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and achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background_and_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_of_the_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_of_the_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reforms of the army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_of_the_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Administrative 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class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_Bábís_and_execution_of_the_Báb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_Bábís_and_execution_of_the_Báb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_Bábís_and_execution_of_the_Báb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dismissal and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fictional portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ميرزا محمد تقي خان فراهاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميرزا محمد تقي خان فراهاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirz%C9%99_Ta%C4%9F%C4%B1_xan_%C6%8Fmir_K%C9%99bir" title="Mirzə Tağı xan Əmir Kəbir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mirzə Tağı xan Əmir Kəbir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="امیرکبیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="امیرکبیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Taki_Khan" title="Mirza Taki Khan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mirza Taki Khan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="امیرکبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امیرکبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%A5%B4" title="아미르 카비르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아미르 카비르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אמיר כביר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמיר כביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80)" title="Амир Кебир (Улуу вазир) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Амир Кебир (Улуу вазир)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="ميرزا محمد تقى خان فراهانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميرزا محمد تقى خان فراهانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="امیرکبیر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="امیرکبیر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="アミール・キャビール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アミール・キャビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Амир-Кабир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амир-Кабир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ئەمیر کەبیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەمیر کەبیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amir Kabir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Әмир-Кәбир – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әмир-Кәбир" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Taki_Han" title="Mirza Taki Han – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mirza Taki Han" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE" title="阿米爾·卡比爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿米爾·卡比爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q472054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. For the Iranian university of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology" title="Amirkabir University of Technology">Amirkabir University of Technology</a>. For publishing house, see <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir_Publishers" title="Amir Kabir Publishers">Amir Kabir Publishers</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Amir Kabir</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="fa"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">میرزا تقی‌خان فراهانی</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AmirKabir_naghashbashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AmirKabir_naghashbashi.jpg/220px-AmirKabir_naghashbashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AmirKabir_naghashbashi.jpg/330px-AmirKabir_naghashbashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AmirKabir_naghashbashi.jpg/440px-AmirKabir_naghashbashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_Iran_(1699%E2%80%931907)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Premiers of Iran (1699–1907)">Prime Minister of Qajar Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 May 1848 – 13 November 1851</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Naser al-Din Shah">Naser al-Din Shah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hajj_Mirza_Aghasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajj Mirza Aghasi">Hajj Mirza Aghasi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aqa_Khan-e_Nuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri">Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">9 January 1807<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Hazaveh" title="Hazaveh">Hazaveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 1852<span style="display:none">(1852-01-10)</span> (aged 45)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, Persia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Jan Jan Khanom</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1830; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1849)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezzat_ed-Dowleh" title="Ezzat ed-Dowleh">Ezzat ed-Dowleh</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1849; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1851)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Taj_ol-Molouk" title="Taj ol-Molouk">Taj ol-Molouk</a> and Hamdam ol-Molouk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Karbalayi Ghorban Ashpazbashi<br />Fatemeh Khanom</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">میرزا تقی‌خان فراهانی</span>), better known as <b>Amir Kabir</b> (Persian: <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">امیرکبیر</span></span>‎; 9 January 1807<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – 10 January 1852),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was chief minister to <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_dynasties_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim dynasties of Iran">Shah of Persia</a>) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be "Iran's first reformer", a modernizer who was "unjustly struck down" as he attempted to bring "gradual reform" to Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amir Kabir founded the first centre for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in Iran and the second Persian-language <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> in the country. He prohibited <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> of defendants and prisoners, and structured Iranian tax and financial system. As the prime minister, he also ordered suppression of <a href="/wiki/Babism" class="mw-redirect" title="Babism">Babism</a> and the execution of the founder of the movement, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>. In the last years of his life he was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a> and was murdered by command of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> on 10 January 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-kabir-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_achievements">Background and achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir_Kabir_House_in_Tabriz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amir_Kabir_House_in_Tabriz.jpg/220px-Amir_Kabir_House_in_Tabriz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amir_Kabir_House_in_Tabriz.jpg/330px-Amir_Kabir_House_in_Tabriz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amir_Kabir_House_in_Tabriz.jpg/440px-Amir_Kabir_House_in_Tabriz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>House of Amir Kabir in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Amir Kabir was born in <a href="/wiki/Hazaveh" title="Hazaveh">Hazaveh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a> district, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Markazi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi Province">Markazi Province</a> of Iran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His father, Karbalaʾi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Bozorg_Qa%27em-Maqam" title="Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam">Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam</a> of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to ʿ<a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a>, the crown prince, in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, Karbalaʾi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. Amir Kabir first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children. Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Bozorg. Under the son's aegis, Amir Kabir entered government service, being appointed first to the post of <i>lashkarnevis</i> [military registrar] for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to the position of <i>mostofi-ye nezam</i>, becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same army’s provisions, financing, and organization with the title of <i>vazir-e nezam</i>. </p><p>During his tenure, Amir Kabir participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, part of a commission to delineate the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day <a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr" title="Khorramshahr">Khorramshahr</a>) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-à-vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of Amir Kabir’s initiatives. Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> erupted and the British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. Amir Kabir nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister. </p><p>Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>. Some awareness of these reached Amir Kabir in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, “The Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahs”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_of_the_army">Reforms of the army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforms of the army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amir Kabir returned to <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> in 1263/1847. A year later, while retaining the post and title of <i>vazir-e nezam</i>, he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Shah Qajar">Mohammad Shah</a> died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ʿAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to Amir Kabir, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-din’s confidence in Amir Kabir increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of <i>amir-e nezam</i>, with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of <i>amir-e kabir</i> and <i>atabak</i> (Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Saljuq</a> period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master. </p><p>His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented Amir Kabir’s reduction of their spending and allowances. The intrigues of his opponents resulted in a mutiny of a company of Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the cooperation of Mirza Abu’l-Qasem <a href="/wiki/Imam_of_Friday_Prayer" title="Imam of Friday Prayer">Imam of Friday Prayer</a> in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Bazaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Bazaar">bazaar</a> and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and Amir Kabir resumed his duties. </p><p>More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, but he found his authority disputed by <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Khan_Salar" title="Hasan Khan Salar">Hasan Khan Salar</a>, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. Amir Kabir sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. Amir Kabir had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of Amir Kabir’s intention to assert the prerogatives of the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_reforms">Administrative reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administrative reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With order reestablished in the provinces, Amir Kabir turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry. His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions.<sup id="cite_ref-Molavi,_Afshin_2005,_p.196_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molavi,_Afshin_2005,_p.196-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Yusof_Mostofi-al-mamalek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek (page does not exist)">Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek</a> that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million <a href="/wiki/Iranian_toman" title="Iranian toman">Iranian toman</a>. Amir Kabir thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death. </p><p>At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central government, and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> and contracted out to Iranians. </p><p>The administration of the royal lands (<i>khalesajat</i>) came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability. </p><p>Of particular interest is the care shown by Amir Kabir for the economic development of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> (then known as ʿArabestan), identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at <a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a>, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_cotton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American cotton (page does not exist)">American cotton</a> near Tehran and <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dar_al-Fanun_and_cultural_achievements">Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar_ul-Funun_2059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dar_ul-Funun_2059.jpg/220px-Dar_ul-Funun_2059.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dar_ul-Funun_2059.jpg/330px-Dar_ul-Funun_2059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dar_ul-Funun_2059.jpg/440px-Dar_ul-Funun_2059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Statute of Amir Kabir in <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Darolfonun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the various measures enacted by Amir Kabir, the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Darolfonun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Molavi,_Afshin_2005,_p.196_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molavi,_Afshin_2005,_p.196-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects. Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the remaining becoming <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Darolfonun</a> Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that Amir Kabir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by Daʾud Khan, an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> who had become acquainted with Amir Kabir during the work of the Ottoman–Iranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, Amir Kabir had already been dismissed, and it fell to Daʾud Khan to receive them. The Austrian instructors initially knew no Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed. Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, Amir Kabir's successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Darolfonun</a>, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder. </p><p>Amir Kabir made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Vaqaye-e_Ettefaqiyeh" title="Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh">Vaqayeʿ-ye Ettefaqiyeh</a></i>, which survived under different titles until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mozaffar-al-din_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozaffar-al-din Shah">Mozaffar-al-din Shah</a>. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2,000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal Amir Kabir hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of <i>soyursat</i> was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the world’s political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of <a href="/wiki/Mazzini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazzini">Mazzini</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Empire, the drawing up of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> project, the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a>, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo. </p><p>All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Ulema</a>, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. Amir Kabir took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharʿ courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharʿ courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of ʿorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharʿ court of the state’s choosing, and any verdict the sharʿ court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the <i>divan-khaneh</i>. In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana. Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharʿ courts, Amir Kabir took stringent measures against sharʿ judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ʿAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he offered to settle a case involving one of Amir Kabir's servants to the liking of the minister. </p><p>Amir Kabir also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a>. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the <a href="/wiki/Masjed-e_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjed-e Shah">Masjed-e Shah</a> in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of Amir Kabir. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as Boqʿa-ye Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the "miracle" were brought to Tehran, and soon after the <i>emam-e jomʿa</i> and <i>shaykh-al-eslam</i> of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was Amir Kabir's desire to prohibit the <a href="/wiki/Taziyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Taziyeh">taziyeh</a>, the Shia "passion play" enacted in <a href="/wiki/Moharram" class="mw-redirect" title="Moharram">Moharram</a>, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minorities">Minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amir Kabir took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of "protecting" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible grievances and hence any need for a foreign "protector." He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaean</a> community to Islam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foreign policy of Amir Kabir was as innovative as his internal policies. He has been credited with pioneering the policy of "negative equilibrium," (giving concessions to neither Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in <a href="/wiki/Astarabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Astarabad">Astarabad</a>, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of <a href="/wiki/Ashuradeh" title="Ashuradeh">Ashuradeh</a>, an island in the southeastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali. </p><p>In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives of Russia and Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies.<sup id="cite_ref-markazitourist.ir_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-markazitourist.ir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suppression_of_Bábís_and_execution_of_the_Báb"><span id="Suppression_of_B.C3.A1b.C3.ADs_and_execution_of_the_B.C3.A1b"></span>Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Suppression of Bábís and execution of the Báb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amir Kabir regarded the followers of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, as a threat and repressed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-kabir-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Martyrs_of_Tehran" title="Seven Martyrs of Tehran">Seven Martyrs of Tehran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Bab" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Bab">execution of The Báb</a>, the movement's founder.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-kabir-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a> referred to Amir Kabir as the greatest of the religion's oppressors but also acknowledged his significant government reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-kabir-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The challenging and heterodox nature of the Báb's claims provoked opposition on the part of the Shiʿite establishment, which then led the civil authorities of Qajar Persia to intervene on the side of the clerics. Although no Bábis are known to have been put to death for their faith during the first three-and-a-half years of the movement and during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Shah Qajar">Mohammad Shah</a> (May 1844-late 1847), several leading Bábi were persecuted for their activities; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mull%C3%A1_%CA%BBAl%C3%ADy-i-Bast%C3%A1m%C3%AD" title="Mullá ʻAlíy-i-Bastámí">Mullá ʻAlíy-i-Bastámí</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_the_Living" title="Letters of the Living">early disciples of the Bab</a> was arrested and put on trial in Ottoman Iraq in January 1845, and condemned to work in the naval dockyards in Istanbul where he soon died.<sup id="cite_ref-:0293_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0293-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, however, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Shah Qajar">Mohammad Shah</a>, and enthronement of the new teenage king, <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Nasir al-Din Shah</a> and premiership of Amir Kabir, circumstances changed and a number of confrontations occurred between the Bábís and government and clerical establishment<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200055–59_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200055–59-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which lead to the massacre of several thousand Bábís.<sup id="cite_ref-:0293_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0293-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major killings of Bábís recorded in history took place in <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>. Since then, attacks against the Bábís by prominent clerics and their followers became more common and some Bábís started to carry arms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0293_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0293-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In remote and isolated places the scattered Bábís were readily attacked and killed while in places where large numbers of them resided they acted in self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these attacks occurred in <a href="/wiki/Babol" title="Babol">Babol</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a>, where a group of Bábís under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mull%C3%A1_Husayn" title="Mullá Husayn">Mullá Husayn Bushrui</a> were passing through.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mob led by a local cleric attacked them and a fighting broke out between the two groups. The Bábís took refuge in the nearby shrine of <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tabarsi" title="Shaykh Tabarsi">Shaykh Tabarsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accused of rebellion by their opponents, they were subsequently attacked by various local and national forces. After seven months of siege and severely weakened by starvation and their own loss of men, they responded to sworn promises of a truce and were for the most part massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, two other big clashes between the Bábís and their opponents took place in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran" title="Zanjan, Iran">Zanjan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neyriz" title="Neyriz">Neyriz</a> in the north and south of Iran, respectively, as well as a smaller conflict in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>. A total of several thousand Bábís were killed in these conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0293_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0293-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the three main conflicts in Ṭabarsí, Zanjan and Neyriz, Bábís were accused by their enemies of revolting against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in all three cases, the battles that took place were of a defensive nature, and not considered an offensive <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, as the Báb did not allow it and in the case of two urban conflicts (Neyriz and Zanjan), they were related to pre-existing social and political tensions within the towns.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Ṭabarsi conflict, mere adherence to the Báb could be sufficient to lead to a death sentence. One famous example of that is when Amir Kabir personally ordered the public beheading of seven prominent Babis of high social rank, (three merchants, two clerics, a leading dervish and a government official) in February 1850 . The seven could easily have saved their lives by recanting their faith, but they refused.<sup id="cite_ref-:0293_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0293-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-1850, Amir Kabir ordered the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">execution of the Báb</a> which was followed by the killings of many other Bábís.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200055–59_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200055–59-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Báb stood his ground despite great pressure to recant, and gain his freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently he was executed by a firing squad in public in Tabriz, the first exection of its kind in Iran, to crush the Babi movement and to display the restored power of the Qajar government under the new minister, Amir Kabir.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The confrontation between Amir Kabir and the Bábís was between two visions of modernity. Amir Kabir envisaged state-enforced<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reforms that were authoritarian and secular while the Bábís advocated an all-embracing religious renewal, proposed by the Báb<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that emphasized, among other teachings, on <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_B%C3%A1b#Progressive_revelation" title="Teachings of the Báb">progressive revelation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_B%C3%A1b#Human_nobility" title="Teachings of the Báb">abolishing priesthood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independent investigation of religious matters without the need for the clergy, and <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_B%C3%A1b#Improving_the_status_of_women" title="Teachings of the Báb">improving the status of women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Babis were advocating a grass-roots revolution to reform religious doctrine and remedy the ills of the clerical class and those of the community as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amir Kabir, on the other, sought to eliminate all expressions of religious dissent while trying unsuccessfully to subordinate the clerical class to the authority of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European-inspired secularism of Amir Kabir was antithetical to serious reconsideration of religious tenets; especially if they could disturb security and order.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By denying the Babis a chance to survive as a viable alternative, the Qajar state reaffirmed the unrivaled status of the clergy as the sole arbiter of religious norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the suppression of the Bábi movement chances for an indigenous movement of change ceased to exist for decades to come, and Amir Kabir inadvertently cleared the way for the consolidation of the power of the clergy for the rest of the century and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dismissal_and_execution">Dismissal and execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dismissal and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fingarden7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fingarden7.jpg/220px-Fingarden7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fingarden7.jpg/330px-Fingarden7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fingarden7.jpg/440px-Fingarden7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Amir Kabir murder site in <a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the start, Amir Kabir's policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite – most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Malek_Jahan_Khanom,_Mahd-e_Olia" class="mw-redirect" title="Malek Jahan Khanom, Mahd-e Olia">Queen Mother</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aqa_Khan-e_Nuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri">Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri</a> (Amir Kabir’s lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court's chief accountant, reputedly Russophile).<sup id="cite_ref-Amanat-the-Downfall_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amanat-the-Downfall-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, Amir Kabir was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier. This transition marked a rejection "of … reformist measures in favor of the traditional practices of government."<sup id="cite_ref-Amanat-the-Downfall_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amanat-the-Downfall-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued Russian and British interference. Amir Kabir was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that Amir Kabir would soon be granted protection by the Russians – possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that Amir Kabir had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. Amir Kabir was murdered in Kashan on 10 January 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among his Iranian contemporaries Amir Kabir received praise from several poets of the age, notably <a href="/wiki/Sorush" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorush">Sorush</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qa%CA%BEani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaʾani (page does not exist)">Qaʾani</a>, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir_Dam" title="Amir Kabir Dam">Amir Kabir Dam</a>, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him.</li> <li>Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology" title="Amirkabir University of Technology">Amirkabir University of Technology</a> after him in 1979.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amirkabir_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amirkabir (publisher)">Amirkabir</a>, a well-known publisher founded in 1949.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayal">Fictional portrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amir Kabir Farahani is portrayed by actor <a href="/wiki/Dariush_Arjmand" title="Dariush Arjmand">Dariush Arjmand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a>'s movie <i><a href="/wiki/Naser-ed-din_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Naser-ed-din Shah">Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema</a></i>.</li> <li>He is also portrayed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saeed_Nikpour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saeed Nikpour (page does not exist)">Saeed Nikpour</a> in the Iranian television series <i>Amir Kabir</i>.</li> <li>He is also portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Naser_Malek_Motiee" class="mw-redirect" title="Naser Malek Motiee">Naser Malek Motiee</a> in Iranian television series <i><a href="/wiki/Soltan-e_Sahebgharan" title="Soltan-e Sahebgharan">Soltan-e Sahebgharan</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iran" title="List of prime ministers of Iran">List of prime ministers of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapir" class="mw-redirect" title="Dapir">Dapir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known by the title of <i>Amir-e Nezam</i> or <i>Amir Nezam</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">امیرنظام</span></span>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Kabir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amir_Kabir" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molavi, Afshin, <i>The Soul of Iran</i>, Norton, 2005, p.195,197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-kabir-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-kabir_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/38">"Amir Kabir, Mirza Taqi Khan"</a>. <i>A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith</i>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amir+Kabir%2C+Mirza+Taqi+Khan&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molavi,_Afshin_2005,_p.196-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molavi,_Afshin_2005,_p.196_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molavi,_Afshin_2005,_p.196_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Molavi, Afshin, <i>The Soul of Iran</i>, Norton, 2005, p.196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an illustrated report on Darolfonun see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid-Reza_Hosseini2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamid-Reza Hosseini (22 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/stry/22092008/frnk/darolfonoon">"Dar ol-Fonoun in want of love ("Dar ol-Fonoun dar hasrat-e eshgh")"</a> (in Persian). Jadid Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dar+ol-Fonoun+in+want+of+love+%28%22Dar+ol-Fonoun+dar+hasrat-e+eshgh%22%29&rft.pub=Jadid+Online&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft.au=Hamid-Reza+Hosseini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadidonline.com%2Fstry%2F22092008%2Ffrnk%2Fdarolfonoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">|The pertinent photographs (15 in total) can be viewed here: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/slideshow/695/1">"Slideshow"</a>. Jadidonline.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slideshow&rft.pub=Jadidonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadidonline.com%2Fslideshow%2F695%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, L William. <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i> (Westview Press, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-markazitourist.ir-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-markazitourist.ir_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183603/http://markazitourist.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1289">"میراث فرهنگی استان مرکزی"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markazitourist.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=1289">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markazitourist.ir%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D1289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0293-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0293_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0293_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0293_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0293_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0293_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Smith_&_Moojan_Momen2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peter Smith & Moojan Momen (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-babi-babi">"MARTYRS, BABI"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i> (Online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68107-0"><bdi>978-0-521-68107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=11-12&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68107-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoghi2019" class="citation book cs1">Shoghi, Effendi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1262336126"><i>Gott geht vorüber</i></a>. Hofheim. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87037-634-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87037-634-5"><bdi>978-3-87037-634-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1262336126">1262336126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gott+geht+vor%C3%BCber&rft.place=Hofheim&rft.pages=37-38&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1262336126&rft.isbn=978-3-87037-634-5&rft.aulast=Shoghi&rft.aufirst=Effendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1262336126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/181072578"><i>An introduction to the Baha'i faith</i></a>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181072578">181072578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+faith&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181072578&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F181072578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/walbridge_babi_uprising_zanjan">The Babi Uprising in Zanjan</a>,</i> John Walbridge published in Iranian Studies, 29:3-4, pages 339-362 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2019" class="citation book cs1">Amanat, Abbas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090852958"><i>Iran : a modern history</i></a>. New Haven. pp. 244–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24893-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24893-7"><bdi>978-0-300-24893-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090852958">1090852958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=244-5&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090852958&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24893-7&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1090852958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1901" class="citation book cs1">Ross, E. Denison (1 April 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/jstor-25105157"><i>Babism</i></a>. JSTOR. The North American Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babism&rft.pub=The+North+American+Review&rft.date=1901-04-01&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=E.+Denison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-25105157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2011" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/754582864"><i>Religious celebrations : an encyclopedia of holidays, festivals, solemn observances, and spiritual commemorations</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754582864">754582864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+celebrations+%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+holidays%2C+festivals%2C+solemn+observances%2C+and+spiritual+commemorations&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754582864&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F754582864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2017" class="citation book cs1">Amanat, Abbas (2017). <i>Iran: a modern history</i>. 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Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2098-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2098-9"><bdi>0-8014-2098-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18256692">18256692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrection+and+renewal+%3A+the+making+of+the+Babi+movement+in+Iran%2C+1844-1850&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18256692&rft.isbn=0-8014-2098-9&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F18256692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaiedi2021" class="citation cs2">Saiedi, Nader (26 November 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429027772/chapters/10.4324/9780429027772-5">"The Writings and Teachings of the Báb"</a>, <i>The World of the Bahá'í Faith</i> (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 36, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429027772-5">10.4324/9780429027772-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02777-2"><bdi>978-0-429-02777-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244695650">244695650</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.atitle=The+Writings+and+Teachings+of+the+B%C3%A1b&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244695650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429027772-5&rft.isbn=978-0-429-02777-2&rft.aulast=Saiedi&rft.aufirst=Nader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9780429027772%2Fchapters%2F10.4324%2F9780429027772-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoojan_Momen2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moojan Momen (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org">"WOMEN iv. in the works of the Bab and in the Babi Movement"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i> (Online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WOMEN+iv.+in+the+works+of+the+Bab+and+in+the+Babi+Movement&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=Online&rft.date=2012-12&rft.au=Moojan+Momen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2008" class="citation book cs1">Amanat, Abbas (2008). <i>The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy</i> (Repr ed.). London: Tauris. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-828-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pivot+of+the+Universe%3A+Nasir+al-Din+Shah+Qajar+and+the+Iranian+Monarchy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-828-0&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amanat-the-Downfall-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amanat-the-Downfall_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amanat-the-Downfall_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat1991" class="citation journal cs1">Amanat, Abbas (1991). "The Downfall of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir and the Problem of Ministerial Authority in Qajar Iran". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 577–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800023424">10.1017/S0020743800023424</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163885">163885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159736416">159736416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Downfall+of+Mirza+Taqi+Khan+Amir+Kabir+and+the+Problem+of+Ministerial+Authority+in+Qajar+Iran&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=577-599&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159736416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800023424&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmir+Kabir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Amir Kabir and Iran' by <a href="/wiki/Fereydun_Adamiyat" title="Fereydun Adamiyat">Fereydun Adamiyat</a>, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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