <td>139 </td></tr></tbody></table> Note: Percentages total > 100 because of individuals with multiple surnames. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:V_d_Serpenti_3_-_propriet%C3%A0_di_s_Antonio_dei_Portoghesi_P1140807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/V_d_Serpenti_3_-_propriet%C3%A0_di_s_Antonio_dei_Portoghesi_P1140807.jpg/200px-V_d_Serpenti_3_-_propriet%C3%A0_di_s_Antonio_dei_Portoghesi_P1140807.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/V_d_Serpenti_3_-_propriet%C3%A0_di_s_Antonio_dei_Portoghesi_P1140807.jpg/300px-V_d_Serpenti_3_-_propriet%C3%A0_di_s_Antonio_dei_Portoghesi_P1140807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/V_d_Serpenti_3_-_propriet%C3%A0_di_s_Antonio_dei_Portoghesi_P1140807.jpg/400px-V_d_Serpenti_3_-_propriet%C3%A0_di_s_Antonio_dei_Portoghesi_P1140807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Bangkok_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Santa_Cruz_Bangkok_2.jpg/200px-Santa_Cruz_Bangkok_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Santa_Cruz_Bangkok_2.jpg/300px-Santa_Cruz_Bangkok_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Santa_Cruz_Bangkok_2.jpg/400px-Santa_Cruz_Bangkok_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1719" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_heraldry" title="Portuguese heraldry">coat of arms</a> and sign – commending the property and hospital to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Lisbon</a> – outside the Church of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_dei_Portoghesi" title="Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi">Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi</a>, Rome; the Portuguese presence in Europe outside of Portugal, has had many reasons such as economic, cultural and religious (up). <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Church,_Bangkok" title="Santa Cruz Church, Bangkok">Santa Cruz Church</a>, Thon Buri District, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Constructed by Portuguese monks in the 18th Century (down)</div></div></div></div></div>Portugal was traditionally a land of emigration: according to estimates, more than one hundred million people could have recognizable Portuguese ancestors, with Portuguese diasporas found in diverse regions in all <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>. However, poor sources for statistics dating hundreds of years ago complicate any estimates.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">colonial expansion</a> encouraged worldwide emigration to South Asia, the Americas, Macau, <a href="/wiki/East-Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East-Timor">East-Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> and Africa, particularly to former colonies (see <a href="/wiki/Luso-Africans" title="Luso-Africans">Luso-Africans</a>). Portuguese emigration contributed to the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Atlantic islands</a>, Brazil (where the majority of the population is of Portuguese descent), Goa <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Catholic Goans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Portuguese Burghers</a> in Sri Lanka, in Malacca the <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a> and in Macau the <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macaense</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, which lasted nearly 600 years, ended when <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">returned</a> to <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> in 1999. During the period, millions left Portugal. Inter-ethnic marriage and cultural influences, produced <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">dialects based on Portuguese</a> in the former colonies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Forro_Creole" title="Forro Creole">Forro</a>) and in other countries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamentu</a>). In addition, a considerable segment of the diaspora is due to recent mass emigration, mainly for economic reasons. Between 1886 and 1966 Portugal had more emigrants than any Western European country save Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> Nearly two million left to live mainly in Brazil, but also significant numbers settled in the US, Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> By 1989 some 4,000,000 Portuguese citizens were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, and the US.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Estimates from 2021 are that as much as 5 million Portuguese citizens (not descendants or citizens registered within the Portuguese consular authorities) may be living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> Within Europe, many Portuguese live in <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Francophone</a> countries like France, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and Switzerland, spurred in part by the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">linguistic proximity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and French. In fact, according to data from the General Directorate of Consular Affairs and Portuguese Communities of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the countries with the largest Portuguese communities are, in ascending order, France, the UK and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardi_Jews">Sephardi Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sephardi Jews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_(Roque_Gameiro,_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal,_1917).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/220px-A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/330px-A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/440px-A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>"The Banishment of the Jews", by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Roque_Gameiro" title="Alfredo Roque Gameiro">Alfredo Roque Gameiro</a>, in Quadros da História de Portugal ("Pictures of the History of Portugal", 1917)</figcaption></figure> Descendants of Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> established many communities around the world, including in significant numbers in Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the United States, France, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expulsion">Expulsion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Expulsion">edit</a>]</div> The Portuguese Jewish diaspora was mainly a result of the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">expulsion decree</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> issued in 1496 by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese monarchy</a>, which targeted Portuguese-Jews. This decree forced many Jews to either <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">convert</a> to Christianity (leading to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">Cristão-novos</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> practices) or to leave, leading Portuguese Jews to settle throughout Europe and Brazil. In Brazil<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> many of the early colonists were originally Sephardi Jews who, following their conversion, were known as <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a>).<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emigration">Emigration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Emigration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsao_judeus_Olival_(Porto).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Expulsao_judeus_Olival_%28Porto%29.JPG/200px-Expulsao_judeus_Olival_%28Porto%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Expulsao_judeus_Olival_%28Porto%29.JPG/300px-Expulsao_judeus_Olival_%28Porto%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Expulsao_judeus_Olival_%28Porto%29.JPG/401px-Expulsao_judeus_Olival_%28Porto%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>In memoriam of the expulsion of the Jews from <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>.</figcaption></figure>Up to 10,000 Portuguese-Jews might have migrated to France from 1497; this phenomenon remained noticeable until the 1600s, when the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> became a favorite choice.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-248">[247]</a> The Netherlands and England became top destinations for these emigrants because those places had no <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. Adding to the economical and cultural aspects of their host countries,<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> Portuguese-Jews established institutions that continue, such as the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Esnoga</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Shearith_Israel" title="Congregation Shearith Israel">Congregation Shearith Israel</a> (America's oldest Jewish congregation), <a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a> (the UK's oldest synagogue) – the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue_of_Montreal" title="Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal">Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal</a> – (Canada's oldest synagogue) – , <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai Hospital, New York">Mount Sinai</a> Hospital, <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Booksellers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Lopes_Cardozo" title="Nathan Lopes Cardozo">David Cardozo Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Smaller communities thrived in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Italy,<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> and Germany, especially in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Aboab_Cardoso" title="Elijah Aboab Cardoso">Elijah Aboab Cardoso</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_d%27Acosta" title="Joan d'Acosta">Joan d'Acosta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Aboab" title="Samuel Aboab">Samuel ben Abraham Aboab</a>).<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Portuguese-Jews were responsible for the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamentu</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> (a 300,000 strong<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole</a> now the official language in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>) and of <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a>, a Portuguese-influenced, English-based creole by spoken by more than 500,000 in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shoah">Shoah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shoah">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Shoah</a>, nearly 4,000 Jews of Portuguese descent residing in the Netherlands lost their lives, making up the largest group of casualties with a Portuguese background.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> Among famous Portuguese-Jewish victims of the Shoah is painter <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Lopes_Le%C3%A3o_de_Laguna" title="Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna">Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna</a>. Although officially <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral</a>, the Portuguese regime at that time, <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a>, aligned with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Germany's ideology</a> and failed to protect its citizens and other Jewish people living overseas.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Despite the lack of support by the Portuguese authorities, Jews of both Portuguese<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> and other descent were saved thanks to individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Sampaio_Garrido" title="Carlos Sampaio Garrido">Carlos Sampaio Garrido</a>, Joaquim Carreira, José Brito Mendes and <a href="/wiki/Aristides_de_Sousa_Mendes" title="Aristides de Sousa Mendes">Aristides de Sousa Mendes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> who alone helped 34,000 Jews <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century">edit</a>]</div> Over 500 years after the expulsion decree, in 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portuguese parliament</a> officially acknowledged that the expulsion of its citizens of Jewish descent was wrong. The government then passed a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">Law of Return</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> that aimed to address the wrongs of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>. The law grants citizenship to any descendants of those persecuted Jews able to confirm their Sephardic Jewish ancestry and a "connection" to Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Thereafter, more than 140,000 people of Sephardic descent, from 60 countries (mostly Israel and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) applied for <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_passport" title="Portuguese passport">Portuguese citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Thereafter, foreigners with no legitimate links were granted Portuguese and thus EU citizenship, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a>. Such abuse prompted the judiciary to review the law.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> Notable people of Portuguese-Jewish descent include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatus_Lusitanus" title="Amatus Lusitanus">Amatus Lusitanus</a> (1511–1568): Jewish physician said to have discovered the <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">azygos vein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracia_Mendes_Nasi" title="Gracia Mendes Nasi">Gracia Mendes Nasi</a> (1510–1569): Philanthropist and one of the wealthiest Jewish women of Renaissance Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Duarte" title="Leonora Duarte">Leonora Duarte</a> (1610–1678): a <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> composer and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> (1632–1677): Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_da_Costa" title="Catherine da Costa">Catherine da Costa</a> (1679–1756): English miniaturist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> (1772–1823): a British <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehuel_Lobatto" title="Rehuel Lobatto">Rehuel Lobatto</a> (1797–1866): Dutch mathematician whose notable contributions include <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_quadrature" title="Gaussian quadrature">Gauss-Lobatto quadrature method</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polynomials" title="Orthogonal polynomials">Lobatto polynomials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_da_Costa" title="Isaac da Costa">Isaäc da Costa</a> (1798–1860): a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Jewish</a> poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereire_brothers" title="Pereire brothers">Pereire brothers</a> (19th century): major figures in the development of France's finance and infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sarphati" title="Samuel Sarphati">Samuel Sarphati</a> (1813–1866): Dutch physician and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">city planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Nunes_Carvalho" title="Solomon Nunes Carvalho">Solomon Nunes Carvalho</a> (1815–1897): American painter, photographer, author and <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Aguilar" title="Grace Aguilar">Grace Aguilar</a> (1816–1847): English novelist, poet and writer on Jewish history and religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a> (1830–1903): a Danish-French <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Impressionist">Neo-Impressionist</a> painter considered the "dean of the Impressionist painters"<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis_Cardozo" title="Francis Lewis Cardozo">Francis Lewis Cardozo</a> (1836–1903): American clergyman, politician, and educator. When elected in South Carolina as Secretary of State in 1868, he was the first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> to hold a statewide office in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Nathan" title="Maud Nathan">Maud Nathan</a> (1862–1946): American social worker, labor activist and women's <a href="/wiki/Suffragist" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragist">suffragist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federigo_Enriques" title="Federigo Enriques">Federigo Enriques</a> (1871–1946): Italian mathematician, now known principally as the first to give a <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_algebraic_surfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of algebraic surfaces">classification of algebraic surfaces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birational_geometry" title="Birational geometry">birational geometry</a>, and other contributions in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieda_Belinfante" title="Frieda Belinfante">Frieda Belinfante</a> (1904–1995): Dutch cellist, philharmonic conductor, a prominent lesbian, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pereira" title="William Pereira">William Leonard Pereira</a> (1909–1985): American architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Abraham Pais</a> (1918–2000): Dutch-American physicist and <a href="/wiki/Science_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Science historian">science historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Benson_Craig" title="Louisa Benson Craig">Louisa Benson Craig</a> (1941–2010): Burmese-born two-time beauty pageant winner and <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a> rebel leader of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portuguese-Jewish descent</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Portugheis" title="Alberto Portugheis">Alberto Portugheis</a> (1941): Argentine pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Cymerman" title="Henrique Cymerman">Henrique Cymerman</a> (1959): Israeli journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shon_Weissman" title="Shon Weissman">Shon Weissman</a> (1996): Israeli <a href="/wiki/Football_player" title="Football player">footballer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas_outside_of_Brazil">Americas outside of Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Americas outside of Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-American_neighborhoods" title="Portuguese-American neighborhoods">Portuguese-American neighborhoods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodo_de_Leite_Parade_in_East_Providence,_Rhode_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bodo_de_Leite_Parade_in_East_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/220px-Bodo_de_Leite_Parade_in_East_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bodo_de_Leite_Parade_in_East_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/330px-Bodo_de_Leite_Parade_in_East_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bodo_de_Leite_Parade_in_East_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/440px-Bodo_de_Leite_Parade_in_East_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>Bodo de Leite parade in <a href="/wiki/East_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Providence, Rhode Island">East Providence, Rhode Island</a></figcaption></figure> The US established bilateral relations with Portugal when Portugal became the first <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a> to acknowledge the United States.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> Despite Portugal never attempting to colonize any territory that became part of the US, navigators such as <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_Cabrilho" class="mw-redirect" title="João Rodrigues Cabrilho">João Rodrigues Cabrilho</a> are among its earliest documented European explorers. <a href="/wiki/Dighton_Rock" title="Dighton Rock">Dighton Rock</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a>, is a marker of early Portuguese presence.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathias_de_Sousa" title="Mathias de Sousa">Mathias de Sousa</a>, who was potentially a Sephardic Jew of mixed African background, is believed to be the first documented Portuguese resident of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Another Portuguese Jew, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Touro" title="Isaac Touro">Isaac Touro</a>, is commemorated in the name of the US' oldest synagogue, the <a href="/wiki/Touro_Synagogue" title="Touro Synagogue">Touro Synagogue</a>. Portuguese started to settle in significant numbers only in the 19th century, with major migration waves occurring in the first half of the 20th century, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Of the 1,4 million Portuguese Americans found in the US (0.4% of its <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">population</a>) the majority are originally from the Azores. The arrival of Azorean emigrants was easier because of geographic proximity and was encouraged by the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958, sponsored by then-Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Pastore" title="John Pastore">John Pastore</a> to help the population affected by the 1957–58, the <a href="/wiki/Capelinhos" title="Capelinhos">Capelinhos</a> volcano eruption.<a href="#cite_note-LOCpage6-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Moreover, the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration Act</a> stated that if someone had legal or American relatives in the US who would serve as a sponsor, they could obtain the status of <a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">legal aliens</a>. This act dramatically increased Portuguese immigration in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:03-290">[289]</a> Major Portuguese communities arose in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (particularly in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lusophone_Americans_in_Newark,_New_Jersey" title="History of Lusophone Americans in Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>), the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> states, California and along the Gulf Coast (Louisiana). <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a> once hosted the largest Portuguese community in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Springfield_Railroads_Improvement_Project-291">[290]</a> In the Pacific, Hawaii (see <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Portuguese immigration to Hawaii">Portuguese immigration to Hawaii</a>) sports a sizable Portuguese population, encouraged by the availability of labor contracts 150 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:12-292">[291]</a> Elements of <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian cuisine</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Malassada" title="Malassada">malasadas</a>, originate from Portuguese immigrants to Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese Canadians</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/200px-AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/300px-AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/400px-AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="968" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugueses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Portugueses.jpg/200px-Portugueses.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Portugueses.jpg/300px-Portugueses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Portugueses.jpg/400px-Portugueses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3885" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Explorer <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a> commemorative monument surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Portuguese pavement</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> (up) and <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejos</a>, sign and frame about Portuguese immigration inside a <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway_and_RT" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto subway and RT">subway station</a> in Toronto (down), both in Canada</div></div></div></div></div> Canada, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Quebec and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, developed a significant Portuguese community since the 1940s. The availability of more <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">job opportunities in Canada</a> attracted Portuguese migrants, leading to Portuguese culture to flourish. Many Portuguese residents took the initiative to purchase homes and establish businesses. According to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016 Census</a>, 482,610, or 1.4% of Canadians claimed Portuguese ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-stats-294">[293]</a> Two major neighbourhoods where Portuguese are notable include the Little Portugals in <a href="/wiki/Little_Portugal,_Toronto" title="Little Portugal, Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Portugal,_Montreal" title="Little Portugal, Montreal">Montréal</a>. Montréal's Little Portugal, known as "Petit Portugal" in French, hosts Portuguese shops, restaurants, and cafes, and is also home to "Parc du Portugal" (Portugal's park), featuring vibrant murals and elements inspired by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_art" title="Portuguese art">Portuguese design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> is spoken by over 330,000 Canadians, making up around 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Significant testimonies of the Portuguese presence in Canada include the name of one of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">10 provinces of Canada</a>: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VII">King Henry VII</a> coined the name "New found land" for the territory explored by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, the land is known as Terra Nova, which translates to "new land," and is also referred to as Terre-Neuve in French, the name for the province's island region. The name Terra Nova is commonly used on the island, including in the name of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_National_Park" title="Terra Nova National Park">Terra Nova National Park</a>. The influence of early Portuguese exploration is also evident in the name of Labrador, which is derived from the surname of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)#Chronology_of_the_Portuguese_discoveries" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese navigator</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> Other remnants of early Portuguese exploration include toponyms such as <a href="/wiki/Baccalieu_Island" title="Baccalieu Island">Baccalieu</a> (from bacalhau, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">codfish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Cove%E2%80%93St._Philip%27s" title="Portugal Cove–St. Philip's">Portugal Cove</a>. Portuguese cartographer <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ribeiro" title="Diogo Ribeiro">Diogo Ribeiro</a> is responsible for one of the earliest maps depicting the territory of modern-day Canada.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> The first Portuguese who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> were merchants or Portuguese-Jews fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> Migrants from the 1830s came as indentured labourers, especially from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>. The 19th century migration coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition of slavery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British colonies</a>. As a result, the Portuguese, along with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbeans">Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbeans">Chinese</a>, arrived to replace the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labor</a>. The Portuguese took a prominent part in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Caribbean">population of the West Indies</a>. Their descendants form an active minority in many countries. As part of a larger system of low-wage labour, about 2,500 Portuguese left for <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> (where, more than 1,000 people still speak the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">language</a>),<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guyanese" title="Portuguese Guyanese">30,000 to Guyana</a> (4.3% of the population in 1891)<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian">another 2,000 settled</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> between the mid-1800s and the mid-1900s.<a href="#cite_note-:8-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> Portuguese culture survives in the enterprises established by community members. In 2016 <a href="/wiki/Eugene_F._Correia_International_Airport" title="Eugene F. Correia International Airport">the second international airport</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Guyana" title="List of airports in Guyana">the country</a> was renamed after a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guyanese" title="Portuguese Guyanese">Portuguese Guyanese</a> individual.<a href="#cite_note-:8-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fishermen</a>, farmers and <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured labourers</a> inhabited other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (about 5,700 people, primarily of Portuguese-Jewish descent),<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (0.7% of the population),<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Surinamese" title="Portuguese Surinamese">Suriname</a>, whose first capital, <a href="/wiki/Torarica" title="Torarica">Torarica</a> (literally "rich <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>), was established by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Portuguese-Jewish</a> settlers. Minor communities exist in <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> About 4,000 Portuguese people live in the Caribbean territories of Overseas France, especially in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a> (where they constitute about a third of the population), <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-320">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> Portuguese heritage lives on in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>. In the three territories, the official language, <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamentu</a>, includes numerous Portuguese elements. The North Atlantic archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> (10%<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> to 25%<a href="#cite_note-:6-324">[323]</a> of the population) experienced sustained immigration especially from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, as well as from Madeira and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde Islands</a> since the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> Portuguese communities are also present in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> Notable members of the community include activist <a href="/wiki/Ada_Bello" title="Ada Bello">Ada Bello</a>, businesswoman <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Victoria_Yeb" title="Alexis Victoria Yeb">Alexis Victoria Yeb</a>, former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Nicaragua" title="First Lady of Nicaragua">Nicaraguan First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Lila_T._Abaunza" title="Lila T. Abaunza">Lila Teresita Abaunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felipa_Col%C3%B3n_de_Toledo,_2nd_Duchess_of_Veragua" title="Felipa Colón de Toledo, 2nd Duchess of Veragua">Felipa Colón de Toledo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America_(excluding_Brazil)">Latin America (excluding Brazil)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Latin America (excluding Brazil)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charrer%C3%ADa_en_Tequixquiac_(18).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Charrer%C3%ADa_en_Tequixquiac_%2818%29.JPG/220px-Charrer%C3%ADa_en_Tequixquiac_%2818%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Charrer%C3%ADa_en_Tequixquiac_%2818%29.JPG/330px-Charrer%C3%ADa_en_Tequixquiac_%2818%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Charrer%C3%ADa_en_Tequixquiac_%2818%29.JPG/440px-Charrer%C3%ADa_en_Tequixquiac_%2818%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="2076" /></a><figcaption>Forcados are a Portuguese tradition in <a href="/wiki/Tequixquiac" title="Tequixquiac">Tequixquiac</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexicans" title="Portuguese Mexicans">Mexico</a> had flows of Portuguese immigration from the colonial period through the early 20th century, most importantly in northeastern cities<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durango_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango City">Durango</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n" title="Torreón">Torreon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Tequixquiac" title="Santiago Tequixquiac">Santiago Tequixquiac</a>, due to its lime and stone mining deposits, was a place of settlement for Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> during the colonial period. They were brought there together with the <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcalans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">peninsular Spaniards</a> to appease the <a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi indigenous</a> people in that town. Many Lusitanian cultural traits were preserved through the 19th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Forcado" title="Forcado">forcados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">gastronomy</a>, some Sephardic customs and its inhabitants' surnames. <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a> is a Portuguese tradition that continues in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> A notable Portuguese-Mexican Jew was <a href="/wiki/Francisca_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Carabajal" title="Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal">Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal</a>, executed by burning at the stake by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Inquisition</a> for <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">judaizing</a> in 1596. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Venezuelans" title="Portuguese Venezuelans">Venezuela has the most Portuguese people</a> in Latin America after Brazil. Portuguese started arriving to Venezuela in the early and middle 20th century as economic immigrants, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jn.pt-329">[328]</a> Some 1.3 million people (4.61%) are of Portuguese descent.<a href="#cite_note-jn.pt-329">[328]</a> Migration occurred mainly in the 1940s and 1950s. The extensive Luso-Venezuelan community includes personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Gabriela_de_Far%C3%ADa" title="María Gabriela de Faría">María Gabriela de Faría</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_de_Sousa" title="Marjorie de Sousa">Marjorie de Sousa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Vanessa Gonçalves">Vanessa Gonçalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Dos_Ramos" title="Kimberly Dos Ramos">Kimberly Dos Ramos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Laura Gonçalves">Laura Gonçalves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> did not welcome mass Portuguese immigration. Although Portuguese may have explored the area, they did not establish communities there. Colombia became a Spanish colony, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>. The Portuguese embassy in Bogota estimated that around 800 Portuguese nationals live there. The number with Portuguese ancestry is not known, but they left little mark on the culture, except for some surnames.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colômbia_atrai_cidadãos_portugueses-331">[330]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, a modest migration began at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. Sailors who traveled along the Peruvian coast, and later entered the country from the Atlantic via the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> settled there. Records of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians" title="Portuguese Brazilians">Luso-Brazilians</a> survive in the cities surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Peru_border" title="Brazil–Peru border">Brazil-Peru border</a>. Portuguese citizens in Peru number about 2,000,<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> Peruvians with Portuguese ancestry could approach 1 million, including direct and indirect descendants, or about 3% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> A famous Peruvian of Portuguese descent is popular TV presenter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_Barboza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet Barboza (page does not exist)">Janet Barboza</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Barboza" class="extiw" title="es:Janet Barboza">es</a>]. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg/188px-PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg/282px-PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg/376px-PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a> depicting the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">Unesco World Heritage Site</a>, Portuguese Museum</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Cono Sur</a> region had Portuguese immigration beginning in the early 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Argentine">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Argentine">Cape Verdean</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Uruguayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Uruguayan">Uruguay</a> and Chile numbers around 255,000 people combined<a href="#cite_note-:10-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-336">[335]</a> (0.37% of the region's population). Portuguese Uruguayans are mainly of <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azorean</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> Portuguese presence in the country dates to colonial times, in particular to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a> by the Portuguese in 1680,<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> which eventually turned into a regional <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> center. Other Portuguese entered Uruguay from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians" title="Portuguese Brazilians">Brazil</a>. During the second half of the 19th century and part of the 20th, several additional Portuguese immigrants arrived; the last wave came during 1930–1965.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> As of 2021, 3,069<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> Portuguese citizens had registered as residing in Uruguay. Many luso-descendants also reside there, but numbers are lacking.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-334">[333]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugueseobera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portugueseobera.JPG/220px-Portugueseobera.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portugueseobera.JPG/330px-Portugueseobera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portugueseobera.JPG/440px-Portugueseobera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese community in <a href="/wiki/Ober%C3%A1" title="Oberá">Oberá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Province" title="Misiones Province">Misiones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Argentina–Portugal relations">Argentina-Portugal relations</a> date back to the early explorers, as the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (literally, silver river) was first explored by the Portuguese in the 1510s. In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Portuguese immigration remained limited due to a preference for Brazil. However, the Portuguese constituted the second-largest immigrant group after the Spanish before <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Argentine Declaration of Independence">1816</a> and continued to arrive throughout the 19th century. While a significant number settled in the interior, the primary destination was <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. Many men from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, and coastal regions of Portugal, predominantly in maritime professions, were already present. During the 1970s, they began to organize ethnically, and community life developed.<a href="#cite_note-monographyar-343">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olova-344">[343]</a> A popular member of the Portuguese community in Argentina was best-selling author <a href="/wiki/Silvina_Bullrich" title="Silvina Bullrich">Silvina Bullrich</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans">Portuguese Africans</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-05-06_Empfang_Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca-1190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2019-05-06_Empfang_Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca-1190.jpg/180px-2019-05-06_Empfang_Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca-1190.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2019-05-06_Empfang_Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca-1190.jpg/270px-2019-05-06_Empfang_Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca-1190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2019-05-06_Empfang_Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca-1190.jpg/360px-2019-05-06_Empfang_Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca-1190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verdian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Carlos_Fonseca" title="Jorge Carlos Fonseca">Jorge Carlos Fonseca</a></figcaption></figure>In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged migration to <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and by the 1970s, up to 1 million Portuguese settlers were living in Portugal's overseas African provinces.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> Minor communities settled in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guineans" title="Portuguese Guineans">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Demographics of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cape_Verde" title="Demographics of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, Portuguese influences continue there: Portuguese enjoys the status of <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese emigrated from the former colonies.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> Returnees to Portugal are often referred as <a href="/wiki/Retornados" class="mw-redirect" title="Retornados">Retornados</a> (literally, those who came back). Some Portuguese moved to South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> In particular, South Africa hosts the largest Portuguese community in the continent, numbering about 700,000 (more than Lisbon). Portuguese descendants make up a significant minority in the former colonies where, they make up the bulk of <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mestiços</a> (Mixed African-European people).<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_outside_of_Portugal">Europe outside of Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Europe outside of Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France,_Belgium,_Luxembourg,_Monaco,_Andorra_and_Switzerland">France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra and Switzerland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra and Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Belgium" title="Portuguese in Belgium">Portuguese in Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">Portuguese in France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Luxembourg" title="Portuguese in Luxembourg">Portuguese in Luxembourg</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Fook_Dancing_in_Kockelscheuer,_Luxembourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portuguese_Fook_Dancing_in_Kockelscheuer%2C_Luxembourg.jpg/200px-Portuguese_Fook_Dancing_in_Kockelscheuer%2C_Luxembourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portuguese_Fook_Dancing_in_Kockelscheuer%2C_Luxembourg.jpg/300px-Portuguese_Fook_Dancing_in_Kockelscheuer%2C_Luxembourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portuguese_Fook_Dancing_in_Kockelscheuer%2C_Luxembourg.jpg/400px-Portuguese_Fook_Dancing_in_Kockelscheuer%2C_Luxembourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese folk dancing in <a href="/wiki/Kockelscheuer" title="Kockelscheuer">Kockelscheuer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Avenue_des_Portugais,_Paris_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Plaque_Avenue_des_Portugais%2C_Paris_16.jpg/200px-Plaque_Avenue_des_Portugais%2C_Paris_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Plaque_Avenue_des_Portugais%2C_Paris_16.jpg/300px-Plaque_Avenue_des_Portugais%2C_Paris_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Plaque_Avenue_des_Portugais%2C_Paris_16.jpg/400px-Plaque_Avenue_des_Portugais%2C_Paris_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a> on the Portuguese.avenue (Avenue des Portugais) in Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_des_Portugais_de_Champigny-sur-Marne_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monument_des_Portugais_de_Champigny-sur-Marne_2.jpg/200px-Monument_des_Portugais_de_Champigny-sur-Marne_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monument_des_Portugais_de_Champigny-sur-Marne_2.jpg/300px-Monument_des_Portugais_de_Champigny-sur-Marne_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Monument_des_Portugais_de_Champigny-sur-Marne_2.jpg/400px-Monument_des_Portugais_de_Champigny-sur-Marne_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Champigny-sur-Marne" title="Champigny-sur-Marne">Champigny-sur-Marne</a> Portuguese monument (Monument des Portugais)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_rasca_-_Portuguese_in_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_rasca_-_Portuguese_in_Belgium.jpg/200px-Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_rasca_-_Portuguese_in_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_rasca_-_Portuguese_in_Belgium.jpg/300px-Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_rasca_-_Portuguese_in_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_rasca_-_Portuguese_in_Belgium.jpg/400px-Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_rasca_-_Portuguese_in_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese in front of their embassy in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_du_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_de_Gentilly_(92)_vue_de_la_cit%C3%A9_universitaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eglise_du_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_de_Gentilly_%2892%29_vue_de_la_cit%C3%A9_universitaire.jpg/200px-Eglise_du_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_de_Gentilly_%2892%29_vue_de_la_cit%C3%A9_universitaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eglise_du_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_de_Gentilly_%2892%29_vue_de_la_cit%C3%A9_universitaire.jpg/300px-Eglise_du_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_de_Gentilly_%2892%29_vue_de_la_cit%C3%A9_universitaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eglise_du_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_de_Gentilly_%2892%29_vue_de_la_cit%C3%A9_universitaire.jpg/400px-Eglise_du_Sacr%C3%A9_Coeur_de_Gentilly_%2892%29_vue_de_la_cit%C3%A9_universitaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese catholic church in <a href="/wiki/Gentilly,_Val-de-Marne" title="Gentilly, Val-de-Marne">Gentilly</a>, seen from the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Internationale_Universitaire_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris">Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_WWI_Memorial_(1324658430).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portuguese_WWI_Memorial_%281324658430%29.jpg/200px-Portuguese_WWI_Memorial_%281324658430%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portuguese_WWI_Memorial_%281324658430%29.jpg/301px-Portuguese_WWI_Memorial_%281324658430%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Portuguese_WWI_Memorial_%281324658430%29.jpg/400px-Portuguese_WWI_Memorial_%281324658430%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Military_Cemetery,_Richebourg" title="Portuguese Military Cemetery, Richebourg">Portuguese Military Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richebourg,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Richebourg, Pas-de-Calais">Richebourg</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Consulate_in_Geneva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Geneva.JPG/200px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Geneva.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Geneva.JPG/300px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Geneva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Geneva.JPG/400px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Geneva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Portuguese</a> consulate in Geneva</figcaption></figure> Due to the linguistic similarity between <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and the many <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">schools in Portugal</a> that promote <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_langue_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re" title="Français langue étrangère">French as foreign language</a>, many Portuguese nationals started migrating to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French-speaking part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in the 1960s, for economic reasons, and to avoid conscription to fight in Portuguese colonies. Interestingly, migration to <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> - where, although <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> is the official language, French is widely spoken - made the Portuguese the third largest ethnic group in the state, after <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andorra" title="Demographics of Andorra">Andorrans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> Around 15% of Portuguese people are fluent in French.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> French has been dwindling, often replaced by English. In 2005 French fluency stood at 24%.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> Nevertheless, 70% of middle school students study French.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> French media are widely available in Portugal (newspapers, magazines, <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_channels" title="Lists of television channels">TV channels</a>) and many <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> offer a French-language section. Portuguese migration to the more affluent French speaking countries in Europe continues, although at a lower rate. More than 2,260,000 Portuguese citizens live in these countries. In addition, France alone hosts 450,000 Luso-descendants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Records of Portuguese living in France date to the early centuries of the Portuguese kingdom, notably merchants, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Portuguese-Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> was of Portuguese descent through his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a>. Despite a centuries-long presence, Portuguese nationals only started to move to France in large numbers following World War 2.<a href="#cite_note-:110-364">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> From the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">Brazil's economic stagnation</a>, French efforts to attract Portuguese workers, and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">dictatorship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">colonial wars</a> were factors that contributed to 1,000,000 people migrating to France from 1960 to 1974.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-367">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-368">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-370">[369]</a> After 1974, Portuguese nationals started moving to Luxembourg and Monaco (1980s), Switzerland (1990s) and – Belgium and Andorra (2000s). This is also due to France's tightened immigration control.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Luxembourg" title="Portuguese in Luxembourg">Portuguese</a> constitute 23.4% of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>'s population, second to native <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a>. Andorra is inhabited by 16,300 Portuguese nationals (19.4% of the population)<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-375">[374]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> hosts around 1,000 (3.3% of the Population),<a href="#cite_note-:24-376">[375]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is home to around 80,000 (0.7% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-:3-377">[376]</a> In Switzerland, Portuguese settled mainly in <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a>. Official figures suggest that <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is spoken by 5% of the population at home and 10.1% in <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">French speaking Switzerland</a>, thus making Portuguese second only to French.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> Notable Portuguese Swiss include snooker player <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ursenbacher" title="Alexander Ursenbacher">Alexander Ursenbacher</a>, models <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mendes_(model)" title="Pedro Mendes (model)">Pedro Mendes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nomi_Fernandes" title="Nomi Fernandes">Nomi Fernandes</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Boon" title="Yaël Boon">Yaël Boon</a> and Olympic medalist <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Lambiel" title="Stéphane Lambiel">Stéphane Lambiel</a>. Notable Portuguese Belgians include – nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_the_Belgians" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians">Queen Elizabeth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a>, fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Veronique_Branquinho" title="Veronique Branquinho">Veronique Branquinho</a>, footballer <a href="/wiki/Yannick_Carrasco" title="Yannick Carrasco">Yannick Carrasco</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bertram" title="Rose Bertram">Rose Bertram</a>, sprinter <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacoor" title="Jonathan Sacoor">Jonathan Sacoor</a>, and actress <a href="/wiki/Helena_Noguerra" title="Helena Noguerra">Helena Noguerra</a>. Portuguese migration towards these countries has steadily declined over the years, although from 2003 to 2022 around 615,000 Portuguese nationals migrated there, especially following the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a>. As of 2021 around 40% had returned to Portugal, as the economic outlook improved.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Portuguese immigrants to Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland (2022 data for Belgium missing)<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">2003–2006 </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">2007–2010 </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">2011–2014 </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">2015–2018 </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">2019–2022 </th> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50,346 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">59,329 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">69,172 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40,438 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33,608 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">252,893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td style="text-align:center;">39,960 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33,708 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">68,216 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40,345 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28,967 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">211,196 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14,956 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16,605 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18,592 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16,723 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14,556 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">81,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7,694 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11,064 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14,693 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11,297 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9,029 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">53,777 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andorra </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7,167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,204 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,067 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">884 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td style="text-align:center;">120,123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">123,910 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">171,740 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">109,925 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">87,044 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">612,742 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Germany" title="Portuguese in Germany">Portuguese in Germany</a></div> After WWII hundreds of thousands of Portuguese settled as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">guest workers</a> in Western European countries. On 17 March 1964, the recruitment agreement between the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and Portugal was signed under the Erhard I cabinet. Armando Rodrigues de Sá was officially welcomed in 1964 as the millionth "guest worker" in Germany and was given a certificate and a two-seater Zündapp Sport Combinette – Mokick.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> The number of Portuguese citizens living in Germany was estimated at 245,000 as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> The largest Portuguese community is located in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> numbering about 25,000. A Portugiesenviertel (Portuguese quarter) in Hamburg sits near the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> and between the subway stations of <a href="/wiki/Landungsbr%C3%BCcken_station" title="Landungsbrücken station">Landungsbrücken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baumwall_station" title="Baumwall station">Baumwall</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom, people of Portuguese origin</a> were estimated at 400,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> Other sources claim as many as 500,000 Portuguese there,<a href="#cite_note-newswiretoday.com-385">[384]</a> considerably higher than the estimated 170,000 Portuguese-born people residing in the country in 2021<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> (excluding British-born people of Portuguese descent). In areas such as <a href="/wiki/Thetford" title="Thetford">Thetford</a> and the crown dependencies of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30%. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is home to the largest group of Portuguese in the UK, with the majority settling in the Western boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Kensington and Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-387">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians" title="Portuguese Brazilians">Portuguese Brazilians</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption>Portuguese emigration to Brazil from the beginning of colonization, in 1500 to Present </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="13" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;">Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="12" scope="row">Decade </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th scope="col">Nationality </th> <td>1500–1700 </td> <td>1701–1760 </td> <td>1808–1817 </td> <td>1827–1829 </td> <td>1837–1841 </td> <td>1856–1857 </td> <td>1881–1900 </td> <td>1901–1930 </td> <td>1931–1950 </td> <td>1951–1960 </td> <td>1961–1967 </td> <td>1981–1991 </td> <td>1991–2023 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Portuguese </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>600,000 </td> <td>24,000 </td> <td>2,004 </td> <td>629 </td> <td>16,108 </td> <td>316,204 </td> <td>754,147 </td> <td>148,699 </td> <td>235,635 </td> <td>54,767 </td> <td>4,605 </td> <td>400,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Colonial period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passaporte_portugu%C3%AAs_de_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Passaporte_portugu%C3%AAs_de_1927.jpg/220px-Passaporte_portugu%C3%AAs_de_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Passaporte_portugu%C3%AAs_de_1927.jpg/330px-Passaporte_portugu%C3%AAs_de_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Passaporte_portugu%C3%AAs_de_1927.jpg/440px-Passaporte_portugu%C3%AAs_de_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Passport of an immigrant from the <a href="/wiki/Braga_District" title="Braga District">Braga District</a> to Brazil</figcaption></figure> Portuguese are the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">largest European immigrant group in Brazil</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial times</a>, over 700,000 Portuguese settled there, mostly during the 18th century gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> Brazil received more European settlers during its colonial era than any other country in the Americas. Between 1500 and 1760, about 700,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil, compared to 530,000 to the US.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto_Venâncio-389">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> They were the only significant migrants to the country during the colonial era, despite <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch invasions</a>. The Portuguese migration was predominantly men. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> asked the Portuguese King to send any kind of Portuguese women to Brazil, even the socially undesirable (e.g. prostitutes or women with mental maladies), if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-ensinarhistoria-391">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> The Crown responded by sending groups of orphans to marry nobles and peasants alike.<a href="#cite_note-ensinarhistoria-391">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> They included many <a href="/wiki/%C3%93rf%C3%A3s_do_Rei" class="mw-redirect" title="Órfãs do Rei">Órfãs do Rei</a> (orphans of the king) of what was considered "good birth". They were noble and non-noble maidens, often daughters of soldiers killed in battle or noblemen who died overseas and whose upbringing was paid by the Crown. <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>'s port in the East received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkissian200022-394">[393]</a> Portuguese men also competed successfully for local women with <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">slaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro-395">[394]</a> Their better <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> were important advantages. Then, even though the 700,000 Portuguese colonial migration was smaller than 3.2 million indigenous inhabitants and the 4.8million Africans, their descendants numbered as many as the "non-white" population in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro-395">[394]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence from Portugal</a> in 1822, around 1.7 million additional Portuguese immigrants settled there.<a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro-395">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Post-independence">edit</a>]</div> Portuguese immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries was marked by its concentration in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>. The immigrants opted mostly for <a href="/wiki/Urban_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban center">urban centers</a>. Portuguese women began to migrate independently, although even at the turn of the 20th century, 319 men came each 100 women.<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> The Portuguese were different from <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">Germans</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Italians</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a> who brought many more women with them. Despite the small female proportion, Portuguese men typically chose Portuguese women, while female immigrants rarely married indigenous men. Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a> was higher than any other European immigrant community, behind only the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Japanese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a> Many Portuguese-Brazilians identified as Brazilian, perhaps encouraged by the dominance of Portuguese culture there. In 1872, 3.7 million <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">Whites</a> lived in Brazil (the vast majority of Portuguese ancestry), along with 4.1 million <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> people (mostly of Portuguese-<a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">African</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Amerindian</a> ancestry) and 1.9 million <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Blacks</a>. Thus 80% of Brazilians had at least partial Portuguese ancestry in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of Portuguese immigrants arrived, including over 1.5 million Portuguese from 1881 to 1991. In 1906, for example, 133,393 Portuguese-born people lived in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio remains the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal, with 1% Portuguese natives.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto_Venâncio-389">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_evidence">Genetic evidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Genetic evidence">edit</a>]</div> Genetic studies confirm the strong Portuguese genetic influence. At least half of the Brazilian population's male inheritance (based on <a href="/wiki/Y_Chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Chromosome">Y chromosomes</a>) comes from Portugal. <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black Brazilians</a> have an average of 48% non-African genes, mostly with Portuguese ancestors. By contrast, 33% Amerindian and 28% African contribution to the total female inheritance (<a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a>) of white Brazilians was found.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-PLoS_ONE-406">[405]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from across Brazil, found a predominant degree of Portuguese ancestry. European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values from 51% to 74%, increasing northern to southern Brazil). Northern populations included a significant proportion of indigenous ancestry, twice the African contribution. In the northeast, centerwest and southeast, African ancestry exceeded them. All urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation was observed between individuals within each population.<a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> A large, community-based multicenter autosomal study considered representative samples from three urban communities <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambu%C3%AD" title="Bambuí">Bambuí</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pelotas" title="Pelotas">Pelotas</a>, estimated European, mostly Iberian, ancestry to be 42.4%, 83.8% and 85.3%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> An estimated 5 million Brazilians (2.3% of the total) were eligible for Portuguese citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-noticiaslusofonas.com-409">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Portuguese Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_New_Zealanders" title="Portuguese New Zealanders">Portuguese New Zealanders</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PetershamTH.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PetershamTH.JPG/241px-PetershamTH.JPG" decoding="async" width="241" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PetershamTH.JPG/362px-PetershamTH.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PetershamTH.JPG/482px-PetershamTH.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petersham,_New_South_Wales" title="Petersham, New South Wales">Petersham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>) is a neighbourhood known for its extensive Portuguese commercial offerings</figcaption></figure> In Australia, although their numbers are smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a> communities, Portuguese are an active community. They were among the early European settlers, and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">might have discovered Australia</a>. Portuguese immigration to Australia experienced a boom after the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">the Indonesian Invasion of Timor-Leste</a>. Portuguese spread across the country and even have a designated <a href="/wiki/Petersham,_New_South_Wales" title="Petersham, New South Wales">Portuguese neighborhood</a>. The 74,000 people of Portuguese descent constitute about 0.28% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">population</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a> is popular, exemplified by restaurants such as <a href="/wiki/Nando%27s" title="Nando's">Nando's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oporto_(restaurant)" title="Oporto (restaurant)">Oporto</a>, and Ogalo. <a href="/wiki/Pastel_de_nata" title="Pastel de nata">Pastel de nata</a> is widely consumed. Many Portuguese are from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> Notable Portuguese Australians include <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Sequeira" title="Naomi Sequeira">Naomi Sequeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_DeAraugo" title="Kate DeAraugo">Kate DeAraugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junie_Morosi" title="Junie Morosi">Junie Morosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndsey_Rodrigues" title="Lyndsey Rodrigues">Lyndsey Rodrigues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Masson" title="Sophie Masson">Sophie Masson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irina_Dunn" title="Irina Dunn">Irina Dunn</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> The community in New Zealand is much smaller and the 1,500 Portuguese people living there (although the numbers could be significantly higher) constitute about 0.03% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">population</a>. On 22 April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs" title="Department of Internal Affairs">Office of Ethnic Affairs</a> officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_New_Zealanders" title="Portuguese New Zealanders">Portuguese New Zealanders</a> as a distinct community, marked by tying the 70th ribbon to Parliament's mooring stone in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House Galleria</a>. The Portuguese community organizes annual gatherings and celebrations, such as <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Day" title="Portugal Day">Portugal Day</a>, and maintains a friendship association. Portuguese individuals were among the early settlers in New Zealand, although immigration declined gradually until the 1960s. After the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, the community started to increase again.<a href="#cite_note-:18-414">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Caledonia">New Caledonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: New Caledonia">edit</a>]</div> About 900 Portuguese live in the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">French collectivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> (0.38% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Caledonia" title="Demographics of New Caledonia">population</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></div> Portuguese influences are found throughout Asia, especially in <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">India</a>, all territories where the Portuguese maintained <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_Farang_Kudi_Chin,_2020-10-10_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Khanom_Farang_Kudi_Chin%2C_2020-10-10_%281%29.jpg/237px-Khanom_Farang_Kudi_Chin%2C_2020-10-10_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Khanom_Farang_Kudi_Chin%2C_2020-10-10_%281%29.jpg/356px-Khanom_Farang_Kudi_Chin%2C_2020-10-10_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Khanom_Farang_Kudi_Chin%2C_2020-10-10_%281%29.jpg/474px-Khanom_Farang_Kudi_Chin%2C_2020-10-10_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khanom_farang_kudi_chin" title="Khanom farang kudi chin">Khanom farang kudi chin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai food">Thai</a>-style cake influenced by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese desserts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/220px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/330px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg/440px-A_Famosa_Malacca_16th_Century_Portugese_fortress_with_cannon_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A_Famosa" title="A Famosa">A Famosa</a>, as well as the Historical centre of <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca</a>, is a remnant of the Portuguese presence now part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">Unesco World Heritage Sites</a>.</figcaption></figure>Luso-Asian communities have had a presence in Southeast Asia since the 15th century. As a result of inter-ethnic marriage, Portuguese-based dialects have emerged in <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Singapore</a>. Notable Kristangs include <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Leggett" title="Kimberley Leggett">Kimberley Leggett</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jojo_Sturys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jojo Sturys (page does not exist)">Jojo Sturys</a> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojo_Sturys" class="extiw" title="ms:Jojo Sturys">ms</a>], <a href="/wiki/Joan_Margaret_Marbeck" title="Joan Margaret Marbeck">Joan Margaret Marbeck</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Daly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Daly (page does not exist)">Elaine Daly</a> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Daly" class="extiw" title="ms:Elaine Daly">ms</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nor_Aliah_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nor Aliah Lee (page does not exist)">Nor Aliah Lee</a> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor_Aliah_Lee" class="extiw" title="ms:Nor Aliah Lee">ms</a>], <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Tan" title="Melissa Tan">Melissa Tan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Fonseka" title="Andrea Fonseka">Andrea Fonseka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Jobling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Jobling (page does not exist)">Anna Jobling</a> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jobling" class="extiw" title="ms:Anna Jobling">ms</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheryl_Samad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheryl Samad (page does not exist)">Cheryl Samad</a> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Samad" class="extiw" title="ms:Cheryl Samad">ms</a>]. People of Portuguese descent from Singapore include <a href="/wiki/Pilar_Arlando" title="Pilar Arlando">Pilar Arlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Klass" title="Mary Klass">Mary Klass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vernetta_Lopez" title="Vernetta Lopez">Vernetta Lopez</a>. Other communities are found in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Indonesia</a>, with significant populations living in Lamno (the so-called "mata biru" or blue-eyed people), <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> Islands and <a href="/wiki/Kampung_Tugu" title="Kampung Tugu">Kampung Tugu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> Portuguese vestiges include dozens of <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Indonesian" title="List of loanwords in Indonesian">loanwords</a> as well as the introduction of Roman Catholicism (3.12% of the population, but still the major religion in <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">NTT</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kroncong" title="Kroncong">Keroncong</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Cavaquinho" title="Cavaquinho">Portuguese cavaquinho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> In recent years many Indonesians of Portuguese descent have been active in the entertainment industry such as <a href="/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia" title="Puteri Indonesia">Puteri Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Elfin_Pertiwi_Rappa" title="Elfin Pertiwi Rappa">Elfin Pertiwi Rappa</a> or actress <a href="/w/index.php?title=Millane_Fernandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millane Fernandez (page does not exist)">Millane Fernandez</a> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millane_Fernandez" class="extiw" title="id:Millane Fernandez">id</a>]. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Albert" title="Sophie Albert">Sophie Albert</a> is another Portuguese-South Asian. Communities of Portuguese descent are found in <a href="/wiki/Bayingyi_people" title="Bayingyi people">Myanmar</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-428">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-429">[428]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kudi_Chin" title="Kudi Chin">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-430">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> In Thailand, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Narai" title="Narai">King Narai the Great</a> the Portuguese community in Ayutthaya is thought to have peaked at 6,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-:17-432">[431]</a> Notable Thai of Portuguese descent include <a href="/wiki/Francis_Chit" title="Francis Chit">Francis Chit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Guyomar_de_Pinha" title="Maria Guyomar de Pinha">Maria Guyomar de Pinha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kung_Nang_Pattamasuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kung Nang Pattamasuta (page does not exist)">Kung Nang Pattamasuta</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95" class="extiw" title="th:กุ้งนาง ปัทมสูต">th</a>], <a href="/wiki/Krystal_Vee" title="Krystal Vee">Krystal Vee</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_Issara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neon Issara (page does not exist)">Neon Issara</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:นิออน อิสรา">th</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Indian Subcontinent">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galle_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Galle_Fort.jpg/202px-Galle_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Galle_Fort.jpg/303px-Galle_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Galle_Fort.jpg/404px-Galle_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Galle_Fort" title="Galle Fort">Galle Fort</a>, built by the Portuguese in 1588 and now a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">Unesco World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img06_Dutch_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img06_Dutch_Fort.jpg/203px-SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img06_Dutch_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img06_Dutch_Fort.jpg/305px-SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img06_Dutch_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img06_Dutch_Fort.jpg/406px-SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img06_Dutch_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="3763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Negombo_fort" title="Negombo fort">Negombo fort</a>, that was built by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese</a> to defend Colombo as a part of a <a href="/wiki/Forts_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Forts in Sri Lanka">defensive system all over the island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Sri Lanka</a> is home to around 40,000 Portuguese Burghers. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Rogers" title="Rosemary Rogers">Rosemary Rogers</a>. In addition, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese invasion of Sri Lanka</a>, during the 16th and 17th centuries, many <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> surnames were adopted among the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Perera" title="Perera">Perera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando" title="Fernando">Fernando</a> eventually became the most common surnames.<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Afro Sri-Lankans</a> also retain a Portuguese identity.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> Major Portuguese contributions to Sri Lanka include 1,000 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Portuguese origin">loanwords</a> in Sinhala,<a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baila_music" title="Baila music">Baila music</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> bailar, meaning to dance), culinary innovations such as <a href="/wiki/Love_cake" title="Love cake">"Bolo di amor"</a> (literally Love cake) or <a href="/wiki/Bolo_fiado" title="Bolo fiado">"Bolo Folhado"</a> (literally Puff Pastry)<a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Catholic Church in Sri Lanka">Roman Catholicism</a> (approximately 6.1% of the population identifies as Catholic) and the endangered <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_creole" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese creole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Pakistan" title="Portuguese in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> a small Portuguese community numbers about 64 people,<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a> even though other estimates point to 400 in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-442">[441]</a> Notable Portuguese Pakistani include <a href="/wiki/Dilshad_Vadsaria" title="Dilshad Vadsaria">Dilshad Vadsaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Louise_Dean" title="Bernadette Louise Dean">Bernadette Louise Dean</a>. Before <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>, it is estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Goans" title="Goans">Goan</a> community in Karachi numbered up to 15,000. The majority returned to <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, to other Portuguese territories, or to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn-443">[442]</a> The Portuguese community contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">musical scene</a> of pre-partition Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-ET2-444">[443]</a> As of today, about 6,000 Goans remain in Pakistan, mainly in that city.<a href="#cite_note-:14-442">[441]</a> Portuguese heritage continues in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>: they were the first <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a> The Portuguese introduced Catholicism, now professed by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bangladesh" title="Catholic Church in Bangladesh">about 375,000 Bangladeshis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a> This heritage added more than 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">words to Bengali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">colonial times</a>, the population may have reached 40,000 people<a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a> before most resettled elsewhere. Those who remained integrated in <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> society. Notable examples of Portuguese influence in Bangladesh are their surnames, as well as Bangladesh's oldest church, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Church,_Dhaka" title="Holy Rosary Church, Dhaka">Holy Rosary Church in Dhaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a> As of now, the Portuguese community in Bangladesh consists of a few expatriates<a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a> and some descendants of the early settlers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruinas_de_Sao_Paulo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ruinas_de_Sao_Paulo.jpg/220px-Ruinas_de_Sao_Paulo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ruinas_de_Sao_Paulo.jpg/330px-Ruinas_de_Sao_Paulo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ruinas_de_Sao_Paulo.jpg/440px-Ruinas_de_Sao_Paulo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Macau" title="Historic Centre of Macau">Historic Centre of Macao</a>, epitome of the Sino-Portuguese culture, is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">Unesco World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> A small but growing Portuguese community – consisting mainly of recent expats and numbering about 3,500 people – is found in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-453">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> China<a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, whose name in European texts until the 20th century – Formosa, meaning "beautiful (island)" – is Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> A 20,700 people-strong community continues in Hong Kong, mainly of <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-:16-458">[457]</a> Notable people include <a href="/wiki/Joe_Junior" title="Joe Junior">Joe Junior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Reis" title="Michelle Reis">Michelle Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Varty" title="Rowan Varty">Rowan Varty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Carpio" title="Rita Carpio">Rita Carpio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Cordeiro" title="Ray Cordeiro">Ray Cordeiro</a>. The most important Portuguese community in Eastern Asia is in Macau, which was a Portuguese colony until 1999. It harbors more than 150,000 Portuguese citizens, accounting for 22.34% of the total, the largest concentration of Portuguese nationals in Asia as well as one of the most important in the world.<a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> Notables include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germano_Guilherme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germano Guilherme (page does not exist)">Germano Guilherme</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%93%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="zh:古卓文">zh</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_populations">Diaspora populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Diaspora populations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:40%">Country</th> <th>Population</th> <th>% of country</th> <th>Criterion </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Portuguese in North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese American">Portuguese American</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,400,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.42%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Canadian">Portuguese Canadian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">550,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.38%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Portuguese_Canadians-463">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Portuguese in Bermuda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">25%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Portuguese in Jamaica</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,700</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.21%</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">Portuguese in Saint Barthélemy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,400</td> <td style="text-align:right;">33%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:7-320">[319]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama" title="Demographics of Panama">Portuguese in Panama</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,038</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.07%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Curaçao">Portuguese in Curaçao</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.95%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:4-474">[473]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexicans" title="Portuguese Mexicans">Portuguese in Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.002%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Aruba" title="Demographics of Aruba">Portuguese Aruba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.8%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:4-474">[473]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Portuguese in Trinidad and Tobago</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">837</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Portuguese in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">753</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.68%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">Portuguese in Guadeloupe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">426</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.11%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Demographics of the Dominican Republic">Portuguese in the Dominican Republic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">263</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.003%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">Portuguese in the Cayman Islands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">130</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.18%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda">Portuguese in Antigua and Barbuda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">126</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.13%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Portuguese in South America </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazilian">Portuguese Brazilian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">180,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">90% (2.5% children and grandchildren, eligible for Portuguese citizenship)</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a> Brazilians with Portuguese ancestry, of which an estimated 5,400,000 children and grandchildren of Portuguese nationals (eligible for Portuguese citizenship) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Venezuelan">Portuguese Venezuelan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,300,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.59%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-jn.pt-329">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_portuguesa_en_el_Per%C3%BA" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración portuguesa en el Perú">Portuguese Peruvian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,150,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.44%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Chile" title="Immigration to Chile">Portuguese Chilean</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:13-336">[335]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Argentine">Portuguese Argentine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.09%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-sapo.pt-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-335">[334]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Uruguayans" title="Portuguese Uruguayans">Portuguese Uruguayan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.37%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:10-334">[333]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guyanese" title="Portuguese Guyanese">Portuguese Guyanese</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.27%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-304">[303]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">Portuguese in Colombia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">800</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.002%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Portuguese in Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese French">Portuguese French</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,720,000–2,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.53%–2.94%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-OECD-491">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-492">[491]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Switzerland">Portuguese in Switzerland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">460,173</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.24%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-S-493">[492]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese British">Portuguese British</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">400,000–500,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.60–0.75%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-newswiretoday.com-385">[384]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Germany" title="Portuguese in Germany">Portuguese in Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">244,217</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.29%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Portuguese in Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">184,774</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.39%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Luxembourger" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Luxembourger">Portuguese Luxembourger</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">151,028</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.4%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-2001_census_subdivision-499">[498]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Belgium">Portuguese in Belgium</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.68%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:3-377">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_Netherlands" title="Portuguese in the Netherlands">Portuguese in the Netherlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,779</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.20%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-501">[500]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andorra" title="Demographics of Andorra">Portuguese in Andorra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,308</td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.12%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:26-375">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">Portuguese in Jersey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.03%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-503">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-506">[505]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ireland">Portuguese in Ireland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,516</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.19%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-507">[506]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Portuguese in Norway</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.16%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-508">[507]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Portuguese in Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,288</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-509">[508]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Austria">Portuguese in Austria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,245</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.08%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-510">[509]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Portuguese in Sweden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,953</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.05%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-511">[510]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Denmark" title="Immigration to Denmark">Portuguese in Denmark</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,476</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.08%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-512">[511]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar" title="Demographics of Gibraltar">Portuguese in Gibraltar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,450</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-513">[512]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Portuguese in Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-514">[513]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Portuguese in Romania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,652</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Portuguese in the Czech Republic">Portuguese in the Czech Republic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,202</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">Portuguese in Guernsey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.13%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Finland" title="Portuguese in Finland">Portuguese in Finland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,521</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Iceland" title="Portuguese in Iceland">Portuguese in Iceland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,406</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.38%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Monaco" title="Demographics of Monaco">Portuguese in Monaco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,008</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.57%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:24-376">[375]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Demographics of Liechtenstein">Portuguese in Liechtenstein</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">969</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.44%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[520]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Portuguese in Greece</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">962</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Portuguese in Bulgaria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">818</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Hungary">Portuguese in Hungary</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">689</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">Portuguese in Moldova</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">670</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Portuguese in Ukraine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">502</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.001%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Portuguese in Asia (see <a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">Luso-Indian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000–1,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01–0.07%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Portuguese in Macau</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">152,616</td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.34%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-528">[527]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayingyi_people" title="Bayingyi people">Portuguese in Myanmar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.18% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-428">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-430">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Portuguese in Sri Lanka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,000–40,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02–0.18%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-533">[532]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Portuguese in Malaysia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.12%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-534">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-535">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_East_Timor" title="Demographics of East Timor">Portuguese in East Timor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,853</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.58%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-536">[535]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Portuguese in Hong Kong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,700</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.27%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-537">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-538">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-539">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-458">[457]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Portuguese in Singapore</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.31%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-540">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Portuguese in Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,971</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-542">[541]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Portuguese in Turkey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,364</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-543">[542]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Demographics of the United Arab Emirates">Portuguese in the UAE</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.04%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-544">[543]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Portuguese in Israel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,575</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.04%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-545">[544]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese in Thailand (page does not exist)">Portuguese in Thailand</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" class="extiw" title="th:ไทยเชอสายโปรตเกส">th</a>]</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,600–3,500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">~0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-430">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-546">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-432">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-547">[546]</a><a href="#cite_note-548">[547]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[548]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-551">[550]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Portuguese in Lebanon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,400</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06%</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar" title="Demographics of Qatar">Portuguese in Qatar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,293</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.08%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-552">[551]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Portuguese in China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,022</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0001%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-553">[552]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Japan" title="Immigration to Japan">Portuguese in Japan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">746</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0004%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-554">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-453">[452]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Portuguese in the Philippines</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">623</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.001%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-555">[554]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Portuguese in Oceania </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Australian">Portuguese Australian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,903</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.28%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-Portugueses_na_Austrália-556">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[556]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[557]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese New Zealander">Portuguese New Zealander</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-:18-414">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[558]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">Portuguese in New Caledonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">900</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.33%</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Portuguese in Africa (see <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans">Luso-African</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese South African</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">700,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.16%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Angolan">Portuguese Angolan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">500,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.51%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-Observatório_da_Emigração-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans" title="Portuguese Mozambicans">Portuguese Mozambicans</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.62%</td> <td> <a href="#cite_note-observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cape_Verde" title="Demographics of Cape Verde">Portuguese in Cape Verde</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,318</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.96%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-560">[559]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malawi" title="Demographics of Malawi">Portuguese in Malawi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.09%</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Portuguese in Zimbabwe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.12%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-561">[560]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guineans" title="Portuguese Guineans">Portuguese in Guinea Bissau</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,400</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.63%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-562">[561]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Portuguese in the DRC</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,400</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-563">[562]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Portuguese Zambians</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,700</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-564">[563]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Portuguese Namibians</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,783</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.19%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-565">[564]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese in São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,765</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.22%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-566">[565]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Aethiopians" title="White Aethiopians">Portuguese Ethiopians</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.003%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-567">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-568">[567]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Portuguese in Senegal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,800</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02%</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Portuguese in Morocco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,445</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-569">[568]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Portuguese in Congo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,431</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.02%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-570">[569]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eswatini" title="Demographics of Eswatini">Portuguese in Eswatini</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,300</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.11%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-571">[570]</a><a href="#cite_note-572">[571]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tanzania" title="Demographics of Tanzania">Portuguese in Tanzania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,185</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.002%</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Portuguese in Kenya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">906</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.002%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-573">[572]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Portuguese in Algeria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">515</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.001%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-574">[573]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total in diaspora </td> <td style="text-align:right;">~70,000,000</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,467,366</td> <td style="text-align:right;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estat%C3%ADstica_(Portugal)" title="Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)">Statistics Portugal</a> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-575">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-576">[575]</a> Figure is only a population estimate of all residents of Portugal, and includes people of non-Portuguese ethnic origin </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard.png/220px-Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard.png 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, one of the greatest poets of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European</a> literary tradition. His <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a> ranks among the finest works of <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a> has a long and varied history, with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In the 16th century, Portugal's literature entered its "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>", during which time poets such as <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_S%C3%A1_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Sá de Miranda">Francisco de Sá de Miranda</a> were renowned.<a href="#cite_note-577">[576]</a> Portuguese is often referred as to the "língua de Camões" (Camões's language), highlighting this author's importance in forging the national identity.<a href="#cite_note-578">[577]</a> Portuguese authors from the Age of Discovery include <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAblia_Hort%C3%AAnsia_de_Castro" title="Públia Hortênsia de Castro">Públia Hortênsia de Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomes_Eanes_de_Zurara" title="Gomes Eanes de Zurara">Gomes Eanes de Zurara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joana_Vaz" title="Joana Vaz">Joana Vaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a> (author of <a href="/wiki/Peregrina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrinação">Peregrinação</a>), <a href="/wiki/Joana_da_Gama" title="Joana da Gama">Joana da Gama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Lopes" title="Fernão Lopes">Fernão Lopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violante_do_C%C3%A9u" title="Violante do Céu">Violante do Céu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-579">[578]</a> 19th authors included <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Almeida Garrett</a>, who is credited with founding modern Portuguese literature. His writings reflect the political and social revolutions then taking place in Portugal, and his writing style is recognized as original.<a href="#cite_note-580">[579]</a> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guerra_Junqueiro" title="Guerra Junqueiro">Guerra Junqueiro</a> gained international acclaim for their writings in the 20th century. Literary production mushroomed.<a href="#cite_note-581">[580]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[581]</a> Modern authors such as <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lobo_Antunes" title="António Lobo Antunes">António Lobo Antunes</a>. These authors write about identity, culture, and society. Other notable Portuguese authors include <a href="/wiki/Ana_Vicente" title="Ana Vicente">Ana Vicente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zimler" title="Richard Zimler">Richard Zimler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pl%C3%A1cido" title="Ana Plácido">Ana Plácido</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Cesariny_de_Vasconcelos" title="Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos">Mário Cesariny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Hatherly" title="Ana Hatherly">Ana Hatherly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ces%C3%A1rio_Verde" title="Cesário Verde">Cesário Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Stilwell" title="Isabel Stilwell">Isabel Stilwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Torga" title="Miguel Torga">Miguel Torga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_de_Castro_Os%C3%B3rio" title="Ana de Castro Osório">Ana de Castro Osório</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alves_Redol" title="Alves Redol">Alves Redol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Archer" title="Maria Archer">Maria Archer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antero_de_Quental" title="Antero de Quental">Antero de Quental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Al%C3%A7ada" title="Isabel Alçada">Isabel Alçada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslau_de_Moraes" title="Wenceslau de Moraes">Wenceslau de Moraes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimala_Devi" title="Vimala Devi">Vimala Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Alexandre Herculano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Maria_Cardoso" title="Dulce Maria Cardoso">Dulce Maria Cardoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Gabriela_Llansol" title="Maria Gabriela Llansol">Maria Gabriela Llansol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Botelho" title="Abel Botelho">Abel Botelho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Botelho_(writer)" title="Fernanda Botelho (writer)">Fernanda Botelho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Isabel da Nóbrega">Isabel da Nóbrega</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Vilela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Vilela (page does not exist)">Rita Vilela</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Vilela" class="extiw" title="pt:Rita Vilela">pt</a>], <a href="/wiki/Maria_Gabriela_Llansol" title="Maria Gabriela Llansol">Maria Gabriela Llansol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%A1lia_Correia" title="Natália Correia">Natália Correia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matilde_Campilho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matilde Campilho (page does not exist)">Matilde Campilho</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilde_Campilho" class="extiw" title="pt:Matilde Campilho">pt</a>], and <a href="/wiki/Ana_Daniel" title="Ana Daniel">Ana Daniel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Susan_Lowndes_Marques" title="Susan Lowndes Marques">Susan Lowndes Marques</a>, writer and journalist, was a leading figure in the Portuguese-British community in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, and promoted <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in the UK. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_Justice">Law and Justice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Law and Justice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Portugal)" title="Ministry of Justice (Portugal)">Ministry of Justice (Portugal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary of Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></div> Portugal created a <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal system</a> for its colonies, with traces visible in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. Portugal has contributed to human rights law. The <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, which was established in 1950 with the purpose of defending human rights and basic freedoms, was championed by Portugal. Portuguese active in the field of Law and Justice include <a href="/wiki/Paula_Teixeira_da_Cruz" title="Paula Teixeira da Cruz">Paula Teixeira da Cruz</a> (previous Minister of Justice), <a href="/wiki/Boaventura_de_Sousa_Santos" title="Boaventura de Sousa Santos">Boaventura de Sousa Santos</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" title="Military Order of Saint James of the Sword">GOSE</a> (one of the most prominent Portuguese living left-wing intellectuals. ), <a href="/wiki/Susana_Amador" title="Susana Amador">Susana Amador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrique_O%27Neill,_1st_Viscount_of_Santa_M%C3%B3nica" title="Henrique O'Neill, 1st Viscount of Santa Mónica">Henrique O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marta_Santos_Pais" title="Marta Santos Pais">Maria Santos Pais</a> (served as Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Violence against Children), <a href="/wiki/Janu%C3%A1rio_Louren%C3%A7o" title="Januário Lourenço">Januário Lourenço</a> (invented the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Power_of_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Power of Attorney">Electronic Power of Attorney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Divorce">Electronic Divorce</a>.), <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oneto" title="Isabel Oneto">Isabel Oneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilherme_d%27Oliveira_Martins" title="Guilherme d'Oliveira Martins">Guilherme d'Oliveira Martins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helo%C3%ADsa_Apol%C3%B3nia" title="Heloísa Apolónia">Heloísa Apolónia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vitorino" title="António Vitorino">António Vitorino</a> (former <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commission_portfolios#Justice,_Freedom_and_Security" title="List of European Commission portfolios">European Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries">List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_scientists" title="Category:Portuguese scientists">Category:Portuguese scientists</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development (R&D)</a> is conducted mainly by <a href="/wiki/State_university_system" title="State university system">state universities</a> and autonomous state research institutes. However, non-state research institutes and some private projects also operate.<a href="#cite_note-583">[582]</a><a href="#cite_note-584">[583]</a> During the Age of Discovery technical requirements for <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> were a topic of great importance. Portuguese contributions to the scientific world included the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a> – a light and fast ship designed for coastal navigation and the <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan</a> – a maritime map used from the early Middle Ages. The Portuguese also introduced the <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">Compass rose</a> on maps<a href="#cite_note-585">[584]</a> and for guidance and navigation devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Cross-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-staff">cross-staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonius_(device)" title="Nonius (device)">nonius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">nautical astrolabe</a>, and the Black Maple Sword.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-586">[585]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Faras" title="João Faras">João Faras</a> named the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cross">Southern Cross</a> while <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Pina" title="Francisco de Pina">Francisco de Pina</a>, in Asia invented the modern <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a> (Quốc ngữ).<a href="#cite_note-587">[586]</a> Botanist <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Loureiro" title="João de Loureiro">João de Loureiro</a> also worked in VIetnam. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lisbon Academy of Sciences">Lisbon Academy of Sciences</a>, was founded in 1779. During this time the <a href="/wiki/Passarola" class="mw-redirect" title="Passarola">Passarola</a> was conceived. Natural philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hyacinthe_de_Magellan" title="Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan">Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan</a> was active. <a href="/wiki/Bento_de_Moura_Portugal" title="Bento de Moura Portugal">Bento de Moura Portugal</a> improved <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a>'s steam engine. In 1792 Portugues founded the oldest engineering school of Latin America (<a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Artilharia,_Fortifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Desenho" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho">Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho</a>), as well as the oldest medical college of Asia (<a href="/wiki/Escola_M%C3%A9dico-Cir%C3%BArgica_de_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa">Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa</a>) in 1842. During the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_de_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Bartolomeu de Gusmão">Bartolomeu de Gusmão</a> introduced the Pyreliophore and <a href="/wiki/Herrmann_wall_telephone" title="Herrmann wall telephone">Maximiliano Augusto Herrmann</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Herrmann_Wall_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrmann Wall Phone">Herrmann wall telephone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectrography" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrography">Spectrography</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Miranda_da_Costa_Lobo" title="Francisco Miranda da Costa Lobo">Francisco Miranda da Costa Lobo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telectroscope" title="Telectroscope">telectroscope</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Adriano_de_Paiva" title="Adriano de Paiva">Adriano de Paiva</a> were active. In 1949, neurologist <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a>, an early developer of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_angiography" title="Cerebral angiography">cerebral angiography</a>, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a>. Other contributions include the drug <a href="/wiki/Zebinix" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebinix">Zebinix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All-on-4" title="All-on-4">All-on-4 method</a> (dentistry), the <a href="/wiki/Multibanco" title="Multibanco">Multibanco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coloradd" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloradd">Coloradd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone" title="Prepaid mobile phone">prepaid mobile phone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Gulbenkian_de_Ci%C3%AAncia" title="Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência">Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência</a> (IGC), an international centre for biomedical research, was founded in 1961 and ranked as one of the Top Ten places for <a href="/wiki/Post-doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-doc">post-docs</a>, by <a href="/wiki/The_Scientist_(magazine)" title="The Scientist (magazine)">The Scientist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Champalimaud_Foundation" title="Champalimaud Foundation">Champalimaud Foundation</a> focuses on <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Iberian_Nanotechnology_Laboratory" title="International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory">International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory</a> operates in <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>. In 2001 Portugal ranked 28th among countries for contributions to the top 1% of the world's highly cited publications. Portugal ranked 32nd in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-588">[587]</a><a href="#cite_note-589">[588]</a> Portugal has full membership and citizens working in pan-European scientific organizations such as <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), <a href="/wiki/European_Laboratory_for_Particle_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="European Laboratory for Particle Physics">European Laboratory for Particle Physics</a> (CERN), <a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a> (ESO). From 2005–2007, Portugal was the EU member state with the highest growth rate in <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D) investment as a percentage of GDP at 46%, totaling 1.2% of GDP. This ranked 15th among the 27 EU member states in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-research_and_PhDs-590">[589]</a> Notable Portuguese people who made important contributions to science and technology: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Rodrigues_Ferreira" title="Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira">Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miguel_Vale_de_Almeida" title="Miguel Vale de Almeida">Miguel Vale de Almeida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Rosemary_Dias" title="Jill Rosemary Dias">Jill Rosemary Dias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldina_Ferreira_Paulo" title="Leopoldina Ferreira Paulo">Leopoldina Ferreira Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Joaquim" title="Teresa Joaquim">Teresa Joaquim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire_(astronomer)" title="Paulo Freire (astronomer)">Paulo Freire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_Sobral" title="David Sobral">David Sobral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3nia_Rocha" title="Sónia Rocha">Sónia Rocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Bettencourt-Dias" title="Mónica Bettencourt-Dias">Mónica Bettencourt-Dias</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helena Santos (page does not exist)">Helena Santos</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Santos" class="extiw" title="pt:Helena Santos">pt</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolanda_Matos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolanda Matos (page does not exist)">Rolanda Matos</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolanda_Maria_Albuquerque_de_Matos" class="extiw" title="pt:Rolanda Maria Albuquerque de Matos">pt</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Xavier_Pereira_Coutinho" title="António Xavier Pereira Coutinho">António Xavier Pereira Coutinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosette_Batarda_Fernandes" title="Rosette Batarda Fernandes">Rosette Batarda Fernandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seomara_da_Costa_Primo" title="Seomara da Costa Primo">Seomara da Costa Primo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al%C3%ADrio_Rodrigues" title="Alírio Rodrigues">Alírio Rodrigues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Gago" title="Isabel Gago">Isabel Gago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armando_J._L._Pombeiro" title="Armando J. L. Pombeiro">Armando J. L. Pombeiro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberto_Duarte_Silva" title="Roberto Duarte Silva">Roberto Duarte Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branca_Edm%C3%A9e_Marques" title="Branca Edmée Marques">Branca Edmée Marques</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diogo_Vasconcelos" title="Diogo Vasconcelos">Diogo Vasconcelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Boavida" title="Fernando Boavida">Fernando Boavida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pedrosa_Mendes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Pedrosa Mendes">Pedro Pedrosa Mendes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Cruz" title="Isabel Cruz">Isabel Cruz</a>)</li> <li>Economics (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lu%C3%ADs_Gomes" title="Francisco Luís Gomes">Francisco Luís Gomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Bensabat_Amzalak" title="Moisés Bensabat Amzalak">Moisés Bensabat Amzalak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Almeida" title="Rita Almeida">Rita Almeida</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Mauro_Vinhas_de_Souza" title="Lúcio Mauro Vinhas de Souza">Lúcio Mauro Vinhas de Souza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_dos_Santos_Gra%C3%A7a" title="António dos Santos Graça">António dos Santos Graça</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silvana_Cardoso" title="Silvana Cardoso">Silvana Cardoso</a>)</li> <li>Geography (<a href="/wiki/Orlando_Ribeiro_(geographer)" title="Orlando Ribeiro (geographer)">Orlando Ribeiro</a>)</li> <li>Geology (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Choffat" title="Paul Choffat">Léon Paul Choffat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venceslau_de_Lima" title="Venceslau de Lima">Venceslau de Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ribeiro" title="Carlos Ribeiro">Carlos Ribeiro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benedita_Barata_da_Rocha" title="Benedita Barata da Rocha">Benedita Barata da Rocha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Malariology">Malariology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuel_Mota" title="Maria Manuel Mota">Maria Manuel Mota</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Cunha" title="Alexandra Cunha">Alexandra Cunha</a>)</li> <li>Medical analysis (<a href="/wiki/Mort%C3%B3_Dessai" title="Mortó Dessai">Mortó Sitarama Dessai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Metereology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ilda_Aurora_Pinheiro_de_Moura_Machado" title="Ilda Aurora Pinheiro de Moura Machado">Ilda Aurora Pinheiro de Moura Machado</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Bensaude" title="Mathilde Bensaude">Mathilde Bensaude</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> (<a href="/wiki/Megan_Carey" title="Megan Carey">Megan Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Isabel_da_Silva_Moreira" title="Paula Isabel da Silva Moreira">Paula Isabel da Silva Moreira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susana_Lima" title="Susana Lima">Susana Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Domingos" title="Ana Domingos">Ana Domingos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Damasio" title="Hanna Damasio">Hanna Damasio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lidia_Salgueiro" title="Lidia Salgueiro">Lidia Salgueiro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miguel_Telles_Antunes" title="Miguel Telles Antunes">Miguel Telles Antunes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_Carneiro" title="Fátima Carneiro">Fátima Carneiro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical Science">Pharmaceutical Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Prista" title="Luís Prista">Luís Prista</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elisabete_A._Silva" title="Elisabete A. Silva">Elisabete A. Silva</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sousa" title="Claudia Sousa">Claudia Sousa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_Crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein Crystallography">Protein Crystallography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maria_Arm%C3%A9nia_Carrondo" title="Maria Arménia Carrondo">Maria Arménia Carrondo</a>)</li> <li>Psychology (<a href="/wiki/Armindo_Freitas-Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Armindo Freitas-Magalhães">Armindo Freitas-Magalhães</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Cristina_Silva" title="Ana Cristina Silva">Ana Cristina Silva</a>)</li> <li>Physics (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mendes_(physicist)" title="José Mendes (physicist)">José Mendes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Amaral" title="Luís Amaral">Luís Amaral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncobiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oncobiology (page does not exist)">Oncobiology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raquel_Seruca" title="Raquel Seruca">Raquel Seruca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_philology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance philology">Romance philology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolina_Micha%C3%ABlis_de_Vasconcelos" title="Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos">Karoline Michaelis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnology" title="Somnology">Somnology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teresa_Paiva" title="Teresa Paiva">Teresa Paiva</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tessaleno_Devezas" title="Tessaleno Devezas">Tessaleno Devezas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Vieira" title="Pedro Vieira">Pedro Vieira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Penedones" title="João Penedones">João Penedones</a>)</li></ul> Other notable Portuguese scientists include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corino_Andrade" title="Corino Andrade">Corino Andrade</a> – initially described <a href="/wiki/Familial_amyloid_polyneuropathy" title="Familial amyloid polyneuropathy">familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odette_Ferreira" title="Odette Ferreira">Odette Ferreira</a> – identified <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">HIV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froilano_de_Mello" title="Froilano de Mello">Froilano de Mello</a> – 20th century medical researcher and biologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas" title="Graça Freitas">Graça Freitas</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Portugal)" title="Order of Merit (Portugal)">GCM</a> – <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_of_Health" title="Directorate-General of Health">Director-General of Health</a> during the Covid pandemic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Carvalho_e_Sampayo" title="Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo">Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo</a> – amateur scientist who authored two important works on chromatics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li></ul> Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Resende" title="André de Resende">André de Resende</a> in the 16th century. Portuguese contributors include <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1cio_da_Veiga" title="Estácio da Veiga">Estácio da Veiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leite_de_Vasconcelos" title="José Leite de Vasconcelos">José Leite de Vasconcelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irisalva_Moita" title="Irisalva Moita">Irisalva Moita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Raposo" title="Luís Raposo">Luís Raposo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Schwarz_(historian)" title="Samuel Schwarz (historian)">Samuel Schwarz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miriam_Halpern_Pereira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miriam Halpern Pereira (page does not exist)">Miriam Halpern Pereira</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Halpern_Pereira" class="extiw" title="pt:Miriam Halpern Pereira">pt</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raquel_Varela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raquel Varela (page does not exist)">Raquel Varela</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_Varela" class="extiw" title="pt:Raquel Varela">pt</a>]and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valadares" title="Manuel Valadares">Manuel Valadares</a> pioneered the use of X-rays for art restoration. <a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Rodrigo_Pinto_da_Silva" title="António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva">António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva</a> contributed to the study of Portuguese history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics of Portugal</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Portuguese politics</a> is defined within the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a>, representative <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multy-party</a> democratic republic, where the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Prime Minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a> is the head of the country and has significant political power. He is elected for a 5-year term by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct vote</a>, and he is the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">armed forces</a>. His powers include the election of the Prime Minister and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Portugal)" title="Council of Ministers (Portugal)">Council of Ministers</a>, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">general elections results</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Portugal)" title="Council of State (Portugal)">Council of State</a> is a presidential oversight body, composed of six senior civilian officers, any former president elected since 1976, five members elected by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly</a>, and five directly appointed by the President. Executive power is assigned to the Council of Ministers. Both the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portuguese Parliament</a> (Assembleia da República) are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Right_of_initiative_(legislative)" title="Right of initiative (legislative)">legislative rights</a>. The Assembly is elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> via <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputies">Deputies</a> serve a four-year term. Given extreme unrest or of inability to form a government, the President can dissolve the Assembly and call for new elections. Since 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Socialist Party</a> (PS) and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PSD) have dominated the political landscape. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_(Portugal)" title="Supreme Court of Justice (Portugal)">national Supreme Court</a> is the court of last appeal. Military, administrative and fiscal courts are independent systemsce. A nine-member Constitutional Court verifies the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality</a> of legislation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education in Portugal</a></div> Education has been gradually modernized and expanded since the 1970s. According to the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Program for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA) in 2015, 15-year-old students were significantly above the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> average for reading skills, mathematics and science.<a href="#cite_note-591">[590]</a><a href="#cite_note-592">[591]</a> Portugal has recognized <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Portugal" title="List of universities and colleges in Portugal">universities</a> and business schools that have contributed international leaders<a href="#cite_note-portugaldailyview-593">[592]</a> and which attract an increasing number of foreign students. Portugal is among the top senders and receivers country within the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus+ programme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-594">[593]</a> with more student entering than leaving.<a href="#cite_note-595">[594]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy of Portugal</a></div> Portugal's economy ranked 34th on the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-596">[595]</a> The majority of its trade is with the EU, the source and destination of more than 70% of the 2020 total.<a href="#cite_note-597">[596]</a> International trade amounted to approximately 153.3 billion Euros in 2022. Spain is by far its largest trading partner, accounting for 11.61% of exports and 32.07% of imports.<a href="#cite_note-598">[597]</a><a href="#cite_note-599">[598]</a> Other important trading partners include <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a> (6.3% of exports and 2% of imports), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">PALOP</a> (5.7% of exports and 2.5% of imports), <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (3.7% of exports and 1.3% of import and <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosul</a> (1.4% of exports and 2.5% of imports). The Portuguese currency is the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> (€). The country has been part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> since its founding. The country's national bank is <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a>, and it is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a>. Most stock trading takes place on <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Euronext Lisbon</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/NYSE_Euronext" title="NYSE Euronext">NYSE Euronext</a>.<a href="#cite_note-600">[599]</a> Important Portuguese banks include <a href="/wiki/Banco_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Banco Espírito Santo">BES</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Novobanco" title="Novobanco">Novo Banco</a>), <a href="/wiki/Caixa_Geral_de_Dep%C3%B3sitos" title="Caixa Geral de Depósitos">CGD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millennium_BCP" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium BCP">Millennium BCP</a>. Portugual's largest companies include <a href="/wiki/The_Navigator_Company" title="The Navigator Company">The Navigator Company</a> (paper); <a href="/wiki/Sonae_Ind%C3%BAstria" title="Sonae Indústria">Sonae Indústria</a> (world's largest producer of wood panels); <a href="/wiki/Corticeira_Amorim" title="Corticeira Amorim">Corticeira Amorim</a> (world's largest <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> producer); <a href="/wiki/Conservas_Ramirez" title="Conservas Ramirez">Conservas Ramirez</a> (canned food); <a href="/wiki/Cimpor" title="Cimpor">Cimpor</a> (top 10 cement); <a href="/wiki/EDP_Renov%C3%A1veis" title="EDP Renováveis">EDP Renováveis</a> (#3 producer of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind energy</a>); <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Martins" title="Jerónimo Martins">Jerónimo Martins</a> (supermarket chain); <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Mello" title="Grupo José de Mello">José de Mello Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a>), <a href="/wiki/TAP_Air_Portugal" title="TAP Air Portugal">TAP Air Portugal</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Brisa_-_Autoestradas_de_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal">Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-insideportugaltravel-601">[600]</a> Other companies include <a href="/wiki/Sumol_%2B_Compal" title="Sumol + Compal">Sumol + Compal</a> (drinks); <a href="/wiki/Renova_(company)" title="Renova (company)">Renova</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">tissue</a>); <a href="/wiki/Vista_Alegre_(company)" title="Vista Alegre (company)">Vista Alegre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>); <a href="/wiki/Nelo" title="Nelo">Nelo (MAR Kayaks Ltda)</a> (boats); <a href="/wiki/GestiFute" title="GestiFute">GestiFute</a> (public relations); <a href="/wiki/Pestana_Group" title="Pestana Group">Pestana Group</a> (tourism and leisure) and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Caetano" title="Salvador Caetano">Salvador Caetano</a>. Media companies include <a href="/wiki/Impresa" title="Impresa">Impresa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sociedade Independente de Comunicação"> Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (SIC), the first Portuguese private television network</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOS_(Portuguese_company)" title="NOS (Portuguese company)">NOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a>. Portuguese businesswomen include <a href="/wiki/Catarina_Fagundes" title="Catarina Fagundes">Catarina Fagundes</a>, CEO of Wind Birds, <a href="/wiki/Catarina_Portas" title="Catarina Portas">Catarina Portas</a>, owner of A Vida Portuguesa, <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Pires_da_Silva" title="Fernanda Pires da Silva">Fernanda Pires da Silva</a>, President of Grupo Grão-Pará, a conglomerate focusing on construction, real estate, tourism, hotel management, and marble, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Carvalho" title="Julia Carvalho">Julia Carvalho</a>, Corporate Manager at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Zagalo" title="Maria da Conceição Zagalo">Maria da Conceição Zagalo</a>, awarded by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, as one of 25 women worldwide, "for her special dedication to social causes", <a href="/wiki/Carla_Castro" title="Carla Castro">Carla Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nia_C%C3%A2ndida_da_Fonseca_da_Silva_Mendes,_1st_Baroness_of_Silva" title="Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes, 1st Baroness of Silva">Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes</a>. Portuguese businessmen include <a href="/wiki/Raul_Pires_Ferreira_Chaves" title="Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves">Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves</a>, inventor of a precursor to modular construction systems; <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Mal%C3%B3" title="Paulo Maló">Paulo Maló</a>, founder of Malo Clinic; <a href="/wiki/Zeinal_Bava" title="Zeinal Bava">Zeinal Abedin Mohamed Bava</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Miguel_Ferreira" title="António Miguel Ferreira">António Miguel Ferreira</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Morgado" title="Paulo Morgado">Paulo Morgado</a>, Executive Vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini Group</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henrique_de_Sommer" title="Henrique de Sommer">Henrique de Sommer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Van_Zeller_Guedes" title="Fernando Van Zeller Guedes">Fernando Van Zeller Guedes</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Sogrape" title="Sogrape">Sogrape</a> and the inspiration behind <a href="/wiki/Mateus_(wine)" title="Mateus (wine)">Mateus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Ferreira" title="Narciso Ferreira">Narciso Ferreira</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henrique_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Henrique de Mendonça">Henrique de Mendonça</a>, helping the Portuguese colony of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> become a leading <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> producers; <a href="/wiki/Diogo_M%C3%B3nica" title="Diogo Mónica">Diogo Mónica</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Anchorage_Digital" title="Anchorage Digital">Anchorage Digital</a>. Expat Portuguese businessmen include <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Lobo" title="Pedro José Lobo">Pedro José Lobo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joe_Berardo" title="Joe Berardo">Joe Berardo</a>, entrepreneur; <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_de_Oliveira_Sales" title="Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales">Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Filipe_Torres" title="José Filipe Torres">José Filipe Torres</a>, branding expert; <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Carvalho_Monteiro" title="António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro">António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Regaleira" title="Quinta da Regaleira">Quinta da Regaleira</a>. Fishing is a prominent occupation, notably for <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a>. Both men and women work as <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fishermen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_dishes" title="List of Portuguese dishes">List of Portuguese dishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_food_and_drink_products_with_protected_status" title="List of Portuguese food and drink products with protected status">List of Portuguese food and drink products with protected status</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Portuguese_people" title="Special:EditPage/Portuguese people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacalhau_(Porto).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bacalhau_%28Porto%29.jpg/220px-Bacalhau_%28Porto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bacalhau_%28Porto%29.jpg/330px-Bacalhau_%28Porto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bacalhau_%28Porto%29.jpg/440px-Bacalhau_%28Porto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bacalhau" title="Bacalhau">Bacalhau</a> codfish is one of the epitomes of Portuguese cuisine</figcaption></figure> The oldest cookbook on Portuguese cooking is from the 16th century, Livro de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria de Portugal<a href="#cite_note-602">[601]</a> (Crown-Princess Maria's <a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">cookbook</a>). It describes recipes made of beef, fish, fowl, and other traditional ingredients. Even in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, agriculture had already a regional character. Small <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> allotments and large <a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifundia</a> were cultivated. The latter are particularly characteristic of southern regions, which were annexed as a result of the Reconquista and distributed among <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal lords</a>, whereas further north, agricultural lots were typically smaller. In modern times, fruit and grapes began to play an important role. Portugal is a world leader in <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry wines">dry white wines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a> come from there. Portuguese farmers grow pears, apples, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus fruits</a> and grain crops such as wheat, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, and vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peixinhos_da_horta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peixinhos_da_horta.jpg/220px-Peixinhos_da_horta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peixinhos_da_horta.jpg/330px-Peixinhos_da_horta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peixinhos_da_horta.jpg/440px-Peixinhos_da_horta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peixinhos_da_horta" title="Peixinhos da horta">Peixinhos da horta</a>, a typical dish from Lisbon from which Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">tempura</a> derives</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bu%C3%B1uelos_de_bacalao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bu%C3%B1uelos_de_bacalao.jpg/220px-Bu%C3%B1uelos_de_bacalao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bu%C3%B1uelos_de_bacalao.jpg/330px-Bu%C3%B1uelos_de_bacalao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bu%C3%B1uelos_de_bacalao.jpg/440px-Bu%C3%B1uelos_de_bacalao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4357" data-file-height="3270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bolinhos_de_bacalhau" title="Bolinhos de bacalhau">Pastéis de bacalhau</a>, a typical petisco found everywhere in Portugal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samosachutney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Samosachutney.jpg/220px-Samosachutney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Samosachutney.jpg/330px-Samosachutney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Samosachutney.jpg/440px-Samosachutney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Chamuças</a> (samosas) are an example of dish of foreign origin today widely popular in Portugal. They were first brought to the country during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> in the 15th century.</figcaption></figure> Portuguese cuisine relies on meats (pork, cattle, chicken and <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> among others). High seafood (fish, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> including <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>, crab, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a>, and octopus) consumption is supported by rich fisheries along Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">1,800 km of coastline</a> (1,115 miles). This is balanced by vegetables, legumes, and sweets (notably, cakes). The diet is rich in carbohydrates that often includes fresh breads like <a href="/wiki/Broa" title="Broa">broa</a>, rice, and potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-603">[602]</a><a href="#cite_note-604">[603]</a><a href="#cite_note-605">[604]</a> The Portuguese lead the Europeans in rice consumption per capita, 16.1 kg per year.<a href="#cite_note-606">[605]</a> Rice specialities include, Arroz de Tamboril (<a href="/wiki/Lophius" title="Lophius">Monkfish</a> rice), Arroz de Pato (duck rice) and Arroz de Cabidela (<a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">rooster</a> rice) enjoy high popularity.<a href="#cite_note-607">[606]</a> Portuguese are among the largest European potato consumers, consuming 62 kg potatoes per capita per year,.<a href="#cite_note-608">[607]</a> Portugal has one of the largest livestock EU populations.<a href="#cite_note-609">[608]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio-Maria_De_Oliveira_Bello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António-Maria De Oliveira Bello (page does not exist)">António-Maria De Oliveira Bello</a>, also known as Olleboma, wrote "Culinária Portuguesa" (Portuguese Cuisine) in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-610">[609]</a> Portuguese cuisine also draws from <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean sources</a> – Portugal is among the countries recognised by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> – and from all over the world, especially from the onetime Portuguese Empire. Portugal's role in the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> influenced its cuisine, particularly in the broad variety of spices used. These spices include <a href="/wiki/Peri-peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri-peri">piri piri</a> (tiny, spicy <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>), white and black pepper, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">paprika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>, allspice, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-611">[610]</a> Many dishes contain <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, lemon, orange, <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>. Portuguese merchants introduced oranges in Middle Eastern countries. Today the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> ("Portakal"), <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Farsi</a> (نارنجی or "portaqal") and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (البرتقالي or "lburtuqaliiu") words for orange all reflect a Portuguese origin. This term extended to the Ottoman Empire and beyond, today appearing in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (portocale), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (portokalli), <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (πορτοκάλι-portokáli) and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> (ფორთოხალი-portokhali). One popular dish is <a href="/wiki/Feijoada" title="Feijoada">Feijoada</a>. Feijão is Portuguese for <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">bean</a>. With feijoada salada de tomate and vinagrete or molho vinagrete are sometimes served. The Portuguese have 365 ways of cooking <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> (bacalhau). Other emblematic Portuguese traditional dishes are <a href="/wiki/Cozido_%C3%A0_portuguesa" title="Cozido à portuguesa">Cozido à portuguesa</a> (Portuguese stew) and <a href="/wiki/Caldo_verde" title="Caldo verde">Caldo verde</a> (green soup). The most globally appreciated pastry is <a href="/wiki/Pastel_de_nata" title="Pastel de nata">pastel de nata</a>, sometimes known as Natas or Portuguese custard tarts. Portugal has 19 named <a href="/wiki/Wine_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine regions">wine regions</a> <a href="/wiki/Denomina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Origem_Controlada" title="Denominação de Origem Controlada">Denominação de Origem Controlada</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alenquer_DOC" title="Alenquer DOC">Alenquer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arruda_DOC" title="Arruda DOC">Arruda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bairrada_DOC" title="Bairrada DOC">Bairrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beira_Interior_DOC" title="Beira Interior DOC">Beira Interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucelas_DOC" title="Bucelas DOC">Bucelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carcavelos_DOC" title="Carcavelos DOC">Carcavelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colares_DOC" title="Colares DOC">Colares</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A3o_DOC" title="Dão DOC">Dão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douro_DOC" title="Douro DOC">Douro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encostas_d%27Aire_DOC" title="Encostas d'Aire DOC">Encostas d'Aire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagoa_DOC" title="Lagoa DOC">Lagoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos_DOC" title="Lagos DOC">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93bidos_DOC" title="Óbidos DOC">Óbidos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmela_DOC" title="Palmela DOC">Palmela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o_DOC" title="Portimão DOC">Portimão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal_DOC" title="Setúbal DOC">Setúbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavira_DOC" title="Tavira DOC">Tavira</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1vora-Varosa_DOC" title="Távora-Varosa DOC">Távora-Varosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras_DOC" title="Torres Vedras DOC">Torres Vedras</a>. The most famous Portuguese wine is<a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Vinho do Porto</a> (port), which is grown only in the região demarcada do Douro. Several unique types of Port wine are made, namely Porto Branco, Porto Ruby, and Porto Tawny. Also famous is the slightly sparkling <a href="/wiki/Vinho_Verde" title="Vinho Verde">Vinho Verde</a><a href="#cite_note-612">[611]</a> (green wine), from the Minho region. Notable Portuguese chefs include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipa_Vacondeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filipa Vacondeus (page does not exist)">Filipa Vacondeus</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipa_Vacondeus" class="extiw" title="pt:Filipa Vacondeus">pt</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Bourrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Bourrat (page does not exist)">Louise Bourrat</a><a href="#cite_note-613">[612]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlene_Vieira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlene Vieira (page does not exist)">Marlene Vieira</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Vieira" class="extiw" title="pt:Marlene Vieira">pt</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Portuguese architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pombaline_style" title="Pombaline style">Pombaline style</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capela_das_Almas_(Porto)_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Capela_das_Almas_%28Porto%29_17.jpg/220px-Capela_das_Almas_%28Porto%29_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Capela_das_Almas_%28Porto%29_17.jpg/330px-Capela_das_Almas_%28Porto%29_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Capela_das_Almas_%28Porto%29_17.jpg/440px-Capela_das_Almas_%28Porto%29_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejos</a> are a distinctive feature of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Portuguese architecture</a> as it is the case with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capela_das_Almas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capela das Almas (page does not exist)">Capela das Almas</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capela_de_Santa_Catarina_(Santo_Ildefonso)" class="extiw" title="pt:Capela de Santa Catarina (Santo Ildefonso)">pt</a>], in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></figcaption></figure> Portuguese architecture encompasses work in Portugal and its former colonies, reflecting these diverse cultures. <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> each left marks. Epitomes of the Portuguese architectural style<a href="#cite_note-614">[613]</a> are <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> and, above all, <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline style</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> were influential. After the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pombaline_style" title="Pombaline style">Pombaline style</a> (now candidate to become a listed <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> heritage site) took over and is still visible, especially in <a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(historical)" title="Estremadura Province (historical)">Estremadura</a> (the region of the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>). Other influences include Romanesque evolving into <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">contemporary styles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Calouste_Gulbenkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian">Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian</a>, built in the 1960s is one of defining examples of 20th-century Portuguese architecture.<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treppenaufgang_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Treppenaufgang_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte.jpg/211px-Treppenaufgang_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Treppenaufgang_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte.jpg/316px-Treppenaufgang_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Treppenaufgang_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte.jpg/422px-Treppenaufgang_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte" title="Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte">Santuário do Bom Jesus do Monte</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, with its famous <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Stairway" class="mw-redirect" title="Stairway">stairway</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_da_Queluz_(21095271746).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Palacio_da_Queluz_%2821095271746%29.jpg/191px-Palacio_da_Queluz_%2821095271746%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Palacio_da_Queluz_%2821095271746%29.jpg/287px-Palacio_da_Queluz_%2821095271746%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Palacio_da_Queluz_%2821095271746%29.jpg/382px-Palacio_da_Queluz_%2821095271746%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">Fountain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz" title="Palace of Queluz">Palácio Nacional de Queluz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queluz,_Portugal" title="Queluz, Portugal">Queluz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almourol_034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Almourol_034.jpg/194px-Almourol_034.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Almourol_034.jpg/291px-Almourol_034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Almourol_034.jpg/388px-Almourol_034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Portugal is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templar castles</a>. A fine example is the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Almourol" title="Castle of Almourol">Castle of Almourol</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_da_Barquinha_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Nova da Barquinha Municipality">Vila Nova da Barquinha</a>.</figcaption></figure> 19th century architects include <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jos%C3%A9_Marques_da_Silva" title="Maria José Marques da Silva">Maria José Marques da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Roseta" title="Helena Roseta">Helena Roseta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ventura_Terra" title="Miguel Ventura Terra">Miguel Ventura Terra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Marques_da_Silva" title="José Marques da Silva">José Marques da Silva</a>. Modern architects include <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker Architecture Prize winners</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Siza Vieira</a>. Others include <a href="/wiki/Raul_Lino" title="Raul Lino">Raul Lino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_T%C3%A1vora" title="Fernando Távora">Fernando Távora</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Taveira" title="Tomás Taveira">Tomás Taveira</a> is noted particularly for stadium design. Other Portuguese architects include <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Arruda" title="Diogo de Arruda">Diogo de Arruda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> window at the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Christ_(Tomar)" title="Convent of Christ (Tomar)">Convent of Christ</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nunes_Tinoco" title="Pedro Nunes Tinoco">Pedro Nunes Tinoco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Terzi" title="Filippo Terzi">Filippo Terzi</a> (Monastery of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente_de_Fora" class="mw-redirect" title="São Vicente de Fora">São Vicente de Fora</a>), <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Soares_(architect)" title="André Soares (architect)">André Soares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falperra_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Falperra Church">Falperra Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B3nio_Caldas" title="José António Caldas">José António Caldas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">dark room</a> pioneer in Brazil), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Amarante" title="Carlos Amarante">Carlos Amarante</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bom_Jesus_do_Monte" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom Jesus do Monte">Bom Jesus do Monte</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_Carrilho_da_Gra%C3%A7a" title="João Luís Carrilho da Graça">João Luís Carrilho da Graça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="José da Costa e Silva">José da Costa e Silva</a> (established <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> in Portugal and Brazil), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lu%C3%ADs_Monteiro" title="José Luís Monteiro">José Luis Monteiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Abel_Manta" title="João Abel Manta">João Abel Manta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huguet" title="Huguet">Huguet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mateus_Fernandes_(architect)" title="Mateus Fernandes (architect)">Mateus Fernandes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Batalha" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Batalha">Monastery of Batalha</a>) Portuguese architects who made contributions abroad include <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Azancot" title="Alfredo Azancot">Alfredo Azancot</a> in Chile, <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Rodriguez_Dos_Santos" title="Emanuele Rodriguez Dos Santos">Emanuele Rodriguez Dos Santos</a> in Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Jo_Palma" title="Jo Palma">Jo Palma</a> in Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music history of Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fado1_-_Fadistas_a_los_Jeronimos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fado1_-_Fadistas_a_los_Jeronimos.JPG/220px-Fado1_-_Fadistas_a_los_Jeronimos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fado1_-_Fadistas_a_los_Jeronimos.JPG/330px-Fado1_-_Fadistas_a_los_Jeronimos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fado1_-_Fadistas_a_los_Jeronimos.JPG/440px-Fado1_-_Fadistas_a_los_Jeronimos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">fadistas</a> performing in the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Mosteiro dos Jerónimos</a>, Lisbon</figcaption></figure> From <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">folk music</a> to <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical</a>, music has always played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portuguese culture</a>. From traditional songs from the <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">north</a> of the country to the rhythms of Portuguese-influenced <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">fado</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Portuguese pop-rock</a>, Portuguese music has delighted listeners all over the world. Portuguese music dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>, poets and musicians sang <a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">love songs</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">country</a>. The 16th century brought musical influences such as the stringed instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Kroncong" title="Kroncong">Krencong</a>, which traveled from Portugal to Indonesia and made a lasting contribution to Indonesian culture. Another instrument of Portuguese origin that gained acclaim in Hawaiian music is the <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a>, which originated on <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Island" title="Madeira Island">Madeira Island</a>. Fado is the leading modern genre. Originating in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in the 19th century, it symbolizes Portuguese culture. Fado songs often express love, <a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">saudade</a> (longing) and difficulties in life. The great ambassador of Portuguese fado, <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A1lia_Rodrigues" title="Amália Rodrigues">Amália Rodrigues</a>, had carried the music across the world during the 1950s and 1960s. Musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Mariza" title="Mariza">Mariza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Moura" title="Ana Moura">Ana Moura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Branco" title="Cristina Branco">Cristina Branco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katia_Guerreiro" title="Katia Guerreiro">Katia Guerreiro</a> modernized and invigorated this musical art alive. The genre is one of two Portuguese music traditions in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a>. Besides fado, the country produced other popular music, including Portuguese Pop Rock, developed in the 1980s and 1990s by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Xutos_%26_Pontap%C3%A9s" title="Xutos & Pontapés">Xutos & Pontapés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rui_Veloso" title="Rui Veloso">Rui Veloso</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Madredeus" title="Madredeus">Madredeus</a>. The latter are noted for their innovative use of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_guitar" title="Portuguese guitar">Portuguese guitar</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/220px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/330px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/440px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Miranda" title="Carmen Miranda">Carmen Miranda</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">GCIH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordem_do_M%C3%A9rito_Cultural" title="Ordem do Mérito Cultural">OMC</a> who reached stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a></figcaption></figure> Other popular imported genres include dance, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">kizomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimba" title="Pimba">pimba</a>, pop, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a> stars include <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Bastos" title="Waldemar Bastos">Waldemar Bastos</a>. A notable Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">kizomba</a> author is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soraia_Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soraia Ramos (page does not exist)">Soraia Ramos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boss_AC" title="Boss AC">Ângelo César do Rosário Firmino</a> and <a href="/wiki/IAMDDB" title="IAMDDB">Diana De Brito</a> are important <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a> artists. Hip hop arrived in the early 1990s. The first artist to sign a major record deal was <a href="/wiki/General_D" title="General D">General D</a>. Other important artists from the <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Hip hop tuga</a> genre include <a href="/wiki/Sam_the_Kid" title="Sam the Kid">Sam the Kid</a> and Regula. In jazz, notable Portuguese performers include <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Souza" title="Carmen Souza">Carmen Souza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marta_Dias" title="Marta Dias">Marta Dias</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nia_Fernandes" title="Vânia Fernandes">Vânia Fernandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jo%C3%A3o_(singer)" title="Maria João (singer)">Maria João</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Sobral" title="Luísa Sobral">Luísa Sobral</a>. while in the <a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">kuduro</a> musical genre in Portugal <a href="/wiki/Valete" title="Valete">Keidje Torres Lima</a> is notable. Other authors are <a href="/wiki/Lura_(singer)" title="Lura (singer)">Lura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Ribas" title="Georgina Ribas">Georgina Ribas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipa_Azevedo" title="Filipa Azevedo">Filipa Azevedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nenny" title="Nenny">Nenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Free" title="Ana Free">Ana Free</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ana_Bela_Alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ana Bela Alves (page does not exist)">Ana Bela Alves</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Bela_Alves" class="extiw" title="pt:Ana Bela Alves">pt</a>] and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Bandeira" title="Bárbara Bandeira">Bárbara Bandeira</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_films" title="List of Portuguese films">List of Portuguese films</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portuguese cinema</a> appeared at the end of the 19th century, via <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a>. In the 1920s that cinema became an important cultural and artistic element. The first Portuguese film, shot in Porto, was directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aur%C3%A9lio_da_Paz_dos_Reis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurélio da Paz dos Reis (page does not exist)">Aurélio da Paz dos Reis</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_da_Paz_dos_Reis" class="extiw" title="pt:Aurélio da Paz dos Reis">pt</a>] in 1896. In homage to the Departure of the Workers from the Lumière Factory (<a href="/wiki/Workers_Leaving_the_Lumi%C3%A8re_Factory" title="Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory">La Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a> shot in 1895, he filmed the Departure of the Workers from the Confiança Factory (Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança).<a href="#cite_note-:20-615">[614]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leit%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="José Leitão de Barros">José Leitão de Barros</a> pioneered the Portuguese film industry, producing and directing silent films starting in the 1910s.<a href="#cite_note-:20-615">[614]</a> One of the first notable female actresses was <a href="/wiki/Cremilda_de_Oliveira" title="Cremilda de Oliveira">Cremilda de Oliveira</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira" title="Manoel de Oliveira">Manoel de Oliveira</a> extended de la Velle's legacy. His film "<a href="/wiki/Aniki-B%C3%B3b%C3%B3" title="Aniki-Bóbó">Aniki-Bóbó</a> (1942), is notable for its innovation and vision of adolescence. Manoel de Oliveira made more than 30 films, including <a href="/wiki/I%27m_Going_Home_(film)" title="I'm Going Home (film)">I'm Going home</a> (2001), produced at age 93. In the 1950s, attention pivoted to technically advanced <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> films. In the 1960s, attention returned home. In the 1960s innovative cinema flourished, notably with director <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lopes_(filmmaker)" title="Fernando Lopes (filmmaker)">Fernando Lopes</a>. He made films that touched on themes of politics and religion, generating debate and controversy at the time. His film <a href="/wiki/Belarmino" title="Belarmino">Belarmino</a> (1964), won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> at that year's <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice exhibition</a>. Fernando Lopes led a new generation of directors in the 70s and 80s. This period saw films like Mudar de Vida (1966) by <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Rocha_(film_director)" title="Paulo Rocha (film director)">Paulo Rocha</a>. In the 70s the <a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Reis" title="The School of Reis">School of Reis</a> – a concept related to the teachings of Portuguese director <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Reis" title="António Reis">António Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margarida_Cordeiro" title="Margarida Cordeiro">Margarida Cordeiro</a> – emerged. Notable proponents are <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Rodrigues" title="João Pedro Rodrigues">João Pedro Rodrigues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Costa" title="Pedro Costa">Pedro Costa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-616">[615]</a> Despite national success, Portuguese films were largely ignored by international festivals until the emergence of directors such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Martins" title="Marco Martins">Marco Martins</a>. In 1989, the first of a new wave of filmmakers, Pedro Costa, presented <a href="/wiki/O_Sangue" title="O Sangue">O Sangue</a>. This film, along with its follow-up efforts in the 90s, <a href="/wiki/Ossos" title="Ossos">Ossos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Down_to_Earth_(1995_film)" title="Down to Earth (1995 film)">Casa de Lava</a>, shaped a distinctive style. Portuguese directors have influenced the international film industry. Manoel de Oliveira was the first Portuguese director to compete for the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at Cannes in 1985. Since then, other Portuguese filmmakers have competed at major international festivals. The <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovela</a> is a popular genre, brought from <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_telenovela" title="Brazilian telenovela">Brazil</a>, and the country is a major producer and consumer.<a href="#cite_note-617">[616]</a><a href="#cite_note-618">[617]</a> Many Portuguese telenovelas have reached international audiences, such as <a href="/wiki/A_%C3%9Anica_Mulher" title="A Única Mulher">A Única Mulher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floribella" title="Floribella">Floribella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morangos_com_A%C3%A7%C3%BAcar" title="Morangos com Açúcar">Morangos com Açúcar</a>, <a href="/wiki/La%C3%A7os_de_Sangue" title="Laços de Sangue">Laços de Sangue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conta-me_como_foi" title="Conta-me como foi">Conta-me como foi</a>. Telenovela stars include <a href="/wiki/Liliana_Santos" title="Liliana Santos">Liliana Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcia_Moniz" title="Lúcia Moniz">Lúcia Moniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Morgado" title="Diogo Morgado">Diogo Morgado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Kolodzig" title="Vera Kolodzig">Vera Kolodzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvia_Alberto" title="Sílvia Alberto">Sílvia Alberto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Amaral" title="Diogo Amaral">Diogo Amaral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Pereira_(actress)" title="Rita Pereira (actress)">Rita Pereira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joana_Ribeiro" title="Joana Ribeiro">Joana Ribeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Pereira_(actor)" title="Ricardo Pereira (actor)">Ricardo Pereira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Monteiro" title="Mariana Monteiro">Mariana Monteiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luciana_Abreu" title="Luciana Abreu">Luciana Abreu</a>. Portuguese authors have participated in international productions; among them <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Melchior" title="Daniela Melchior">Daniela Melchior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Lopes" title="Nuno Lopes">Nuno Lopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cris_Huerta" title="Cris Huerta">Cris Huerta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_D%27Algy" title="Helena D'Algy">Helena D'Algy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Morais" title="Rafael Morais">Rafael Morais</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nuno_S%C3%A1_Pessoa" title="Nuno Sá Pessoa">Nuno Sá Pessoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Andringa" title="Diana Andringa">Diana Andringa</a> are known for documentaries, <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Markl" title="Nuno Markl">Nuno Markl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Camarneiro" title="Rita Camarneiro">Rita Camarneiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Ara%C3%BAjo_Pereira" title="Ricardo Araújo Pereira">Ricardo Araújo Pereira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filomena_Cautela" title="Filomena Cautela">Filomena Cautela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Serra" title="Eduardo Serra">Eduardo Serra</a> are TV hosts (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influencers">Influencers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Influencers">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption>Top 10 Influencers*<a href="#cite_note-619">[618]</a><a href="#cite_note-620">[619]</a><a href="#cite_note-621">[620]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Rank </th> <th scope="col">Username </th> <th scope="col">Owner </th> <th scope="col">Followers </th> <th scope="col">Profession/Activity </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">1 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/cristiano">@cristiano</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo" title="Cristiano Ronaldo">Cristiano Ronaldo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">622,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Most followed person on <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">2 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/virginia">@virginia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Fonseca" title="Virginia Fonseca">Virginia Fonseca</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Influencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Influencer">Influencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a>, businesswoman </td> <td>American-born Brazilian who also holds Portuguese nationality. This makes her the most followed Portuguese woman on Instagram.<a href="#cite_note-622">[621]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">3 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/gioewbank">@gioewbank</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Ewbank" title="Giovanna Ewbank">Giovanna Ewbank</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actress, model, Television presenter </td> <td>Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian citizen<a href="#cite_note-purepeople.com.br-623">[622]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">4 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/phil.coutinho">@phil.coutinho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Coutinho" title="Philippe Coutinho">Philippe Coutinho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24,400,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Most followed Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian man on Instagram<a href="#cite_note-624">[623]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">5 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/brunogagliasso">@brunogagliasso</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gagliasso" title="Bruno Gagliasso">Bruno Gagliasso</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actor </td> <td>Luso-Brazilian citizen<a href="#cite_note-purepeople.com.br-623">[622]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">6 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/official_pepe">@official_pepe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pepe_(footballer,_born_1983)" title="Pepe (footballer, born 1983)">Pepe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Brazilian-born </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">7 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/felipeneto">@felipeneto</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Neto" title="Felipe Neto">Felipe Neto</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">YouTuber </td> <td>Luso-Brazilian citizen<a href="#cite_note-625">[624]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">8 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/ileana_official">@ileana_official</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ileana_D%27Cruz" title="Ileana D'Cruz">Ileana D'Cruz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16,400,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actress </td> <td>Indian-born </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/joaofelix79">@joaofelix79</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_F%C3%A9lix" title="João Félix">João Félix</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">10 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/brunofernandes8">@brunofernandes8</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fernandes" title="Bruno Fernandes">Bruno Fernandes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">11 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/oficialkellykey">@oficialkellykey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Key" title="Kelly Key">Kelly Key</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,700,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Singer </td> <td>Luso-Brazilian citizen<a href="#cite_note-626">[625]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">12 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/sarasampaio">@sarasampaio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Sampaio" title="Sara Sampaio">Sara Sampaio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Model </td> <td>Most followed Portuguese-born Portuguese model on Instagram </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">13 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/jpcancelo">@jpcancelo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cancelo" title="João Cancelo">João Cancelo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">14 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/pedroscooby">@pedroscooby</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Scooby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Scooby (page does not exist)">Pedro Scooby</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Scooby" class="extiw" title="pt:Pedro Scooby">pt</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Surfer </td> <td>Luso-Brazilian<a href="#cite_note-627">[626]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">15 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/luccasneto">@luccasneto</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Luccas_Neto" title="Luccas Neto">Luccas Neto</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actor, comedian </td> <td>Luso-Brazilian<a href="#cite_note-628">[627]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">16 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/iamrafaeleao93">@iamrafaeleao93</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Le%C3%A3o" title="Rafael Leão">Rafael Leão</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Being of <a href="/wiki/Angolans_in_Portugal" title="Angolans in Portugal">Portuguese-Angolan</a> descent, he is the most followed <a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Luso-African</a> on Instagram </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">17 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/ederson93">@ederson93</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ederson_Moraes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ederson Moraes">Ederson Moraes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Luso-Brazilian<a href="#cite_note-629">[628]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">18 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/luis__figo">@luis__figo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo" title="Luís Figo">Luís Figo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,900,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">19 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/renatosanches18">@renatosanches18</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Renato_Sanches" title="Renato Sanches">Renato Sanches</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_diaspora" title="Cape Verdean diaspora">Cape Verdean descent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">20 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/bernardocarvalhosilva">@bernardocarvalhosilva</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Silva" title="Bernardo Silva">Bernardo Silva</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,700,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">21 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/doloresaveiroofficial">@doloresaveiroofficial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dolores Aveiro </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo" title="Cristiano Ronaldo">Cristiano Ronaldo</a>'s mother </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">22 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/josemourinho">@josemourinho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho" title="José Mourinho">José Mourinho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Football manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">23 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/ricardoquaresmaoficial">@ricardoquaresmaoficial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Quaresma" title="Ricardo Quaresma">Ricardo Quaresma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Most followed <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portuguese of Romani descent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">24 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/rubendias">@rubendias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAben_Dias" title="Rúben Dias">Rúben Dias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">25 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/diogodalot">@diogodalot</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Dalot" title="Diogo Dalot">Diogo Dalot</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Most followed Portuguese of French descent on Instagram </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">26 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/nelsonsemedo50">@nelsonsemedo50</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9lson_Semedo" title="Nélson Semedo">Nélson Semedo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Portugal" title="Cape Verdeans in Portugal">Cape Verdean descent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">27 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/jorgejesus">@jorgejesus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Jesus" title="Jorge Jesus">Jorge Jesus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Football manager </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">28 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/luisnani">@luisnani</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nani_(footballer)" title="Nani (footballer)">Nani</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Of Cape Verdean descent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">29 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/ferodriguesoficial">@ferodriguesoficial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Rodrigues" title="Fernanda Rodrigues">Fernanda Rodrigues</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actress, Television presenter </td> <td>Luso-Brazilian<a href="#cite_note-630">[629]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">30 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/diogoj_18">@diogoj_18</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Jota" title="Diogo Jota">Diogo Jota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">31 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/fabio_coentrao">@fabio_coentrao</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Coentr%C3%A3o" title="Fábio Coentrão">Fábio Coentrão</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">32 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/aftgomes21">@aftgomes21</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gomes" title="André Gomes">André Gomes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">33 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/magui_corceiro">@magui_corceiro</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Margarida_Corceiro" title="Margarida Corceiro">Margarida Corceiro</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actress </td> <td>Most followed Portuguese born in the 21st century </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">34 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/andresilva9">@andresilva9</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Silva_(footballer,_born_1995)" title="André Silva (footballer, born 1995)">André Silva</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">35 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/dailycristina">@dailycristina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Ferreira" title="Cristina Ferreira">Cristina Ferreira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Television presenter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">36 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/hyndia">@hyndia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Pereira_(actress)" title="Rita Pereira (actress)">Rita Pereira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actress </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">37 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/pedrocarvalho_oficial">@pedrocarvalho_oficial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Carvalho_(actor)" title="Pedro Carvalho (actor)">Pedro Carvalho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actor </td> <td>Most followed Portuguese male actor </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">38 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/katiaaveirooficial">@katiaaveirooficial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1tia_Aveiro" title="Kátia Aveiro">Kátia Aveiro</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,400,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pop singer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">39 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/explorerssaurus_">@explorerssaurus_</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Raquel e Miguel </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Travellers </td> <td>Most followed Portuguese couple on Instagram </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">40 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/danielamelchior">@danielamelchior</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Melchior" title="Daniela Melchior">Daniela Melchior</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actress </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">41 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/ricardinho10oficial">@ricardinho10oficial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ricardinho_(futsal_player,_born_1985)" title="Ricardinho (futsal player, born 1985)">Ricardinho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Futsal player </td> <td>Most followed Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Futsal_First_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Futsal First Division">futsal</a> player </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">42 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/h.herrera16">@h.herrera16</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Herrera" title="Héctor Herrera">Héctor Herrera</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Most followed Portuguese citizen of <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican descent</a> on Instagram </td></tr> <tr> <th>43 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/sergioliveira27">@sergioliveira27</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Oliveira" title="Sérgio Oliveira">Sérgio Oliveira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">44 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/iamdanilopereira">@iamdanilopereira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Pereira" title="Danilo Pereira">Danilo Pereira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Most followed <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> born Portuguese on Instagram </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">45 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/claudiavieiraoficial">@claudiavieiraoficial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udia_Vieira" title="Cláudia Vieira">Cláudia Vieira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actress, Television presenter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">46 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/pedrobarrosopb">@pedrobarrosopb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Barroso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Barroso (page does not exist)">Pedro Barroso</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Barroso_(ator)" class="extiw" title="pt:Pedro Barroso (ator)">pt</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Actor </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">47 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/nunomendes_5/">@nunomendes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Mendes_(footballer,_born_2002)" title="Nuno Mendes (footballer, born 2002)">Nuno Mendes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td>Of Angolan descent </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">48 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/rubendsneves">@rubendsneves</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAben_Neves" title="Rúben Neves">Rúben Neves</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Footballer </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">49 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/gonolivier">@gonolivier</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gon%C3%A7alo_Olivier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonçalo Olivier (page does not exist)">Gonçalo Olivier</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Influencer </td> <td>One of the most followed Portuguese influencers<a href="#cite_note-631">[630]</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[631]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center;">50 </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/danielaruah">@danielaruah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Ruah" title="Daniela Ruah">Daniela Ruah</a> </td> <td>1,100,000 </td> <td>Actress </td> <td>Most followed American-Bissau born Portuguese on Instagram </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;">Instagram As of February 26, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit">[update]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Africans" title="Luso-Africans">Luso-Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Iberian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese American">Portuguese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_people" title="List of Portuguese people">List of Portuguese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese culture">Portuguese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitanics">Lusitanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_people" title="Category:Portuguese people">Category:Portuguese people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Only people legally registered as living in Portugal and not holding Portuguese nationality (thus excluding naturalised citizens and descendants of immigrants) are taken into account. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=645507713&DESTAQUESmodo=2">"População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023"</a>. ine.pt. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estat%C3%ADstica_(Portugal)" title="Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)">INE</a>. 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Observatorioemigracao.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observatorioemigracao.pt&rft.atitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Portugueses+em+Macau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservatorioemigracao.pt%2Fnp4%2Fpaises.html%3Fid%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=133">"Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses no Luxemburgo"</a>. 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Observatorioemigracao.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatorioemigracao.pt&rft.atitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Portugueses+na+Alemanha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservatorioemigracao.pt%2Fnp4%2Fpaises.html%3Fid%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/03-dez-2022/mianmar-a-terra-em-que-houve-reis-portugueses-15419070.htmll/?id=133">"Mianmar. A terra em que houve reis portugueses"</a>. Diário de Notícias.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Di%C3%A1rio+de+Not%C3%ADcias&rft.atitle=Mianmar.+A+terra+em+que+houve+reis+portugueses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.pt%2Fedicao-do-dia%2F03-dez-2022%2Fmianmar-a-terra-em-que-houve-reis-portugueses-15419070.htmll%2F%3Fid%3D133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/pt/podcast-episode/risking-my-life-to-speak-out-claims-minority-catholic-community-leader-amid-persecution-by-myanmars-junta/7snuhkchj">"Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes católicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares"</a>. SBS Language.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+Language&rft.atitle=Casas+incendiadas%2C+terror+e+morte+em+Myanmar%3A+Luso-descendentes+cat%C3%B3licos+Bayingyi+no+alvo+dos+militares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Flanguage%2Fportuguese%2Fpt%2Fpodcast-episode%2Frisking-my-life-to-speak-out-claims-minority-catholic-community-leader-amid-persecution-by-myanmars-junta%2F7snuhkchj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=104">"Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Índia"</a>. 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Diário de Notícias.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Di%C3%A1rio+de+Not%C3%ADcias&rft.atitle=Escola+de+portugu%C3%AAs+nas+Bermudas+procura+acredita%C3%A7%C3%A3o+junto+do+instituto+Cam%C3%B5es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.pt%2Flusa%2Fescola-de-portugues-nas-bermudas-procura-acreditacao-junto-do-instituto-camoes-8928190.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusa" class="citation web cs1">Lusa, Agência. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observador.pt/2022/10/15/emigrantes-nas-bermudas-deixam-de-visitar-portugal-por-nao-poderem-conduzir-no-pais/">"Emigrantes nas Bermudas deixam de visitar Portugal por não poderem conduzir no país"</a>. Observador.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observador&rft.atitle=Emigrantes+nas+Bermudas+deixam+de+visitar+Portugal+por+n%C3%A3o+poderem+conduzir+no+pa%C3%ADs&rft.aulast=Lusa&rft.aufirst=Ag%C3%AAncia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservador.pt%2F2022%2F10%2F15%2Femigrantes-nas-bermudas-deixam-de-visitar-portugal-por-nao-poderem-conduzir-no-pais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331190515/http://diariodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/380/ArticleID/11547/Associa231227o-dos-Emigrantes-A231orianos-foi-224s-Bermudas-para-registar-Hist243ria-de-175-anos-de-presen231a-portuguesa">"Associação dos Emigrantes Açorianos foi às Bermudas para registar História de 175 anos de presença portuguesa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diariodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/380/ArticleID/11547/Associa231227o-dos-Emigrantes-A231orianos-foi-224s-Bermudas-para-registar-Hist243ria-de-175-anos-de-presen231a-portuguesa">the original</a> on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+dos+Emigrantes+A%C3%A7orianos+foi+%C3%A0s+Bermudas+para+registar+Hist%C3%B3ria+de+175+anos+de+presen%C3%A7a+portuguesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiariodosacores.pt%2FNewsDetail%2FArtMID%2F380%2FArticleID%2F11547%2FAssocia231227o-dos-Emigrantes-A231orianos-foi-224s-Bermudas-para-registar-Hist243ria-de-175-anos-de-presen231a-portuguesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf">"2021 Jersey census"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Jersey+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520CensusBulletin1%252020220413%2520SJ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccmm.madeira.gov.pt/index.php/publicacoes/noticias/2908-clubes-desportivos-dao-vida-e-visibilidade-a-comunidade-portuguesa-em-jersey">"Clubes desportivos dão vida e visibilidade à comunidade portuguesa em Jersey"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clubes+desportivos+d%C3%A3o+vida+e+visibilidade+%C3%A0+comunidade+portuguesa+em+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccmm.madeira.gov.pt%2Findex.php%2Fpublicacoes%2Fnoticias%2F2908-clubes-desportivos-dao-vida-e-visibilidade-a-comunidade-portuguesa-em-jersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2005/11/28/jornal/fluxo-comecou-na-decada-de-50-51253">"Fluxo começou na década de 50"</a>. 28 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fluxo+come%C3%A7ou+na+d%C3%A9cada+de+50&rft.date=2005-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.pt%2F2005%2F11%2F28%2Fjornal%2Ffluxo-comecou-na-decada-de-50-51253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guiame.com.br/gospel/mundo-cristao/nossa-moeda-e-fe-como-uma-igreja-impediu-que-um-templo-virasse-um-restaurante.html">""Nossa moeda é a fé": Como uma igreja impediu que um templo virasse um restaurante"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Nossa+moeda+%C3%A9+a+f%C3%A9%22%3A+Como+uma+igreja+impediu+que+um+templo+virasse+um+restaurante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguiame.com.br%2Fgospel%2Fmundo-cristao%2Fnossa-moeda-e-fe-como-uma-igreja-impediu-que-um-templo-virasse-um-restaurante.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=92">"Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Guiné Bissau"</a>. Observatorioemigracao.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatorioemigracao.pt&rft.atitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Portugueses+na+Guin%C3%A9+Bissau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservatorioemigracao.pt%2Fnp4%2Fpaises.html%3Fid%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=101">"Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Irlanda"</a>. Observatorioemigracao.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatorioemigracao.pt&rft.atitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Portugueses+na+Irlanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservatorioemigracao.pt%2Fnp4%2Fpaises.html%3Fid%3D101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bomdia.eu/os-portugueses-na-noruega/">"Os portugueses na Noruega"</a>. 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Os+portugueses+na+Noruega&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbomdia.eu%2Fos-portugueses-na-noruega%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/italia">"Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Itália"</a>. Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt&rft.atitle=Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Bilaterais+Portugal-It%C3%A1lia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt%2Frelacoesbilaterais%2Fpaises-geral%2Fitalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=109">"Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Itália"</a>. Observatorioemigracao.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatorioemigracao.pt&rft.atitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Portugueses+em+It%C3%A1lia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservatorioemigracao.pt%2Fnp4%2Fpaises.html%3Fid%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=192">"Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Arábia Saudita"</a>. Observatorioemigracao.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatorioemigracao.pt&rft.atitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Portugueses+na+Ar%C3%A1bia+Saudita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservatorioemigracao.pt%2Fnp4%2Fpaises.html%3Fid%3D192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/austria">"Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Áustria"</a>. Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt&rft.atitle=Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Bilaterais+Portugal-%C3%81ustria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt%2Frelacoesbilaterais%2Fpaises-geral%2Faustria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=13">"Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Áustria"</a>. Observatorioemigracao.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatorioemigracao.pt&rft.atitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Emigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Portugueses+na+%C3%81ustria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservatorioemigracao.pt%2Fnp4%2Fpaises.html%3Fid%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moscovo.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/pt/">"Embaixada de Portugal na Rússia"</a>. Moscovo.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moscovo.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt&rft.atitle=Embaixada+de+Portugal+na+R%C3%BAssia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moscovo.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt%2Fpt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaris2014" class="citation book cs1">Faris, Robert N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaENBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114">Liberating Mission in Mozambique: Faith and Revolution in the Life of Eduardo Mondlane</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630874841" title="Special:BookSources/9781630874841"><bdi>9781630874841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberating+Mission+in+Mozambique%3A+Faith+and+Revolution+in+the+Life+of+Eduardo+Mondlane&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781630874841&rft.aulast=Faris&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqaENBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2002" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwqL95lflz4C&pg=PA382">Peoples of Europe</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761473787" title="Special:BookSources/9780761473787"><bdi>9780761473787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Europe&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780761473787&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwqL95lflz4C%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pop-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Pop_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ioan-Aurel_Pop" title="Ioan-Aurel Pop">Pop, Ioan-Aurel</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDwMAQAAMAAJ">Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cultural_Foundation" title="Romanian Cultural Foundation">Romanian Cultural Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880334401" title="Special:BookSources/0880334401"><bdi>0880334401</bdi></a>. <q>We could say that contemporary Europe is made up of three large groups of peoples, divided on the criteria of their origin and linguistic affiliation. They are the following: the Romanic or neo-Latin peoples (Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French, Romanians, etc.), the Germanic peoples (Germans proper, English, Dutch, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Icelanders, etc.), and the Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanians+and+Hungarians+from+the+9th+to+the+14th+century&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0880334401&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxDwMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA533">One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313309841" title="Special:BookSources/0313309841"><bdi>0313309841</bdi></a>. <q>The Portuguese are a Latin nation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0313309841&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26pg%3DPA533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA776">One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 776. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313309847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313309847"><bdi>978-0313309847</bdi></a>. <q>Romance (Latin) nations... Portuguese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=776&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0313309847&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26pg%3DPA776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsays2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">says, Soraya Gomes (10 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vortexmag.net/povos-que-deram-origem-aos-portugueses/">"Os 23 povos que deram origem aos portugueses | VortexMag"</a>. www.vortexmag.net (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vortexmag.net&rft.atitle=Os+23+povos+que+deram+origem+aos+portugueses+%7C+VortexMag&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=Soraya+Gomes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vortexmag.net%2Fpovos-que-deram-origem-aos-portugueses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leme.pt/magazine/efemerides/0624/batalha-de-sao-mamede.html">"Batalha de São Mamede"</a>. www.leme.pt. 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Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTP+Ensina&rft.atitle=O+Tratado+de+Zamora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fensina.rtp.pt%2Fartigo%2Ftratado-de-zamora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdez" class="citation journal cs1">Valdez, Ana T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10885837">"(PDF) The First Globalization: The Portuguese and the Age of Discovery"</a>. Academia.edu. 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Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571290918" title="Special:BookSources/9780571290918"><bdi>9780571290918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+How+Portugal+seized+the+Indian+Ocean+and+forged+the+First+Global+Empire&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.isbn=9780571290918&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNU1GAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2002" class="citation book cs1">Page, Martin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IIEhFx0OfwC">The First Global Village: How Portugal Changed the World</a>. Casa das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789724613130" title="Special:BookSources/9789724613130"><bdi>9789724613130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Global+Village%3A+How+Portugal+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Casa+das+Letras&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789724613130&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IIEhFx0OfwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExenberger" class="citation journal cs1">Exenberger, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8378880">"(PDF) The Cradle of Globalisation Venice's and Portugal's Contribution to a World Becoming Global"</a>. 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E-Keltoi Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Celts+in+Portugal&rft.date=2004-09-09&rft.aulast=Gamito&rft.aufirst=Teresa+J%C3%BAdice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.uwm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1028%26context%3Dekeltoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> "the Indo-European but clearly non-Celtic language that we today call Lusitanian.(...)": Book Reviews: Alejandro G. Sinner, Javier Velaza (eds.). Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford University Press, 2019, Juan Luis García Alonso, University of Salamanca, Spain, Journal of Language Relationship, № 19/3-4, 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal/History">"Portugal – History"</a>. Britannica. 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Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473826892" title="Special:BookSources/9781473826892"><bdi>9781473826892</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viriathus%3A+and+the+Lusitanian+Resistance+to+Rome+155%E2%80%93139+BC&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.isbn=9781473826892&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIY5ABAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dviriathus%2Blusitanian%2Bceltic%2Bhero%2Bacademic%26pg%3DPT76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vercingetorix">"Vercingetorix | Gallic chieftain"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Vercingetorix+%26%23124%3B+Gallic+chieftain&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVercingetorix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boudicca">"Boudicca | History, Facts, & Death"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Boudicca+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Death&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBoudicca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMALKIEL1978" class="citation journal cs1">MALKIEL, YAKOV (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44943149">"The Classification of Romance Languages"</a>. Romance Philology. 31 (3): 467–500. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8002">0035-8002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44943149">44943149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Classification+of+Romance+Languages&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-500&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44943149%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-8002&rft.aulast=MALKIEL&rft.aufirst=YAKOV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44943149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filologia.org.br/viisenefil/02.htm">"ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS"</a>. www.filologia.org.br. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.filologia.org.br&rft.atitle=ASPECTOS+DA+CONSTITUI%C3%87%C3%83O+DO+L%C3%89XICO+PORTUGU%C3%8AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filologia.org.br%2Fviisenefil%2F02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> "O Barco Poveiro" – Octávio Lixa Filgueiras, 1ª edição 1966 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipoll_López1989" class="citation web cs1">Ripoll López, Gisela (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812072505/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF">"Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania"</a>. Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2. pp. 389–418. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2017. <q>En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo—sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar— representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de Hispania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Espacio%2C+Tiempo+y+Forma%2C+S.+I%2C+Prehist.+y+Arqueol.%2C+t.+2&rft.atitle=Caracter%C3%ADsticas+generales+del+poblamiento+y+la+arqueolog%C3%ADa+funeraria+visigoda+de+Hispania&rft.pages=389-418&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ripoll+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-spacio.uned.es%2Ffez%2Feserv.php%3Fpid%3Dbibliuned%3AETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938%26dsID%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Les Wisigoths dans le Portugal médiéval : état actuel de la question". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/cvz/2148?lang=en">L'Europe héritière de l'Espagne wisigothique</a>. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez. Books.openedition.org. 23 January 2014. pp. 326–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788490960981" title="Special:BookSources/9788490960981"><bdi>9788490960981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+Wisigoths+dans+le+Portugal+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val+%3A+%C3%A9tat+actuel+de+la+question&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+h%C3%A9riti%C3%A8re+de+l%27Espagne+wisigothique&rft.series=Collection+de+la+Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.pages=326-339&rft.pub=Books.openedition.org&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft.isbn=9788490960981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fcvz%2F2148%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=content/o-património-visigodo-da-l%C3%ADngua-portuguesa">"O Património Visigodo Da13 ADngua Portuguesa"</a>. March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Patrim%C3%B3nio+Visigodo+Da13+ADngua+Portuguesa&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falpha.sib.uc.pt%2F%3Fq%3Dcontent%2Fo-patrim%C3%B3nio-visigodo-da-l%25C3%25ADngua-portuguesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiroga2017" class="citation journal cs1">Quiroga, Jorge López (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37321555">"(PDF) IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD)"</a>. Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense. Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jorge+L%C3%B3pez+Quiroga-Artemio+M.+Mart%C3%ADnez+Tejera+%28Coord.%29%3A+In+Tempore+Sueborum.+The+Time+of+the+Sueves+in+Gallaecia+%28411%E2%80%93585+Ad%29.+The+First+Medieval+Kingdom+of+the+West%2C+Ourense&rft.atitle=%28PDF%29+IN+TEMPORE+SUEBORUM.+The+time+of+the+Suevi+in+Gallaecia+%28411%E2%80%93585+AD%29.&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=Quiroga&rft.aufirst=Jorge+L%C3%B3pez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37321555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira" class="citation web cs1">Oliveira, Ricardo Costa de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13589202">""Nós somos Alanos": Documentos, Mitos e Concepções dos Alanos no Ocidente Ibérico"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22N%C3%B3s+somos+Alanos%22%3A+Documentos%2C+Mitos+e+Concep%C3%A7%C3%B5es+dos+Alanos+no+Ocidente+Ib%C3%A9rico&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+Costa+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13589202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvisLevinYates2018" class="citation book cs1">Jarvis, Judith K.; Levin, Susan L.; Yates, Donald N. (10 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58lqDwAAQBAJ&q=portuguese+sephardic+surnames&pg=PA49">Book of Jewish and Crypto-Jewish Surnames</a>. Panther's Lodge Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781985856561" title="Special:BookSources/9781985856561"><bdi>9781985856561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Jewish+and+Crypto-Jewish+Surnames&rft.pub=Panther%27s+Lodge+Publishers&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.isbn=9781985856561&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Judith+K.&rft.au=Levin%2C+Susan+L.&rft.au=Yates%2C+Donald+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58lqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dportuguese%2Bsephardic%2Bsurnames%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/6/1300/984002">"Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia"</a>. Academic.oup.com. Retrieved 21 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracing+Past+Human+Male+Movements+in+Northern%2FEastern+Africa+and+Western+Eurasia&rft.pub=Academic.oup.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmbe%2Farticle%2F24%2F6%2F1300%2F984002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19061982-167"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19061982_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBoschBalaresqueBallereau2008" class="citation journal cs1">Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, et al. (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668061">"The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2008.11.007">10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668061">2668061</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19061982">19061982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+genetic+legacy+of+religious+diversity+and+intolerance%3A+paternal+lineages+of+Christians%2C+Jews%2C+and+Muslims+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=725-36&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668061%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19061982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2008.11.007&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Bosch%2C+E&rft.au=Balaresque%2C+PL&rft.au=Ballereau%2C+SJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+AC&rft.au=Arroyo%2C+E&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Parra%2C+AM&rft.au=Aler%2C+M&rft.au=Grifo%2C+MS&rft.au=Brion%2C+M&rft.au=Carracedo%2C+A&rft.au=Lavinha%2C+J&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Jarreta%2C+B&rft.au=Quintana-Murci%2C+L&rft.au=Picornell%2C+A&rft.au=Ramon%2C+M&rft.au=Skorecki%2C+K&rft.au=Behar%2C+DM&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F&rft.au=Jobling%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Numa breve cronologia: 1526 – Alvará de João III, de 13 de Março de 1526, proibiu que os ciganos entrassem no reino, e ordenou que saíssem os que cá estavam; 1538 – Nova lei de 26 de Novembro desse ano, ordenando a sua expulsão; 1592 – Lei de 28 de Agosto agravou as penas contra os ciganos que dentro de 4 meses não saíssem de Portugal; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordena%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Filipinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordenações Filipinas (page does not exist)">Ordenações Filipinas</a>, proíbindo a entrada no Reino; 1606 – Alvará de 7 de Janeiro exigindo a observância das Ordenações, com a mesma pena agravada com degredo para as galés e com severas cominações para os magistrados remissos; 1614 – Nova carta régia de 3 de Dezembro impedindo a sua entrada no Reino; 1618 – Carta régia de 28 de Março em que o monarca mandava averiguar se no Reino andavam ciganos com «traje e língua diferente dos naturais»; 1654 – D. João IV mandou prender os ciganos que havia no Reino e embarcá-los para Maranhão, Cabo Verde e São Tomé; 1718 – D. João V, em 10 de Dezembro de 1718, determinou a expulsão dos ciganos. Ver Joel Serrão, Dicionário de História de Portugal, ed. de 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2155-auto-da-fe">"Auto Da Fé"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 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Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+20+obras+mais+importantes+da+literatura+portuguesa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mundodek.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fas-20-obras-mais-importantes-da.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Expenditure+in+research+and+development+activities+(R+D)+as+a+percentage+of+GDP+by+sector+of+performance-1133">"Expenditure in research and development activities (R&D) as a % of GDP: by sector of performance"</a>. www.pordata.pt. 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Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI&rft.atitle=Portugal+registers+7th+largest+increase+in+R%26D+investment+since+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ani.pt%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fani-news%2Fportugal-registers-7th-largest-increase-in-rd-investment-since-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1896" class="citation web cs1">Mill, Hugh Robert (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA693">"The Sixth International Geographical Congress, London, 1895. An uncommon original article from The British Association for The Advancement of Science report, 1895"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+International+Geographical+Congress%2C+London%2C+1895.+An+uncommon+original+article+from+The+British+Association+for+The+Advancement+of+Science+report%2C+1895&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw5AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paginas.fe.up.pt/~ee97242/Web%20msin/subequipamentos/balestilha.htm">"introduçao"</a>. paginas.fe.up.pt. Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paginas.fe.up.pt&rft.atitle=introdu%C3%A7ao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaginas.fe.up.pt%2F~ee97242%2FWeb%2520msin%2Fsubequipamentos%2Fbalestilha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFONLINE2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ONLINE, TUOI TRE (27 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tuoitre.vn/news-20191206213804476.htm">"Chữ quốc ngữ những người đầu tiên khai sáng"</a>. TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUOI+TRE+ONLINE&rft.atitle=Ch%E1%BB%AF+qu%E1%BB%91c+ng%E1%BB%AF+nh%E1%BB%AFng+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u+ti%C3%AAn+khai+s%C3%A1ng&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft.aulast=ONLINE&rft.aufirst=TUOI+TRE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftuoitre.vn%2Fnews-20191206213804476.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-VincentLeón2022" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html">Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596">10.34667/tind.46596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789280534320" title="Special:BookSources/9789280534320"><bdi>9789280534320</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expresso&rft.atitle=E+agora+no+PISA%3A+alunos+portugueses+melhoram+a+ci%C3%AAncias%2C+leitura+e+matem%C3%A1tica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexpresso.sapo.pt%2Fsociedade%2F2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-portugaldailyview-593"><a href="#cite_ref-portugaldailyview_593-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182642/http://www.portugaldailyview.com/whats-new/management-the-portuguese-who-sit-at-the-top-of-the-world">"Management: The Portuguese who sit at the top of the world"</a>. Portugal Daily View. 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Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itsgonolivier.com&rft.atitle=GONOLIVIER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitsgonolivier.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-632"><a href="#cite_ref-632">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2021" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Tobi (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madeiraislandnews.com/2021/06/digital-content-creator-promotes-madeira.html">"Digital content creator promotes Madeira"</a>. Madeira Island News Blog. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madeira+Island+News+Blog&rft.atitle=Digital+content+creator+promotes+Madeira&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Tobi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madeiraislandnews.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fdigital-content-creator-promotes-madeira.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portugueses" class="extiw" title="commons:Portugueses">Portugueses</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Portugal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of Portugal">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 BC)</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Portugal" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Portugal">Wikimedia Atlas of Portugal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm">Portugal (Emigration) from CIA Country Studies Series</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_diaspora" title="Template:Portuguese diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_diaspora" title="Template talk:Portuguese diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese</a> diaspora</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luso-Africans" title="Luso-Africans">Luso-Africans</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angolans" title="Portuguese Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guineans" title="Portuguese Guineans">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans" title="Portuguese Mozambicans">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/80px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/160px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Argentine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians" title="Portuguese Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guyanese" title="Portuguese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Mexican">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Surinamese" title="Portuguese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Portuguese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lusophone_Americans_in_Newark,_New_Jersey" title="History of Lusophone Americans in Newark, New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Uruguayans" title="Portuguese Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Venezuelans" title="Portuguese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia (<a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Pakistan" title="Portuguese in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Burghers" title="Portuguese Burghers">Burghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7os_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Mestiços (Sri Lanka)">Mestiços</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal#Migration_to_Israel" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Austria" title="Portuguese in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Belgium" title="Portuguese in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Croatia" title="Portuguese in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Portuguese in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Denmark" title="Portuguese in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Finland" title="Portuguese in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_France" title="Portuguese in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Germany" title="Portuguese in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Iceland" title="Portuguese in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Liechtenstein" title="Portuguese in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Luxembourg" title="Portuguese in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_Netherlands" title="Portuguese in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Norway" title="Portuguese in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Slovenia" title="Portuguese in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Sweden" title="Portuguese in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Portuguese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_New_Zealanders" title="Portuguese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_diasporas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_diasporas" title="Template:European diasporas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_diasporas" title="Template talk:European diasporas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_diasporas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European diasporas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_diasporas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European diasporas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">Britain</a> and Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people#Welsh_emigration" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_diaspora" title="Chechen diaspora">Chechens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Georgians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrians_Abroad" title="Austrians Abroad">Austrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_diaspora" title="Czech diaspora">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_diaspora" title="Croatian diaspora">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_diaspora" title="Kashubian diaspora">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_diaspora" title="Slovak diaspora">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_diaspora" title="Slovene diaspora">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_abroad" title="Swiss abroad">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_diaspora" title="Belarusian diaspora">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danes#Diaspora" title="Danes">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians#Emigration" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_diaspora" title="Finnish diaspora">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_diaspora" title="Icelandic diaspora">Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_diaspora" title="Latvian diaspora">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians#Diaspora" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_diaspora" title="Norwegian diaspora">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_diaspora" title="Swedish diaspora">Swedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Kosovars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_diaspora" title="Aromanian diaspora">Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_diaspora" title="Bosnian diaspora">Bosnians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_diaspora" title="Bulgarian diaspora">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">Greek Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_diaspora" title="Macedonian diaspora">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_diaspora" title="Moldovan diaspora">Moldovans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_diaspora" title="Serbian diaspora">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora#Diaspora_of_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Turkish diaspora">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwestern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people#Maltese_emigration_and_expatriation" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spaniards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturians#Emigration" title="Asturians">Asturians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_diaspora" title="Basque diaspora">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os" title="Isleños">Canarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_diaspora" title="Galician diaspora">Galicians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian diaspora">Belgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people#Diaspora" title="Flemish people">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_people#Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon people">Walloons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebecois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_people#Breton_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_people#The_Corsican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsican people">Corsicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers#Location" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comprehensive group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portugal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal_topics" title="Template talk:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portugal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" 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[\"CITEREFBarral-ArcaPischeddaGómez-CarballaPastoriza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowmanNeedham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrazão\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBycroft2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarreiras2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvalho2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavendish2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombustões2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommunity2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrea2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouto2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDIA2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDigest2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirectorate-General_for_Education2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupanloupBertorelleChikhiBarbujani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-VincentLeón2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFECO2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExenberger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFactos2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaris2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreira\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrín2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilho2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraithWagnerChaoAbaza1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamito2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaser2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGonçalvesFreitasBrancoRosa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuest1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHETTIARATCHI1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFINE\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInfopédia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanarra2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarnagin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvisLevinYates2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasuriya2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasuriya2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesSilva2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKempadoo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitsoft\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandgeist2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandgeist2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenzi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLima-CostaRodriguesBarretoGouveia2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLusa\"] = 9,\n [\"CITEREFLusa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMALKIEL1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachado\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalheiros2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathiesonLazaridisRohlandMallick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMill1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMirvis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoura\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNOVAimagem.co.pt_/_Portugal_em_LInha2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNacional2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNogueiroTeixeiraAmorimGusmão2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFONLINE2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOjeda1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlalde2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliveira\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPage2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParraAmadoLambertucciRocha2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenaDi_PietroFuchshuber-MoraesGenro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPericićLaucKlarićRootsi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPidduck1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimentaLopesCarracedoArenas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto_Venâncio2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomerantz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPop1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortugal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortuguesa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPöll2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiroga2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRagusa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRampersad2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRausaReist2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecipes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegisto_Civil,_Instituto_dos_Registos_e_Notariado,_Ministério_da_Justiça\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReis_OliveiraGomes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenascença\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenascença2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRenascença2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResident2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibeiroHermano2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipoll_López1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigues2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigues2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouco2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.A\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSAPO\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFSaloum_de_Neves_MantaPereiraViannaRodolfo_Beuttenmüller_de_Araújo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Canada2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeresa_Ferriera_Rodrigues\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerra2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomashevich1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnion2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVicente2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldmanMason2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYuanyuan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZacharias2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZancarini-Fournel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFaportugueseaffair2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFautoresCarvalho\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsays2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFstatistique2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_hÓgáin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFétrangères\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČeština:_Distribuce_genu_R1b_napříč_Evropou2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 22,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 515,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Cn\"] = 12,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"European diasporas\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 41,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 11,\n [\"Ill\"] = 27,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain link\"] = 50,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portugal topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Portuguese diaspora\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 22,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 11,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] 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