CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Progestogen (medication) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0b963ab2-3e38-4e54-979a-0068d4046687","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Progestogen_(medication)","wgTitle":"Progestogen (medication)","wgCurRevisionId":1257697423,"wgRevisionId":1257697423,"wgArticleId":239990,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016","Contraception for males","Galactagogues", "IARC Group 2B carcinogens","Progestogens"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Progestogen_(medication)","wgRelevantArticleId":239990,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q50383885","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Progesterone.svg/1200px-Progesterone.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="884"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Progesterone.svg/800px-Progesterone.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="589"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Progesterone.svg/640px-Progesterone.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="471"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Progestogen (medication) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Progestogen_medication rootpage-Progestogen_medication skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Progestogen+%28medication%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Progestogen+%28medication%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Progestogen+%28medication%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Progestogen+%28medication%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Medical uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medical uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Available_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Available_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Available forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Available_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Birth control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormone_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormone_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Hormone therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormone_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menopause_and_hypogonadism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menopause_and_hypogonadism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Menopause and hypogonadism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menopause_and_hypogonadism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_hormone_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_hormone_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Transgender hormone therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_hormone_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gynecological_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gynecological_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Gynecological disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gynecological_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menstrual_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menstrual_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Menstrual disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menstrual_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uterine_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uterine_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Uterine disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uterine_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Breast disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlarged_prostate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlarged_prostate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Enlarged prostate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlarged_prostate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormone-sensitive_cancers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormone-sensitive_cancers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Hormone-sensitive cancers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormone-sensitive_cancers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endometrial_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endometrial_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Endometrial cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endometrial_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Breast cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostate_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostate_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Prostate cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostate_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertility_and_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_and_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Fertility and pregnancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_and_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puberty_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puberty_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Puberty suppression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puberty_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_deviance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_deviance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Sexual deviance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_deviance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin_and_hair_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_and_hair_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Skin and hair conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_and_hair_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgen_excess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgen_excess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Androgen excess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgen_excess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appetite_stimulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appetite_stimulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Appetite stimulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appetite_stimulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mood_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mood changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_control_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_control_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Birth control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_control_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormone_therapy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormone_therapy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Hormone therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormone_therapy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sexual function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_clots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_clots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Blood clots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_clots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progestogen_monotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progestogen_monotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Progestogen monotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progestogen_monotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estrogen_plus_progestogen_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estrogen_plus_progestogen_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Estrogen plus progestogen therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estrogen_plus_progestogen_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cardiovascular health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Breast cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antigonadotropic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigonadotropic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Antigonadotropic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigonadotropic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgenic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgenic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Androgenic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgenic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiandrogenic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiandrogenic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Antiandrogenic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiandrogenic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estrogenic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estrogenic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Estrogenic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estrogenic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glucocorticoid_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glucocorticoid_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Glucocorticoid activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glucocorticoid_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimineralocorticoid_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimineralocorticoid_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Antimineralocorticoid activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimineralocorticoid_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurosteroid_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurosteroid_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.7 Neurosteroid activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurosteroid_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.8 Other activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Generations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Progestogen (medication)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" > 3 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="بروجستوجين (دواء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروجستوجين (دواء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="プロゲスチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロゲスチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پڕۆجێستۆجین (دەرمان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پڕۆجێستۆجین (دەرمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q50383885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Progestogen_(medication)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Progestogen_(medication)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Progestogen_(medication)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&oldid=1257697423" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Progestogen_%28medication%29&id=1257697423&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgestogen_%28medication%29">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgestogen_%28medication%29">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Progestogen_%28medication%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q50383885" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medication producing effects similar to progesterone</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about progestogens as medications. For the role of progestogens as hormones, see <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogen</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Progestogen (medication)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Progesterone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Progesterone.svg/225px-Progesterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Progesterone.svg/338px-Progesterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Progesterone.svg/450px-Progesterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="377" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a>, the natural progestogen in the body and one of the most widely used progestogen medications</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Progestagen, gestagen, gestogen; progestin (synthetic progestogen); progesterone receptor agonist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal contraceptive">Hormonal birth control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynecological_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecological disorder">gynecological disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertility_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility medicine">fertility medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> support, <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">sex-hormone suppression</a>, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03" title="ATC code G03">G03</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone receptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_A" title="Progesterone receptor A">PR-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_B" title="Progesterone receptor B">PR-B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_C" title="Progesterone receptor C">PR-C</a>); <a href="/wiki/Membrane_progesterone_receptor" title="Membrane progesterone receptor">membrane progesterone receptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/MPR%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="MPRα">mPRα</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPR%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="MPRβ">mPRβ</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPR%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="MPRγ">mPRγ</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPR%CE%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="MPRδ">mPRδ</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPR%CE%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPRε">mPRε</a>); <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_membrane_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Progesterone receptor membrane component">progesterone receptor membrane components</a> (<a href="/wiki/PGRMC1" title="PGRMC1">PGRMC1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PGRMC2" title="PGRMC2">PGRMC2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical classification">Chemical class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norpregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpregnane">norpregnanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retropregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Retropregnane">retropregnanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androstane" title="Androstane">androstanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrane" title="Estrane">estranes</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/progestins.html">Drug Classes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011372">D011372</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50383885" class="extiw" title="d:Q50383885">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A progestogen, also referred to as a progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> which produces effects similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural</a> female <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> in the body.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> A progestin is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> progestogen.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progestogens are used most commonly in <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">hormonal birth control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> They can also be used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gynecological_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecological condition">gynecological conditions</a>, to support <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, to lower <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> levels for various purposes, and for other indications.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progestogens are used alone or in combination with <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> They are available in a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Drug_formulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug formulation">formulations</a> and for use by many different <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">routes of administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Examples of progestogens include natural or <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical">bioidentical</a> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> as well as progestins such as <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">Side effects</a> of progestogens include <a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">menstrual irregularities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">breast tenderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> changes, <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">increased hair growth</a>, and changes in <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein production">liver protein production</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a> Other side effects of progestogens may include an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a> At high doses, progestogens can cause <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">low sex hormone levels</a> and associated side effects like <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">increased risk of bone fractures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20459370-3">[3]</a> Progestogens are <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptors</a> (PRs) and produce progestogenic, or progestational, effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> They have important effects in the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> In addition, many progestogens also have other hormonal activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">antimineralocorticoid</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> They also have <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> effects and at high doses can strongly suppress <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progestogens mediate their contraceptive effects both by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> and by thickening <a href="/wiki/Cervix#Cervical_mucus" title="Cervix">cervical mucus</a>, thereby preventing <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JamesonDeGroot2015-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-PattmanNathan2010-5">[5]</a> They have functional <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogenic</a> effects in certain tissues like the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a>, and this underlies their use in menopausal hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progesterone was first introduced for medical use in 1934 and the first progestin, <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone</a>, was introduced for medical use in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-LauritzenStudd2005-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roth2014-8">[8]</a> More <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> progestins, such as <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, were developed and started to be used in birth control in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">[6]</a> Around 60 progestins have been marketed for clinical use in humans or use in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Micromedex-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-13">[13]</a> These progestins can be grouped into different classes and generations.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-GordonRydfors2007-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs2008-15">[15]</a> Progestogens are available widely throughout the world and are used in all forms of hormonal birth control and in most menopausal hormone therapy regimens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Micromedex-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martindale-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders" style="font-size:small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption class="nowrap">Progestogens marketed for clinical or veterinary use </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Generic name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Class<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:80px;">Brand name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Route<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;"><abbr title="Introduced in">Intr.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Acetomepregenol" title="Acetomepregenol">Acetomepregenol</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Diamol</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration"><abbr title="Oral administration">PO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Oral administration</td> <td>1981 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyke-20">[iii]</a></td> <td>Deladroxate<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection"><abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Intramuscular injection</td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Gestanin<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Altrenogest" title="Altrenogest">Altrenogest</a><a href="#cite_note-vet-24">[d]</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Regumate<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1980s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Belara<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1965 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Androcur<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO, IM</td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Danocrine</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1971 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-vet-24">[d]</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Tardak</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a></td> <td>Cerazette<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1981 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Natazia<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a> </th> <td>S<a href="#cite_note-spiro-26">[vii]</a></td> <td>Angeliq<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroprogesterone" title="Retroprogesterone"><abbr title="retroprogesterone">RP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip retroprogesterone</td> <td>Duphaston</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a></td> <td>Implanon (SC), NuvaRing (V)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection"><abbr title="Subcutaneous injection or implant">SC</abbr></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration"><abbr title="Vaginal administration">V</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vaginal administration</td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Demulen<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1965 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-vet-24">[d]</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Chronogest</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a></td> <td>Femodene<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-19np-27">[viii]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Depostat<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>IM</td> <td>1968 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a></td> <td>Dimetriose<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Makena<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>IM</td> <td>1954 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a></td> <td>Plan B<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal"><abbr title="Transdermal">TD</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transdermal, <abbr title="intrauterine device">IUD</abbr>, SC</td> <td>1970 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Exluton<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17m-28">[ix]</a></td> <td>Colprone</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Provera<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO, IM, SC</td> <td>1958 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Megace</td> <td>PO, IM</td> <td>1963 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">Melengestrol acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-vet-24">[d]</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Heifermax<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>IM</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-19np-27">[viii]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Lutenyl<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a></td> <td>Evra<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>TD patch</td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Aygestin<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Primolut-Nor</td> <td>PO, TD patch</td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Noristerat<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>IM</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Ortho-Cyclen<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a><a href="#cite_note-vet-24">[d]</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-19np-27">[viii]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Syncro-Mate B</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1970s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-25">[vi]</a></td> <td>Ovral</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Metalutin</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-vet-24">[d]</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Ypozane</td> <td>PO</td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Prostetin<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>IM</td> <td>1981 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> </th> <td><abbr title="bio-identical">BI</abbr></td> <td>Prometrium<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO, V, IM</td> <td>1934 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Proligestone" title="Proligestone">Proligestone</a><a href="#cite_note-vet-24">[d]</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyke-20">[iii]</a></td> <td>Corvinan<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1975 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-19np-27">[viii]</a></td> <td>Surgestone</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1983 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-18">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-19">[ii]</a></td> <td>Elcometrine<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>SC, V</td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-22">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-23">[v]</a></td> <td>Livial<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-19np-27">[viii]</a></td> <td>Lovelle<a href="#cite_note-others-21">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Legend for class of molecule</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17a-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_18-13">n</a> <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-hydroxy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ester-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_19-17">r</a> Ester </li> <li id="cite_note-cyke-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyke_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyke_20-1">b</a> Cyclic ketal </li> <li id="cite_note-19nt-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_22-18">s</a> <a href="/wiki/19-Nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-Nortestosterone">19-nor</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-estrane-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_23-11">l</a> estrane </li> <li id="cite_note-gonane-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonane_25-7">h</a> Gonane </li> <li id="cite_note-spiro-26"><a href="#cite_ref-spiro_26-0">^</a> Spironolactone </li> <li id="cite_note-19np-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-19np_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19np_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19np_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19np_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19np_27-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/19-norprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-norprogesterone">19-nor</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17m-28"><a href="#cite_ref-17m_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="17α-Methylprogesterone">17α-methyl</a> </li> </ol></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Classes: P = <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> derivative, T = <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> derivative </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Routes: IUD = <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine device</a>, PO = <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>, SC = <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection or implant</a>, SL = <a href="/wiki/Sublingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual">under the tongue</a>, TD = <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>, V = <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">vaginal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-others-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_21-27">ab</a> Also marketed under other brand names. </li> <li id="cite_note-vet-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vet_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vet_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vet_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vet_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vet_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vet_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vet_24-6">g</a> Veterinary use only. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Progestogens are available in many different <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical form">forms</a> for use by many different <a href="/wiki/Routes_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Routes of administration">routes of administration</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspensions</a> for <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a>, and various others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">vaginal rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">subcutaneous implants</a>). Dozens of different progestogens have been marketed for <a href="/wiki/Clinical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical medicine">clinical</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary</a> use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_control">Birth control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth control">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used in a variety of different forms of <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">hormonal birth control</a> for females, including <a href="/wiki/Combined_hormonal_contraception" title="Combined hormonal contraception">combined estrogen and progestogen forms</a> like <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">combined contraceptive patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring" title="Contraceptive vaginal ring">combined contraceptive vaginal rings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_birth_control" title="Combined injectable birth control">combined injectable contraceptives</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_contraception" title="Progestogen-only contraception">progestogen-only forms</a> like <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">progestogen-only contraceptive pills</a> ("mini-pills"), <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">progestogen-only emergency contraceptive pills</a> ("day-after pills"), <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">progestogen-only contraceptive implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">progestogen-only intrauterine devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring" title="Contraceptive vaginal ring">progestogen-only contraceptive vaginal rings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">progestogen-only injectable contraceptives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JamesonGroot2015-29">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClarkHarvey2011-30">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya2003-31">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-KellermanBope2017-32">[19]</a> Progestogens mediate their contraceptive effects by multiple mechanisms, including prevention of <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> via their <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> effects; thickening of <a href="/wiki/Cervical_mucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical mucus">cervical mucus</a>, making the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> largely impenetrable to <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>; preventing <a href="/wiki/Capacitation" title="Capacitation">capacitation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> due to changes in cervical fluid, thereby making sperm unable to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophic</a> changes in the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a>, making the endometrium unsuitable for <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Implantation (human embryo)">implantation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VarneyKriebs2004-33">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golan2008-34">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-MilesRayburn2012-35">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15715527-36">[23]</a> They may also decrease <a href="/wiki/Tubule" title="Tubule">tubal</a> <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">ciliary</a> action.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15715527-36">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormone_therapy">Hormone therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hormone therapy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menopause_and_hypogonadism">Menopause and hypogonadism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Menopause and hypogonadism">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a> in women. They are also used in combination with estrogens in hormone therapy for <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delayed_puberty" title="Delayed puberty">delayed puberty</a> in girls and women. They are used mainly to prevent <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a> and increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> from unopposed estrogen therapy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transgender_hormone_therapy">Transgender hormone therapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transgender hormone therapy">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy">hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender men">transgender men</a>. They are used in transgender women in combination with estrogens to help suppress and block <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>. Progestogens might also have other beneficial effects in transgender women, but these are controversial and unsupported at present. Examples of progestogens used in hormone therapy for transgender women include <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>. Progestogens, such as medroxyprogesterone and <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, are used in transgender men to help suppress <a href="/wiki/Menses" class="mw-redirect" title="Menses">menses</a>. Progestogens have also been used to delay <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">transgender boys and girls</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Certain progestogens, including <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, medroxyprogesterone acetate, cyproterone acetate, and <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, have been used at high doses to reduce <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a> in men undergoing <a href="/wiki/Androgen_deprivation_therapy" title="Androgen deprivation therapy">androgen deprivation therapy</a>, for instance to treat <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18231613-37">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19962840-38">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24223412-39">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gynecological_disorders">Gynecological disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gynecological disorders">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menstrual_disorders">Menstrual disorders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Menstrual disorders">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder" title="Menstrual disorder">menstrual disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Secondary_amenorrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary amenorrhea">secondary amenorrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_uterine_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysfunctional uterine bleeding">dysfunctional uterine bleeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ClarkHarvey2011-30">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya2003-31">[18]</a> In a normal <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>, declining levels of progesterone trigger <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>. Progestogens such as <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> may be used to artificially induce progesterone-associated <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough bleeding">breakthrough bleeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11041215-40">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_challenge_test" title="Progestogen challenge test">progestogen challenge test</a> or progestogen withdrawal test is used to diagnose <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a>. Due to the availability of assays to measure estrogen levels, it is now rarely used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uterine_disorders">Uterine disorders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uterine disorders">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used in the prevention and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Uterine_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine disorder">uterine disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine fibroids">uterine fibroids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uterine_hypoplasia" title="Uterine hypoplasia">uterine hypoplasia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breast_disorders">Breast disorders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Breast disorders">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast disorder">breast disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20383772-41">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12227885-42">[29]</a> They are associated not only with a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Breast_pain" title="Breast pain">breast pain</a>, but also a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">cell proliferation</a>, a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">breast gland</a> size, and a disappearance of breast <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodularity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20383772-41">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12227885-42">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25113944-43">[30]</a> Progestogens that have been used for such purposes include <a href="/wiki/Topical_progesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical progesterone">topical progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">promegestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">dienogest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">medrogestone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20383772-41">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12227885-42">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-BińkowskaWoroń2015-44">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25113944-43">[30]</a> Progestogens are used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Breast_hypoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast hypoplasia">breast hypoplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactation_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactation insufficiency">lactation insufficiency</a>. This is because they induce <a href="/wiki/Lobuloalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobuloalveolar">lobuloalveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">development</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a>, which is required for <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlarged_prostate">Enlarged prostate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Enlarged prostate">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens have been used at high doses to treat <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH). They act by suppressing <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonadal</a> <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a> and hence circulating testosterone levels. Androgens like testosterone stimulate the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormone-sensitive_cancers">Hormone-sensitive cancers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hormone-sensitive cancers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endometrial_cancer">Endometrial cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Endometrial cancer">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens were first found to be effective at high doses in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14409476-45">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress2009-46">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-MD2011-47">[34]</a> Subsequently, high-dose <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a> were approved for the treatment of endometrial cancer.<a href="#cite_note-McKinnell1998-48">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-BurchumRosenthal2014-49">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithWilliams2005-50">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breast cancer">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens, such as megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate, are effective at high doses in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Metastatic_breast_cancer" title="Metastatic breast cancer">advanced</a> <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">postmenopausal</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester2006-51">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10685337-52">[39]</a> They have been extensively evaluated as a second-line therapy for this indication.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester2006-51">[38]</a> However, they produce various <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding" title="Vaginal bleeding">vaginal bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_retention_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water retention (medicine)">fluid retention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombophlebitis" title="Thrombophlebitis">thrombophlebitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thromboembolism" title="Thromboembolism">thromboembolic complications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester2006-51">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10685337-52">[39]</a> In addition, megestrol acetate has been found to be significantly inferior to <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">aromatase inhibitors</a> in the treatment of breast cancer, and in relation to this, progestogens have been moved down in the sequential therapy of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester2006-51">[38]</a> Megestrol acetate is the only <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>-approved progestogen for breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester2006-51">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> of progestogens in the treatment of breast cancer is unknown, but may be related to their functional <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogenic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester2006-51">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prostate_cancer">Prostate cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prostate cancer">edit</a>]</div> Certain progestogens, particularly those with antiandrogenic properties, have been used at high doses in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16406864-53">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9712436-54">[41]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16406864-53">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9712436-54">[41]</a> Other progestogens such as <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a> have also been studied, but have inadequate effectiveness. They act by suppressing <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonadal</a> <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a> and hence circulating testosterone levels. Androgens like testosterone stimulate the growth of prostate <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility_and_pregnancy">Fertility and pregnancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fertility and pregnancy">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used in <a href="/wiki/Fertility_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility medicine">fertility medicine</a> for women. For example, progesterone (or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>) is used for <a href="/wiki/Luteal_support" title="Luteal support">luteal support</a> in <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in-vitro fertilization</a> protocols.<a href="#cite_note-Loose_2006-55">[42]</a> Certain progestogens are used to support <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">allylestrenol</a>. They are used questionably for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Habitual_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitual abortion">recurrent pregnancy loss</a> and for prevention of <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">preterm birth</a> in pregnant women with a history of at least one spontaneous preterm birth.<a href="#cite_note-Loose_2006-55">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puberty_suppression">Puberty suppression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Puberty suppression">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens have been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a> in both boys and girls. They have also been used to delay puberty in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">transgender youth</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_deviance">Sexual deviance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sexual deviance">edit</a>]</div> Certain progestogens, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, are used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Sexual_deviance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual deviance">sexual deviance</a> in men, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">sex offenders</a>. They are specifically used to treat <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a>. They work by suppressing <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonadal</a> <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a> and hence circulating testosterone levels. This results in decreased <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and interference with <a href="/wiki/Erectile_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Erectile function">erectile function</a> and ability to attain <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_and_hair_conditions">Skin and hair conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Skin and hair conditions">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Androgen-dependent_condition" title="Androgen-dependent condition">androgen-dependent</a> <a href="/wiki/Skin_condition" title="Skin condition">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair condition">hair conditions</a> in women. These include <a href="/wiki/Oily_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oily skin">oily skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">seborrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalp_hair_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalp hair loss">scalp hair loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a>. They act by suppressing testosterone levels and, in the case of antiandrogenic progestogens, by directly blocking the actions of androgens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Androgen_excess">Androgen excess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Androgen excess">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Hyperandrogenism" title="Hyperandrogenism">hyperandrogenism</a>, such as due to <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia">congenital adrenal hyperplasia</a>, in women. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appetite_stimulation">Appetite stimulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Appetite stimulation">edit</a>]</div> Certain progestins can be used at very high doses to <a href="/wiki/Appetite_stimulant" title="Appetite stimulant">increase appetite</a> in conditions like <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">anorexia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wasting_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasting syndrome">wasting syndromes</a>. In general, they are used in combination with certain other steroid medications such as <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>. Their effects take several weeks to become apparent, but are relatively long-lived when compared to those of <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>. Furthermore, they are recognized as being the only medications to increase <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a>. <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a> is the lead drug of this class for the management of cachexia, and <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> is also used.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11332139-56">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12868546-57">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> of the appetite-related effects of these two medications is unknown and may not be related to their progestogenic activity. Very high doses of other progestogens, like <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, have minimal or no influence on appetite and weight. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">Contraindications</a> of progestogens may include <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> and a history of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-58">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens have relatively few <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> at typical dosages.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2215269t-59">[46]</a> Side effects of progestogens may include <a href="/wiki/Tiredness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiredness">tiredness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> changes, <a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">menstrual irregularities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypomenorrhea" title="Hypomenorrhea">hypomenorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_dryness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal dryness">vaginal dryness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal atrophy">vaginal atrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">breast tenderness</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2215269t-59">[46]</a> Progestins with androgenic activity, namely 19-nortestosterone derivatives, can also cause <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">seborrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_deepening" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice deepening">voice deepening</a>, changes in <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein production">liver protein production</a> (e.g., decreased <a href="/wiki/HDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="HDL cholesterol">HDL cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a>), increased <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2215269t-59">[46]</a> Other side effects of progestogens may include an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clots</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a> Some of the side effects of progestogens are due not to their progestogenic activity but rather due to <a href="/wiki/Off-target_activity" title="Off-target activity">off-target activities</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a> activity, <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity, <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">antimineralocorticoid</a> activity).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21414337-60">[47]</a> At high doses, due to their <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> effects, progestogens can cause <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">low sex hormone levels</a> and associated side effects like diminished <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristics">secondary sexual characteristics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> (e.g., reduced <a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>), reversible <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, reduced <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone mineral density">bone mineral density</a>, and an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone fractures</a>, both in men and in <a href="/wiki/Premenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Premenopause">premenopausal</a> women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20459370-3">[3]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"> <caption class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Results_of_the_Women%27s_Health_Initiative_menopausal_hormone_therapy_randomized_controlled_trials" title="Template:Results of the Women's Health Initiative menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Results_of_the_Women%27s_Health_Initiative_menopausal_hormone_therapy_randomized_controlled_trials" title="Template talk:Results of the Women's Health Initiative menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Results_of_the_Women%27s_Health_Initiative_menopausal_hormone_therapy_randomized_controlled_trials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Results of the Women's Health Initiative menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Clinical outcome </th> <th rowspan="2">Hypothesized effect on risk </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogen</a> and progestogen (<a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens"><abbr title="conjugated estrogens">CEs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/day p.o. + <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate"><abbr title="medroxyprogesterone acetate">MPA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg/day p.o.) (n = 16,608, with uterus, 5.2–5.6 years follow up) </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogen</a> alone (<a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens"><abbr title="Conjugated estrogens">CEs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/day p.o.) (n = 10,739, no uterus, 6.8–7.1 years follow up) </th></tr> <tr> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio"><abbr title="Hazard ratio">HR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Hazard ratio </th> <th width="100px">95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="Confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Confidence interval </th> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributable risk"><abbr title="Attributable risk">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Attributable risk </th> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio"><abbr title="Hazard ratio">HR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Hazard ratio </th> <th width="100px">95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="Confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Confidence interval </th> <th width="100px"><a href="/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributable risk"><abbr title="Attributable risk">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Attributable risk </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">Coronary heart disease</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.24 </td> <td>1.00–1.54 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+6 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.95 </td> <td>0.79–1.15 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−3 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.31 </td> <td>1.02–1.68 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+8 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.37 </td> <td>1.09–1.73 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+12 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.13 </td> <td>1.45–3.11 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+10 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.37 </td> <td>0.90–2.07 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+4 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">Venous thromboembolism</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.06 </td> <td>1.57–2.70 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+18 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.32 </td> <td>0.99–1.75 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+8 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.24 </td> <td>1.02–1.50 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+8 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.80 </td> <td>0.62–1.04 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−6 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.56 </td> <td>0.38–0.81 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−7 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.08 </td> <td>0.75–1.55 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+1 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.81 </td> <td>0.48–1.36 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−1 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fractures</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.67 </td> <td>0.47–0.96 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−5 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.65 </td> <td>0.45–0.94 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−7 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Total <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fractures</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.76 </td> <td>0.69–0.83 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−47 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.71 </td> <td>0.64–0.80 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−53 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Total <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.98 </td> <td>0.82–1.18 </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">−1 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.04 </td> <td>0.91–1.12 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+3 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Global index </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.15 </td> <td>1.03–1.28 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+19 / 10,000 PYs </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.01 </td> <td>1.09–1.12 </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">+2 / 10,000 PYs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.79 </td> <td>0.67–0.93 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.88 </td> <td>0.77–1.01 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder disease</a> </td> <td>Increased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.59 </td> <td>1.28–1.97 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.67 </td> <td>1.35–2.06 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">Stress incontinence</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.87 </td> <td>1.61–2.18 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.15 </td> <td>1.77–2.82 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Urge_incontinence" class="mw-redirect" title="Urge incontinence">Urge incontinence</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.15 </td> <td>0.99–1.34 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.32 </td> <td>1.10–1.58 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #cffbd4;">0.89 </td> <td>0.63–1.25 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.32 </td> <td>0.99–1.77 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Probable <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">2.05 </td> <td>1.21–3.48 </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ffcccb;">1.49 </td> <td>0.83–2.66 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Abbreviations: CEs = <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">conjugated estrogens</a>. MPA = <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>. p.o. = <a href="/wiki/Per_oral" class="mw-redirect" title="Per oral">per oral</a>. HR = <a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">hazard ratio</a>. AR = <a href="/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributable risk">attributable risk</a>. PYs = <a href="/wiki/Person%E2%80%93years" class="mw-redirect" title="Person–years">person–years</a>. CI = <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a>. Notes: <a href="/wiki/Sample_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample size">Sample sizes</a> (n) include <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> recipients, which were about half of patients. "Global index" is defined for each woman as the time to earliest diagnosis for <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> (estrogen plus progestogen group only), <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fractures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> from other causes. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood_changes">Mood changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mood changes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_control_2">Birth control</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Birth control">edit</a>]</div> The available evidence on the risk of <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> changes and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> with progestogens in <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal birth control">hormonal birth control</a> is limited.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22467147-62">[49]</a> As of 2019, there is no consistent evidence for adverse effects on mood of hormonal birth control, including <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen-only birth control">progestogen-only birth control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined birth control">combined birth control</a>, in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a> Most women taking <a href="/wiki/Combined_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined birth control">combined birth control</a> experience no influence or a beneficial effect on mood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22467147-62">[49]</a> Adverse effects on mood appear to be infrequent, occurring only in a small percentage of women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22467147-62">[49]</a> About 5 to 10% of women experience negative mood changes with combined birth control pills, and about 5% of women discontinue birth control pills due to such changes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22136510-65">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a> A study of about 4,000 women found that progestogen-only birth control with <a href="/wiki/Depot_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Depot effect">depot</a> <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> had an incidence of depression of 1.5% and discontinuation due to depression of 0.5%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18470526-66">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9649914-67">[54]</a> Beneficial effects of hormonal birth control such as decreased <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual pain">menstrual pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual bleeding">bleeding</a> may positively influence mood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> of 26 studies, including 5 <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a> and 21 <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational studies</a>, found that the overall evidence showed no association between <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen-only birth control">progestogen-only birth control</a> and depression.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a> The progestins assessed included depot <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">contraceptive implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUDs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUDs">intrauterine devices</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen-only birth control pill">progestogen-only birth control pills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a> Findings of large observational studies are mixed due to prominent <a href="/wiki/Confounding_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounding factor">confounding factors</a>, but overall show no association of hormonal birth control with depression.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a> Randomized controlled trials typically do not find clinically significant influences of hormonal birth control on mood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29496297-64">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Reviews</a> from before 1980 reported a high incidence of adverse mood effects with combined birth control pills.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a> However, doses of estrogens and progestogens in birth control pills before 1980 were considerably higher than those used today, and these doses frequently caused unpleasant side effects that may have unfavorably influenced mood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11585017-68">[55]</a> Mood with birth control pills may be better with monophasic and continuous formulations than with triphasic and cyclic formulations.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22136510-65">[52]</a> Limited and inconsistent evidence supports differences in mood with hormonal birth control using different doses of ethinylestradiol or different <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">routes of administration</a>, such as birth control pills versus <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring" title="Contraceptive vaginal ring">contraceptive vaginal rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">contraceptive patches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22136510-65">[52]</a> Combined birth control with less <a href="/wiki/Androgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic">androgenic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogenic</a> progestins like <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">gestodene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a> may have a more favorable influence on mood than birth control with more androgenic progestins like <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22136510-65">[52]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> supplementation with hormonal birth control has also been reported to improve mood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a> Hormonal birth control that suppresses <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> is effective in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a> (PMDD).<a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31078196-69">[56]</a> Combined birth control pills containing <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a> are approved for the treatment of PMDD and may be particularly beneficial due to the <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">antimineralocorticoid</a> activity of drospirenone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29137347-71">[58]</a> Studies on the influence of hormonal birth control on mood in women with existing <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> are limited and mixed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a> Women with underlying mood disorders may be more likely to experience mood changes with hormonal birth control.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27636867-61">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31701260-72">[59]</a> A 2016 systematic review found based on limited evidence from 6 studies that hormonal birth control, including combined birth control pills, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, and levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine devices, was not associated with worse outcomes compared to non-use in women with <a href="/wiki/Depressive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Depressive disorder">depressive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27364100-73">[60]</a> A 2008 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane (organization)">Cochrane</a> review found a greater likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">postpartum depression</a> in women given <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen-only injectable birth control">progestogen-only injectable birth control</a>, and recommended caution on the use of progestogen-only birth control in the <a href="/wiki/Postpartum" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum">postpartum</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18843619-74">[61]</a> Studies suggest a <a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">negativity bias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">emotion recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">reactivity</a> with hormonal birth control.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31701260-72">[59]</a> Some data suggests blunted <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward</a> responses and potential dysregulation of the <a href="/wiki/Stress_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress response">stress response</a> with hormonal birth control in some women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31701260-72">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31172309-63">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hormone_therapy_2">Hormone therapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hormone therapy">edit</a>]</div> Estrogen therapy appears to have a beneficial influence on mood in <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthymia_(medicine)" title="Euthymia (medicine)">euthymic</a> <a href="/wiki/Perimenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimenopausal">perimenopausal</a> women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30182804-75">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31740049-76">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31581598-77">[64]</a> Conversely, research on combined estrogen and progestogen therapy for depressive symptoms in menopausal women is scarce and inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30182804-75">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31740049-76">[63]</a> Some researchers contend that progestogens have an adverse influence on mood and reduce the benefits of estrogens on mood,<a href="#cite_note-pmid25203891-78">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9203229-79">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a> whereas other researchers maintain that progestogens have no adverse influence on mood.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo2007-80">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25308388-81">[68]</a> Progesterone differs from progestins in terms of effects in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and might have different effects on mood in comparison.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24680649-82">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> The available evidence, although limited, suggests no adverse influence of progesterone on mood when used in menopausal hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29962247-83">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_function">Sexual function</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sexual function">edit</a>]</div> In most women, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">sexual desire</a> is unchanged or increased with combined birth control pills.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23320933-84">[71]</a> This is despite an increase in <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) levels and a decrease in total and free <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23320933-84">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24082040-85">[72]</a> However, findings are conflicting, and more research is needed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31242625-86">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_clots">Blood clots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Blood clots">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">Venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE) consists of <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE).<a href="#cite_note-NIH2019-87">[74]</a> DVT is a <a href="/wiki/Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clot</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">deep vein</a>, most commonly in the <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">legs</a>, while PE occurs when a clot breaks free and blocks an <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">artery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2019-87">[74]</a> VTE is a rare but potentially fatal <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular event">cardiovascular event</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2019-87">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> and progestogens can increase <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a> by modulating <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor">coagulation factors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23384742-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30447140-90">[77]</a> As a result, they increase the risk of VTE, especially during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> when estrogen and progesterone levels are very high as well as during the <a href="/wiki/Postpartum" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum">postpartum</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23384742-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23633191-91">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">Physiological</a> levels of estrogen and/or progesterone may also influence risk of VTE—with late <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> (≥55 years) being associated with greater risk than early menopause (≤45 years).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16409454-92">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23760439-93">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progestogen_monotherapy">Progestogen monotherapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Progestogen monotherapy">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens when used by themselves at typical clinical dosages, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestogen-only birth control">progestogen-only birth control</a>, do not affect coagulation<a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14670643-95">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17056444-96">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8794429-97">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23384742-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30447140-90">[77]</a> and are not generally associated with a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE).<a href="#cite_note-pmid27153743-98">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22872710-99">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22425318-100">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30669160-101">[88]</a> An exception is medroxyprogesterone acetate as a <a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">progestogen-only injectable contraceptive</a>, which has been associated with a 2- to 4-fold increase in risk of VTE relative to other progestogens and non-use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30008249-102">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21559819-103">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-ManthaKarp2012-104">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29570359-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30741807-106">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23078975-107">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30669160-101">[88]</a> The reasons for this are unknown, but the observations might be a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_artifact" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical artifact">statistical artifact</a> of preferential prescription of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate to women at risk for VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21559819-103">[90]</a> Alternatively, medroxyprogesterone acetate may be an exception among progestogens in terms of influence on VTE risk,<a href="#cite_note-pmid30669160-101">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29570359-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23078975-107">[94]</a> possibly due to its <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> In contrast to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, no increase in VTE risk has been observed with moderately high doses of the related progestin <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a> (10 mg/day for 18–20 days/cycle), though based on limited data.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23078975-107">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15541404-108">[95]</a> Very-high-dose progestogen therapy, including with medroxyprogesterone acetate, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, has been associated with activation of coagulation and a dose-dependent increased risk of VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14670643-95">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22425318-100">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20433997-109">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19161930-110">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17537215-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20395174-112">[99]</a> In studies with high-dose cyproterone acetate specifically, the increase in VTE risk has ranged from 3- to 5-fold.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20433997-109">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17537215-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20395174-112">[99]</a> The incidence of VTE in studies with very-high-dose progestogen therapy has been found to range from 2 to 8%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14670643-95">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchröderRadlmaier2009-113">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2462132-114">[101]</a> However, the relevant patient populations, namely aged individuals with <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, are already predisposed to VTE, and this greatly amplifies the risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14670643-95">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22425318-100">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23944849-115">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estrogen_plus_progestogen_therapy">Estrogen plus progestogen therapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Estrogen plus progestogen therapy">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to progestogen-only birth control, the addition of progestins to <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a> therapy, including in <a href="/wiki/Combined_birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined birth control pill">combined birth control pills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a>, is associated with a higher risk of VTE than with oral estrogen therapy alone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29936403-116">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26598309-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27051991-118">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30626577-119">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26013557-120">[107]</a> The risk of VTE is increased by about 2-fold or less with such regimens in menopausal hormone therapy and by 2- to 4-fold with combined birth control pills containing <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, both relative to non-use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29936403-116">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30626577-119">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26013557-120">[107]</a> In contrast to oral estrogen therapy, <a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">parenteral</a> estradiol, such as with <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">transdermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>, is not associated with a higher risk of VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29936403-116">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29570359-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30626577-119">[106]</a> This is likely due to its lack of <a href="/wiki/First-pass_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass effect">first-pass effect</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30008249-102">[89]</a> Research is mixed on whether addition of progestins to transdermal estradiol is associated with a greater risk of VTE, with some studies finding no increase in risk and others finding higher risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29936403-116">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29570359-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30626577-119">[106]</a> Unlike the case of transdermal estradiol, VTE risk is not lower with ethinylestradiol-containing <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring" title="Contraceptive vaginal ring">contraceptive vaginal rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">contraceptive patches</a> compared to combined birth control pills with ethinylestradiol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23384743-121">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> This is thought to be due to the resistance of ethinylestradiol to <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">hepatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31465627-122">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30008249-102">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> The type of progestin in combined birth control may modulate the risk of VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26598309-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27051991-118">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23078975-107">[94]</a> Studies have found that combined birth control pills containing <a href="/wiki/Third-generation_progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-generation progestin">newer-generation progestins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">gestodene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">norgestimate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> are associated with a 1.5- to 3-fold higher risk of VTE than birth control pills containing <a href="/wiki/First-generation_progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="First-generation progestin">first-generation progestins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26598309-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27051991-118">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26013557-120">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23078975-107">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29573722-123">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29388678-124">[111]</a> However, although this has been apparent in <a href="/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study" title="Retrospective cohort study">retrospective cohort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nested_case_control_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Nested case control study">nested case–control studies</a>, no greater risk of VTE has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study" title="Prospective cohort study">prospective cohort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">case–control studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26598309-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27051991-118">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27854556-125">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27678035-126">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26013557-120">[107]</a> These kinds of <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational studies</a> have certain advantages over the aforementioned types of studies, such as better ability to control for <a href="/wiki/Confounding_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounding factor">confounding factors</a> like new-user bias.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27678035-126">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> As such, it is unclear whether the higher risk of VTE with newer-generation birth control pills is a real finding or a statistical artifact.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27678035-126">[113]</a> Androgenic progestins have been found to <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonize</a> to some degree the effect of estrogens on coagulation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17056444-96">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8794429-97">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23384742-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26512437-127">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> First-generation progestins are more androgenic, while newer-generation progestins are weakly androgenic or antiandrogenic, and this might explain the observed differences in risk of VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26598309-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28712325-128">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23384742-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26512437-127">[114]</a> The type of estrogen also influences VTE risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31465627-122">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30519125-129">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28902531-130">[117]</a> Birth control pills containing <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a> are associated with about half the VTE risk of birth control pills with ethinylestradiol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30519125-129">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28902531-130">[117]</a> The type of progestogen in combined menopausal hormone therapy may also modulate VTE risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22024394-132">[119]</a> Oral estrogens plus <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a> appears to have lower VTE risk relative to inclusion of other progestins.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23835005-133">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19565370-134">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30626577-119">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norpregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpregnane">Norpregnane</a> derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">promegestone</a> have been associated with a significantly greater risk of VTE than <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnane</a> derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> and dydrogesterone and <a href="/wiki/Nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortestosterone">nortestosterone</a> derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22024394-132">[119]</a> However, these findings may just be statistical artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22024394-132">[119]</a> In contrast to progestins, the addition of oral <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> to either oral or transdermal estrogen therapy is not associated with a higher risk of VTE.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29570359-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a> However, oral progesterone achieves very low progesterone levels and has relatively weak progestogenic effects, which might be responsible for the absence of increase in VTE risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a> Parenteral progesterone, such as <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">vaginal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injectable</a> progesterone, which can achieve <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal-phase</a> levels of progesterone and associated progestogenic effects, has not been characterized in terms of VTE risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a> A 2012 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_risk" title="Absolute risk">absolute risk</a> of VTE is 2 per 10,000 women for non-use, 8 per 10,000 women for ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel-containing birth control pills, and 10 to 15 per 10,000 women for birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a newer-generation progestin.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a> For comparison, the absolute risk of VTE is generally estimated as 1 to 5 per 10,000 woman-years for non-use, 5 to 20 per 10,000 woman-years for pregnancy, and 40 to 65 per 10,000 woman-years for the postpartum period.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a> Risk of VTE with estrogen and progestogen therapy is highest at the start of treatment, particularly during the first year, and decreases over time.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30008249-102">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31372078-136">[123]</a> Older <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a>, higher <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">body weight</a>, lower <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> are all associated with a higher risk of VTE with oral estrogen and progestogen therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30008249-102">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31372078-136">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23136837-137">[124]</a> Women with <a href="/wiki/Thrombophilia" title="Thrombophilia">thrombophilia</a> have a dramatically higher risk of VTE with estrogen and progestogen therapy than women without thrombophilia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23384743-121">[108]</a> Depending on the condition, risk of VTE can be increased as much as 50-fold in such women relative to non-use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27793376-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23384743-121">[108]</a> Estrogens induce the production of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) in the liver.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> As such, SHBG levels indicate hepatic estrogenic exposure and may be a reliable <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate marker">surrogate marker</a> for coagulation and VTE risk with estrogen therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12047300-138">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22469296-139">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christin-Maitre2016-140">[127]</a> Combined birth control pills containing different progestins result in SHBG levels that are increased 1.5- to 2-fold with levonorgestrel, 2.5- to 4-fold with desogestrel and gestodene, 3.5- to 4-fold with drospirenone and <a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">dienogest</a>, and 4- to 5-fold with cyproterone acetate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12047300-138">[125]</a> SHBG levels differ depending on the progestin because androgenic progestins oppose the effect of ethinylestradiol on hepatic SHBG production as with its procoagulatory effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring" title="Contraceptive vaginal ring">Contraceptive vaginal rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">contraceptive patches</a> likewise have been found to increase SHBG levels by 2.5-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12047300-138">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a> Birth control pills containing high doses of ethinylestradiol (>50 μg) can increase SHBG levels by 5- to 10-fold, which is similar to the increase that occurs during pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-WintersHuhtaniemi2017-141">[128]</a> Conversely, increases in SHBG levels are much lower with estradiol, especially when it is used parenterally.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16915215-142">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22011208-143">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3242384-144">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2664738-145">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3817605-146">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estradiol-containing_combined_birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol-containing combined birth control pill">Estradiol-containing combined birth control pills</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate/dienogest" title="Estradiol valerate/dienogest">estradiol valerate/dienogest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol/nomegestrol_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol/nomegestrol acetate">estradiol/nomegestrol acetate</a>, and high-dose parenteral <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a> therapy have both been found to increase SHBG levels by about 1.5-fold.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21538049-94">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22468839-147">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2664738-145">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3242384-144">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy_(male-to-female)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)">Hormone therapy</a> with high-dose ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> has been associated with a 20- to 45-fold higher risk of VTE relative to non-use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23944849-115">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31372078-136">[123]</a> The absolute incidence was about 6%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23944849-115">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31372078-136">[123]</a> Conversely, the risk of VTE in transgender women is much lower with oral or transdermal estradiol plus high-dose cyproterone acetate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23944849-115">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31372078-136">[123]</a> Ethinylestradiol is thought to have been primarily responsible for the VTE risk, but cyproterone acetate may have contributed as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23944849-115">[102]</a> Ethinylestradiol is no longer used in transgender hormone therapy,<a href="#cite_note-pmid27916515-148">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28090436-149">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-PriceMcManus2019-150">[137]</a> and doses of cyproterone acetate have been reduced.<a href="#cite_note-AsschemanGooren1993-151">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29320642-152">[139]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risk_of_venous_thromboembolism_with_hormone_therapy_and_birth_control_pills_(QResearch/CPRD)" title="Template:Risk of venous thromboembolism with hormone therapy and birth control pills (QResearch/CPRD)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risk_of_venous_thromboembolism_with_hormone_therapy_and_birth_control_pills_(QResearch/CPRD)" title="Template talk:Risk of venous thromboembolism with hormone therapy and birth control pills (QResearch/CPRD)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risk_of_venous_thromboembolism_with_hormone_therapy_and_birth_control_pills_(QResearch/CPRD)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risk of venous thromboembolism with hormone therapy and birth control pills (QResearch/CPRD)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with hormone therapy and birth control (QResearch/CPRD) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Type</th> <th class="unsortable">Route</th> <th class="unsortable">Medications</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">Odds ratio</a> (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip confidence interval) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14"><a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">Menopausal hormone therapy</a></td> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a> alone     ≤1 mg/day     >1 mg/day</td> <td>1.27 (1.16–1.39)* 1.22 (1.09–1.37)* 1.35 (1.18–1.55)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a> alone     ≤0.625 mg/day     >0.625 mg/day</td> <td>1.49 (1.39–1.60)* 1.40 (1.28–1.53)* 1.71 (1.51–1.93)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td>1.44 (1.09–1.89)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol/dydrogesterone" title="Estradiol/dydrogesterone">Estradiol/dydrogesterone</a>     ≤1 mg/day <abbr title="estradiol">E2</abbr>     >1 mg/day <abbr title="estradiol">E2</abbr></td> <td>1.18 (0.98–1.42) 1.12 (0.90–1.40) 1.34 (0.94–1.90) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol/norethisterone" title="Estradiol/norethisterone">Estradiol/norethisterone</a>     ≤1 mg/day <abbr title="estradiol">E2</abbr>     >1 mg/day <abbr title="estradiol">E2</abbr></td> <td>1.68 (1.57–1.80)* 1.38 (1.23–1.56)* 1.84 (1.69–2.00)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol/norgestrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol/norgestrel">Estradiol/norgestrel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Estradiol/drospirenone" title="Estradiol/drospirenone">estradiol/drospirenone</a></td> <td>1.42 (1.00–2.03) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens/medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate">Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td>2.10 (1.92–2.31)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens/norgestrel" title="Conjugated estrogens/norgestrel">Conjugated estrogens/norgestrel</a>     ≤0.625 mg/day <abbr title="conjugated estrogens">CEEs</abbr>     >0.625 mg/day <abbr title="conjugated estrogens">CEEs</abbr></td> <td>1.73 (1.57–1.91)* 1.53 (1.36–1.72)* 2.38 (1.99–2.85)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a> alone</td> <td>1.02 (0.90–1.15) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a> alone</td> <td>1.49 (1.24–1.79)* </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">Transdermal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a> alone    ≤50 μg/day    >50 μg/day</td> <td>0.96 (0.88–1.04) 0.94 (0.85–1.03) 1.05 (0.88–1.24) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a>/progestogen</td> <td>0.88 (0.73–1.01) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">Vaginal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a> alone</td> <td>0.84 (0.73–0.97) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a> alone</td> <td>1.04 (0.76–1.43) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Combined_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined birth control">Combined birth control</a></td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone" title="Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone">Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone</a></td> <td>2.56 (2.15–3.06)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel" title="Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel">Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel</a></td> <td>2.38 (2.18–2.59)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/norgestimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethinylestradiol/norgestimate">Ethinylestradiol/norgestimate</a></td> <td>2.53 (2.17–2.96)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/desogestrel" title="Ethinylestradiol/desogestrel">Ethinylestradiol/desogestrel</a></td> <td>4.28 (3.66–5.01)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/gestodene" title="Ethinylestradiol/gestodene">Ethinylestradiol/gestodene</a></td> <td>3.64 (3.00–4.43)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone" title="Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone">Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone</a></td> <td>4.12 (3.43–4.96)* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/cyproterone_acetate" title="Ethinylestradiol/cyproterone acetate">Ethinylestradiol/cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>4.27 (3.57–5.11)* </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="4" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: (1) <a href="/wiki/Nested_case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Nested case–control study">Nested case–control studies</a> (2015, 2019) based on data from the <a href="/wiki/QResearch" title="QResearch">QResearch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Practice_Research_Datalink" title="Clinical Practice Research Datalink">Clinical Practice Research Datalink</a> (CPRD) databases. (2) <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical hormone therapy">Bioidentical</a> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> was not included, but is known to be associated with no additional risk relative to estrogen alone. Footnotes: * = <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">Statistically significant</a> (p < 0.01). Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_health">Cardiovascular health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular health">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens may influence the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">women's Health Initiative</a> (WHI), the risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a> was greater with the combination of estrogen plus a progestin (specifically <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>) than with estrogen alone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18348708-153">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25321418-154">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-BassukManson2008-155">[142]</a> However, progestogens have varying activities and may differ in terms of cardiovascular risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18521110-156">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23647429-157">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19811251-158">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16203650-159">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15018245-160">[147]</a> A 2015 Cochrane review provided strong evidence that the treatment of post-menopausal women with hormone therapy for cardiovascular disease had little if any effect and increased the risk of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolic disease">venous thromboembolic</a> events.<a href="#cite_note-161">[148]</a> It is thought that <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a> progestins like <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> may antagonize the beneficial effects of estrogens on <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> of cardiovascular health (e.g., favorable <a href="/wiki/Lipid_profile" title="Lipid profile">lipid profile</a> changes).<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29157280-162">[149]</a> However, these findings are mixed and controversial.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29157280-162">[149]</a> Differences of progestogens on cardiovascular health and risk have been reviewed and summarized:<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a> <dl><dd>"Unfortunately, there are few long-term clinical studies comparing different progestogens used in [hormone therapy] with respect to cardiovascular outcomes. However, some aspects of potential cardiovascular risk have been examined, namely effects on lipids, vascular function/blood pressure, inflammation, thrombosis, and carbohydrate metabolism. [...] Although progestins have differing effects on aspects of cardiovascular risk, in general, those more similar to progesterone have been associated with a lower impact than the more androgenic progestins on the beneficial effects of concomitant estrogen therapy. However, the limited number of long-term clinical studies makes it difficult to extrapolate the short-term effects on various markers of cardiovascular risk to long-term cardiovascular morbidity."<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Route of administration</a> might also influence the cardiovascular health effects of progestogens, but more research is needed similarly.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19340703-163">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breast_cancer_2">Breast cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Breast cancer">edit</a>]</div> Estrogen alone, progestogen alone, and combined estrogen and progestogen therapy are all associated with increased risks of breast cancer when used in <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Perimenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimenopausal">peri-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopausal">postmenopausal</a> women relative to non-use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27898258-165">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24485796-166">[153]</a> These risks are higher for combined estrogen and progestogen therapy than with estrogen alone or progestogen alone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24485796-166">[153]</a> In addition to breast cancer risk, estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestogen therapy are associated with higher breast cancer <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31474331-167">[154]</a> With 20 years of use, breast cancer incidence is about 1.5-fold higher with estrogen alone and about 2.5-fold higher with estrogen plus progestogen therapy relative to non-use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a> The increase in breast cancer risk with estrogen and progestogen therapy was shown to be causal with <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">conjugated estrogens</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a> <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24291402-168">[155]</a> Breast cancer risk with combined estrogen and progestogen therapy may differ depending on the progestogen used.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27898258-165">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23651281-169">[156]</a> Progestins including <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">medrogestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">promegestone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">tibolone</a> have all been associated with similarly increased risk of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23651281-169">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27898258-165">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a> Some research has found that <a href="/wiki/Oral_progesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral progesterone">oral progesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a> with short-term use (<5 years) may be associated with lower risk of breast cancer relative to other progestins.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27898258-165">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23651281-169">[156]</a> In the long-term however (>5 years), oral progesterone and dydrogesterone have been associated with significantly increased breast cancer risk similarly to other progestogens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29630427-170">[157]</a> The lower risk of breast cancer with oral progesterone than with other progestogens may be related to the very low progesterone levels and relatively weak progestogenic effects it produces.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23336704-171">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">[6]</a> The risk of breast cancer with estrogen and progestogen therapy in peri- and postmenopausal women is dependent on the duration of treatment, with more than 5 years of use being associated with significantly greater risk than less than five years of use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27898258-165">[152]</a> In addition, continuous estrogen and progestogen therapy is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer than cyclic use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31474332-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27898258-165">[152]</a> A nationwide <a href="/wiki/Observational_study" title="Observational study">observational study</a> found that <a href="/wiki/Transfeminine_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfeminine hormone therapy">transfeminine hormone therapy</a> with estrogen plus high-dose <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> was associated with a 46-fold increased risk of breast cancer in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> relative to the expected incidence for <a href="/wiki/Cisgender_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisgender men">cisgender men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31088823-172">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31027551-173">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31343858-174">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31516689-175">[162]</a> However, the risk of breast cancer was still lower than that in <a href="/wiki/Cisgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisgender women">cisgender women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31088823-172">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31027551-173">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31343858-174">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31516689-175">[162]</a> The extent to which the increase in breast cancer risk was related to estrogen versus cyproterone acetate is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31088823-172">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31027551-173">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31343858-174">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31516689-175">[162]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:small; margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Worldwide_epidemiological_evidence_on_breast_cancer_risk_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy" title="Template:Worldwide epidemiological evidence on breast cancer risk with menopausal hormone therapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Worldwide_epidemiological_evidence_on_breast_cancer_risk_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy" title="Template talk:Worldwide epidemiological evidence on breast cancer risk with menopausal hormone therapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Worldwide_epidemiological_evidence_on_breast_cancer_risk_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Worldwide epidemiological evidence on breast cancer risk with menopausal hormone therapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Worldwide epidemiological evidence on breast cancer risk with menopausal hormone therapy (<abbr title="Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer">CGHFBC</abbr>, 2019) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Therapy </th> <th colspan="2" class="unsortable"><5 years </th> <th colspan="2" class="unsortable">5–14 years </th> <th colspan="2" class="unsortable">15+ years </th></tr> <tr> <th>Cases </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adjusted_relative_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjusted relative risk"><abbr title="Adjusted relative risk">RR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adjusted relative risk (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip confidence interval) </th> <th>Cases </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adjusted_relative_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjusted relative risk"><abbr title="Adjusted relative risk">RR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adjusted relative risk (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip confidence interval) </th> <th>Cases </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adjusted_relative_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjusted relative risk"><abbr title="Adjusted relative risk">RR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adjusted relative risk (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip confidence interval) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen alone </td> <td>1259 </td> <td>1.18 (1.10–1.26) </td> <td>4869 </td> <td>1.33 (1.28–1.37) </td> <td>2183 </td> <td>1.58 (1.51–1.67) </td></tr> <tr> <td>    By <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a> </td> <td>481 </td> <td>1.22 (1.09–1.35) </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>1.32 (1.25–1.39) </td> <td>1179 </td> <td>1.68 (1.57–1.80) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a> </td> <td>346 </td> <td>1.20 (1.05–1.36) </td> <td>1580 </td> <td>1.38 (1.30–1.46) </td> <td>435 </td> <td>1.78 (1.58–1.99) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate (estrone sulfate)</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1.45 (0.67–3.15) </td> <td>50 </td> <td>1.09 (0.79–1.51) </td> <td>28 </td> <td>1.53 (1.01–2.33) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">Estriol</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>1.21 (0.68–2.14) </td> <td>44 </td> <td>1.24 (0.89–1.73) </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1.41 (0.67–2.93) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        Other estrogens </td> <td>15 </td> <td>0.98 (0.46–2.09) </td> <td>21 </td> <td>0.98 (0.58–1.66) </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0.77 (0.27–2.21) </td></tr> <tr> <td>    By route </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a> estrogens </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3633 </td> <td>1.33 (1.27–1.38) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">Transdermal</a> estrogens </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>919 </td> <td>1.35 (1.25–1.46) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">Vaginal</a> estrogens </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>437 </td> <td>1.09 (0.97–1.23) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen and progestogen </td> <td>2419 </td> <td>1.58 (1.51–1.67) </td> <td>8319 </td> <td>2.08 (2.02–2.15) </td> <td>1424 </td> <td>2.51 (2.34–2.68) </td></tr> <tr> <td>    By progestogen </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">(Levo)norgestrel</a> </td> <td>343 </td> <td>1.70 (1.49–1.94) </td> <td>1735 </td> <td>2.12 (1.99–2.25) </td> <td>219 </td> <td>2.69 (2.27–3.18) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a> </td> <td>650 </td> <td>1.61 (1.46–1.77) </td> <td>2642 </td> <td>2.20 (2.09–2.32) </td> <td>420 </td> <td>2.97 (2.60–3.39) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> </td> <td>714 </td> <td>1.64 (1.50–1.79) </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>2.07 (1.96–2.19) </td> <td>411 </td> <td>2.71 (2.39–3.07) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a> </td> <td>65 </td> <td>1.21 (0.90–1.61) </td> <td>162 </td> <td>1.41 (1.17–1.71) </td> <td>26 </td> <td>2.23 (1.32–3.76) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>0.91 (0.47–1.78) </td> <td>38 </td> <td>2.05 (1.38–3.06) </td> <td>1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>1.68 (0.85–3.31) </td> <td>19 </td> <td>2.06 (1.19–3.56) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1.60 (0.70–3.64) </td> <td>14 </td> <td>1.38 (0.75–2.53) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>        Other progestogens </td> <td>12 </td> <td>1.70 (0.86–3.38) </td> <td>19 </td> <td>1.79 (1.05–3.05) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>    By progestogen frequency </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Continuous_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous therapy">Continuous</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3948 </td> <td>2.30 (2.21–2.40) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic therapy">Intermittent</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3467 </td> <td>1.93 (1.84–2.01) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Progestogen alone </td> <td>98 </td> <td>1.37 (1.08–1.74) </td> <td>107 </td> <td>1.39 (1.11–1.75) </td> <td>30 </td> <td>2.10 (1.35–3.27) </td></tr> <tr> <td>    By progestogen </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td>1.68 (1.06–2.66) </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1.16 (0.68–1.98) </td> <td>7 </td> <td>3.42 (1.26–9.30) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>1.58 (0.77–3.24) </td> <td>24 </td> <td>1.55 (0.88–2.74) </td> <td>6 </td> <td>3.33 (0.81–13.8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>        <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2.30 (0.49–10.9) </td> <td>11 </td> <td>3.31 (1.39–7.84) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>        Other progestogens </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2.83 (1.04–7.68) </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1.47 (0.47–4.56) </td> <td>1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Miscellaneous </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>    <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>680 </td> <td>1.57 (1.43–1.72) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a> of worldwide <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> evidence on <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> risk by the <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Group_on_Hormonal_Factors_in_Breast_Cancer" title="Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer">Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer</a> (CGHFBC). Fully adjusted <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">relative risks</a> for current versus never-users of menopausal hormone therapy. Source: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risk_of_breast_cancer_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy_in_large_observational_studies" title="Template:Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy in large observational studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risk_of_breast_cancer_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy_in_large_observational_studies" title="Template talk:Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy in large observational studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risk_of_breast_cancer_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy_in_large_observational_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy in large observational studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy in large observational studies (Mirkin, 2018) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Study</th> <th class="unsortable">Therapy</th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">Hazard ratio</a> (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip confidence interval) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">E3N-EPIC: Fournier et al. (2005)</td> <td>Estrogen alone</td> <td>1.1 (0.8–1.6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>     Transdermal estrogen     Oral estrogen</td> <td>0.9 (0.7–1.2) 0.9 (0.7–1.2) No events </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus progestin     Transdermal estrogen     Oral estrogen</td> <td>1.4 (1.2–1.7) 1.4 (1.2–1.7) 1.5 (1.1–1.9) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">E3N-EPIC: Fournier et al. (2008)</td> <td>Oral estrogen alone</td> <td>1.32 (0.76–2.29) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oral estrogen plus progestogen     <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td> Not analyzeda 0.77 (0.36–1.62) 2.74 (1.42–5.29) 2.02 (1.00–4.06) 2.57 (1.81–3.65) 1.62 (0.94–2.82) 1.10 (0.55–2.21) 2.11 (1.56–2.86) 1.48 (1.02–2.16) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transdermal estrogen alone</td> <td>1.28 (0.98–1.69) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transdermal estrogen plus progestogen     <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a>     <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a>     <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td> 1.08 (0.89–1.31) 1.18 (0.95–1.48) 2.03 (1.39–2.97) 1.48 (1.05–2.09) Not analyzeda 1.52 (1.19–1.96) 1.60 (1.28–2.01) Not analyzeda Not analyzeda </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">E3N-EPIC: Fournier et al. (2014)</td> <td>Estrogen alone</td> <td>1.17 (0.99–1.38) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a></td> <td>1.22 (1.11–1.35) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus progestin</td> <td>1.87 (1.71–2.04) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">CECILE: Cordina-Duverger et al. (2013)</td> <td>Estrogen alone</td> <td>1.19 (0.69–2.04) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus progestogen     <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a>     Progestins         Progesterone derivatives         Testosterone derivatives</td> <td>1.33 (0.92–1.92) 0.80 (0.44–1.43) 1.72 (1.11–2.65) 1.57 (0.99–2.49) 3.35 (1.07–10.4) </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="3" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = Not analyzed, fewer than 5 cases. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risk_of_breast_cancer_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy_by_duration_in_large_observational_studies" title="Template:Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy by duration in large observational studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risk_of_breast_cancer_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy_by_duration_in_large_observational_studies" title="Template talk:Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy by duration in large observational studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risk_of_breast_cancer_with_menopausal_hormone_therapy_by_duration_in_large_observational_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy by duration in large observational studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Risk of breast cancer with menopausal hormone therapy by duration in large observational studies (Mirkin, 2018) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Study</th> <th class="unsortable">Therapy</th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">Hazard ratio</a> (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval"><abbr title="confidence interval">CI</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip confidence interval) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">E3N-EPIC: Fournier et al. (2005)a</td> <td>Transdermal estrogen plus <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>     <2 years     2–4 years     ≥4 years</td> <td> 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 0.7 (0.4–1.2) 1.2 (0.7–2.0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transdermal estrogen plus progestin     <2 years     2–4 years     ≥4 years</td> <td> 1.6 (1.3–2.0) 1.4 (1.0–1.8) 1.2 (0.8–1.7) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oral estrogen plus progestin     <2 years     2–4 years     ≥4 years</td> <td> 1.2 (0.9–1.8) 1.6 (1.1–2.3) 1.9 (1.2–3.2) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">E3N-EPIC: Fournier et al. (2008)</td> <td>Estrogen plus <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>     <2 years     2–4 years     4–6 years     ≥6 years</td> <td> 0.71 (0.44–1.14) 0.95 (0.67–1.36) 1.26 (0.87–1.82) 1.22 (0.89–1.67) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a>     <2 years     2–4 years     4–6 years     ≥6 years</td> <td> 0.84 (0.51–1.38) 1.16 (0.79–1.71) 1.28 (0.83–1.99) 1.32 (0.93–1.86) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus other progestogens     <2 years     2–4 years     4–6 years     ≥6 years</td> <td> 1.36 (1.07–1.72) 1.59 (1.30–1.94) 1.79 (1.44–2.23) 1.95 (1.62–2.35) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">E3N-EPIC: Fournier et al. (2014)</td> <td>Estrogens plus <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a>     <5 years     ≥5 years</td> <td> 1.13 (0.99–1.29) 1.31 (1.15–1.48) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen plus other progestogens     <5 years     ≥5 years</td> <td> 1.70 (1.50–1.91) 2.02 (1.81–2.26) </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="3" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = Oral estrogen plus progesterone was not analyzed because there was a low number of women who used this therapy. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens are relatively safe in acute <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">inducers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and other enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase">5α-reductase</a> may <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with progestogens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics_of_progesterone" title="Pharmacodynamics of progesterone">Pharmacodynamics of progesterone</a></div> Progestogens act by binding to and activating the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptors</a> (PRs), including the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_A" title="Progesterone receptor A">PR-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_B" title="Progesterone receptor B">PR-B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_C" title="Progesterone receptor C">PR-C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21952082-176">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20087430-177">[164]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> affected by progestogens include the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> By activating PRs in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>, progestogens suppress the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a> and thereby function as <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">antigonadotropins</a> at sufficiently high doses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progesterone interacts with <a href="/wiki/Membrane_progesterone_receptor" title="Membrane progesterone receptor">membrane progesterone receptors</a>, but interaction of progestins with these receptors is less clear.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22687885-178">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24065878-179">[166]</a> In addition to their progestogenic activity, many progestogens have <a href="/wiki/Off-target_activity" title="Off-target activity">off-target activities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">antimineralocorticoid</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21414337-60">[47]</a> Progestogens mediate their contraceptive effects in women both by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> (via their antigonadotropic effects) and by thickening <a href="/wiki/Cervix#Cervical_mucus" title="Cervix">cervical mucus</a>, thereby preventing the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JamesonDeGroot2015-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-PattmanNathan2010-5">[5]</a> Progestogens have functional <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogenic</a> effects in various tissues like the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> via activation of the PR, and this underlies their use in menopausal hormone therapy (to prevent unopposed <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">endometrial hyperplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> The PRs are induced in the breasts by estrogens, and for this reason, it is assumed that progestogens cannot mediate breast changes in the absence of estrogens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29852797-180">[167]</a> The off-target activities of progestogens can contribute both to their beneficial effects and to their adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15358281-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29137347-71">[58]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacodynamics_of_progestogens" title="Template:Pharmacodynamics of progestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacodynamics_of_progestogens" title="Template talk:Pharmacodynamics of progestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacodynamics_of_progestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacodynamics of progestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Pharmacodynamics of progestogens </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Progestogen</th> <th rowspan="2">Class</th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Off-target_activity" title="Off-target activity">Off-target activities</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Relative_binding_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative binding affinity">Relative binding affinities</a> (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)"><abbr title="Estrogenic">ES</abbr></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Androgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic"><abbr title="Androgenic">AN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgenic</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiandrogenic"><abbr title="Antiandrogenic">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Antiandrogenic</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid">GC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid"><abbr title="Antimineralocorticoid">AM</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Antimineralocorticoid</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">MR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid_binding_globulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroid binding globulin"><abbr title="Corticosteroid binding globulin">CBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Corticosteroid binding globulin </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a>a</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>0</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>67</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td data-sort-value="<style data-mw-deduplicate=" style="color:Blue" class="tmp-color"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">++</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>90</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a></td> <td>Norpregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>115</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>5</td> <td>1–2</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a>a</td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>5</td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></td> <td>Spirolactone</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td>35</td> <td>65</td> <td>0</td> <td>6</td> <td>230</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a>a</td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td>75</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a></td> <td>Androstane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>18</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>150</td> <td>20</td> <td>0</td> <td>14</td> <td>0</td> <td>15</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a>a,b</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>11–18</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a>a</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td>90–432</td> <td>85</td> <td>0</td> <td>27–38</td> <td>97–290</td> <td>40</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>150–162</td> <td>45</td> <td>0</td> <td>1–8</td> <td>17–75</td> <td>50</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a>a</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>115–149</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>29–58</td> <td>3–160</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>65</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></td> <td>Norpregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>125</td> <td>42</td> <td>0</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>0</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>67–75</td> <td>15</td> <td>0</td> <td>0–1</td> <td>0–3</td> <td>16</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a>a</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>20</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a>a</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a>a</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a>a</td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>15</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td>50</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>10</td> <td>100</td> <td>0</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a>a</td> <td>Norpregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>100</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>5</td> <td>53</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate</a></td> <td>Norpregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>136</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>38</td> <td>?</td> <td>0</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Tibolone-1"><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a>a</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td data-sort-value="<style data-mw-deduplicate=" style="color:Blue" class="tmp-color"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">++</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Tibolone-2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a>b</td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td data-sort-value="<style data-mw-deduplicate=" style="color:Blue" class="tmp-color"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">++</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>90</td> <td>35</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></td> <td>Norpregnane</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td>294–330</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>9–13</td> <td>42–120</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="15" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">Prodrug</a>. b = <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolite</a> (non-marketed). Class: Pregnane = <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> derivative. Norpregnane = <a href="/wiki/19-Norprogesterone" title="19-Norprogesterone">19-Norprogesterone</a> derivative. Androstane = <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a> derivative. Estrane = <a href="/wiki/19-Nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-Nortestosterone">19-Nortestosterone</a> derivative. Gonane = 13β-Ethylgonane = <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">18-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> derivative. Spirolactone = <a href="/wiki/Spirolactone" title="Spirolactone">Spirolactone</a> derivative. Magnitude: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">++ = High. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+ = Moderate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± = Low. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">– = None. Activity: ES = <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogenic</a>. AN = <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgenic</a>. AA = <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogenic</a>. GC = <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoid</a>. AM = <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">Antimineralocorticoid</a>. Binding: <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor: <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a> = 100%. <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor: <a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a> = 100%. <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip estrogen receptor: <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a> = 100%. <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor: <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a> = 100%. <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">MR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor: <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a> = 100%. <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin: <a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone"><abbr title="Dihydrotestosterone">DHT</abbr></a> = 100%. <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid-binding_globulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroid-binding globulin"><abbr title="Corticosteroid-binding globulin">CBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Corticosteroid-binding globulin: <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">Cortisol</a> = 100%. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: small; margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: 105%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oral_potencies_of_progestogens" title="Template:Oral potencies of progestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oral_potencies_of_progestogens" title="Template talk:Oral potencies of progestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oral_potencies_of_progestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oral potencies of progestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Oral potencies of progestogens<a href="#cite_note-201">[data 1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="3">Compound </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6">Doses for specific uses (mg/day)<a href="#cite_note-202">[a]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Ovulation-inhibiting dosage">OID</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><abbr title="Endometrial transformation dosage">TFD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Menstrual delay test (Greenblatt)">MDT</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Birth control pill dosage">BCPD</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Estimated comparable dosage">ECD</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Cycle </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Daily </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a> </th> <td>25</td> <td>150–300</td> <td>–</td> <td>30</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Bromoketoprogesterone" title="Bromoketoprogesterone">Bromoketoprogesterone</a><a href="#cite_note-mark-203">[b]</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>100–160</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a> </th> <td>1.5–4.0</td> <td>20–30</td> <td>3–10</td> <td>1.0–4.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>5–10 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a> </th> <td>1.0</td> <td>20–30</td> <td>1.0–3.0</td> <td>1.0–4.0</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a> </th> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.4–2.5</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a> </th> <td>1.0</td> <td>6.0–6.3</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2.0–3.0</td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a> </th> <td>2.0</td> <td>40–80</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="30">>30</td> <td>140–200</td> <td>10–20</td> <td>20</td> <td>–</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>200–700</td> <td>50–250</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a> </th> <td>2.0</td> <td>10–15</td> <td>–</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0–20</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a> </th> <td>0.03</td> <td>2.0–3.0</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.06–0.075</td> <td>0.20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogest. acetate</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>70–125</td> <td>–</td> <td>100</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogest. caproate</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>700–1400</td> <td>70</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a> </th> <td>0.05</td> <td>2.5–6.0</td> <td>0.15–0.25</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.1–0.15</td> <td>0.075 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> </th> <td>2.0</td> <td>35–150</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>10</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a> </th> <td>10</td> <td>50–100</td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>–</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogest. acetate</a> </th> <td>10</td> <td>40–120</td> <td>2.5–10</td> <td>20–30</td> <td>5–10</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="5">>5<a href="#cite_note-207">[c]</a></td> <td>30–70</td> <td>–</td> <td>5–10</td> <td>1.0–5.0</td> <td>5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a> </th> <td>1.25–5.0</td> <td>100</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>–</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>3.75–5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a><a href="#cite_note-mark-203">[b]</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>10</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a> </th> <td>0.4–0.5</td> <td>100–150</td> <td>5–10</td> <td>10–15</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.7–1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a> </th> <td>0.5</td> <td>30–60</td> <td>2.5–5.0</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethist. acetate</a> (micron.) </th> <td>–</td> <td>12–14</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a> </th> <td>4.0</td> <td>150–200</td> <td>–</td> <td>14</td> <td>2.5–10</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a> </th> <td>0.2</td> <td>2.0–10</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a> </th> <td>0.1</td> <td>12</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.5–2.0</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>150</td> <td>10</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> (non-micron.) </th> <td>>300<a href="#cite_note-213">[d]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> (micronized) </th> <td>–</td> <td>4200</td> <td>200–300</td> <td>1000</td> <td>–</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a> </th> <td>0.5</td> <td>10</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a> </th> <td>2.5</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>50–70</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a> </th> <td>0.5</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.25–0.5</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.0625–0.5 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="9" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Notes and sources</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-pmid14670641-181">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011-182">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947y-183">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2215269-184">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2170822-185">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013-186">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrBeller2013q-187">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl1981w-188">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferin1972e-189">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeidenbergerStrowitzki2009-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-NeumannDüsterberg1998-191">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammerstein1990-192">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pschyrembel1968-193">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ufer1968-194">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22078182-195">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-HenzlEdwards1999a-196">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kopera1991-197">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-IARCWHO2007-198">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-LoboStanczyk1994-199">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henzl1986-200">[187]</a> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Dosages are expressed in mg/day unless otherwise noted. </li> <li id="cite_note-mark-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mark_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mark_203-1">b</a> Never marketed as a progestogen. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> The exact <abbr title="Ovulation-inhibiting dosage">OID</abbr> of <abbr title="megestrol acetate">MGA</abbr> is unknown, but it is known to be greater than 5 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12332461-204">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2471590-205">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-VesseyMears1972-206">[190]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Ovulation inhibition rate with 300 to 1,000 mg/day oral non-micronized <abbr title="progesterone (medication)">P4</abbr> was incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-pmid945344-208">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22078182-195">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13614060-209">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13394044-210">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-StoneKupperman1955-211">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenagianoDiczfalusy1983-212">[195]</a> </li> </ol></div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size:small;"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: 105%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_progestogens" title="Template:Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_progestogens" title="Template talk:Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_progestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Parenteral potencies and durations of progestogens<a href="#cite_note-233">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[b]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Compound </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Form </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Dose for specific uses (mg)<a href="#cite_note-235">[c]</a> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"><abbr title="Duration of action">DOA</abbr><a href="#cite_note-236">[d]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Endometrial transformation dose">TFD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-237">[e]</a> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive dose">POICD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-238">[f]</a> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Combined injectable contraceptive dose">CICD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-239">[g]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>75–150</td> <td>14–32 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>25–50</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>8–13 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogest. acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-mark-240">[h]</a></td> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>350</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>9–16 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogest. caproate</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>250–500<a href="#cite_note-div-241">[i]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>250–500</td> <td>5–21 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprog. acetate</a></td> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>50–100</td> <td>150</td> <td>25</td> <td>14–50+ d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>25</td> <td>>14 d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>100–200</td> <td>200</td> <td>50</td> <td>11–52 d </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>Oil soln.</td> <td>200<a href="#cite_note-div-241">[i]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2–6 d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aq. soln.</td> <td>?</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1–2 d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aq. susp.</td> <td>50–200</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>7–14 d </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Notes and sources:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Sources: <a href="#cite_note-KnörrBeller2013-214">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013y-215">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Labhart2012-216">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl1981-217">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ufer1969-218">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pschyrembel1968r-219">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferin1972-220">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-HenzlEdwards1999u-221">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotherton1976-222">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8013220-223">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8013216-224">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goebelsmann1986-225">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-BeckerDüsterberg1980-226">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoltzHaase2008-227">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-WrightBurgess2012-228">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChuLi1986-229">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012-230">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArtiniGenazzani2001-231">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-KingBrucker2013-232">[214]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> All given by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Progesterone production during the <a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">luteal phase</a> is ~25 (15–50) mg/day. The <a href="/wiki/Ovulation-inhibiting_dose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovulation-inhibiting dose"><abbr title="ovulation-inhibiting dose">OID</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ovulation-inhibiting dose of OHPC is 250 to 500 mg/month. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Duration of action in days. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Usually given for 14 days. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Usually dosed every two to three months. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Usually dosed once monthly. </li> <li id="cite_note-mark-240"><a href="#cite_ref-mark_240-0">^</a> Never marketed or approved by this route. </li> <li id="cite_note-div-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-div_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-div_241-1">b</a> In divided doses (2 × 125 or 250 mg for <abbr title="hydroxyprogesterone caproate">OHPC</abbr>, 10 × 20 mg for <abbr title="progesterone">P4</abbr>). </li> </ol></div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigonadotropic_effects">Antigonadotropic effects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Antigonadotropic effects">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens, similarly to the androgens and estrogens through their own respective <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>, inhibit the secretion of the <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a> <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) via activation of the PR in the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>. This effect is a form of <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> (HPG axis) and takes advantage of the mechanism that the body uses to prevent <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> levels from becoming too high.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10997774-242">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15752663-243">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12641635-244">[217]</a> Accordingly, progestogens, both endogenous and exogenous (i.e., progestins), have <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> effects,<a href="#cite_note-pmid368741-245">[218]</a> and progestogens in sufficiently high amounts can markedly suppress the body's normal production of progestogens, androgens, and estrogens as well as inhibit <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> in women and <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> in men).<a href="#cite_note-pmid12641635-244">[217]</a> Progestogens have been found to maximally suppress circulating testosterone levels in men by up to 70 to 80% at sufficiently high doses.<a href="#cite_note-WeinKavoussi2011-246">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid519881-247">[220]</a> This is notably less than that achieved by <a href="/wiki/GnRH_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH analogue">GnRH analogues</a>, which can effectively abolish gonadal production of testosterone and suppress circulating testosterone levels by as much as 95%.<a href="#cite_note-Urotext2001-248">[221]</a> It is also less than that achieved by <a href="/wiki/High-dose_estrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dose estrogen">high-dose estrogen</a> therapy, which can suppress testosterone levels into the castrate range similarly to GnRH analogues.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7000222-249">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Retroprogesterone" title="Retroprogesterone">retroprogesterone</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">trengestone</a> are atypical progestogens and unlike all other clinically used progestogens do not have antigonadotropic effects nor inhibit ovulation even at very high doses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl2012-250">[223]</a> In fact, trengestone may have <a href="/wiki/Progonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Progonadotropic">progonadotropic</a> effects, and is actually able to <a href="/wiki/Ovulation_induction" title="Ovulation induction">induce ovulation</a>, with about a 50% success rate on average.<a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl2012-250">[223]</a> These progestins also show other atypical properties relative to other progestogens, such as a lack of a <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermic</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl2012-250">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Androgenic_activity">Androgenic activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Androgenic activity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Progestin-induced_virilization" title="Progestin-induced virilization">Progestin-induced virilization</a></div> Some progestins have <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a> activity and can produce androgenic <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> such as increased <a href="/wiki/Sebum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebum">sebum</a> production (<a href="/wiki/Oily_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oily skin">oilier skin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a> (excessive facial/body hair growth), as well as changes in <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein production">liver protein production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BullockBardin1977-251">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darney1995-252">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-CampagnoliClavel-Chapelon2005-253">[226]</a> Only certain progestins are androgenic however, these being the <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> derivatives and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-hydroxyprogesterone">17α-hydroxyprogesterone</a> derivatives <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HugdahlWesterhausen2010-254">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darney1995-252">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14670641k-255">[228]</a> No other progestins have such activity (though some, conversely, possess antiandrogenic activity).<a href="#cite_note-Darney1995-252">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14670641k-255">[228]</a> Moreover, the androgenic activity of progestins within the testosterone derivatives also varies, and while some may have high or moderate androgenic activity, others have only low or no such activity.<a href="#cite_note-Golan2008-34">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsFoye2002-256">[229]</a> The androgenic activity of androgenic progestins is mediated by two mechanisms: 1) direct binding to and activation of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a>; and 2) displacement of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG), thereby increasing free (and thus bioactive) testosterone levels.<a href="#cite_note-Azziz2007-257">[230]</a> The androgenic activity of many androgenic progestins is offset by combination with <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, which robustly increases SHBG levels, and most oral contraceptives in fact markedly reduce free testosterone levels and can treat or improve acne and hirsutism.<a href="#cite_note-Azziz2007-257">[230]</a> An exception is progestin-only contraceptives, which do not also contain an estrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Azziz2007-257">[230]</a> The relative androgenic activity of testosterone-derivative progestins and other progestins that have androgenic activity can be roughly ranked as follows: <ul><li>Very high: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">danazol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">gestrinone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">normethandrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">norvinisterone</a><a href="#cite_note-Bentley1980-258">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta2007-259">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferin1962-260">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-SaundersDrill1956-261">[234]</a></li> <li>High: <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">norgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">norgestrienone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">tibolone</a><a href="#cite_note-Golan2008-34">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsFoye2002-256">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bentley1980-258">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-LauritzenStudd2005-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-TashjianArmstrong2011-262">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_GooyerDeckers2003-263">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Moderate: <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">etynodiol diacetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">quingestanol acetate</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pmid3543501-264">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golan2008-34">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsFoye2002-256">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-TashjianArmstrong2011-262">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri2007-265">[238]</a></li> <li>Low: <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">etonogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">gestodene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">norgestimate</a><a href="#cite_note-TashjianArmstrong2011-262">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri2007-265">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8808163-266">[239]</a></li> <li>Very low or negligible: <a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">allylestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">dimethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">norelgestromin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">norgesterone</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffermannsRosenthal2008-267">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marks2001-268">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13753182-269">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12475720-270">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-RuggieriMatscher1965-271">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonWeiner1997-272">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-JUCKER2013-273">[246]</a></li> <li>Antiandrogenic: <a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">dienogest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">oxendolone</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress1989-274">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a></li></ul> The clinical androgenic and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> activity of the androgenic progestins listed above is still far lower than that of conventional <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">nandrolone esters</a>. As such, they are only generally associated with such effects in women and often only at high doses. In men, due to their concomitant progestogenic activity and by extension antigonadotropic effects, these progestins can have potent functional antiandrogenic effects via suppression of testosterone production and levels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiandrogenic_activity">Antiandrogenic activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Antiandrogenic activity">edit</a>]</div> Some progestogens have <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogenic</a> activity in addition to their progestogenic activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12600226-275">[248]</a> These progestogens, with varying degrees of potency as antiandrogens, include <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">dienogest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">medrogestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">osaterone acetate</a> (veterinary), and <a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">oxendolone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12600226-275">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress1989-274">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14644837-276">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-BotellaParis1987-277">[250]</a> The relative antiandrogenic activity in animals of some of these progestogens has been ranked as follows: cyproterone acetate (100%) > nomegestrol acetate (90%) > dienogest (30–40%) ≥ chlormadinone acetate (30%) = drospirenone (30%).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17056444-96">[83]</a> Antiandrogenic activity in certain progestogens may help to improve symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">seborrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Androgen-dependent_condition" title="Androgen-dependent condition">androgen-dependent conditions</a> in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12600226-275">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estrogenic_activity">Estrogenic activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Estrogenic activity">edit</a>]</div> A few progestins have weak <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogenic</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> These include the 19-nortestosterone derivatives <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">tibolone</a>, as well as the norethisterone <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2256526-278">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">etynodiol diacetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> The estrogenic activity of norethisterone and its prodrugs are due to <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> into <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> High doses of norethisterone and noretynodrel have been associated with estrogenic side effects such as <a href="/wiki/Breast_enlargement" title="Breast enlargement">breast enlargement</a> in women and <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> in men, but also with alleviation of <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopausal</a> symptoms in postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid13942007-279">[252]</a> In contrast, non-estrogenic progestins were not found to be associated with such effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid13942007-279">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glucocorticoid_activity">Glucocorticoid activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Glucocorticoid activity">edit</a>]</div> Some progestogens, mainly certain <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-hydroxyprogesterone">17α-hydroxyprogesterone</a> derivatives, have weak <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-NeumannDuesterberg1988-280">[253]</a> This can result, at sufficiently high doses, in side effects such as symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steroid_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid diabetes">steroid diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">adrenal suppression and insufficiency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric">neuropsychiatric</a> symptoms like <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NeumannDuesterberg1988-280">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvey1996-281">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-CuschieriHanna2015-282">[255]</a> Progestogens with the potential for clinically relevant glucocorticoid effects include the 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">promegestone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">segesterone acetate</a> and the testosterone derivatives <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">etonogestrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">gestodene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvey1996-281">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1997-283">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-PanayBriggs2015-284">[257]</a> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a> possesses no such activity, while <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> itself has very weak glucocorticoid activity.<a href="#cite_note-Meis2005-285">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="width:475px; text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoid_activity_of_selected_steroids_in_vitro" title="Template:Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glucocorticoid_activity_of_selected_steroids_in_vitro" title="Template talk:Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid_activity_of_selected_steroids_in_vitro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Steroid</th> <th>Class</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thrombin_receptor" title="Thrombin receptor"><abbr title="Thrombin receptor">TR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thrombin receptor (<a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation"><abbr title="Upregulation">↑</abbr></a>)a</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip glucocorticoid receptor (%)b </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></td> <td>Corticosteroid</td> <td>++</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></td> <td>Estrogen</td> <td>–</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>+</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>+</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>–</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>+</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>–</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>–</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></td> <td>Progestogen</td> <td>+</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="4" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = <a href="/wiki/Thrombin_receptor" title="Thrombin receptor">Thrombin receptor</a> (TR) <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">upregulation</a> (↑) in <a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular smooth muscle cell">vascular smooth muscle cells</a> (VSMCs). b = <a href="/wiki/Relative_binding_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative binding affinity"><abbr title="Relative binding affinity">RBA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Relative binding affinity (%) for the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptor</a> (GR). Strength: – = No effect. + = Pronounced effect. ++ = Strong effect. Sources: <a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947u-286">[259]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antimineralocorticoid_activity">Antimineralocorticoid activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Antimineralocorticoid activity">edit</a>]</div> Certain progestogens, including <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">gestodene</a>, as well as to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">trimegestone</a>, have varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">antimineralocorticoid</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29137347-71">[58]</a> Other progestins might also have significant antimineralocorticoid activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32234237-287">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> itself has potent antimineralocorticoid activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> No clinically used progestogens are known to have <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoid</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progestins with potent antimineralocorticoid activity like drospirenone may have properties more similar to those of natural progesterone, such as counteraction of cyclical estrogen-induced <a href="/wiki/Sodium_retention" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium retention">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_retention_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water retention (medicine)">fluid retention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, and associated <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>; lowered <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>; and possibly improved <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> health.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12659403-288">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18075844-289">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17364593-290">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16949774-291">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neurosteroid_activity">Neurosteroid activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Neurosteroid activity">edit</a>]</div> Progesterone has <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroid</a> activity via metabolism into <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">pregnanolone</a>, potent <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> of the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> As a result, it has associated effects such as <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> No progestin is known to have similar such neurosteroid activity or effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">promegestone</a> has been found to act as a <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist#Non-competitive" title="Receptor antagonist">non-competitive antagonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> similarly to progesterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9927618-292">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> Certain progestins have been found to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> of <a href="/wiki/MCF-7" title="MCF-7">MCF-7</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>, an action that is independent of the classical PRs and is instead mediated via the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_membrane_component-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Progesterone receptor membrane component-1">progesterone receptor membrane component-1</a> (PGRMC1).<a href="#cite_note-pmid23758160-293">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a> strongly stimulate proliferation and <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">dienogest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a> weakly stimulate proliferation, whereas <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a> act neutrally in the assay and do not stimulate proliferation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23758160-293">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22335423-294">[267]</a> It is unclear whether these findings may explain the different risks of breast cancer observed with progesterone, dydrogesterone, and other progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31512725-295">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics_of_progesterone" title="Pharmacokinetics of progesterone">Pharmacokinetics of progesterone</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a> progesterone has very low <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23336704-171">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8842581-296">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Micronization" title="Micronization">Micronization</a> and dissolution in <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-filled <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsules</a>, a formulation known as oral micronized progesterone (OMP), increases the bioavailability of progesterone by several-fold.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8842581-296">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2801843-297">[270]</a> However, the bioavailability of oral micronized progesterone nonetheless remains very low at less than 2.4%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23336704-171">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10689005-298">[271]</a> Progesterone also has a very short <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a> of no more than 1.5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid945344n-299">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8842581-296">[269]</a> Due to the poor oral activity of oral micronized progesterone, it has relatively weak progestogenic effects.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23336704-171">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29526116-135">[122]</a> Administration of progesterone in <a href="/wiki/Oil_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil solution">oil solution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> has a duration of about 2 or 3 days, necessitating frequent injections.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012t-300">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrBeller2013t-301">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013t-302">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Labhart2012x-303">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl1981t-304">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">Transdermal administration</a> of progesterone in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">creams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gels</a> achieves only very low levels of progesterone and weak progestogenic effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25196424-305">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15772572-306">[279]</a> Due to the poor oral activity of progesterone and its short duration with intramuscular injection, progestins were developed in its place both for oral use and for parenteral administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19434889-307">[280]</a> Orally active progestins have high oral bioavailability in comparison to oral micronized progesterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Their bioavailability is generally in the range of 60 to 100%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Their elimination half-lives are also much longer than that of progesterone, in the range of 8 to 80 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Due mainly to their <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacokinetic">pharmacokinetic</a> improvements, progestins have oral potency that is up to several orders of magnitude greater than that of oral micronized progesterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> For example, the oral potency of medroxyprogesterone acetate is at least 30-fold that of oral micronized progesterone, while the oral potency of <a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">gestodene</a> is at least 10,000-fold that of oral micronized progesterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Parenterally administered progestins, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a> in oil solution, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a> in oil solution, and medroxyprogesterone acetate in <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline" title="Microcrystalline">microcrystalline</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a>, have durations in the range of weeks to months.<a href="#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012t-300">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrBeller2013t-301">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013t-302">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Labhart2012x-303">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl1981t-304">[277]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacokinetics_of_progestogens" title="Template:Pharmacokinetics of progestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacokinetics_of_progestogens" title="Template talk:Pharmacokinetics of progestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacokinetics_of_progestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacokinetics of progestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Pharmacokinetics of progestogens </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Progestogen</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Dosea</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life"><abbr title="Elimination half-life">Half-life</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Elimination half-life </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>2 mg</td> <td>~100%</td> <td>80 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>2 mg</td> <td>~100%</td> <td>54–79 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td>0.15 mg</td> <td>63%</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td>4 mg</td> <td>96%</td> <td>11–12 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></td> <td>Spirolactone</td> <td>3 mg</td> <td>66%</td> <td>31–33 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>10 mg</td> <td>28%</td> <td>14–17 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td>0.075 mg</td> <td>88–99%</td> <td>12–14 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td>–</td> <td>8 daysb </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td>0.15–0.25 mg</td> <td>90%</td> <td>10–13 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>5 mg</td> <td>~100%</td> <td>35 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>10 mg</td> <td>~100%</td> <td>24 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>160 mg</td> <td>~100%</td> <td>22 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>2.5 mg</td> <td>60%</td> <td>50 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td>1 mg</td> <td>64%</td> <td>8 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></td> <td>Gonane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone (micronized)</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>100–200 mg</td> <td><2.4%</td> <td>5 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></td> <td>Estrane</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">NA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Prodrug </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></td> <td>Pregnane</td> <td>0.5 mg</td> <td>~100%</td> <td>15 hours </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: All by <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral administration</a>, unless otherwise noted. Footnotes: a = For the listed pharmacokinetic values. b = By <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a>. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_progestogens" title="List of progestogens">List of progestogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_ester" title="Progestogen ester">Progestogen ester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_progestogen_esters" title="List of progestogen esters">List of progestogen esters</a></div> All currently available progestogens are <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroidal</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progestogens include the <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">naturally occurring</a> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> progestogens (otherwise known as progestins).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progestins can be broadly grouped into two structural classes—<a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">chemical derivatives</a> of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> and chemical derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progesterone derivatives can be classified into subgroups including <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retropregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Retropregnane">retropregnanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norpregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpregnane">norpregnanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spirolactone" title="Spirolactone">spirolactones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Examples of progestins of each of these subgroups include <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">dydrogesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Testosterone derivatives can be classified into subgroups including <a href="/wiki/Androstane" title="Androstane">androstanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrane" title="Estrane">estranes</a> (19-norandrostanes), and <a href="/wiki/Gonane" title="Gonane">gonanes</a> (18-methylestranes).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10715364-308">[281]</a> Examples of progestins of each of these subgroups include <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Many progestins have <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substituent" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical substituent">substitutions</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_ester" title="Progestogen ester">progestogen ester</a>) which result in greater <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilicity</a> and in some cases cause the progestins in question to act as <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a> in the body.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 11px; text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_aspects_of_progestogens_used_in_clinical_and_veterinary_medicine" title="Template:Structural aspects of progestogens used in clinical and veterinary medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_aspects_of_progestogens_used_in_clinical_and_veterinary_medicine" title="Template talk:Structural aspects of progestogens used in clinical and veterinary medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_aspects_of_progestogens_used_in_clinical_and_veterinary_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural aspects of progestogens used in clinical and veterinary medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Structural aspects of progestogens used in clinical and veterinary medicine </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Subclass</th> <th>Progestogen</th> <th class="unsortable">Structure</th> <th class="unsortable">Chemical name</th> <th>Features </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="24"><a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">Pregnane</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Progesteron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Progesteron.svg/30px-Progesteron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Progesteron.svg/45px-Progesteron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Progesteron.svg/60px-Progesteron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quingestrone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Quingestrone.svg/30px-Quingestrone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Quingestrone.svg/45px-Quingestrone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Quingestrone.svg/60px-Quingestrone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Progesterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">Ether</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="19"><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetomepregenol" title="Acetomepregenol">Acetomepregenol</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetomepregenol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Acetomepregenol.svg/30px-Acetomepregenol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Acetomepregenol.svg/45px-Acetomepregenol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Acetomepregenol.svg/60px-Acetomepregenol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>3-Deketo-3β,17α-dihydroxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone 3β,17α-diacetate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Ester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algestone_acetophenide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Algestone_acetophenide.png/30px-Algestone_acetophenide.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Algestone_acetophenide.png/45px-Algestone_acetophenide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Algestone_acetophenide.png/60px-Algestone_acetophenide.png 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>16α,17α-Dihydroxyprogesterone 16α,17α-(cyclic acetal with acetophenone) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_acetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic acetal">Cyclic acetal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anagestone_acetate" title="Anagestone acetate">Anagestone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anagestone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Anagestone_acetate.svg/30px-Anagestone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Anagestone_acetate.svg/45px-Anagestone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Anagestone_acetate.svg/60px-Anagestone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>3-Deketo-6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlormadinone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chlormadinone_acetate.svg/30px-Chlormadinone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chlormadinone_acetate.svg/45px-Chlormadinone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chlormadinone_acetate.svg/60px-Chlormadinone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-6-chloro-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate" title="Chlormethenmadinone acetate">Chlormethenmadinone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlormethenmadinone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate.svg/30px-Chlormethenmadinone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate.svg/45px-Chlormethenmadinone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate.svg/60px-Chlormethenmadinone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-6-chloro-16-methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyproterone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cyproterone_acetate.svg/30px-Cyproterone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cyproterone_acetate.svg/45px-Cyproterone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cyproterone_acetate.svg/60px-Cyproterone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1,2α-Methylene-6-dehydro-6-chloro-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester; <a href="/wiki/Ring_(chemistry)" title="Ring (chemistry)">Ring-fused</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delmadinone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Delmadinone_acetate.svg/30px-Delmadinone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Delmadinone_acetate.svg/45px-Delmadinone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Delmadinone_acetate.svg/60px-Delmadinone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1,6-Didehydro-6-chloro-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flugestone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flugestone_acetate.svg/30px-Flugestone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flugestone_acetate.svg/45px-Flugestone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flugestone_acetate.svg/60px-Flugestone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9α-Fluoro-11β,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flumedroxone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flumedroxone_acetate.svg/30px-Flumedroxone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flumedroxone_acetate.svg/45px-Flumedroxone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flumedroxone_acetate.svg/60px-Flumedroxone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6α-(Trifluoromethyl)-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17-Acetoxyprogesterone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/17-Acetoxyprogesterone.svg/30px-17-Acetoxyprogesterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/17-Acetoxyprogesterone.svg/45px-17-Acetoxyprogesterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/17-Acetoxyprogesterone.svg/60px-17-Acetoxyprogesterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate.svg/30px-Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate.svg/45px-Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate.svg/60px-Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 17α-hexanoate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate.svg/30px-Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate.svg/45px-Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate.svg/60px-Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 17α-heptanoate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medroxyprogesterone_17-acetate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Medroxyprogesterone_17-acetate.png/30px-Medroxyprogesterone_17-acetate.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Medroxyprogesterone_17-acetate.png/45px-Medroxyprogesterone_17-acetate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Medroxyprogesterone_17-acetate.png/60px-Medroxyprogesterone_17-acetate.png 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6α-Methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megestrol_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Megestrol_acetate.svg/30px-Megestrol_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Megestrol_acetate.svg/45px-Megestrol_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Megestrol_acetate.svg/60px-Megestrol_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">Melengestrol acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melengestrol_acetate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Melengestrol_acetate.png/30px-Melengestrol_acetate.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Melengestrol_acetate.png/45px-Melengestrol_acetate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Melengestrol_acetate.png/60px-Melengestrol_acetate.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-6-methyl-16-methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_acetate" title="Methenmadinone acetate">Methenmadinone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methenmadinone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Methenmadinone_acetate.svg/30px-Methenmadinone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Methenmadinone_acetate.svg/45px-Methenmadinone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Methenmadinone_acetate.svg/60px-Methenmadinone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-16-methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaterone_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Osaterone_skeletal.svg/30px-Osaterone_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Osaterone_skeletal.svg/45px-Osaterone_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Osaterone_skeletal.svg/60px-Osaterone_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>2-Oxa-6-dehydro-6-chloro-17α-hydroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate" title="Pentagestrone acetate">Pentagestrone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagestrone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pentagestrone_acetate.svg/30px-Pentagestrone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pentagestrone_acetate.svg/45px-Pentagestrone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pentagestrone_acetate.svg/60px-Pentagestrone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester; Ether </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proligestone" title="Proligestone">Proligestone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proligestone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Proligestone.svg/30px-Proligestone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Proligestone.svg/45px-Proligestone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Proligestone.svg/60px-Proligestone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>14α,17α-Dihydroxyprogesterone 14α,17α-(cyclic acetal with propionaldehyde) </td> <td>Cyclic acetal </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Other 17α-substituted progesterone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haloprogesterone" title="Haloprogesterone">Haloprogesterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haloprogesterone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Haloprogesterone.svg/30px-Haloprogesterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Haloprogesterone.svg/45px-Haloprogesterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Haloprogesterone.svg/60px-Haloprogesterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6α-Fluoro-17α-bromoprogesterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medrogestone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Medrogestone.png/30px-Medrogestone.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Medrogestone.png/45px-Medrogestone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Medrogestone.png/60px-Medrogestone.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-6,17α-dimethylprogesterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spirolactone" title="Spirolactone">Spirolactone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drospirenone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Drospirenone.svg/30px-Drospirenone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Drospirenone.svg/45px-Drospirenone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Drospirenone.svg/60px-Drospirenone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6β,7β:15β,16β-Dimethylenespirolactone </td> <td>Ring-fused </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Norpregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpregnane">Norpregnane</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/19-Norprogesterone" title="19-Norprogesterone">19-Norprogesterone</a>; 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gestronol_caproate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gestronol_caproate.svg/30px-Gestronol_caproate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gestronol_caproate.svg/45px-Gestronol_caproate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gestronol_caproate.svg/60px-Gestronol_caproate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Hydroxy-19-norprogesterone 17α-hexanoate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomegestrol_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nomegestrol_acetate.svg/30px-Nomegestrol_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nomegestrol_acetate.svg/45px-Nomegestrol_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nomegestrol_acetate.svg/60px-Nomegestrol_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-6-methyl-17α-hydroxy-19-norprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norgestomet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Norgestomet.svg/30px-Norgestomet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Norgestomet.svg/45px-Norgestomet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Norgestomet.svg/60px-Norgestomet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>11β-Methyl-17α-hydroxy-19-norprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestorone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nestorone.svg/30px-Nestorone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nestorone.svg/45px-Nestorone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nestorone.svg/60px-Nestorone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>16-Methylene-17α-hydroxy-19-norprogesterone 17α-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">19-Norprogesterone; Other 17α-substituted progesterone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Demegestone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Demegestone.png/30px-Demegestone.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Demegestone.png/45px-Demegestone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Demegestone.png/60px-Demegestone.png 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9-Dehydro-17α-methyl-19-norprogesterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Promegestone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Promegestone.png/30px-Promegestone.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Promegestone.png/45px-Promegestone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Promegestone.png/60px-Promegestone.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9-Dehydro-17α,21-dimethyl-19-norprogesterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimegestone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trimegestone.png/30px-Trimegestone.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trimegestone.png/45px-Trimegestone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trimegestone.png/60px-Trimegestone.png 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9-Dehydro-17α,21-dimethyl-19-nor-21β-hydroxyprogesterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retropregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Retropregnane">Retropregnane</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroprogesterone" title="Retroprogesterone">Retroprogesterone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dydrogesterone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dydrogesterone.png/30px-Dydrogesterone.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dydrogesterone.png/45px-Dydrogesterone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dydrogesterone.png/60px-Dydrogesterone.png 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6-Dehydro-9β,10α-progesterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trengestone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trengestone.svg/30px-Trengestone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trengestone.svg/45px-Trengestone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trengestone.svg/60px-Trengestone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1,6-Didehydro-6-chloro-9β,10α-progesterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Androstane" title="Androstane">Androstane</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyltestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-Ethynyltestosterone">17α-Ethynyltestosterone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danazol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Danazol.svg/30px-Danazol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Danazol.svg/45px-Danazol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Danazol.svg/60px-Danazol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>2,3-d-Isoxazol-17α-ethynyltestosterone </td> <td>Ring-fused </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimethisterone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dimethisterone.png/30px-Dimethisterone.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dimethisterone.png/45px-Dimethisterone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dimethisterone.png/60px-Dimethisterone.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>6α,21-Dimethyl-17α-ethynyltestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethisterone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ethisterone.svg/30px-Ethisterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ethisterone.svg/45px-Ethisterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ethisterone.svg/60px-Ethisterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyltestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Estrane" title="Estrane">Estrane</a> </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/19-Nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-Nortestosterone">19-Nortestosterone</a>; 17α-Ethynyltestosterone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethynodiol_diacetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ethynodiol_diacetate.svg/30px-Ethynodiol_diacetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ethynodiol_diacetate.svg/45px-Ethynodiol_diacetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ethynodiol_diacetate.svg/60px-Ethynodiol_diacetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>3-Deketo-3β-hydroxy-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 3β,17β-diacetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lynestrenol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lynestrenol.svg/30px-Lynestrenol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lynestrenol.svg/45px-Lynestrenol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lynestrenol.svg/60px-Lynestrenol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>3-Deketo-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norethisterone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Norethisterone.svg/30px-Norethisterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Norethisterone.svg/45px-Norethisterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Norethisterone.svg/60px-Norethisterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norethisterone_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norethisterone_acetate.svg/30px-Norethisterone_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norethisterone_acetate.svg/45px-Norethisterone_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norethisterone_acetate.svg/60px-Norethisterone_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-acetate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norethindrone_enanthate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norethindrone_enanthate.svg/30px-Norethindrone_enanthate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norethindrone_enanthate.svg/45px-Norethindrone_enanthate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norethindrone_enanthate.svg/60px-Norethindrone_enanthate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-heptanoate </td> <td>Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noretynodrel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Noretynodrel.svg/30px-Noretynodrel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Noretynodrel.svg/45px-Noretynodrel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Noretynodrel.svg/60px-Noretynodrel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>5(10)-Dehydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norgestrienone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Norgestrienone.svg/30px-Norgestrienone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Norgestrienone.svg/45px-Norgestrienone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Norgestrienone.svg/60px-Norgestrienone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9,11-Didehydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quingestanol_acetate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Quingestanol_acetate.svg/30px-Quingestanol_acetate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Quingestanol_acetate.svg/45px-Quingestanol_acetate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Quingestanol_acetate.svg/60px-Quingestanol_acetate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether 17β-acetate </td> <td>Ester; Ether </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibolone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tibolone.svg/30px-Tibolone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tibolone.svg/45px-Tibolone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tibolone.svg/60px-Tibolone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>5(10)-Dehydro-7α-methyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">19-Nortestosterone; Other 17α-substituted testosterone (and 16β-substituted testosterone) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allylestrenol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Allylestrenol.svg/30px-Allylestrenol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Allylestrenol.svg/45px-Allylestrenol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Allylestrenol.svg/60px-Allylestrenol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>3-Deketo-17α-allyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Altrenogest" title="Altrenogest">Altrenogest</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altrenogest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Altrenogest.svg/30px-Altrenogest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Altrenogest.svg/45px-Altrenogest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Altrenogest.svg/60px-Altrenogest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9,11-Didehydro-17α-allyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dienogest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dienogest.svg/30px-Dienogest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dienogest.svg/45px-Dienogest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dienogest.svg/60px-Dienogest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9-Dehydro-17α-cyanomethyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">Norgesterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norgesterone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Norgesterone.svg/30px-Norgesterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Norgesterone.svg/45px-Norgesterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Norgesterone.svg/60px-Norgesterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>5(10)-Dehydro-17α-vinyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methylestrenolone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Methylestrenolone.svg/30px-Methylestrenolone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Methylestrenolone.svg/45px-Methylestrenolone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Methylestrenolone.svg/60px-Methylestrenolone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norvinisterone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Norvinisterone.svg/30px-Norvinisterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Norvinisterone.svg/45px-Norvinisterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Norvinisterone.svg/60px-Norvinisterone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxendolone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oxendolone.svg/30px-Oxendolone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oxendolone.svg/45px-Oxendolone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oxendolone.svg/60px-Oxendolone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>16β-Ethyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Gonane" title="Gonane">Gonane</a> </td> <td rowspan="8">19-Nortestosterone; 17α-Ethynyltestosterone; <a href="/wiki/18-Methyltestosterone" title="18-Methyltestosterone">18-Methyltestosterone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desogestrel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Desogestrel.svg/30px-Desogestrel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Desogestrel.svg/45px-Desogestrel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Desogestrel.svg/60px-Desogestrel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>3-Deketo-11-methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etonogestrel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Etonogestrel.svg/30px-Etonogestrel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Etonogestrel.svg/45px-Etonogestrel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Etonogestrel.svg/60px-Etonogestrel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>11-Methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gestodene.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gestodene.svg/30px-Gestodene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gestodene.svg/45px-Gestodene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gestodene.svg/60px-Gestodene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>15-Dehydro-17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gestrinone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gestrinone.svg/30px-Gestrinone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gestrinone.svg/45px-Gestrinone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gestrinone.svg/60px-Gestrinone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>9,11-Didehydro-17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levonorgestrel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levonorgestrel.svg/30px-Levonorgestrel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levonorgestrel.svg/45px-Levonorgestrel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levonorgestrel.svg/60px-Levonorgestrel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norelgestromin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Norelgestromin.svg/30px-Norelgestromin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Norelgestromin.svg/45px-Norelgestromin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Norelgestromin.svg/60px-Norelgestromin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone 3-oxime </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">Oxime</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norgestimate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norgestimate.svg/30px-Norgestimate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norgestimate.svg/45px-Norgestimate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norgestimate.svg/60px-Norgestimate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>17α-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone 3-oxime 17β-acetate </td> <td>Oxime; Ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levonorgestrel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levonorgestrel.svg/25px-Levonorgestrel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levonorgestrel.svg/38px-Levonorgestrel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Levonorgestrel.svg/50px-Levonorgestrel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dextronorgestrel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dextronorgestrel.svg/25px-Dextronorgestrel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dextronorgestrel.svg/38px-Dextronorgestrel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dextronorgestrel.svg/50px-Dextronorgestrel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>rac-13-Ethyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders" style="font-size:small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption class="nowrap">Historical progestogens no longer marketed for use </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Generic name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Class<a href="#cite_note-309">[a]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:80px;">Brand name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Route<a href="#cite_note-310">[b]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;"><abbr title="Introduced in">Intr.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Anagestone_acetate" title="Anagestone acetate">Anagestone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-311">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a></td> <td>Anatropin</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1968 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate" title="Chlormethenmadinone acetate">Chlormethenmadinone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-311">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a></td> <td>Biogest<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-19np-314">[iii]</a></td> <td>Lutionex</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-estrane-315">[iv]</a></td> <td>Lutagan<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1959 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-estrane-315">[iv]</a></td> <td>Pranone<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual"><abbr title="Sublingual">SL</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sublingual</td> <td>1939 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-311">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a></td> <td>Demigran<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Haloprogesterone" title="Haloprogesterone">Haloprogesterone</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17b-316">[v]</a></td> <td>Prohalone</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-311">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a></td> <td>Prodox</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-311">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a></td> <td>H.O.P.<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>IM</td> <td>1950s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_acetate" title="Methenmadinone acetate">Methenmadinone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-311">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a></td> <td>Superlutin<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-317">[vi]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-315">[iv]</a></td> <td>Enovid</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">Norgesterone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-317">[vi]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-315">[iv]</a></td> <td>Vestalin</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-317">[vi]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-315">[iv]</a></td> <td>Ogyline<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-317">[vi]</a><a href="#cite_note-estrane-315">[iv]</a></td> <td>Neoprogestin<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1960s </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate" title="Pentagestrone acetate">Pentagestrone acetate</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-17a-311">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a></td> <td>Gestovis<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a> </th> <td>T<a href="#cite_note-19nt-317">[vi]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonane-318">[vii]</a><a href="#cite_note-ester-312">[ii]</a><a href="#cite_note-ether-319">[viii]</a></td> <td>Demovis<a href="#cite_note-others-313">[c]</a></td> <td>PO</td> <td>1972 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a> </th> <td>P<a href="#cite_note-ether-319">[viii]</a></td> <td>Enol-Luteovis</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1962 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a> </th> <td>RP</td> <td>Retrone</td> <td>PO</td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Legend for class of molecule</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17a-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-17a_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_311-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_311-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_311-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_311-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_311-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-17a_311-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-hydroxy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ester-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ester_312-7">h</a> Ester </li> <li id="cite_note-19np-314"><a href="#cite_ref-19np_314-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/19-norprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-norprogesterone">19-nor</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-estrane-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_315-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_315-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_315-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_315-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estrane_315-5">f</a> estrane </li> <li id="cite_note-17b-316"><a href="#cite_ref-17b_316-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Bromoprogesterone" title="17α-Bromoprogesterone">17-bromo</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19nt-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_317-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_317-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_317-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19nt_317-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/19-Nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-Nortestosterone">19-nor</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gonane-318"><a href="#cite_ref-gonane_318-0">^</a> Gonane </li> <li id="cite_note-ether-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ether_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ether_319-1">b</a> ether </li> </ol></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Classes: P = <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> derivative, T = <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> derivative </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Routes: IUD = <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine device</a>, PO = <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>, SC = <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection or implant</a>, SL = <a href="/wiki/Sublingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual">under the tongue</a>, TD = <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>, V = <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">vaginal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-others-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_313-9">j</a> Also marketed under other brand names. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The recognition of progesterone's ability to suppress <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> during pregnancy spawned a search for a similar hormone that could bypass the problems associated with administering progesterone (e.g. low <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> when administered orally and local irritation and pain when continually administered <a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">parenterally</a>) and, at the same time, serve the purpose of controlling ovulation. The many synthetic hormones that resulted are known as progestins. The first orally active progestin, <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone</a> (pregneninolone, 17α-ethynyltestosterone), the C17α <a href="/wiki/Ethynyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethynyl">ethynyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">synthesized</a> in 1938 from <a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">dehydroandrosterone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alkynylation" title="Alkynylation">ethynylation</a>, either before or after <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_of_secondary_alcohols_to_ketones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones">oxidation of the C3 hydroxyl group</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction" title="Rearrangement reaction">rearrangement</a> of the C5(6) double bond to the C4(5) position. The synthesis was designed by chemists Hans Herloff Inhoffen, Willy Logemann, Walter Hohlweg and Arthur Serini at <a href="/wiki/Schering_AG" title="Schering AG">Schering AG</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and was marketed in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1939 as Proluton C and by <a href="/wiki/Schering-Plough" title="Schering-Plough">Schering</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> in 1945 as Pranone.<a href="#cite_note-Inhoffen_1938-320">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maisel_1965-321">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petrow_1970-322">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader_2005-323">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Djerassi_2006-324">[286]</a> A more potent orally active progestin, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> (norethindrone, 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone), the C19 <a href="/wiki/Nor-" title="Nor-">nor</a> analogue of ethisterone, synthesized in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_E._Miramontes" title="Luis E. Miramontes">Luis Miramontes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Rosenkranz" title="George Rosenkranz">George Rosenkranz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syntex" title="Syntex">Syntex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, was marketed by <a href="/wiki/Parke-Davis" title="Parke-Davis">Parke-Davis</a> in the U.S. in 1957 as Norlutin, and was used as the progestin in some of the <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">first oral contraceptives</a> (Ortho-Novum, Norinyl, etc.) in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Maisel_1965-321">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petrow_1970-322">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader_2005-323">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Djerassi_2006-324">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-Djerassi_1954-325">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomer</a> of norethisterone, was synthesized in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Colton" title="Frank B. Colton">Frank B. Colton</a> at <a href="/wiki/G._D._Searle_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="G. D. Searle & Company">Searle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie, Illinois</a> and used as the progestin in Enovid, marketed in the U.S. in 1957 and approved as the first oral contraceptive in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Maisel_1965-321">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petrow_1970-322">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader_2005-323">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Djerassi_2006-324">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colton_1992-326">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generations">Generations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Generations">edit</a>]</div> Progestins used in birth control are sometimes grouped, somewhat arbitrarily and inconsistently, into generations. One categorization of these generations is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-GordonRydfors2007-14">[14]</a> <ul><li>First generation: Approved for marketing before 1973. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>.</li> <li>Second generation: Approved for marketing between 1973 and 1989. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">norgestimate</a>.</li> <li>Third generation: Approved for marketing between 1990 and 2000. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">dienogest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">etonogestrel</a>.</li> <li>Fourth generation: Approved for marketing after 2000. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">norelgestromin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">segesterone acetate</a>.</li></ul> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Estrane" title="Estrane">estranes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> are classified as first-generation while <a href="/wiki/Gonane" title="Gonane">gonanes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">norgestrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a> are classified as second-generation, with less androgenic gonanes such as <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">norgestimate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">gestodene</a> classified as third-generation and newer progestins like <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a> classified as fourth-generation.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs2008-15">[15]</a> Yet another classification system considers there to be only first- and second-generation progestins.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Classification of progestins by generation has been criticized and it has been argued that the classification scheme should be abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32504633-327">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Availability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_progestogens_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of progestogens available in the United States">List of progestogens available in the United States</a></div> Progestogens are available widely throughout the world in many different forms. They are present in all birth control pills. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Progestogens, also termed progestagens, progestogens, or gestagens, are compounds which act as <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18521110-156">[143]</a> Progestogens include <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>—which is the main natural and endogenous progestogen—and progestins, which are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> progestogens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> Progestins include the <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-hydroxyprogesterone">17α-hydroxyprogesterone</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivative</a> <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/19-nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-nortestosterone">19-nortestosterone</a> derivative <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, among many other synthetic progestogens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a> As progesterone is a single compound and has no plural form, the term "progesterones" does not exist and is grammatically incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18521110-156">[143]</a> The terms describing progestogens are often confused.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18521110-156">[143]</a> However, progestogens have differing <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">activities</a> and effects and it is inappropriate to interchange them.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23238854-131">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18521110-156">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> A variety of progestins have been studied for use as potential <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">male hormonal contraceptives</a> in combination with <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> in men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20933120-328">[290]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norpregnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpregnane">norpregnane</a> <a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">segesterone acetate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Estrane" title="Estrane">estranes</a> <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">desogestrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">etonogestrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20933120-328">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-CoutifarisMastroianni1997-329">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh2015-330">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frick1973-331">[293]</a> The androgens that have been used in combination with these progestins include <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester">testosterone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone</a> (dihydrotestosterone), and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">nandrolone esters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20933120-328">[290]</a> Dual androgens and progestogens such as <a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">trestolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">dimethandrolone undecanoate</a> have also been developed and studied as male contraceptives.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23063338-332">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16497801-333">[295]</a> Doses of progestins used in male hormonal contraception have been noted to be in the range of 5 to 12 times the doses used in female hormonal contraception.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6415998-334">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytoprogestogen" title="Phytoprogestogen">Phytoprogestogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">Antiprogestogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulator" title="Selective progesterone receptor modulator">Selective progesterone receptor modulator</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid16112947t-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947t_1-69">br</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKuhl2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf">"Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration"</a> (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130500148875">10.1080/13697130500148875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16112947">16112947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24616324">24616324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+estrogens+and+progestogens%3A+influence+of+different+routes+of+administration&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=3-63&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24616324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16112947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130500148875&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhormonebalance.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2FKuhl%252005%2520%2520Pharm%2520Estro%2520Progest%2520Climacteric_1313155660.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15358281-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15358281_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegratzKuhl2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wiegratz I, Kuhl H (August 2004). "Progestogen therapies: differences in clinical effects?". Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 15 (6): 277–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tem.2004.06.006">10.1016/j.tem.2004.06.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15358281">15358281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35891204">35891204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.atitle=Progestogen+therapies%3A+differences+in+clinical+effects%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=277-85&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35891204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15358281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tem.2004.06.006&rft.aulast=Wiegratz&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Kuhl%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20459370-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20459370_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20459370_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThibautDe_La_BarraGordonCosyns2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thibaut F, De La Barra F, Gordon H, Cosyns P, Bradford JM (2010). "The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of paraphilias". World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 11 (4): 604–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15622971003671628">10.3109/15622971003671628</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20459370">20459370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14949511">14949511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+J.+Biol.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+World+Federation+of+Societies+of+Biological+Psychiatry+%28WFSBP%29+guidelines+for+the+biological+treatment+of+paraphilias&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=604-55&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14949511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20459370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F15622971003671628&rft.aulast=Thibaut&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=De+La+Barra%2C+F&rft.au=Gordon%2C+H&rft.au=Cosyns%2C+P&rft.au=Bradford%2C+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesonDeGroot2015-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonDeGroot2015_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonDeGroot2015_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasier2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Glasier" title="Anna Glasier">Glasier A</a> (March 20, 2015). "Chapter 134. Contraception". In Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, de Krester D, Giudice LC, Grossman A, Melmed S, Potts Jr JT, Weir GC (eds.). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. p. 2306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-18907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-18907-1"><bdi>978-0-323-18907-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+134.+Contraception&rft.btitle=Endocrinology%3A+Adult+and+Pediatric&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=2306&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-323-18907-1&rft.aulast=Glasier&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PattmanNathan2010-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PattmanNathan2010_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PattmanNathan2010_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattmanSankarElewadHandy2010" class="citation book cs1">Pattman R, Sankar KN, Elewad B, Handy P, Price DA, eds. (November 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTWXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353">"Chapter 33. Contraception including contraception in HIV infection and infection reduction"</a>. Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957166-6"><bdi>978-0-19-957166-6</bdi></a>. <q>Ovulation may be suppressed in 15–40% of cycles by POPs containing levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or etynodiol diacetate, but in 97–99% by those containing desogestrel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+33.+Contraception+including+contraception+in+HIV+infection+and+infection+reduction&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Genitourinary+Medicine%2C+HIV%2C+and+Sexual+Health&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=360&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957166-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTWXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhl2011t-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011t_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011t_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011t_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011t_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011t_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011t_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011t_6-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl_H2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/10168.pdf">"Pharmacology of Progestogens"</a> (PDF). J Reproduktionsmed Endokrinol. 8 (1): 157–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Reproduktionsmed+Endokrinol&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+Progestogens&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-177&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Kuhl+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kup.at%2Fkup%2Fpdf%2F10168.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LauritzenStudd2005-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LauritzenStudd2005_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LauritzenStudd2005_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_LauritzenJohn_W._W._Studd2005" class="citation book cs1">Christian Lauritzen, John W. W. Studd (22 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WD7S7677xUUC&pg=PA45">Current Management of the Menopause</a>. CRC Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48612-2"><bdi>978-0-203-48612-2</bdi></a>. <q>Ethisterone, the first orally effective progestagen, was synthesized by Inhoffen and Hohlweg in 1938. Norethisterone, a progestogen still used worldwide, was synthesized by Djerassi in 1951. But this progestogen was not used immediately and in 1953 Colton discovered norethynodrel, used by Pincus in the first oral contraceptive. Numerous other progestogens were subsequently synthesized, e.g., lynestrenol and ethynodiol diacetate, which were, in fact, prhormones converted in vivo to norethisterone. All these progestogens were also able to induce androgenic effects when high doses were used. More potent progestogens were synthesized in the 1960s, e.g. norgestrel, norgestrienone. These progestogens were also more androgenic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Management+of+the+Menopause&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft.isbn=978-0-203-48612-2&rft.au=Christian+Lauritzen&rft.au=John+W.+W.+Studd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWD7S7677xUUC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth2014-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Roth2014_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Roth2014" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Roth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsKpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">Chemische Leckerbissen</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-33739-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-33739-2"><bdi>978-3-527-33739-2</bdi></a>. <q>Im Prinzip hatten Hohlweg und Inhoffen die Lösung schon 1938 in der Hand, denn ihr Ethinyltestosteron (11) war eine oral wirksame gestagene Verbindung und Schering hatte daraus bereits 1939 ein Medikament (Proluton C®) entwickelt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemische+Leckerbissen&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-527-33739-2&rft.au=Klaus+Roth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFsKpBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Micromedex-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Micromedex_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Micromedex_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micromedexsolutions.com">"IBM Watson Health Products: Please Login"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Watson+Health+Products%3A+Please+Login&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micromedexsolutions.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martindale-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martindale_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martindale_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetman,_Sean_C.2009" class="citation book cs1">Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/">"Sex hormones and their modulators"</a>. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-840-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-840-1"><bdi>978-0-85369-840-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex+hormones+and+their+modulators&rft.btitle=Martindale%3A+The+Complete+Drug+Reference&rft.place=London&rft.edition=36th&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85369-840-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinescomplete.com%2Fmc%2Fmartindale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/progestins.html">"List of Progestins"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Progestins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fdrug-class%2Fprogestins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IndexNominum2000_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndexNominum2000_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC">Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory</a>. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88763-075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88763-075-1"><bdi>978-3-88763-075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index+Nominum+2000%3A+International+Drug+Directory&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-3-88763-075-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GpcTQD_L2oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elks2014-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Elks2014" class="citation book cs1">J. Elks (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ">The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3"><bdi>978-1-4757-2085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Drugs%3A+Chemical+Data%3A+Chemical+Data%2C+Structures+and+Bibliographies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3&rft.au=J.+Elks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vXTBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GordonRydfors2007-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GordonRydfors2007_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GordonRydfors2007_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_David_GordonJan_RydforsMaurice_DruzinYasser_El-Sayed2007" class="citation book cs1">John David Gordon, Jan Rydfors, Maurice Druzin, Yasser El-Sayed, Yona Tadir (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JLC6yiA7fcC&pg=PA229">Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility: Handbook for Clinicians</a>. Scrub Hill Press, Inc. pp. 229–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9645467-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9645467-7-6"><bdi>978-0-9645467-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obstetrics%2C+Gynecology+%26+Infertility%3A+Handbook+for+Clinicians&rft.pages=229-&rft.pub=Scrub+Hill+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9645467-7-6&rft.au=John+David+Gordon&rft.au=Jan+Rydfors&rft.au=Maurice+Druzin&rft.au=Yasser+El-Sayed&rft.au=Yona+Tadir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JLC6yiA7fcC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs2008-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs2008_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs2008_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_S._Gibbs2008" class="citation book cs1">Ronald S. Gibbs (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4krPhqFG8sC&pg=PA568">Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 568–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6937-2"><bdi>978-0-7817-6937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danforth%27s+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.pages=568-&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6937-2&rft.au=Ronald+S.+Gibbs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4krPhqFG8sC%26pg%3DPA568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesonGroot2015-29"><a href="#cite_ref-JamesonGroot2015_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Larry_JamesonLeslie_J._De_Groot2015" class="citation book cs1">J. Larry Jameson, Leslie J. De Groot (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2304">Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2304–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32195-2"><bdi>978-0-323-32195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrinology%3A+Adult+and+Pediatric+E-Book&rft.pages=2304-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-323-32195-2&rft.au=J.+Larry+Jameson&rft.au=Leslie+J.+De+Groot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmLeBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkHarvey2011-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkHarvey2011_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkHarvey2011_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_A._ClarkRichard_A._HarveyRichard_FinkelJose_A._Rey2011" class="citation book cs1">Michelle A. Clark, Richard A. Harvey, Richard Finkel, Jose A. Rey, Karen Whalen (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y558dgp_PjoC&pg=PA322">Pharmacology</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1314-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1314-3"><bdi>978-1-4511-1314-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-1314-3&rft.au=Michelle+A.+Clark&rft.au=Richard+A.+Harvey&rft.au=Richard+Finkel&rft.au=Jose+A.+Rey&rft.au=Karen+Whalen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY558dgp_PjoC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharya2003-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya2003_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya2003_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2003" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X3cCZQCrrjcC&pg=PA378">Pharmacology, 2/e</a>. Elsevier India. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8147-009-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8147-009-6"><bdi>978-81-8147-009-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology%2C+2%2Fe&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Elsevier+India&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8147-009-6&rft.au=Bhattacharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX3cCZQCrrjcC%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KellermanBope2017-32"><a href="#cite_ref-KellermanBope2017_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_D._KellermanEdward_T._Bope2017" class="citation book cs1">Rick D. Kellerman, Edward T. Bope (10 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xNBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1124">Conn's Current Therapy 2018 E-Book</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52961-7"><bdi>978-0-323-52961-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conn%27s+Current+Therapy+2018+E-Book&rft.pages=1124-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-323-52961-7&rft.au=Rick+D.+Kellerman&rft.au=Edward+T.+Bope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xNBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VarneyKriebs2004-33"><a href="#cite_ref-VarneyKriebs2004_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_VarneyJan_M._KriebsCarolyn_L._Gegor2004" class="citation book cs1">Helen Varney, Jan M. Kriebs, Carolyn L. Gegor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/varneysmidwifery0000varn">Varney's Midwifery</a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/varneysmidwifery0000varn/page/513">513</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-1856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-1856-5"><bdi>978-0-7637-1856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varney%27s+Midwifery&rft.pages=513-&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-1856-5&rft.au=Helen+Varney&rft.au=Jan+M.+Kriebs&rft.au=Carolyn+L.+Gegor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvarneysmidwifery0000varn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golan2008-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golan2008_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan2008_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan2008_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan2008_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Golan2008" class="citation book cs1">David E. Golan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=az8uSDkB0mgC&pg=PA520">Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 520–521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8355-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8355-2"><bdi>978-0-7817-8355-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Pharmacology%3A+The+Pathophysiologic+Basis+of+Drug+Therapy&rft.pages=520-521&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-8355-2&rft.au=David+E.+Golan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daz8uSDkB0mgC%26pg%3DPA520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MilesRayburn2012-35"><a href="#cite_ref-MilesRayburn2012_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_S._MilesWilliam_F._RayburnJ.Christopher_Carey2012" class="citation book cs1">Pamela S. Miles, William F. Rayburn, J.Christopher Carey (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKigBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 109–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-0220-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-0220-9"><bdi>978-1-4684-0220-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.pages=109-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-0220-9&rft.au=Pamela+S.+Miles&rft.au=William+F.+Rayburn&rft.au=J.Christopher+Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKigBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15715527-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15715527_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15715527_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErkkolaLandgren2005" class="citation journal cs1">Erkkola R, Landgren BM (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0001-6349.2005.00759.x">"Role of progestins in contraception"</a>. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 84 (3): 207–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0001-6349.2005.00759.x">10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00759.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15715527">15715527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6887415">6887415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Obstet+Gynecol+Scand&rft.atitle=Role+of+progestins+in+contraception&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-16&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6887415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15715527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0001-6349.2005.00759.x&rft.aulast=Erkkola&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Landgren%2C+BM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0001-6349.2005.00759.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18231613-37"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18231613_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiseOefeleinEasthamCookson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Guise TA, Oefelein MG, Eastham JA, Cookson MS, Higano CS, Smith MR (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213888">"Estrogenic side effects of androgen deprivation therapy"</a>. Rev Urol. 9 (4): 163–80. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213888">2213888</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18231613">18231613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Urol&rft.atitle=Estrogenic+side+effects+of+androgen+deprivation+therapy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=163-80&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2213888%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18231613&rft.aulast=Guise&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Oefelein%2C+MG&rft.au=Eastham%2C+JA&rft.au=Cookson%2C+MS&rft.au=Higano%2C+CS&rft.au=Smith%2C+MR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2213888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19962840-38"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19962840_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisk2010" class="citation journal cs1">Frisk J (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2009.10.017">"Managing hot flushes in men after prostate cancer--a systematic review"</a>. Maturitas. 65 (1): 15–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2009.10.017">10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.10.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19962840">19962840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Managing+hot+flushes+in+men+after+prostate+cancer--a+systematic+review&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-22&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2009.10.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19962840&rft.aulast=Frisk&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.maturitas.2009.10.017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24223412-39"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24223412_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoikeMorikawaMatsuiShibata2013" class="citation journal cs1">Koike H, Morikawa Y, Matsui H, Shibata Y, Ito K, Suzuki K (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3814123">"Chlormadinone acetate is effective for hot flush during androgen deprivation therapy"</a>. Prostate Int. 1 (3): 113–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12954%2FPI.12010">10.12954/PI.12010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3814123">3814123</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24223412">24223412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prostate+Int&rft.atitle=Chlormadinone+acetate+is+effective+for+hot+flush+during+androgen+deprivation+therapy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=113-6&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3814123%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24223412&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12954%2FPI.12010&rft.aulast=Koike&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Morikawa%2C+Y&rft.au=Matsui%2C+H&rft.au=Shibata%2C+Y&rft.au=Ito%2C+K&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3814123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11041215-40"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11041215_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickeyFraser2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hickey M, Fraser IS (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2F15.suppl_3.1">"A functional model for progestogen-induced breakthrough bleeding"</a>. Hum. Reprod. 15 (Suppl 3): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2F15.suppl_3.1">10.1093/humrep/15.suppl_3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11041215">11041215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Reprod.&rft.atitle=A+functional+model+for+progestogen-induced+breakthrough+bleeding&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumrep%2F15.suppl_3.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11041215&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Fraser%2C+IS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fhumrep%252F15.suppl_3.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20383772-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20383772_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20383772_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20383772_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler AE (February 2011). "Dydrogesterone and other progestins in benign breast disease: an overview". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 283 (2): 369–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00404-010-1456-7">10.1007/s00404-010-1456-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20383772">20383772</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9125889">9125889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Gynecology+and+Obstetrics&rft.atitle=Dydrogesterone+and+other+progestins+in+benign+breast+disease%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=369-371&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9125889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20383772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00404-010-1456-7&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12227885-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12227885_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12227885_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12227885_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinklerSchindlerBrinkmannEbert2001" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler UH, Schindler AE, Brinkmann US, Ebert C, Oberhoff C (December 2001). "Cyclic progestin therapy for the management of mastopathy and mastodynia". Gynecological Endocrinology. 15 (Suppl 6): 37–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2Fgye.15.s6.37.43">10.1080/gye.15.s6.37.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12227885">12227885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27589741">27589741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecological+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Cyclic+progestin+therapy+for+the+management+of+mastopathy+and+mastodynia&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=Suppl+6&rft.pages=37-43&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27589741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12227885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2Fgye.15.s6.37.43&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=UH&rft.au=Schindler%2C+AE&rft.au=Brinkmann%2C+US&rft.au=Ebert%2C+C&rft.au=Oberhoff%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25113944-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid25113944_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid25113944_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuanMueck2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ruan X, Mueck AO (November 2014). "Systemic progesterone therapy--oral, vaginal, injections and even transdermal?". Maturitas. 79 (3): 248–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2014.07.009">10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25113944">25113944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Systemic+progesterone+therapy--oral%2C+vaginal%2C+injections+and+even+transdermal%3F&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248-255&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2014.07.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25113944&rft.aulast=Ruan&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Mueck%2C+AO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BińkowskaWoroń2015-44"><a href="#cite_ref-BińkowskaWoroń2015_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBińkowskaWoroń2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bińkowska M, Woroń J (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498031">"Progestogens in menopausal hormone therapy"</a>. Przeglad Menopauzalny = Menopause Review. 14 (2): 134–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5114%2Fpm.2015.52154">10.5114/pm.2015.52154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498031">4498031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26327902">26327902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przeglad+Menopauzalny+%3D+Menopause+Review&rft.atitle=Progestogens+in+menopausal+hormone+therapy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-143&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4498031%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26327902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5114%2Fpm.2015.52154&rft.aulast=Bi%C5%84kowska&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Woro%C5%84%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4498031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14409476-45"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14409476_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKistner1959" class="citation journal cs1">Kistner RW (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%28195911%2F12%2912%3A6%3C1106%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820120607%3E3.0.co%3B2-m">"Histological effects of progestins on hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ of the endometrium"</a>. Cancer. 12 (6): 1106–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%28195911%2F12%2912%3A6%3C1106%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820120607%3E3.0.co%3B2-m">10.1002/1097-0142(195911/12)12:6<1106::aid-cncr2820120607>3.0.co;2-m</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14409476">14409476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Histological+effects+of+progestins+on+hyperplasia+and+carcinoma+in+situ+of+the+endometrium&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1106-22&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%28195911%2F12%2912%3A6%3C1106%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820120607%3E3.0.co%3B2-m&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14409476&rft.aulast=Kistner&rft.aufirst=RW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F1097-0142%2528195911%252F12%252912%253A6%253C1106%253A%253Aaid-cncr2820120607%253E3.0.co%253B2-m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AcademicPress2009-46"><a href="#cite_ref-AcademicPress2009_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIESHM-P-ZIC&pg=PA62">Regulatory Mechanisms in Transcriptional Signaling</a>. Academic Press. 25 July 2009. pp. 62–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091198-4"><bdi>978-0-08-091198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulatory+Mechanisms+in+Transcriptional+Signaling&rft.pages=62-&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-08-091198-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyIESHM-P-ZIC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD2011-47"><a href="#cite_ref-MD2011_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_K._Mell,_MD2011" class="citation book cs1">Loren K. Mell, MD (20 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0CaWNG4L6sC&pg=PA393">Gynecologic Cancer</a>. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 393–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61705-095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61705-095-4"><bdi>978-1-61705-095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gynecologic+Cancer&rft.pages=393-&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.isbn=978-1-61705-095-4&rft.au=Loren+K.+Mell%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0CaWNG4L6sC%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinnell1998-48"><a href="#cite_ref-McKinnell1998_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_G._McKinnell1998" class="citation book cs1">Robert G. McKinnell (13 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DPzBK27R_EC&pg=PA262">The Biological Basis of Cancer</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 262–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59695-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59695-4"><bdi>978-0-521-59695-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biological+Basis+of+Cancer&rft.pages=262-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59695-4&rft.au=Robert+G.+McKinnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DPzBK27R_EC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurchumRosenthal2014-49"><a href="#cite_ref-BurchumRosenthal2014_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_BurchumLaura_Rosenthal2014" class="citation book cs1">Jacqueline Burchum, Laura Rosenthal (2 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7_NBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740">Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care - E-Book</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 740–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-34026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-34026-7"><bdi>978-0-323-34026-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehne%27s+Pharmacology+for+Nursing+Care+-+E-Book&rft.pages=740-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-323-34026-7&rft.au=Jacqueline+Burchum&rft.au=Laura+Rosenthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7_NBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithWilliams2005-50"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithWilliams2005_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._John_SmithHywel_Williams2005" class="citation book cs1">H. John Smith, Hywel Williams (10 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2W6B9FQRKsC&pg=PA493">Smith and Williams' Introduction to the Principles of Drug Design and Action, Fourth Edition</a>. CRC Press. pp. 493–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-30415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-30415-0"><bdi>978-0-203-30415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith+and+Williams%27+Introduction+to+the+Principles+of+Drug+Design+and+Action%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=493-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-203-30415-0&rft.au=H.+John+Smith&rft.au=Hywel+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2W6B9FQRKsC%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winchester2006-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester2006_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester2006_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester2006_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester2006_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester2006_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winchester2006_51-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Winchester2006" class="citation book cs1">David J. Winchester (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHetwn61JigC&pg=PA333">Breast Cancer</a>. PMPH-USA. pp. 333–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55009-272-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55009-272-1"><bdi>978-1-55009-272-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breast+Cancer&rft.pages=333-&rft.pub=PMPH-USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55009-272-1&rft.au=David+J.+Winchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHetwn61JigC%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10685337-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10685337_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10685337_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadducciGenazzani1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gadducci A, Genazzani AR (December 1999). "Endocrine therapy for gynecological cancer". Gynecol. Endocrinol. 13 (6): 441–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09513599909167590">10.3109/09513599909167590</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10685337">10685337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecol.+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=Endocrine+therapy+for+gynecological+cancer&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=441-56&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09513599909167590&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10685337&rft.aulast=Gadducci&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Genazzani%2C+AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16406864-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16406864_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16406864_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamLeppertVemulapalliShvarts2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lam JS, Leppert JT, Vemulapalli SN, Shvarts O, Belldegrun AS (January 2006). "Secondary hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer". J. Urol. 175 (1): 27–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2805%2900034-0">10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00034-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406864">16406864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=Secondary+hormonal+therapy+for+advanced+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-34&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2805%2900034-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16406864&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Leppert%2C+JT&rft.au=Vemulapalli%2C+SN&rft.au=Shvarts%2C+O&rft.au=Belldegrun%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9712436-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9712436_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9712436_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFourcadeChatelain1998" class="citation journal cs1">Fourcade RO, Chatelain C (July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1442-2042.1998.tb00356.x">"Androgen deprivation for prostatic carcinoma: a rationale for choosing components"</a>. Int. J. Urol. 5 (4): 303–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1442-2042.1998.tb00356.x">10.1111/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00356.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9712436">9712436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25107178">25107178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=Androgen+deprivation+for+prostatic+carcinoma%3A+a+rationale+for+choosing+components&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=303-11&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25107178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9712436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1442-2042.1998.tb00356.x&rft.aulast=Fourcade&rft.aufirst=RO&rft.au=Chatelain%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1442-2042.1998.tb00356.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loose_2006-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loose_2006_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loose_2006_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoose,_Davis_S.Stancel,_George_M.2006" class="citation book cs1">Loose, Davis S., Stancel, George M. (2006). "Estrogens and Progestins". In Brunton, Laurence L., Lazo, John S., Parker, Keith L. (eds.). Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1541–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142280-2"><bdi>978-0-07-142280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estrogens+and+Progestins&rft.btitle=Goodman+%26+Gilman%27s+The+Pharmacological+Basis+of+Therapeutics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1541-71&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142280-2&rft.au=Loose%2C+Davis+S.&rft.au=Stancel%2C+George+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11332139-56"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11332139_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltoniNanniScarpiRossi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Maltoni M, Nanni O, Scarpi E, Rossi D, Serra P, Amadori D (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1011156811739">"High-dose progestins for the treatment of cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials"</a>. Ann. Oncol. 12 (3): 289–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1011156811739">10.1023/a:1011156811739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11332139">11332139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Oncol.&rft.atitle=High-dose+progestins+for+the+treatment+of+cancer+anorexia-cachexia+syndrome%3A+a+systematic+review+of+randomised+clinical+trials&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-300&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1011156811739&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11332139&rft.aulast=Maltoni&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nanni%2C+O&rft.au=Scarpi%2C+E&rft.au=Rossi%2C+D&rft.au=Serra%2C+P&rft.au=Amadori%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1023%252Fa%253A1011156811739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12868546-57"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12868546_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelliMontanariGilliScapoli2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lelli G, Montanari M, Gilli G, Scapoli D, Antonietti C, Scapoli D (June 2003). "Treatment of the cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a critical reappraisal". J Chemother. 15 (3): 220–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fjoc.2003.15.3.220">10.1179/joc.2003.15.3.220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12868546">12868546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29442148">29442148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Chemother&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+the+cancer+anorexia-cachexia+syndrome%3A+a+critical+reappraisal&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=220-5&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29442148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12868546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fjoc.2003.15.3.220&rft.aulast=Lelli&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Montanari%2C+M&rft.au=Gilli%2C+G&rft.au=Scapoli%2C+D&rft.au=Antonietti%2C+C&rft.au=Scapoli%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stoptheclot.org/about-clots/webinar_contra/birth_control_clots/">"IS IT TRUE THAT BIRTH CONTROL PILLS CAUSE BLOOD CLOTS?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Blood_Clot_Alliance" title="National Blood Clot Alliance">National Blood Clot Alliance</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415024630/https://www.stoptheclot.org/about-clots/webinar_contra/birth_control_clots/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Blood+Clot+Alliance&rft.atitle=IS+IT+TRUE+THAT+BIRTH+CONTROL+PILLS+CAUSE+BLOOD+CLOTS%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoptheclot.org%2Fabout-clots%2Fwebinar_contra%2Fbirth_control_clots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2215269t-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2215269t_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2215269t_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2215269t_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauritzen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lauritzen C (September 1990). "Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens". Maturitas. 12 (3): 199–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P">10.1016/0378-5122(90)90004-P</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2215269">2215269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Clinical+use+of+oestrogens+and+progestogens&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-214&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2215269&rft.aulast=Lauritzen&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21414337-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21414337_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21414337_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricanderVerhoogHapgood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Africander D, Verhoog N, Hapgood JP (June 2011). "Molecular mechanisms of steroid receptor-mediated actions by synthetic progestins used in HRT and contraception". Steroids. 76 (7): 636–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.steroids.2011.03.001">10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21414337">21414337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23630452">23630452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Molecular+mechanisms+of+steroid+receptor-mediated+actions+by+synthetic+progestins+used+in+HRT+and+contraception&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=636-52&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23630452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21414337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.steroids.2011.03.001&rft.aulast=Africander&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Verhoog%2C+N&rft.au=Hapgood%2C+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27636867-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27636867_61-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffirWorlyGur2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schaffir J, Worly BL, Gur TL (October 2016). "Combined hormonal contraception and its effects on mood: a critical review". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 21 (5): 347–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13625187.2016.1217327">10.1080/13625187.2016.1217327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27636867">27636867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11959163">11959163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Contracept+Reprod+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Combined+hormonal+contraception+and+its+effects+on+mood%3A+a+critical+review&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=347-55&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11959163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27636867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13625187.2016.1217327&rft.aulast=Schaffir&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Worly%2C+BL&rft.au=Gur%2C+TL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22467147-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22467147_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22467147_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22467147_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöttcherRadenbachWildtHinney2012" class="citation journal cs1">Böttcher B, Radenbach K, Wildt L, Hinney B (July 2012). "Hormonal contraception and depression: a survey of the present state of knowledge". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 286 (1): 231–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00404-012-2298-2">10.1007/s00404-012-2298-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22467147">22467147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26204975">26204975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch.+Gynecol.+Obstet.&rft.atitle=Hormonal+contraception+and+depression%3A+a+survey+of+the+present+state+of+knowledge&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=231-6&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26204975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22467147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00404-012-2298-2&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6ttcher&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Radenbach%2C+K&rft.au=Wildt%2C+L&rft.au=Hinney%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31172309-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31172309_63-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobakisWilliamsNutkiewiczRasgon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Robakis T, Williams KE, Nutkiewicz L, Rasgon NL (June 2019). "Hormonal Contraceptives and Mood: Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research". Curr Psychiatry Rep. 21 (7): 57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-019-1034-z">10.1007/s11920-019-1034-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31172309">31172309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:174818119">174818119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Psychiatry+Rep&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Contraceptives+and+Mood%3A+Review+of+the+Literature+and+Implications+for+Future+Research&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A174818119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31172309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-019-1034-z&rft.aulast=Robakis&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Williams%2C+KE&rft.au=Nutkiewicz%2C+L&rft.au=Rasgon%2C+NL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29496297-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29496297_64-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorlyGurSchaffir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Worly BL, Gur TL, Schaffir J (June 2018). "The relationship between progestin hormonal contraception and depression: a systematic review". Contraception. 97 (6): 478–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2018.01.010">10.1016/j.contraception.2018.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29496297">29496297</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3644828">3644828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+progestin+hormonal+contraception+and+depression%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=478-489&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3644828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29496297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2018.01.010&rft.aulast=Worly&rft.aufirst=BL&rft.au=Gur%2C+TL&rft.au=Schaffir%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22136510-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22136510_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22136510_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22136510_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22136510_65-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoromaaSegebladh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Poromaa IS, Segebladh B (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0412.2011.01333.x">"Adverse mood symptoms with oral contraceptives"</a>. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 91 (4): 420–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0412.2011.01333.x">10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01333.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22136510">22136510</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43671664">43671664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Obstet+Gynecol+Scand&rft.atitle=Adverse+mood+symptoms+with+oral+contraceptives&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=420-7&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43671664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22136510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0412.2011.01333.x&rft.aulast=Poromaa&rft.aufirst=IS&rft.au=Segebladh%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0412.2011.01333.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18470526-66"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18470526_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakryMerhiScaliseMahmoud2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bakry S, Merhi ZO, Scalise TJ, Mahmoud MS, Fadiel A, Naftolin F (July 2008). "Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: an update". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 278 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00404-007-0497-z">10.1007/s00404-007-0497-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18470526">18470526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11340062">11340062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch.+Gynecol.+Obstet.&rft.atitle=Depot-medroxyprogesterone+acetate%3A+an+update&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11340062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18470526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00404-007-0497-z&rft.aulast=Bakry&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Merhi%2C+ZO&rft.au=Scalise%2C+TJ&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+MS&rft.au=Fadiel%2C+A&rft.au=Naftolin%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9649914-67"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9649914_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesthoffTrumanKalmussCushman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Westhoff C, Truman C, Kalmuss D, Cushman L, Davidson A, Rulin M, Heartwell S (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2898%2900024-9">"Depressive symptoms and Depo-Provera"</a>. Contraception. 57 (4): 237–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2898%2900024-9">10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00024-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9649914">9649914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Depressive+symptoms+and+Depo-Provera&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-40&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2898%2900024-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9649914&rft.aulast=Westhoff&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Truman%2C+C&rft.au=Kalmuss%2C+D&rft.au=Cushman%2C+L&rft.au=Davidson%2C+A&rft.au=Rulin%2C+M&rft.au=Heartwell%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0010-7824%252898%252900024-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11585017-68"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11585017_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnHalbreich2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn LS, Halbreich U (September 2001). "Oral contraceptives and mood". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2 (9): 1367–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.2.9.1367">10.1517/14656566.2.9.1367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11585017">11585017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45061663">45061663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Pharmacother&rft.atitle=Oral+contraceptives+and+mood&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1367-82&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45061663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11585017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.2.9.1367&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=LS&rft.au=Halbreich%2C+U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31078196-69"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31078196_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanza_di_ScaleaPearlstein2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lanza di Scalea T, Pearlstein T (July 2019). "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder". The Medical Clinics of North America. 103 (4): 613–628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2019.02.007">10.1016/j.mcna.2019.02.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31078196">31078196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153307984">153307984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Premenstrual+Dysphoric+Disorder&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=613-628&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153307984%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31078196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2019.02.007&rft.aulast=Lanza+di+Scalea&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Pearlstein%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaSong2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ma S, Song SJ (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10289136">"Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (6): CD006586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006586.pub5">10.1002/14651858.CD006586.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10289136">10289136</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37365881">37365881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Oral+contraceptives+containing+drospirenone+for+premenstrual+syndrome&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD006586&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10289136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37365881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD006586.pub5&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Song%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10289136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29137347-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29137347_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29137347_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29137347_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegidorSchindler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Regidor PA, Schindler AE (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5669973">"Antiandrogenic and antimineralocorticoid health benefits of COC containing newer progestogens: dienogest and drospirenone"</a>. Oncotarget. 8 (47): 83334–83342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.19833">10.18632/oncotarget.19833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5669973">5669973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29137347">29137347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncotarget&rft.atitle=Antiandrogenic+and+antimineralocorticoid+health+benefits+of+COC+containing+newer+progestogens%3A+dienogest+and+drospirenone&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=83334-83342&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5669973%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29137347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18632%2Foncotarget.19833&rft.aulast=Regidor&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Schindler%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5669973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31701260-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31701260_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31701260_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31701260_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisKimmigZsidoJank2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis CA, Kimmig AS, Zsido RG, Jank A, Derntl B, Sacher J (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838021">"Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Mood: A Focus on Emotion Recognition and Reactivity, Reward Processing, and Stress Response"</a>. Current Psychiatry Reports. 21 (11): 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-019-1095-z">10.1007/s11920-019-1095-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838021">6838021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31701260">31701260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychiatry+Reports&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Hormonal+Contraceptives+on+Mood%3A+A+Focus+on+Emotion+Recognition+and+Reactivity%2C+Reward+Processing%2C+and+Stress+Response&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6838021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31701260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-019-1095-z&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Kimmig%2C+AS&rft.au=Zsido%2C+RG&rft.au=Jank%2C+A&rft.au=Derntl%2C+B&rft.au=Sacher%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6838021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27364100-73"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27364100_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaganoZapataBerry-BibeeNanda2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pagano HP, Zapata LB, Berry-Bibee EN, Nanda K, Curtis KM (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10994544">"Safety of hormonal contraception and intrauterine devices among women with depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review"</a>. Contraception. 94 (6): 641–649. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2016.06.012">10.1016/j.contraception.2016.06.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10994544">10994544</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27364100">27364100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Safety+of+hormonal+contraception+and+intrauterine+devices+among+women+with+depressive+and+bipolar+disorders%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=641-649&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10994544%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27364100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2016.06.012&rft.aulast=Pagano&rft.aufirst=HP&rft.au=Zapata%2C+LB&rft.au=Berry-Bibee%2C+EN&rft.au=Nanda%2C+K&rft.au=Curtis%2C+KM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10994544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18843619-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18843619_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisRossHerxheimer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis CL, Ross LE, Herxheimer A (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7061327">"Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008 (4): CD001690. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001690.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD001690.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7061327">7061327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18843619">18843619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Oestrogens+and+progestins+for+preventing+and+treating+postpartum+depression&rft.volume=2008&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD001690&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7061327%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18843619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001690.pub2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=CL&rft.au=Ross%2C+LE&rft.au=Herxheimer%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7061327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30182804-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30182804_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30182804_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakiKornsteinJoffeBromberger2019" class="citation journal cs1">Maki PM, Kornstein SG, Joffe H, Bromberger JT, Freeman EW, Athappilly G, Bobo WV, Rubin LH, Koleva HK, Cohen LS, Soares CN (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.2018.27099.mensocrec">"Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Perimenopausal Depression: Summary and Recommendations"</a>. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 28 (2): 117–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.2018.27099.mensocrec">10.1089/jwh.2018.27099.mensocrec</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30182804">30182804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Womens+Health+%28Larchmt%29&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+Evaluation+and+Treatment+of+Perimenopausal+Depression%3A+Summary+and+Recommendations&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-134&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjwh.2018.27099.mensocrec&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30182804&rft.aulast=Maki&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Kornstein%2C+SG&rft.au=Joffe%2C+H&rft.au=Bromberger%2C+JT&rft.au=Freeman%2C+EW&rft.au=Athappilly%2C+G&rft.au=Bobo%2C+WV&rft.au=Rubin%2C+LH&rft.au=Koleva%2C+HK&rft.au=Cohen%2C+LS&rft.au=Soares%2C+CN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1089%252Fjwh.2018.27099.mensocrec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31740049-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31740049_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31740049_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuteSpyropoulouKarageorgiouCano2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stute P, Spyropoulou A, Karageorgiou V, Cano A, Bitzer J, Ceausu I, Chedraui P, Durmusoglu F, Erkkola R, Goulis DG, Lindén Hirschberg A, Kiesel L, Lopes P, Pines A, Rees M, van Trotsenburg M, Zervas I, Lambrinoudaki I (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2019.11.002">"Management of depressive symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: EMAS position statement"</a>. Maturitas. 131: 91–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2019.11.002">10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31740049">31740049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Management+of+depressive+symptoms+in+peri-+and+postmenopausal+women%3A+EMAS+position+statement&rft.volume=131&rft.pages=91-101&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2019.11.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31740049&rft.aulast=Stute&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Spyropoulou%2C+A&rft.au=Karageorgiou%2C+V&rft.au=Cano%2C+A&rft.au=Bitzer%2C+J&rft.au=Ceausu%2C+I&rft.au=Chedraui%2C+P&rft.au=Durmusoglu%2C+F&rft.au=Erkkola%2C+R&rft.au=Goulis%2C+DG&rft.au=Lind%C3%A9n+Hirschberg%2C+A&rft.au=Kiesel%2C+L&rft.au=Lopes%2C+P&rft.au=Pines%2C+A&rft.au=Rees%2C+M&rft.au=van+Trotsenburg%2C+M&rft.au=Zervas%2C+I&rft.au=Lambrinoudaki%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.maturitas.2019.11.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31581598-77"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31581598_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavaOrsiliAlvisiMancini2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gava G, Orsili I, Alvisi S, Mancini I, Seracchioli R, Meriggiola MC (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6843314">"Cognition, Mood and Sleep in Menopausal Transition: The Role of Menopause Hormone Therapy"</a>. Medicina. 55 (10): 668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmedicina55100668">10.3390/medicina55100668</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6843314">6843314</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31581598">31581598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicina&rft.atitle=Cognition%2C+Mood+and+Sleep+in+Menopausal+Transition%3A+The+Role+of+Menopause+Hormone+Therapy&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=668&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6843314%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31581598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmedicina55100668&rft.aulast=Gava&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Orsili%2C+I&rft.au=Alvisi%2C+S&rft.au=Mancini%2C+I&rft.au=Seracchioli%2C+R&rft.au=Meriggiola%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6843314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25203891-78"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25203891_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToffolHeikinheimoPartonen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Toffol E, Heikinheimo O, Partonen T (May 2015). "Hormone therapy and mood in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a narrative review". Menopause. 22 (5): 564–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGME.0000000000000323">10.1097/GME.0000000000000323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25203891">25203891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5830652">5830652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Menopause&rft.atitle=Hormone+therapy+and+mood+in+perimenopausal+and+postmenopausal+women%3A+a+narrative+review&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=564-78&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5830652%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25203891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FGME.0000000000000323&rft.aulast=Toffol&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Heikinheimo%2C+O&rft.au=Partonen%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9203229-79"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9203229_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweifelO'Brien1997" class="citation journal cs1">Zweifel JE, O'Brien WH (April 1997). "A meta-analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 22 (3): 189–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0306-4530%2896%2900034-0">10.1016/s0306-4530(96)00034-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9203229">9203229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44630030">44630030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=A+meta-analysis+of+the+effect+of+hormone+replacement+therapy+upon+depressed+mood&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-212&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44630030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9203229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0306-4530%2896%2900034-0&rft.aulast=Zweifel&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobo2007-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Lobo2007_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerio_A._Lobo2007" class="citation book cs1">Rogerio A. Lobo (5 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gywV9hkcyOMC&pg=PA211">Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects</a>. Elsevier. pp. 211–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055309-2"><bdi>978-0-08-055309-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatment+of+the+Postmenopausal+Woman%3A+Basic+and+Clinical+Aspects&rft.pages=211-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055309-2&rft.au=Rogerio+A.+Lobo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgywV9hkcyOMC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25308388-81"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25308388_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonGirdler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon JL, Girdler SS (December 2014). "Hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of perimenopausal depression". Curr Psychiatry Rep. 16 (12): 517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-014-0517-1">10.1007/s11920-014-0517-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25308388">25308388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23794180">23794180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Psychiatry+Rep&rft.atitle=Hormone+replacement+therapy+in+the+treatment+of+perimenopausal+depression&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=517&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23794180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25308388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-014-0517-1&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Girdler%2C+SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24680649-82"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24680649_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerGleasonAsthana2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer B, Gleason C, Asthana S (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330961">"Effects of hormone therapy on cognition and mood"</a>. Fertil. Steril. 101 (4): 898–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2014.02.025">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330961">4330961</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24680649">24680649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertil.+Steril.&rft.atitle=Effects+of+hormone+therapy+on+cognition+and+mood&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=898-904&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4330961%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24680649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2014.02.025&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Gleason%2C+C&rft.au=Asthana%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4330961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29962247-83"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29962247_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2018" class="citation journal cs1">Prior JC (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1472567">"Progesterone for treatment of symptomatic menopausal women"</a>. Climacteric. 21 (4): 358–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1472567">10.1080/13697137.2018.1472567</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29962247">29962247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Progesterone+for+treatment+of+symptomatic+menopausal+women&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=358-365&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1472567&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29962247&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13697137.2018.1472567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23320933-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23320933_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23320933_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastorHollaChmel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pastor Z, Holla K, Chmel R (February 2013). "The influence of combined oral contraceptives on female sexual desire: a systematic review". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 18 (1): 27–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13625187.2012.728643">10.3109/13625187.2012.728643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23320933">23320933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34748865">34748865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Contracept+Reprod+Health+Care&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+combined+oral+contraceptives+on+female+sexual+desire%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-43&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34748865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23320933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13625187.2012.728643&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Holla%2C+K&rft.au=Chmel%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24082040-85"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24082040_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermanEijkemansCoelingh_BenninkBlankenstein2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman Y, Eijkemans MJ, Coelingh Bennink HJ, Blankenstein MA, Fauser BC (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845679">"The effect of combined oral contraception on testosterone levels in healthy women: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Hum. Reprod. Update. 20 (1): 76–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmt038">10.1093/humupd/dmt038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845679">3845679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24082040">24082040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Reprod.+Update&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+combined+oral+contraception+on+testosterone+levels+in+healthy+women%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-105&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3845679%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24082040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmt038&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Eijkemans%2C+MJ&rft.au=Coelingh+Bennink%2C+HJ&rft.au=Blankenstein%2C+MA&rft.au=Fauser%2C+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3845679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31242625-86"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31242625_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasado-Espadade_Alarcónde_la_Iglesia-LarradBote-Bonaechea2019" class="citation journal cs1">Casado-Espada NM, de Alarcón R, de la Iglesia-Larrad JI, Bote-Bonaechea B, Montejo ÁL (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6617135">"Hormonal Contraceptives, Female Sexual Dysfunction, and Managing Strategies: A Review"</a>. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (6): 908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm8060908">10.3390/jcm8060908</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6617135">6617135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31242625">31242625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Contraceptives%2C+Female+Sexual+Dysfunction%2C+and+Managing+Strategies%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=908&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6617135%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31242625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fjcm8060908&rft.aulast=Casado-Espada&rft.aufirst=NM&rft.au=de+Alarc%C3%B3n%2C+R&rft.au=de+la+Iglesia-Larrad%2C+JI&rft.au=Bote-Bonaechea%2C+B&rft.au=Montejo%2C+%C3%81L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6617135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2019-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2019_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2019_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2019_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/venous-thromboembolism">"Deep Vein Thrombosis"</a>. NHLBI, NIH. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHLBI%2C+NIH&rft.atitle=Deep+Vein+Thrombosis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth-topics%2Fvenous-thromboembolism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23384742-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384742_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384742_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384742_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384742_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384742_88-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-WareNath2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A (February 2013). "Characteristics and metabolic effects of estrogen and progestins contained in oral contraceptive pills". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 27 (1): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beem.2012.09.004">10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23384742">23384742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research.+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Characteristics+and+metabolic+effects+of+estrogen+and+progestins+contained+in+oral+contraceptive+pills&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.beem.2012.09.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23384742&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Nath%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27793376-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27793376_89-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiferButtsDumesicFossum2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pfeifer S, Butts S, Dumesic D, Fossum G, Gracia C, La Barbera A, Mersereau J, Odem R, Penzias A, Pisarska M, Rebar R, Reindollar R, Rosen M, Sandlow J, Sokol R, Vernon M, Widra E (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2016.09.027">"Combined hormonal contraception and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a guideline"</a>. Fertility and Sterility. 107 (1): 43–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2016.09.027">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27793376">27793376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertility+and+Sterility&rft.atitle=Combined+hormonal+contraception+and+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism%3A+a+guideline&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-51&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2016.09.027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27793376&rft.aulast=Pfeifer&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Butts%2C+Samantha&rft.au=Dumesic%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Fossum%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Gracia%2C+Clarisa&rft.au=La+Barbera%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Mersereau%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Odem%2C+Randall&rft.au=Penzias%2C+Alan&rft.au=Pisarska%2C+Margareta&rft.au=Rebar%2C+Robert&rft.au=Reindollar%2C+Richard&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Mitchell&rft.au=Sandlow%2C+Jay&rft.au=Sokol%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Vernon%2C+Michael&rft.au=Widra%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.fertnstert.2016.09.027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30447140-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30447140_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30447140_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkoubySidelmann2018" class="citation journal cs1">Skouby SO, Sidelmann JJ (November 2018). "Impact of progestogens on hemostasis". Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 37 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fhmbci-2018-0041">10.1515/hmbci-2018-0041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30447140">30447140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53875910">53875910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hormone+Molecular+Biology+and+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Impact+of+progestogens+on+hemostasis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53875910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30447140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fhmbci-2018-0041&rft.aulast=Skouby&rft.aufirst=SO&rft.au=Sidelmann%2C+JJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23633191-91"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23633191_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarcoNijkeuterMiddeldorp2013" class="citation journal cs1">Barco S, Nijkeuter M, Middeldorp S (July 2013). "Pregnancy and venous thromboembolism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 39 (5): 549–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0033-1343893">10.1055/s-0033-1343893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23633191">23633191</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5521763">5521763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Thrombosis+and+Hemostasis&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+and+venous+thromboembolism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=549-558&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5521763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23633191&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0033-1343893&rft.aulast=Barco&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Nijkeuter%2C+M&rft.au=Middeldorp%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16409454-92"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16409454_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonBeau_Yon_de_Jonage-CanonicoOgerWahl2006" class="citation journal cs1">Simon T, Beau Yon de Jonage-Canonico M, Oger E, Wahl D, Conard J, Meyer G, Emmerich J, Barrellier MT, Guiraud A, Scarabin PY (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-7836.2005.01693.x">"Indicators of lifetime endogenous estrogen exposure and risk of venous thromboembolism"</a>. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 4 (1): 71–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-7836.2005.01693.x">10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01693.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16409454">16409454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24161765">24161765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thrombosis+and+Haemostasis&rft.atitle=Indicators+of+lifetime+endogenous+estrogen+exposure+and+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-76&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24161765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16409454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1538-7836.2005.01693.x&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Beau+Yon+de+Jonage-Canonico%2C+M&rft.au=Oger%2C+E&rft.au=Wahl%2C+D&rft.au=Conard%2C+J&rft.au=Meyer%2C+G&rft.au=Emmerich%2C+J&rft.au=Barrellier%2C+MT&rft.au=Guiraud%2C+A&rft.au=Scarabin%2C+PY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1538-7836.2005.01693.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23760439-93"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23760439_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanonicoPlu-BureauO'SullivanStefanick2014" class="citation journal cs1">Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, O'Sullivan MJ, Stefanick ML, Cochrane B, Scarabin PY, Manson JE (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815514">"Age at menopause, reproductive history, and venous thromboembolism risk among postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy clinical trials"</a>. Menopause. 21 (3): 214–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGME.0b013e31829752e0">10.1097/GME.0b013e31829752e0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815514">3815514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23760439">23760439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Menopause&rft.atitle=Age+at+menopause%2C+reproductive+history%2C+and+venous+thromboembolism+risk+among+postmenopausal+women%3A+the+Women%27s+Health+Initiative+Hormone+Therapy+clinical+trials&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=214-220&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3815514%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23760439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FGME.0b013e31829752e0&rft.aulast=Canonico&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Plu-Bureau%2C+G&rft.au=O%27Sullivan%2C+MJ&rft.au=Stefanick%2C+ML&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+B&rft.au=Scarabin%2C+PY&rft.au=Manson%2C+JE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3815514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21538049-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21538049_94-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-WareNath2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A (June 2011). "Metabolic effects of contraceptive steroids". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 12 (2): 63–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11154-011-9182-4">10.1007/s11154-011-9182-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21538049">21538049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23760705">23760705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Endocrine+%26+Metabolic+Disorders&rft.atitle=Metabolic+effects+of+contraceptive+steroids&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-75&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23760705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21538049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11154-011-9182-4&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Nath%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14670643-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14670643_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14670643_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14670643_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14670643_95-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler AE (December 2003). "Differential effects of progestins on hemostasis". Maturitas. 46 (Suppl 1): S31–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.09.016">10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14670643">14670643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Differential+effects+of+progestins+on+hemostasis&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S31-7&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.09.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14670643&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17056444-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17056444_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17056444_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17056444_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegratzKuhl2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wiegratz I, Kuhl H (September 2006). "Metabolic and clinical effects of progestogens". The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care. 11 (3): 153–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13625180600772741">10.1080/13625180600772741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17056444">17056444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27088428">27088428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Contraception+%26+Reproductive+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Metabolic+and+clinical+effects+of+progestogens&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153-161&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27088428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17056444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13625180600772741&rft.aulast=Wiegratz&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Kuhl%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8794429-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8794429_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8794429_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (May 1996). "Effects of progestogens on haemostasis". Maturitas. 24 (1–2): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-5122%2896%2900994-2">10.1016/0378-5122(96)00994-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8794429">8794429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Effects+of+progestogens+on+haemostasis&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-5122%2896%2900994-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8794429&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27153743-98"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27153743_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTepperWhitemanMarchbanksJames2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tepper NK, Whiteman MK, Marchbanks PA, James AH, Curtis KM (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11034842">"Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: A systematic review"</a>. Contraception. 94 (6): 678–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2016.04.014">10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11034842">11034842</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27153743">27153743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Progestin-only+contraception+and+thromboembolism%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=678-700&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11034842%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27153743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2016.04.014&rft.aulast=Tepper&rft.aufirst=NK&rft.au=Whiteman%2C+MK&rft.au=Marchbanks%2C+PA&rft.au=James%2C+AH&rft.au=Curtis%2C+KM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11034842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22872710-99"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22872710_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthaKarpRaghavanTerrin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mantha S, Karp R, Raghavan V, Terrin N, Bauer KA, Zwicker JI (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">"Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis"</a>. BMJ. 345: e4944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944">10.1136/bmj.e4944</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">3413580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22872710">22872710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolic+events+in+women+taking+progestin-only+contraception%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=345&rft.pages=e4944&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22872710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944&rft.aulast=Mantha&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Karp%2C+R&rft.au=Raghavan%2C+V&rft.au=Terrin%2C+N&rft.au=Bauer%2C+KA&rft.au=Zwicker%2C+JI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22425318-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22425318_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22425318_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22425318_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco-MolinaLozanoCanoCristobal2012" class="citation journal cs1">Blanco-Molina MA, Lozano M, Cano A, Cristobal I, Pallardo LP, Lete I (May 2012). "Progestin-only contraception and venous thromboembolism". Thrombosis Research. 129 (5): e257–e262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.thromres.2012.02.042">10.1016/j.thromres.2012.02.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22425318">22425318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261804433">261804433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thrombosis+Research&rft.atitle=Progestin-only+contraception+and+venous+thromboembolism&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e257-e262&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A261804433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22425318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.thromres.2012.02.042&rft.aulast=Blanco-Molina&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Lozano%2C+M&rft.au=Cano%2C+A&rft.au=Cristobal%2C+I&rft.au=Pallardo%2C+LP&rft.au=Lete%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30669160-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30669160_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30669160_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30669160_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRott2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rott H (February 2019). "Birth Control Pills and Thrombotic Risks: Differences of Contraception Methods with and without Estrogen". Hamostaseologie. 39 (1): 42–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0039-1677806">10.1055/s-0039-1677806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30669160">30669160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58947063">58947063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamostaseologie&rft.atitle=Birth+Control+Pills+and+Thrombotic+Risks%3A+Differences+of+Contraception+Methods+with+and+without+Estrogen&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58947063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30669160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0039-1677806&rft.aulast=Rott&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30008249-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30008249_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30008249_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30008249_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30008249_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30008249_102-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer-WestendorfBauersachsHach-WunderleZotz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Beyer-Westendorf J, Bauersachs R, Hach-Wunderle V, Zotz RB, Rott H (October 2018). "Sex hormones and venous thromboembolism - from contraception to hormone replacement therapy". VASA. Zeitschrift für Gefässkrankheiten. 47 (6): 441–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1024%2F0301-1526%2Fa000726">10.1024/0301-1526/a000726</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30008249">30008249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51628832">51628832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VASA.+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Gef%C3%A4sskrankheiten&rft.atitle=Sex+hormones+and+venous+thromboembolism+-+from+contraception+to+hormone+replacement+therapy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=441-450&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51628832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30008249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1024%2F0301-1526%2Fa000726&rft.aulast=Beyer-Westendorf&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Bauersachs%2C+R&rft.au=Hach-Wunderle%2C+V&rft.au=Zotz%2C+RB&rft.au=Rott%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21559819-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21559819_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21559819_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLoughery2011" class="citation journal cs1">DeLoughery TG (June 2011). "Estrogen and thrombosis: controversies and common sense". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 12 (2): 77–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11154-011-9178-0">10.1007/s11154-011-9178-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21559819">21559819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28053690">28053690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Endocrine+%26+Metabolic+Disorders&rft.atitle=Estrogen+and+thrombosis%3A+controversies+and+common+sense&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-84&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28053690%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21559819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11154-011-9178-0&rft.aulast=DeLoughery&rft.aufirst=TG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManthaKarp2012-104"><a href="#cite_ref-ManthaKarp2012_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthaKarpRaghavanTerrin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mantha S, Karp R, Raghavan V, Terrin N, Bauer KA, Zwicker JI (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">"Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis"</a>. BMJ. 345 (aug07 2): e4944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944">10.1136/bmj.e4944</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413580">3413580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22872710">22872710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolic+events+in+women+taking+progestin-only+contraception%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=aug07+2&rft.pages=e4944&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22872710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.e4944&rft.aulast=Mantha&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Karp%2C+R&rft.au=Raghavan%2C+V&rft.au=Terrin%2C+N&rft.au=Bauer%2C+KA&rft.au=Zwicker%2C+JI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3413580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29570359-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29570359_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29570359_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29570359_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29570359_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29570359_105-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarabin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Scarabin PY (August 2018). "Progestogens and venous thromboembolism in menopausal women: an updated oral versus transdermal estrogen meta-analysis". Climacteric. 21 (4): 341–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1446931">10.1080/13697137.2018.1446931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29570359">29570359</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4229701">4229701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Progestogens+and+venous+thromboembolism+in+menopausal+women%3A+an+updated+oral+versus+transdermal+estrogen+meta-analysis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341-345&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4229701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29570359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1446931&rft.aulast=Scarabin&rft.aufirst=PY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30741807-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30741807_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTepperJengCurtisBoutot2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tepper NK, Jeng G, Curtis KM, Boutot ME, Boulet SL, Whiteman MK (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10983016">"Venous Thromboembolism Among Women Initiating Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Immediately Postpartum"</a>. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 133 (3): 533–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FAOG.0000000000003135">10.1097/AOG.0000000000003135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10983016">10983016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30741807">30741807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Venous+Thromboembolism+Among+Women+Initiating+Depot+Medroxyprogesterone+Acetate+Immediately+Postpartum&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-540&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10983016%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30741807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FAOG.0000000000003135&rft.aulast=Tepper&rft.aufirst=NK&rft.au=Jeng%2C+G&rft.au=Curtis%2C+KM&rft.au=Boutot%2C+ME&rft.au=Boulet%2C+SL&rft.au=Whiteman%2C+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10983016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23078975-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23078975_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23078975_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23078975_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23078975_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23078975_107-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourdyBachelotCatteau-JonardChabbert-Buffet2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gourdy P, Bachelot A, Catteau-Jonard S, Chabbert-Buffet N, Christin-Maître S, Conard J, Fredenrich A, Gompel A, Lamiche-Lorenzini F, Moreau C, Plu-Bureau G, Vambergue A, Vergès B, Kerlan V (November 2012). "Hormonal contraception in women at risk of vascular and metabolic disorders: guidelines of the French Society of Endocrinology". Annales d'Endocrinologie. 73 (5): 469–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ando.2012.09.001">10.1016/j.ando.2012.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23078975">23078975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+d%27Endocrinologie&rft.atitle=Hormonal+contraception+in+women+at+risk+of+vascular+and+metabolic+disorders%3A+guidelines+of+the+French+Society+of+Endocrinology&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=469-487&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ando.2012.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23078975&rft.aulast=Gourdy&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Bachelot%2C+A&rft.au=Catteau-Jonard%2C+S&rft.au=Chabbert-Buffet%2C+N&rft.au=Christin-Ma%C3%AEtre%2C+S&rft.au=Conard%2C+J&rft.au=Fredenrich%2C+A&rft.au=Gompel%2C+A&rft.au=Lamiche-Lorenzini%2C+F&rft.au=Moreau%2C+C&rft.au=Plu-Bureau%2C+G&rft.au=Vambergue%2C+A&rft.au=Verg%C3%A8s%2C+B&rft.au=Kerlan%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15541404-108"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15541404_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConardPlu-BureauBahiHorellou2004" class="citation journal cs1">Conard J, Plu-Bureau G, Bahi N, Horellou MH, Pelissier C, Thalabard JC (December 2004). "Progestogen-only contraception in women at high risk of venous thromboembolism". Contraception. 70 (6): 437–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2004.07.009">10.1016/j.contraception.2004.07.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15541404">15541404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Progestogen-only+contraception+in+women+at+high+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=437-441&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2004.07.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15541404&rft.aulast=Conard&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Plu-Bureau%2C+G&rft.au=Bahi%2C+N&rft.au=Horellou%2C+MH&rft.au=Pelissier%2C+C&rft.au=Thalabard%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20433997-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20433997_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20433997_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer-WestendorfWerthHalbritterWeiss2010" class="citation journal cs1">Beyer-Westendorf J, Werth S, Halbritter K, Weiss N (April 2010). "Cancer in males and risk of venous thromboembolism". Thromb. Res. 125 (Suppl 2): S155–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0049-3848%2810%2970035-9">10.1016/S0049-3848(10)70035-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20433997">20433997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thromb.+Res.&rft.atitle=Cancer+in+males+and+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=S155-9&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0049-3848%2810%2970035-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20433997&rft.aulast=Beyer-Westendorf&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Werth%2C+S&rft.au=Halbritter%2C+K&rft.au=Weiss%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19161930-110"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19161930_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Guay DR (December 2008). "Inappropriate sexual behaviors in cognitively impaired older individuals". Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 6 (5): 269–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjopharm.2008.12.004">10.1016/j.amjopharm.2008.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19161930">19161930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Geriatr+Pharmacother&rft.atitle=Inappropriate+sexual+behaviors+in+cognitively+impaired+older+individuals&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=269-88&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjopharm.2008.12.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19161930&rft.aulast=Guay&rft.aufirst=DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17537215-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17537215_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid17537215_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeamanLangleyFarmerde_Vries2007" class="citation journal cs1">Seaman HE, Langley SE, Farmer RD, de Vries CS (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2007.06859.x">"Venous thromboembolism and cyproterone acetate in men with prostate cancer: a study using the General Practice Research Database"</a>. BJU Int. 99 (6): 1398–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2007.06859.x">10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06859.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17537215">17537215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21350686">21350686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJU+Int.&rft.atitle=Venous+thromboembolism+and+cyproterone+acetate+in+men+with+prostate+cancer%3A+a+study+using+the+General+Practice+Research+Database&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1398-403&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21350686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17537215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2007.06859.x&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=HE&rft.au=Langley%2C+SE&rft.au=Farmer%2C+RD&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+CS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1464-410X.2007.06859.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20395174-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20395174_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20395174_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_HemelrijckAdolfssonGarmoBill-Axelson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Van Hemelrijck M, Adolfsson J, Garmo H, Bill-Axelson A, Bratt O, Ingelsson E, Lambe M, Stattin P, Holmberg L (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861771">"Risk of thromboembolic diseases in men with prostate cancer: results from the population-based PCBaSe Sweden"</a>. Lancet Oncol. 11 (5): 450–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2810%2970038-3">10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70038-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861771">2861771</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20395174">20395174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet+Oncol.&rft.atitle=Risk+of+thromboembolic+diseases+in+men+with+prostate+cancer%3A+results+from+the+population-based+PCBaSe+Sweden&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=450-8&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2861771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20395174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2810%2970038-3&rft.aulast=Van+Hemelrijck&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Adolfsson%2C+J&rft.au=Garmo%2C+H&rft.au=Bill-Axelson%2C+A&rft.au=Bratt%2C+O&rft.au=Ingelsson%2C+E&rft.au=Lambe%2C+M&rft.au=Stattin%2C+P&rft.au=Holmberg%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2861771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchröderRadlmaier2009-113"><a href="#cite_ref-SchröderRadlmaier2009_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröderRadlmaier2009" class="citation book cs1">Schröder FH, Radlmaier A (2009). "Steroidal Antiandrogens". In Jordan VC, Furr BJ (eds.). Hormone Therapy in Breast and Prostate Cancer. Humana Press. pp. 325–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-59259-152-7_15">10.1007/978-1-59259-152-7_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-471-5"><bdi>978-1-60761-471-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steroidal+Antiandrogens&rft.btitle=Hormone+Therapy+in+Breast+and+Prostate+Cancer&rft.pages=325-346&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-59259-152-7_15&rft.isbn=978-1-60761-471-5&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=FH&rft.au=Radlmaier%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2462132-114"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2462132_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Namer M (October 1988). "Clinical applications of antiandrogens". J. Steroid Biochem. 31 (4B): 719–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-4731%2888%2990023-4">10.1016/0022-4731(88)90023-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2462132">2462132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Steroid+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Clinical+applications+of+antiandrogens&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4B&rft.pages=719-29&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-4731%2888%2990023-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2462132&rft.aulast=Namer&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23944849-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23944849_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23944849_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23944849_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23944849_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23944849_115-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsschemanT'SjoenLemaireMas2014" class="citation journal cs1">Asscheman H, T'Sjoen G, Lemaire A, Mas M, Meriggiola MC, Mueller A, Kuhn A, Dhejne C, Morel-Journel N, Gooren LJ (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fand.12150">"Venous thrombo-embolism as a complication of cross-sex hormone treatment of male-to-female transsexual subjects: a review"</a>. Andrologia. 46 (7): 791–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fand.12150">10.1111/and.12150</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F413984">11585/413984</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23944849">23944849</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5363824">5363824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Andrologia&rft.atitle=Venous+thrombo-embolism+as+a+complication+of+cross-sex+hormone+treatment+of+male-to-female+transsexual+subjects%3A+a+review&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=791-5&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F413984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5363824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23944849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fand.12150&rft.aulast=Asscheman&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=T%27Sjoen%2C+G&rft.au=Lemaire%2C+A&rft.au=Mas%2C+M&rft.au=Meriggiola%2C+MC&rft.au=Mueller%2C+A&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+A&rft.au=Dhejne%2C+C&rft.au=Morel-Journel%2C+N&rft.au=Gooren%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fand.12150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29936403-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29936403_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29936403_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29936403_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29936403_116-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovinskiRamosFigheraCasanova2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rovinski D, Ramos RB, Fighera TM, Casanova GK, Spritzer PM (August 2018). "Risk of venous thromboembolism events in postmenopausal women using oral versus non-oral hormone therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb. Res. 168: 83–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.thromres.2018.06.014">10.1016/j.thromres.2018.06.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29936403">29936403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49421543">49421543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thromb.+Res.&rft.atitle=Risk+of+venous+thromboembolism+events+in+postmenopausal+women+using+oral+versus+non-oral+hormone+therapy%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=83-95&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49421543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29936403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.thromres.2018.06.014&rft.aulast=Rovinski&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Ramos%2C+RB&rft.au=Fighera%2C+TM&rft.au=Casanova%2C+GK&rft.au=Spritzer%2C+PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26598309-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26598309_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26598309_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26598309_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26598309_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26598309_117-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanJensen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Han L, Jensen JT (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ogc.2015.07.007">"Does the Progestogen Used in Combined Hormonal Contraception Affect Venous Thrombosis Risk?"</a>. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 42 (4): 683–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ogc.2015.07.007">10.1016/j.ogc.2015.07.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26598309">26598309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstet.+Gynecol.+Clin.+North+Am.&rft.atitle=Does+the+Progestogen+Used+in+Combined+Hormonal+Contraception+Affect+Venous+Thrombosis+Risk%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683-98&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ogc.2015.07.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26598309&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Jensen%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ogc.2015.07.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27051991-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27051991_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27051991_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27051991_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27051991_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesonButcherDonovanFarrell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bateson D, Butcher BE, Donovan C, Farrell L, Kovacs G, Mezzini T, Raynes-Greenow C, Pecoraro G, Read C, Baber R (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2016/januaryfebruary/risk-of-venous-thromboembolism-in-women-taking-the-combined-oral-contraceptive-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/">"Risk of venous thromboembolism in women taking the combined oral contraceptive: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Aust Fam Physician. 45 (1): 59–64. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27051991">27051991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aust+Fam+Physician&rft.atitle=Risk+of+venous+thromboembolism+in+women+taking+the+combined+oral+contraceptive%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-64&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27051991&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Butcher%2C+BE&rft.au=Donovan%2C+C&rft.au=Farrell%2C+L&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+G&rft.au=Mezzini%2C+T&rft.au=Raynes-Greenow%2C+C&rft.au=Pecoraro%2C+G&rft.au=Read%2C+C&rft.au=Baber%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.racgp.org.au%2Fafp%2F2016%2Fjanuaryfebruary%2Frisk-of-venous-thromboembolism-in-women-taking-the-combined-oral-contraceptive-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30626577-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30626577_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30626577_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30626577_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30626577_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30626577_119-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinogradovaCouplandHippisley-Cox2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6326068">"Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases"</a>. BMJ. 364: k4810. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.k4810">10.1136/bmj.k4810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6326068">6326068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30626577">30626577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Use+of+hormone+replacement+therapy+and+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism%3A+nested+case-control+studies+using+the+QResearch+and+CPRD+databases&rft.volume=364&rft.pages=k4810&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6326068%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30626577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.k4810&rft.aulast=Vinogradova&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Coupland%2C+C&rft.au=Hippisley-Cox%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6326068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26013557-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26013557_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26013557_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26013557_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26013557_120-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinogradovaCouplandHippisley-Cox2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444976">"Use of combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases"</a>. BMJ. 350: h2135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.h2135">10.1136/bmj.h2135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444976">4444976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26013557">26013557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Use+of+combined+oral+contraceptives+and+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism%3A+nested+case-control+studies+using+the+QResearch+and+CPRD+databases&rft.volume=350&rft.pages=h2135&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4444976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26013557&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.h2135&rft.aulast=Vinogradova&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Coupland%2C+C&rft.au=Hippisley-Cox%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4444976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23384743-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384743_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384743_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23384743_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlu-BureauMaitrot-ManteletHugon-RodinCanonico2013" class="citation journal cs1">Plu-Bureau G, Maitrot-Mantelet L, Hugon-Rodin J, Canonico M (February 2013). "Hormonal contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: an epidemiological update". Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27 (1): 25–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beem.2012.11.002">10.1016/j.beem.2012.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23384743">23384743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Pract.+Res.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.atitle=Hormonal+contraceptives+and+venous+thromboembolism%3A+an+epidemiological+update&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-34&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.beem.2012.11.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23384743&rft.aulast=Plu-Bureau&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Maitrot-Mantelet%2C+L&rft.au=Hugon-Rodin%2C+J&rft.au=Canonico%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31465627-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31465627_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31465627_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnorsMiddeldorp2019" class="citation journal cs1">Connors JM, Middeldorp S (November 2019). "Transgender patients and the role of the coagulation clinician". J. Thromb. Haemost. 17 (11): 1790–1797. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjth.14626">10.1111/jth.14626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31465627">31465627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201673648">201673648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Thromb.+Haemost.&rft.atitle=Transgender+patients+and+the+role+of+the+coagulation+clinician&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1790-1797&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201673648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31465627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjth.14626&rft.aulast=Connors&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Middeldorp%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29573722-123"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29573722_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOedingenScholzRazum2018" class="citation journal cs1">Oedingen C, Scholz S, Razum O (May 2018). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of combined oral contraceptives on the risk of venous thromboembolism: The role of the progestogen type and estrogen dose". Thromb. Res. 165: 68–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.thromres.2018.03.005">10.1016/j.thromres.2018.03.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29573722">29573722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thromb.+Res.&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+the+association+of+combined+oral+contraceptives+on+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism%3A+The+role+of+the+progestogen+type+and+estrogen+dose&rft.volume=165&rft.pages=68-78&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.thromres.2018.03.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29573722&rft.aulast=Oedingen&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Scholz%2C+S&rft.au=Razum%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29388678-124"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29388678_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragomanTepperFuCurtis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dragoman MV, Tepper NK, Fu R, Curtis KM, Chou R, Gaffield ME (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5969307">"A systematic review and meta-analysis of venous thrombosis risk among users of combined oral contraception"</a>. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 141 (3): 287–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijgo.12455">10.1002/ijgo.12455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5969307">5969307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29388678">29388678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Gynaecol+Obstet&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+venous+thrombosis+risk+among+users+of+combined+oral+contraception&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-294&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5969307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29388678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijgo.12455&rft.aulast=Dragoman&rft.aufirst=MV&rft.au=Tepper%2C+NK&rft.au=Fu%2C+R&rft.au=Curtis%2C+KM&rft.au=Chou%2C+R&rft.au=Gaffield%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5969307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27854556-125"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27854556_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaturCasey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Batur P, Casey PM (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.2016.6092">"Drospirenone Litigation: Does the Punishment Fit the Crime?"</a>. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 26 (2): 99–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.2016.6092">10.1089/jwh.2016.6092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27854556">27854556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Womens+Health+%28Larchmt%29&rft.atitle=Drospirenone+Litigation%3A+Does+the+Punishment+Fit+the+Crime%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-102&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjwh.2016.6092&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27854556&rft.aulast=Batur&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Casey%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1089%252Fjwh.2016.6092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27678035-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27678035_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27678035_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27678035_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-Ware2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2016.08.039">"Hormonal contraception and thrombosis"</a>. Fertil. Steril. 106 (6): 1289–1294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2016.08.039">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27678035">27678035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertil.+Steril.&rft.atitle=Hormonal+contraception+and+thrombosis&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1289-1294&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2016.08.039&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27678035&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.fertnstert.2016.08.039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26512437-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26512437_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26512437_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson AL (2015). "An update on new orally administered contraceptives for women". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 16 (18): 2759–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.2015.1100173">10.1517/14656566.2015.1100173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26512437">26512437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207481206">207481206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Pharmacother&rft.atitle=An+update+on+new+orally+administered+contraceptives+for+women&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=2759-72&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207481206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26512437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.2015.1100173&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28712325-128"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28712325_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrisBastianelliRosatoBrosens2017" class="citation journal cs1">Farris M, Bastianelli C, Rosato E, Brosens I, Benagiano G (October 2017). "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 10 (10): 1129–1144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17512433.2017.1356718">10.1080/17512433.2017.1356718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712325">28712325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205931204">205931204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Rev+Clin+Pharmacol&rft.atitle=Pharmacodynamics+of+combined+estrogen-progestin+oral+contraceptives%3A+2.+effects+on+hemostasis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1129-1144&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205931204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28712325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17512433.2017.1356718&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bastianelli%2C+C&rft.au=Rosato%2C+E&rft.au=Brosens%2C+I&rft.au=Benagiano%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30519125-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30519125_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid30519125_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruzzettiCagnacci2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fruzzetti F, Cagnacci A (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6239102">"Venous thrombosis and hormonal contraception: what's new with estradiol-based hormonal contraceptives?"</a>. Open Access J Contracept. 9: 75–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FOAJC.S179673">10.2147/OAJC.S179673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6239102">6239102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30519125">30519125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Access+J+Contracept&rft.atitle=Venous+thrombosis+and+hormonal+contraception%3A+what%27s+new+with+estradiol-based+hormonal+contraceptives%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=75-79&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6239102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30519125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FOAJC.S179673&rft.aulast=Fruzzetti&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Cagnacci%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6239102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28902531-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28902531_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28902531_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandiFacchinettiBitzer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grandi G, Facchinetti F, Bitzer J (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13625187.2017.1372571">"Estradiol in hormonal contraception: real evolution or just same old wine in a new bottle?"</a>. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 22 (4): 245–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13625187.2017.1372571">10.1080/13625187.2017.1372571</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11380%2F1153791">11380/1153791</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28902531">28902531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Contracept+Reprod+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Estradiol+in+hormonal+contraception%3A+real+evolution+or+just+same+old+wine+in+a+new+bottle%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=245-246&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11380%2F1153791&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28902531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13625187.2017.1372571&rft.aulast=Grandi&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Facchinetti%2C+F&rft.au=Bitzer%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13625187.2017.1372571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23238854-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23238854_131-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczykHapgoodWinerMishell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stanczyk FZ, Hapgood JP, Winer S, Mishell DR (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610676">"Progestogens used in postmenopausal hormone therapy: differences in their pharmacological properties, intracellular actions, and clinical effects"</a>. Endocrine Reviews. 34 (2): 171–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2012-1008">10.1210/er.2012-1008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610676">3610676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23238854">23238854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Reviews&rft.atitle=Progestogens+used+in+postmenopausal+hormone+therapy%3A+differences+in+their+pharmacological+properties%2C+intracellular+actions%2C+and+clinical+effects&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-208&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23238854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fer.2012-1008&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rft.au=Hapgood%2C+JP&rft.au=Winer%2C+S&rft.au=Mishell%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22024394-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22024394_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22024394_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22024394_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanonicoPlu-BureauScarabin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Scarabin PY (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01148705/file/Canonico_Maturitas_2011.pdf">"Progestogens and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy"</a> (PDF). Maturitas. 70 (4): 354–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2011.10.002">10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22024394">22024394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Progestogens+and+venous+thromboembolism+among+postmenopausal+women+using+hormone+therapy&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=354-60&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2011.10.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22024394&rft.aulast=Canonico&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Plu-Bureau%2C+G&rft.au=Scarabin%2C+PY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hal.inserm.fr%2Finserm-01148705%2Ffile%2FCanonico_Maturitas_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23835005-133"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23835005_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensonPanayPexman-Fieth2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson JC, Panay N, Pexman-Fieth C (September 2013). "Oral estradiol and dydrogesterone combination therapy in postmenopausal women: review of efficacy and safety". Maturitas. 76 (1): 10–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2013.05.018">10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23835005">23835005</a>. <q>Dydrogesterone did not increase the risk of VTE associated with oral estrogen (odds ratio (OR) 0.9, 95% CI 0.4–2.3). Other progestogens (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.5–10.0) were found to further increase the risk of VTE associated with oral estrogen (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.5–11.6).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Oral+estradiol+and+dydrogesterone+combination+therapy+in+postmenopausal+women%3A+review+of+efficacy+and+safety&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-21&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2013.05.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23835005&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Panay%2C+N&rft.au=Pexman-Fieth%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19565370-134"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19565370_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderJickMeier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider C, Jick SS, Meier CR (October 2009). "Risk of cardiovascular outcomes in users of estradiol/dydrogesterone or other HRT preparations". Climacteric. 12 (5): 445–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130902780853">10.1080/13697130902780853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565370">19565370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45890629">45890629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Risk+of+cardiovascular+outcomes+in+users+of+estradiol%2Fdydrogesterone+or+other+HRT+preparations&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=445-53&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45890629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19565370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130902780853&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Jick%2C+SS&rft.au=Meier%2C+CR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29526116-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29526116_135-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2018" class="citation journal cs1">Davey DA (March 2018). "Menopausal hormone therapy: a better and safer future". Climacteric. 21 (5): 454–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1439915">10.1080/13697137.2018.1439915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29526116">29526116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3850275">3850275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Menopausal+hormone+therapy%3A+a+better+and+safer+future&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=454-461&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3850275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29526116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1439915&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31372078-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31372078_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31372078_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31372078_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31372078_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31372078_136-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinKhanReismanSafer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein Z, Khan M, Reisman T, Safer JD (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6628137">"Managing the risk of venous thromboembolism in transgender adults undergoing hormone therapy"</a>. J Blood Med. 10: 209–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FJBM.S166780">10.2147/JBM.S166780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6628137">6628137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31372078">31372078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Blood+Med&rft.atitle=Managing+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism+in+transgender+adults+undergoing+hormone+therapy&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=209-216&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6628137%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31372078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FJBM.S166780&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Khan%2C+M&rft.au=Reisman%2C+T&rft.au=Safer%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6628137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23136837-137"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23136837_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoachLijferingHelmerhorstCannegieter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roach RE, Lijfering WM, Helmerhorst FM, Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, van Hylckama Vlieg A (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjth.12060">"The risk of venous thrombosis in women over 50 years old using oral contraception or postmenopausal hormone therapy"</a>. J. Thromb. Haemost. 11 (1): 124–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjth.12060">10.1111/jth.12060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23136837">23136837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22306721">22306721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Thromb.+Haemost.&rft.atitle=The+risk+of+venous+thrombosis+in+women+over+50+years+old+using+oral+contraception+or+postmenopausal+hormone+therapy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-31&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22306721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23136837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjth.12060&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Lijfering%2C+WM&rft.au=Helmerhorst%2C+FM&rft.au=Cannegieter%2C+SC&rft.au=Rosendaal%2C+FR&rft.au=van+Hylckama+Vlieg%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjth.12060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12047300-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12047300_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12047300_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12047300_138-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdlindMilsomPerssonVictor2002" class="citation journal cs1">Odlind V, Milsom I, Persson I, Victor A (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0412.2002.810603.x">"Can changes in sex hormone binding globulin predict the risk of venous thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptive pills?"</a>. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 81 (6): 482–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0412.2002.810603.x">10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810603.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12047300">12047300</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26054257">26054257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Obstet+Gynecol+Scand&rft.atitle=Can+changes+in+sex+hormone+binding+globulin+predict+the+risk+of+venous+thromboembolism+with+combined+oral+contraceptive+pills%3F&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=482-90&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26054257%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12047300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-0412.2002.810603.x&rft.aulast=Odlind&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Milsom%2C+I&rft.au=Persson%2C+I&rft.au=Victor%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1034%252Fj.1600-0412.2002.810603.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22469296-139"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22469296_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapsHelmerhorstFleischerThomassen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Raps M, Helmerhorst F, Fleischer K, Thomassen S, Rosendaal F, Rosing J, Ballieux B, VAN Vliet H (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-7836.2012.04720.x">"Sex hormone-binding globulin as a marker for the thrombotic risk of hormonal contraceptives"</a>. J. Thromb. Haemost. 10 (6): 992–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-7836.2012.04720.x">10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04720.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22469296">22469296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20803995">20803995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Thromb.+Haemost.&rft.atitle=Sex+hormone-binding+globulin+as+a+marker+for+the+thrombotic+risk+of+hormonal+contraceptives&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=992-7&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20803995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22469296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1538-7836.2012.04720.x&rft.aulast=Raps&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Helmerhorst%2C+F&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+K&rft.au=Thomassen%2C+S&rft.au=Rosendaal%2C+F&rft.au=Rosing%2C+J&rft.au=Ballieux%2C+B&rft.au=VAN+Vliet%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1538-7836.2012.04720.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christin-Maitre2016-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Christin-Maitre2016_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristin-Maitre2016" class="citation journal cs1">Christin-Maitre S (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0001-4079%2819%2930619-3">"Risque cardiovasculaire de la contraception hormonale chez la femme"</a> [Cardiovacular risk of hormonal contraception in women]. Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine. 200 (7): 1485–1496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0001-4079%2819%2930619-3">10.1016/S0001-4079(19)30619-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4079">0001-4079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Nationale+de+M%C3%A9decine&rft.atitle=Risque+cardiovasculaire+de+la+contraception+hormonale+chez+la+femme&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1485-1496&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0001-4079%2819%2930619-3&rft.issn=0001-4079&rft.aulast=Christin-Maitre&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0001-4079%252819%252930619-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WintersHuhtaniemi2017-141"><a href="#cite_ref-WintersHuhtaniemi2017_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._WintersIlpo_T._Huhtaniemi2017" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Winters, Ilpo T. Huhtaniemi (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFi-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA307">Male Hypogonadism: Basic, Clinical and Therapeutic Principles</a>. Humana Press. pp. 307–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53298-1"><bdi>978-3-319-53298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+Hypogonadism%3A+Basic%2C+Clinical+and+Therapeutic+Principles&rft.pages=307-&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-53298-1&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Winters&rft.au=Ilpo+T.+Huhtaniemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFi-DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16915215-142"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16915215_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotelovitz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Notelovitz M (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1682006">"Clinical opinion: the biologic and pharmacologic principles of estrogen therapy for symptomatic menopause"</a>. MedGenMed. 8 (1): 85. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1682006">1682006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16915215">16915215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MedGenMed&rft.atitle=Clinical+opinion%3A+the+biologic+and+pharmacologic+principles+of+estrogen+therapy+for+symptomatic+menopause&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1682006%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16915215&rft.aulast=Notelovitz&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1682006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22011208-143"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22011208_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Goodman MP (February 2012). "Are all estrogens created equal? A review of oral vs. transdermal therapy". J Womens Health (Larchmt). 21 (2): 161–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.2011.2839">10.1089/jwh.2011.2839</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22011208">22011208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Womens+Health+%28Larchmt%29&rft.atitle=Are+all+estrogens+created+equal%3F+A+review+of+oral+vs.+transdermal+therapy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-9&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjwh.2011.2839&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22011208&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3242384-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid3242384_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid3242384_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegeCarlströmCollsteEriksson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Stege R, Carlström K, Collste L, Eriksson A, Henriksson P, Pousette A (1988). "Single drug polyestradiol phosphate therapy in prostatic cancer". Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 11 (Suppl 2): S101–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000421-198801102-00024">10.1097/00000421-198801102-00024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3242384">3242384</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32650111">32650111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Clin.+Oncol.&rft.atitle=Single+drug+polyestradiol+phosphate+therapy+in+prostatic+cancer&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=S101-3&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32650111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3242384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000421-198801102-00024&rft.aulast=Stege&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Carlstr%C3%B6m%2C+K&rft.au=Collste%2C+L&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+A&rft.au=Henriksson%2C+P&rft.au=Pousette%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2664738-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2664738_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2664738_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_SchoultzCarlströmCollsteEriksson1989" class="citation journal cs1">von Schoultz B, Carlström K, Collste L, Eriksson A, Henriksson P, Pousette A, Stege R (1989). "Estrogen therapy and liver function--metabolic effects of oral and parenteral administration". Prostate. 14 (4): 389–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpros.2990140410">10.1002/pros.2990140410</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2664738">2664738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21510744">21510744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prostate&rft.atitle=Estrogen+therapy+and+liver+function--metabolic+effects+of+oral+and+parenteral+administration&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=389-95&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21510744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2664738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpros.2990140410&rft.aulast=von+Schoultz&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Carlstr%C3%B6m%2C+K&rft.au=Collste%2C+L&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+A&rft.au=Henriksson%2C+P&rft.au=Pousette%2C+A&rft.au=Stege%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3817605-146"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3817605_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttossonCarlströmJohanssonvon_Schoultz1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ottosson UB, Carlström K, Johansson BG, von Schoultz B (1986). "Estrogen induction of liver proteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: comparison between estradiol valerate and ethinyl estradiol". Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 22 (4): 198–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000298914">10.1159/000298914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3817605">3817605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecol.+Obstet.+Invest.&rft.atitle=Estrogen+induction+of+liver+proteins+and+high-density+lipoprotein+cholesterol%3A+comparison+between+estradiol+valerate+and+ethinyl+estradiol&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=198-205&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000298914&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3817605&rft.aulast=Ottosson&rft.aufirst=UB&rft.au=Carlstr%C3%B6m%2C+K&rft.au=Johansson%2C+BG&rft.au=von+Schoultz%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22468839-147"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22468839_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruzzettiTrémollieresBitzer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fruzzetti F, Trémollieres F, Bitzer J (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399636">"An overview of the development of combined oral contraceptives containing estradiol: focus on estradiol valerate/dienogest"</a>. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 28 (5): 400–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09513590.2012.662547">10.3109/09513590.2012.662547</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399636">3399636</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22468839">22468839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecol.+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+the+development+of+combined+oral+contraceptives+containing+estradiol%3A+focus+on+estradiol+valerate%2Fdienogest&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=400-8&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399636%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22468839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09513590.2012.662547&rft.aulast=Fruzzetti&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Tr%C3%A9mollieres%2C+F&rft.au=Bitzer%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27916515-148"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27916515_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangprichaden_Heijer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tangpricha V, den Heijer M (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366074">"Oestrogen and anti-androgen therapy for transgender women"</a>. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 5 (4): 291–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2213-8587%2816%2930319-9">10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30319-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366074">5366074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916515">27916515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Diabetes+%26+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Oestrogen+and+anti-androgen+therapy+for+transgender+women&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-300&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5366074%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27916515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2213-8587%2816%2930319-9&rft.aulast=Tangpricha&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=den+Heijer%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5366074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28090436-149"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28090436_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinandSafer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Weinand JD, Safer JD (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226129">"Hormone therapy in transgender adults is safe with provider supervision; A review of hormone therapy sequelae for transgender individuals"</a>. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology. 2 (2): 55–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcte.2015.02.003">10.1016/j.jcte.2015.02.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226129">5226129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28090436">28090436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+%26+Translational+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Hormone+therapy+in+transgender+adults+is+safe+with+provider+supervision%3B+A+review+of+hormone+therapy+sequelae+for+transgender+individuals&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-60&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5226129%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28090436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcte.2015.02.003&rft.aulast=Weinand&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Safer%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5226129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PriceMcManus2019-150"><a href="#cite_ref-PriceMcManus2019_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceMcManusBarrett2019" class="citation journal cs1">Price S, McManus J, Barrett J (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftog.12521">"The transgender population: improving awareness for gynaecologists and their role in the provision of care"</a>. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 21 (1): 11–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftog.12521">10.1111/tog.12521</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2561">1467-2561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Obstetrician+%26+Gynaecologist&rft.atitle=The+transgender+population%3A+improving+awareness+for+gynaecologists+and+their+role+in+the+provision+of+care&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-20&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ftog.12521&rft.issn=1467-2561&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=McManus%2C+J&rft.au=Barrett%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Ftog.12521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsschemanGooren1993-151"><a href="#cite_ref-AsschemanGooren1993_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsschemanGooren1993" class="citation journal cs1">Asscheman H, Gooren LJ (1993). "Hormone Treatment in Transsexuals". Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. 5 (4): 39–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ056v05n04_03">10.1300/J056v05n04_03</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-7064">0890-7064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144580633">144580633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychology+%26+Human+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Hormone+Treatment+in+Transsexuals&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=39-54&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144580633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0890-7064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ056v05n04_03&rft.aulast=Asscheman&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Gooren%2C+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29320642-152"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29320642_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembreeCohen-KettenisGoorenHannema2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG (December 2017). "Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". Endocrine Practice. 23 (12): 1437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4158%2F1934-2403-23.12.1437">10.4158/1934-2403-23.12.1437</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320642">29320642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3639218">3639218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Practice&rft.atitle=Endocrine+Treatment+of+Gender-Dysphoric%2FGender-Incongruent+Persons%3A+An+Endocrine+Society+Clinical+Practice+Guideline&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1437&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3639218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29320642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4158%2F1934-2403-23.12.1437&rft.aulast=Hembree&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Cohen-Kettenis%2C+PT&rft.au=Gooren%2C+L&rft.au=Hannema%2C+SE&rft.au=Meyer%2C+WJ&rft.au=Murad%2C+MH&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+SM&rft.au=Safer%2C+JD&rft.au=Tangpricha%2C+V&rft.au=T%27Sjoen%2C+GG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18348708-153"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18348708_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrenticeAnderson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Prentice RL, Anderson GL (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947">"The women's health initiative: lessons learned"</a>. Annual Review of Public Health. 29: 131–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947">10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18348708">18348708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+women%27s+health+initiative%3A+lessons+learned&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=131-150&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18348708&rft.aulast=Prentice&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Anderson%2C+GL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25321418-154"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25321418_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentice2014" class="citation journal cs1">Prentice RL (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212810">"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risks of coronary heart disease, breast cancer, and stroke"</a>. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (6): 419–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0034-1384624">10.1055/s-0034-1384624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212810">4212810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25321418">25321418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Reproductive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Postmenopausal+hormone+therapy+and+the+risks+of+coronary+heart+disease%2C+breast+cancer%2C+and+stroke&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=419-425&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4212810%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25321418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0034-1384624&rft.aulast=Prentice&rft.aufirst=RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4212810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BassukManson2008-155"><a href="#cite_ref-BassukManson2008_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassukManson2008" class="citation book cs1">Bassuk SS, Manson JE (2008). "Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Trials". Wiley Encyclopedia of Clinical Trials. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780471462422.eoct391">10.1002/9780471462422.eoct391</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46242-2"><bdi>978-0-471-46242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Health+Initiative+Hormone+Therapy+Trials&rft.btitle=Wiley+Encyclopedia+of+Clinical+Trials&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780471462422.eoct391&rft.isbn=978-0-471-46242-2&rft.aulast=Bassuk&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Manson%2C+JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18521110-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521110_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521110_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521110_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521110_156-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18521110_156-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermsmeyerThompsonPohostKaski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hermsmeyer RK, Thompson TL, Pohost GM, Kaski JC (July 2008). "Cardiovascular effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate and progesterone: a case of mistaken identity?". Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine. 5 (7): 387–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncpcardio1234">10.1038/ncpcardio1234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18521110">18521110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39945411">39945411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Clinical+Practice.+Cardiovascular+Medicine&rft.atitle=Cardiovascular+effects+of+medroxyprogesterone+acetate+and+progesterone%3A+a+case+of+mistaken+identity%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=387-395&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39945411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18521110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncpcardio1234&rft.aulast=Hermsmeyer&rft.aufirst=RK&rft.au=Thompson%2C+TL&rft.au=Pohost%2C+GM&rft.au=Kaski%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23647429-157"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23647429_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-WareEl-Etr2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R, El-Etr M (August 2013). "Progesterone and related progestins: potential new health benefits". Climacteric. 16 (Suppl 1): 69–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13697137.2013.802556">10.3109/13697137.2013.802556</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23647429">23647429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25447915">25447915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Progesterone+and+related+progestins%3A+potential+new+health+benefits&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=69-78&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25447915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23647429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13697137.2013.802556&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=El-Etr%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19811251-158"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19811251_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathSitruk-Ware2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nath A, Sitruk-Ware R (2009). "Different cardiovascular effects of progestins according to structure and activity". Climacteric. 12 (Suppl 1): 96–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130902905757">10.1080/13697130902905757</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19811251">19811251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2987558">2987558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Different+cardiovascular+effects+of+progestins+according+to+structure+and+activity&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=96-101&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2987558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19811251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130902905757&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sitruk-Ware%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16203650-159"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16203650_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-Ware2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R (October 2005). "Pharmacology of different progestogens: the special case of drospirenone". Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 3): 4–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130500330382">10.1080/13697130500330382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16203650">16203650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24205704">24205704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+different+progestogens%3A+the+special+case+of+drospirenone&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24205704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16203650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130500330382&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15018245-160"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15018245_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-Ware2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware RL (October 2003). "Hormone therapy and the cardiovascular system: the critical role of progestins". Climacteric. 6 (Suppl 3): 21–28. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15018245">15018245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Hormone+therapy+and+the+cardiovascular+system%3A+the+critical+role+of+progestins&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=21-28&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15018245&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=RL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanHartleyEisingaMain2015" class="citation journal cs1">Boardman HM, Hartley L, Eisinga A, Main C, Roqué i Figuls M, Bonfill Cosp X, Gabriel Sanchez R, Knight B (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10183715">"Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (3): CD002229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002229.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105%2F9999">20.500.12105/9999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10183715">10183715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754617">25754617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Hormone+therapy+for+preventing+cardiovascular+disease+in+post-menopausal+women&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD002229&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10183715%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25754617&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12105%2F9999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002229.pub4&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=HM&rft.au=Hartley%2C+L&rft.au=Eisinga%2C+A&rft.au=Main%2C+C&rft.au=Roqu%C3%A9+i+Figuls%2C+M&rft.au=Bonfill+Cosp%2C+X&rft.au=Gabriel+Sanchez%2C+R&rft.au=Knight%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10183715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29157280-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29157280_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29157280_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangTian2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang Y, Tian W (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697110">"The effects of progesterones on blood lipids in hormone replacement therapy"</a>. Lipids in Health and Disease. 16 (1): 219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12944-017-0612-5">10.1186/s12944-017-0612-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697110">5697110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29157280">29157280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lipids+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+progesterones+on+blood+lipids+in+hormone+replacement+therapy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=219&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5697110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29157280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12944-017-0612-5&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Tian%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5697110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19340703-163"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19340703_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathSitruk-Ware2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nath A, Sitruk-Ware R (April 2009). "Parenteral administration of progestins for hormonal replacement therapy". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 14 (2): 88–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13625180902747425">10.1080/13625180902747425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19340703">19340703</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43025098">43025098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Contracept+Reprod+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Parenteral+administration+of+progestins+for+hormonal+replacement+therapy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-96&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43025098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19340703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13625180902747425&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sitruk-Ware%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31474332-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474332_164-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollaborative_Group_on_Hormonal_Factors_in_Breast_Cancer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6891893">"Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence"</a>. Lancet. 394 (10204): 1159–1168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2931709-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6891893">6891893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31474332">31474332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Type+and+timing+of+menopausal+hormone+therapy+and+breast+cancer+risk%3A+individual+participant+meta-analysis+of+the+worldwide+epidemiological+evidence&rft.volume=394&rft.issue=10204&rft.pages=1159-1168&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6891893%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31474332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2931709-X&rft.au=Collaborative+Group+on+Hormonal+Factors+in+Breast+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6891893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27898258-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27898258_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27898258_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27898258_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27898258_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27898258_165-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27898258_165-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangHuZhangXu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yang Z, Hu Y, Zhang J, Xu L, Zeng R, Kang D (2017). "Estradiol therapy and breast cancer risk in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Gynecol. Endocrinol. 33 (2): 87–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09513590.2016.1248932">10.1080/09513590.2016.1248932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27898258">27898258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205631264">205631264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecol.+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=Estradiol+therapy+and+breast+cancer+risk+in+perimenopausal+and+postmenopausal+women%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-92&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205631264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27898258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09513590.2016.1248932&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Hu%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J&rft.au=Xu%2C+L&rft.au=Zeng%2C+R&rft.au=Kang%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24485796-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24485796_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24485796_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambrinoudaki2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lambrinoudaki I (2014). "Progestogens in postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer". Maturitas. 77 (4): 311–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2014.01.001">10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24485796">24485796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Progestogens+in+postmenopausal+hormone+therapy+and+the+risk+of+breast+cancer&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311-7&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2014.01.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24485796&rft.aulast=Lambrinoudaki&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31474331-167"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31474331_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeralPetoPirieReeves2019" class="citation journal cs1">Beral V, Peto R, Pirie K, Reeves G (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2932033-1">"Menopausal hormone therapy and 20-year breast cancer mortality"</a>. Lancet. 394 (10204): 1139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2932033-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32033-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31474331">31474331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Menopausal+hormone+therapy+and+20-year+breast+cancer+mortality&rft.volume=394&rft.issue=10204&rft.pages=1139&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2932033-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31474331&rft.aulast=Beral&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Peto%2C+R&rft.au=Pirie%2C+K&rft.au=Reeves%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252819%252932033-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24291402-168"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24291402_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczykBhavnani2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stanczyk FZ, Bhavnani BR (July 2014). "Use of medroxyprogesterone acetate for hormone therapy in postmenopausal women: is it safe?". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 142: 30–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2013.11.011">10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24291402">24291402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22731802">22731802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Steroid+Biochem.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Use+of+medroxyprogesterone+acetate+for+hormone+therapy+in+postmenopausal+women%3A+is+it+safe%3F&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=30-8&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22731802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24291402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2013.11.011&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rft.au=Bhavnani%2C+BR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23651281-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23651281_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23651281_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23651281_169-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturdee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sturdee DW (August 2013). "Are progestins really necessary as part of a combined HRT regimen?". Climacteric. 16 (Suppl 1): 79–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13697137.2013.803311">10.3109/13697137.2013.803311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23651281">23651281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21894200">21894200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Are+progestins+really+necessary+as+part+of+a+combined+HRT+regimen%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=79-84&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21894200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23651281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13697137.2013.803311&rft.aulast=Sturdee&rft.aufirst=DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29630427-170"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29630427_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirkin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mirkin S (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1455657">"Evidence on the use of progesterone in menopausal hormone therapy"</a>. Climacteric. 21 (4): 346–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1455657">10.1080/13697137.2018.1455657</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29630427">29630427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Evidence+on+the+use+of+progesterone+in+menopausal+hormone+therapy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=346-354&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1455657&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29630427&rft.aulast=Mirkin&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13697137.2018.1455657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23336704-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23336704_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23336704_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23336704_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23336704_171-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlSchneider2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H, Schneider HP (August 2013). "Progesterone – promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer". Climacteric. 16 (Suppl 1): 54–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13697137.2013.768806">10.3109/13697137.2013.768806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23336704">23336704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20808536">20808536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Progesterone+%E2%80%93+promoter+or+inhibitor+of+breast+cancer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=54-68&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20808536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23336704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13697137.2013.768806&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Schneider%2C+HP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31088823-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31088823_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31088823_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31088823_172-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BlokWiepjesNotavan_Engelen2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Blok CJ, Wiepjes CM, Nota NM, van Engelen K, Adank MA, Dreijerink KM, Barbé E, Konings IR, den Heijer M (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515308">"Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands"</a>. BMJ. 365: l1652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.l1652">10.1136/bmj.l1652</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515308">6515308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31088823">31088823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Breast+cancer+risk+in+transgender+people+receiving+hormone+treatment%3A+nationwide+cohort+study+in+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=365&rft.pages=l1652&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6515308%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31088823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.l1652&rft.aulast=de+Blok&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Wiepjes%2C+CM&rft.au=Nota%2C+NM&rft.au=van+Engelen%2C+K&rft.au=Adank%2C+MA&rft.au=Dreijerink%2C+KM&rft.au=Barb%C3%A9%2C+E&rft.au=Konings%2C+IR&rft.au=den+Heijer%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6515308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31027551-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31027551_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31027551_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31027551_173-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BlokDreijerinkden_Heijer2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Blok CJ, Dreijerink KM, den Heijer M (June 2019). "Cancer Risk in Transgender People". Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 48 (2): 441–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecl.2019.02.005">10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31027551">31027551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135382400">135382400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinol.+Metab.+Clin.+North+Am.&rft.atitle=Cancer+Risk+in+Transgender+People&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=441-452&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135382400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31027551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecl.2019.02.005&rft.aulast=de+Blok&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Dreijerink%2C+KM&rft.au=den+Heijer%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31343858-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31343858_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31343858_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31343858_174-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeingoldAnawaltBoyceChrousos2000" class="citation journal cs1">Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Perreault L, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Trence DL, Vinik A, Wilson DP, Nota NM, den Heijer M, Gooren LJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK544426/">"Evaluation and Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender Incongruent Adults"</a>. Endotext [Internet]. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31343858">31343858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endotext+%5BInternet%5D&rft.atitle=Evaluation+and+Treatment+of+Gender-Dysphoric%2FGender+Incongruent+Adults&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31343858&rft.aulast=Feingold&rft.aufirst=KR&rft.au=Anawalt%2C+B&rft.au=Boyce%2C+A&rft.au=Chrousos%2C+G&rft.au=Dungan%2C+K&rft.au=Grossman%2C+A&rft.au=Hershman%2C+JM&rft.au=Kaltsas%2C+G&rft.au=Koch%2C+C&rft.au=Kopp%2C+P&rft.au=Korbonits%2C+M&rft.au=McLachlan%2C+R&rft.au=Morley%2C+JE&rft.au=New%2C+M&rft.au=Perreault%2C+L&rft.au=Purnell%2C+J&rft.au=Rebar%2C+R&rft.au=Singer%2C+F&rft.au=Trence%2C+DL&rft.au=Vinik%2C+A&rft.au=Wilson%2C+DP&rft.au=Nota%2C+NM&rft.au=den+Heijer%2C+M&rft.au=Gooren%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fbooks%2FNBK544426%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31516689-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31516689_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31516689_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid31516689_175-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwamotoDefreyneRothmanVan_Schuylenbergh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Iwamoto SJ, Defreyne J, Rothman MS, Van Schuylenbergh J, Van de Bruaene L, Motmans J, T'Sjoen G (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719479">"Health considerations for transgender women and remaining unknowns: a narrative review"</a>. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 10: 2042018819871166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2042018819871166">10.1177/2042018819871166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6719479">6719479</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31516689">31516689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ther+Adv+Endocrinol+Metab&rft.atitle=Health+considerations+for+transgender+women+and+remaining+unknowns%3A+a+narrative+review&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=2042018819871166&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6719479%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31516689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2042018819871166&rft.aulast=Iwamoto&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Defreyne%2C+J&rft.au=Rothman%2C+MS&rft.au=Van+Schuylenbergh%2C+J&rft.au=Van+de+Bruaene%2C+L&rft.au=Motmans%2C+J&rft.au=T%27Sjoen%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6719479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21952082-176"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21952082_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsenHorwitz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen BM, Horwitz KB (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272316">"Progesterone receptors, their isoforms and progesterone regulated transcription"</a>. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 357 (1–2): 18–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2011.09.016">10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272316">3272316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21952082">21952082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=Progesterone+receptors%2C+their+isoforms+and+progesterone+regulated+transcription&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=18-29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272316%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21952082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mce.2011.09.016&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=BM&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+KB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20087430-177"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20087430_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarpinGrahamMoteClarke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Scarpin KM, Graham JD, Mote PA, Clarke CL (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2807635">"Progesterone action in human tissues: regulation by progesterone receptor (PR) isoform expression, nuclear positioning and coregulator expression"</a>. Nucl Recept Signal. 7: e009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1621%2Fnrs.07009">10.1621/nrs.07009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2807635">2807635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20087430">20087430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucl+Recept+Signal&rft.atitle=Progesterone+action+in+human+tissues%3A+regulation+by+progesterone+receptor+%28PR%29+isoform+expression%2C+nuclear+positioning+and+coregulator+expression&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=e009&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2807635%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20087430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1621%2Fnrs.07009&rft.aulast=Scarpin&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Graham%2C+JD&rft.au=Mote%2C+PA&rft.au=Clarke%2C+CL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2807635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22687885-178"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22687885_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas P, Pang Y (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489003">"Membrane progesterone receptors: evidence for neuroprotective, neurosteroid signaling and neuroendocrine functions in neuronal cells"</a>. Neuroendocrinology. 96 (2): 162–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000339822">10.1159/000339822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489003">3489003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687885">22687885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Membrane+progesterone+receptors%3A+evidence+for+neuroprotective%2C+neurosteroid+signaling+and+neuroendocrine+functions+in+neuronal+cells&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-71&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3489003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22687885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000339822&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Pang%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3489003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24065878-179"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24065878_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersenIntlekoferMoura-ConlonBrewer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen SL, Intlekofer KA, Moura-Conlon PJ, Brewer DN, Del Pino Sans J, Lopez JA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3776953">"Novel progesterone receptors: neural localization and possible functions"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 7: 164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2013.00164">10.3389/fnins.2013.00164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3776953">3776953</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24065878">24065878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Novel+progesterone+receptors%3A+neural+localization+and+possible+functions&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3776953%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24065878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2013.00164&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Intlekofer%2C+KA&rft.au=Moura-Conlon%2C+PJ&rft.au=Brewer%2C+DN&rft.au=Del+Pino+Sans%2C+J&rft.au=Lopez%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3776953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29852797-180"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29852797_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGompelPlu-Bureau2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gompel A, Plu-Bureau G (August 2018). "Progesterone, progestins and the breast in menopause treatment". Climacteric. 21 (4): 326–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1476483">10.1080/13697137.2018.1476483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29852797">29852797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46922084">46922084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Progesterone%2C+progestins+and+the+breast+in+menopause+treatment&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326-332&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46922084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29852797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697137.2018.1476483&rft.aulast=Gompel&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Plu-Bureau%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14670641-181"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14670641_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindlerCampagnoliDruckmannHuber2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH (December 2003). "Classification and pharmacology of progestins". Maturitas. 46 Suppl 1: S7–S16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.09.014">10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14670641">14670641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Classification+and+pharmacology+of+progestins&rft.volume=46+Suppl+1&rft.pages=S7-S16&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.09.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14670641&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Campagnoli%2C+C&rft.au=Druckmann%2C+R&rft.au=Huber%2C+J&rft.au=Pasqualini%2C+JR&rft.au=Schweppe%2C+KW&rft.au=Thijssen%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhl2011-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2011_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl_H2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/10168.pdf">"Pharmacology of Progestogens"</a> (PDF). J Reproduktionsmed Endokrinol. 8 (1): 157–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Reproduktionsmed+Endokrinol&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+Progestogens&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-177&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Kuhl+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kup.at%2Fkup%2Fpdf%2F10168.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16112947y-183"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947y_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kuhl H (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf">"Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration"</a> (PDF). Climacteric. 8 Suppl 1: 3–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130500148875">10.1080/13697130500148875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16112947">16112947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+estrogens+and+progestogens%3A+influence+of+different+routes+of+administration&rft.volume=8+Suppl+1&rft.pages=3-63&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130500148875&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16112947&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhormonebalance.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2FKuhl%252005%2520%2520Pharm%2520Estro%2520Progest%2520Climacteric_1313155660.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2215269-184"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2215269_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauritzen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lauritzen C (September 1990). "Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens". Maturitas. 12 (3): 199–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P">10.1016/0378-5122(90)90004-P</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2215269">2215269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Clinical+use+of+oestrogens+and+progestogens&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-214&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2215269&rft.aulast=Lauritzen&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2170822-185"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2170822_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (September 1990). "Pharmacokinetics of oestrogens and progestogens". Maturitas. 12 (3): 171–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990003-o">10.1016/0378-5122(90)90003-o</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2170822">2170822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+of+oestrogens+and+progestogens&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-97&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990003-o&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2170822&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013-186"><a href="#cite_ref-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörrKnörr-GärtnerBellerLauritzen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knörr K, Knörr-Gärtner H, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (8 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpmgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA583">Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 583–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95583-9"><bdi>978-3-642-95583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geburtshilfe+und+Gyn%C3%A4kologie%3A+Physiologie+und+Pathologie+der+Reproduktion&rft.pages=583-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.isbn=978-3-642-95583-9&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6rr-G%C3%A4rtner%2C+Henriette&rft.au=Beller%2C+Fritz+K.&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpmgBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnörrBeller2013q-187"><a href="#cite_ref-KnörrBeller2013q_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörrBellerLauritzen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knörr K, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACybBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Lehrbuch der Gynäkologie</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 214–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0"><bdi>978-3-662-00942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Gyn%C3%A4kologie&rft.pages=214-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-3-662-00942-0&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Beller%2C+Fritz+K.&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACybBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorskyPresl1981w-188"><a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl1981w_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorskýPresl1981" class="citation book cs1">Horský J, Presl J (1981). "Hormonal Treatment of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle". In J. Horsky, J. Presl (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313">Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 309–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11">10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9"><bdi>978-94-009-8195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Treatment+of+Disorders+of+the+Menstrual+Cycle&rft.btitle=Ovarian+Function+and+its+Disorders%3A+Diagnosis+and+Therapy&rft.pages=309-332&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8195-9&rft.aulast=Horsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Presl%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IrpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferin1972e-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferin1972e_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerin1972" class="citation book cs1">Ferin J (September 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv5sAAAAMAAJ">"Orally Active Progestational Compounds. Human Studies: Effects on the Utero-Vaginal Tract"</a>. In M. Tausk (ed.). Pharmacology of the Endocrine System and Related Drugs: Progesterone, Progestational Drugs and Antifertility Agents. Vol. II. Pergamon Press. pp. 245–273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080168128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080168128"><bdi>978-0080168128</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/278011135">278011135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orally+Active+Progestational+Compounds.+Human+Studies%3A+Effects+on+the+Utero-Vaginal+Tract&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+of+the+Endocrine+System+and+Related+Drugs%3A+Progesterone%2C+Progestational+Drugs+and+Antifertility+Agents&rft.pages=245-273&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1972-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F278011135&rft.isbn=978-0080168128&rft.aulast=Ferin&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNv5sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeidenbergerStrowitzki2009-190"><a href="#cite_ref-LeidenbergerStrowitzki2009_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreimut_A._LeidenbergerThomas_StrowitzkiOlaf_Ortmann2009" class="citation book cs1">Freimut A. Leidenberger, Thomas Strowitzki, Olaf Ortmann (29 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqokBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">Klinische Endokrinologie für Frauenärzte</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 225, 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89760-6"><bdi>978-3-540-89760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klinische+Endokrinologie+f%C3%BCr+Frauen%C3%A4rzte&rft.pages=225%2C+227&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2009-08-29&rft.isbn=978-3-540-89760-6&rft.au=Freimut+A.+Leidenberger&rft.au=Thomas+Strowitzki&rft.au=Olaf+Ortmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqokBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeumannDüsterberg1998-191"><a href="#cite_ref-NeumannDüsterberg1998_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumannDüsterberg1998" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann F, Düsterberg B (1998). "Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet der Gestagene" [Development in the field of progestogens]. Reproduktionsmedizin. 14 (4): 257–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004440050042">10.1007/s004440050042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1434-6931">1434-6931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproduktionsmedizin&rft.atitle=Entwicklung+auf+dem+Gebiet+der+Gestagene&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=257-264&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004440050042&rft.issn=1434-6931&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=D%C3%BCsterberg%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammerstein1990-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Hammerstein1990_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerstein1990" class="citation book cs1">Hammerstein J (1990). "Antiandrogens: Clinical Aspects". Hair and Hair Diseases. pp. 827–886. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-74612-3_35">10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_35</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiandrogens%3A+Clinical+Aspects&rft.btitle=Hair+and+Hair+Diseases&rft.pages=827-886&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-74612-3_35&rft.aulast=Hammerstein&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pschyrembel1968-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Pschyrembel1968_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillibald_Pschyrembel1968" class="citation book cs1">Willibald Pschyrembel (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVaTnHDFzZ0C&pg=PA598">Praktische Gynäkologie: für Studierende und Ärzte</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7"><bdi>978-3-11-150424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktische+Gyn%C3%A4kologie%3A+f%C3%BCr+Studierende+und+%C3%84rzte&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-3-11-150424-7&rft.au=Willibald+Pschyrembel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVaTnHDFzZ0C%26pg%3DPA598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ufer1968-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Ufer1968_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfer1968" class="citation book cs1">Ufer J (1968). "Die therapeutische Anwendung der Gestagene beim Menschen" [Therapeutic Use of Progestagens in Humans]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8GpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1058">Die Gestagene</a> [Progestogens]. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1026–1124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-99941-3_7">10.1007/978-3-642-99941-3_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-99941-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-99941-3"><bdi>978-3-642-99941-3</bdi></a>. <q>Zur Transformation des Endometriums benotigten sie 200-400 mg [ethisterone] pro Cyclus und postulierten eine etwa sechsfach schwachere Wirkung gegenuber dem Progesteron i.m. appliziert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+therapeutische+Anwendung+der+Gestagene+beim+Menschen&rft.btitle=Die+Gestagene&rft.pages=1026-1124&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-99941-3_7&rft.isbn=978-3-642-99941-3&rft.aulast=Ufer&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8GpBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22078182-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22078182_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22078182_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndrikatGerlingerRichardRosenbaum2011" class="citation journal cs1">Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B (December 2011). "Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide". Contraception. 84 (6): 549–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.04.009">10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22078182">22078182</a>. <q>Table 1 Publications on ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: Progestin: Progesterone. Reference: Pincus (1956). Method: Urinary Pdiol. Daily dose (mg): 300.000. Total number of cycles in all subjects: 61. Total number of ovulation in all subjects: 30. % of ovulation in all subjects: 49.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Ovulation+inhibition+doses+of+progestins%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+available+literature+and+of+marketed+preparations+worldwide&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=549-57&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.04.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22078182&rft.aulast=Endrikat&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gerlinger%2C+C&rft.au=Richard%2C+S&rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+P&rft.au=D%C3%BCsterberg%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HenzlEdwards1999a-196"><a href="#cite_ref-HenzlEdwards1999a_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilan_Rastislav_HenzlJohn_A._Edwards1999" class="citation book cs1">Milan Rastislav Henzl, John A. Edwards (10 November 1999). "Pharmacology of Progestins: 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Derivatives and Progestins of the First and Second Generation". In Régine Sitruk-Ware, Daniel R. Mishell (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJJHsJASekC">Progestins and Antiprogestins in Clinical Practice</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 101–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8291-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+Progestins%3A+17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone+Derivatives+and+Progestins+of+the+First+and+Second+Generation&rft.btitle=Progestins+and+Antiprogestins+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=101-132&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8291-7&rft.au=Milan+Rastislav+Henzl&rft.au=John+A.+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGJJHsJASekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopera1991-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Kopera1991_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopera1991" class="citation book cs1">Kopera H (1991). "Hormone der Gonaden". Hormonelle Therapie für die Frau. pp. 59–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-95670-6_6">10.1007/978-3-642-95670-6_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95670-6"><bdi>978-3-642-95670-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-777X">0172-777X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormone+der+Gonaden&rft.btitle=Hormonelle+Therapie+f%C3%BCr+die+Frau&rft.pages=59-124&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0172-777X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-95670-6_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-95670-6&rft.aulast=Kopera&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IARCWHO2007-198"><a href="#cite_ref-IARCWHO2007_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIARC_Working_Group_on_the_Evaluation_of_Carcinogenic_Risks_to_HumansWorld_Health_OrganizationInternational_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer2007" class="citation book cs1">IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). "Annex 2: Composition of Oral and Injectable Estrogen–Progestogen Contraceptives". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGDU5xibtNgC&pg=PA431">Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy</a>. World Health Organization. pp. 431–464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-1291-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-1291-1"><bdi>978-92-832-1291-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annex+2%3A+Composition+of+Oral+and+Injectable+Estrogen%E2%80%93Progestogen+Contraceptives&rft.btitle=Combined+Estrogen-progestogen+Contraceptives+and+Combined+Estrogen-progestogen+Menopausal+Therapy&rft.pages=431-464&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-832-1291-1&rft.au=IARC+Working+Group+on+the+Evaluation+of+Carcinogenic+Risks+to+Humans&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaGDU5xibtNgC%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoboStanczyk1994-199"><a href="#cite_ref-LoboStanczyk1994_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoboStanczyk1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lobo RA, Stanczyk FZ (1994). "New knowledge in the physiology of hormonal contraceptives". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 170 (5): 1499–1507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2812%2991807-4">10.1016/S0002-9378(12)91807-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378">0002-9378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=New+knowledge+in+the+physiology+of+hormonal+contraceptives&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1499-1507&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2812%2991807-4&rft.issn=00029378&rft.aulast=Lobo&rft.aufirst=Rogerio+A.&rft.au=Stanczyk%2C+Frank+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henzl1986-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Henzl1986_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzl1986" class="citation book cs1">Henzl MR (1986). "Contraceptive Hormones and their Clinical Use". In Samuel S. C. Yen, Robert B. Jaffe (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28aBAAAAIAAJ">Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management</a>. Saunders. pp. 643–682. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-9630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-9630-0"><bdi>978-0-7216-9630-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contraceptive+Hormones+and+their+Clinical+Use&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Endocrinology%3A+Physiology%2C+Pathophysiology%2C+and+Clinical+Management&rft.pages=643-682&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-9630-0&rft.aulast=Henzl&rft.aufirst=Milan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28aBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12332461-204"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12332461_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstergaard1965" class="citation journal cs1">Ostergaard E (February 1965). "The oral progestational and anti-ovulatory properties of megestrol acetate and its therapeutic use in gynaecological disorders". J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 72 (1): 45–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.1965.tb01372.x">10.1111/j.1471-0528.1965.tb01372.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12332461">12332461</a>. <q>The anti-ovulatory properties of megestrol acetate 5 mg. plus Mestranol 0.1 mg. were demonstrated in thirty-five women by direct inspection of the ovaries. When given alone, megestrol acetate 5 mg. or Mestranol 0.1 mg. did not prevent ovulation in all cases.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Obstet+Gynaecol+Br+Emp&rft.atitle=The+oral+progestational+and+anti-ovulatory+properties+of+megestrol+acetate+and+its+therapeutic+use+in+gynaecological+disorders&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-48&rft.date=1965-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.1965.tb01372.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12332461&rft.aulast=Ostergaard&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2471590-205"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2471590_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacterRozencweigCanettaKelley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Schacter L, Rozencweig M, Canetta R, Kelley S, Nicaise C, Smaldone L (March 1989). "Megestrol acetate: clinical experience". Cancer Treat. Rev. 16 (1): 49–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-7372%2889%2990004-2">10.1016/0305-7372(89)90004-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2471590">2471590</a>. <q>At 0.25 mg/day MA has no apparent effect on the histology of the endometrium and is not effective as a contraceptive (53). However, at doses of 0.35 and 0.5 mg/day the drug is an effective contraceptive (10). At the 0.5 mg/day dose MA does not inhibit ovulation but does reduce sperm motility in post-coital tests (68).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treat.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Megestrol+acetate%3A+clinical+experience&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-63&rft.date=1989-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-7372%2889%2990004-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2471590&rft.aulast=Schacter&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Rozencweig%2C+M&rft.au=Canetta%2C+R&rft.au=Kelley%2C+S&rft.au=Nicaise%2C+C&rft.au=Smaldone%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VesseyMears1972-206"><a href="#cite_ref-VesseyMears1972_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVesseyMearsAndolšekOgrinc-Oven1972" class="citation journal cs1">Vessey M, Mears E, Andolšek L, Ogrinc-Oven M (1972). "Randomised double-blind trial of four oral progestagen-only contraceptives". The Lancet. 299 (7757): 915–922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2872%2991492-4">10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91492-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Randomised+double-blind+trial+of+four+oral+progestagen-only+contraceptives&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=7757&rft.pages=915-922&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2872%2991492-4&rft.issn=01406736&rft.aulast=Vessey&rft.aufirst=M.P.&rft.au=Mears%2C+Eleanor&rft.au=Andol%C5%A1ek%2C+Lidija&rft.au=Ogrinc-Oven%2C+Majda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid945344-208"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid945344_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAufrèreBenson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Aufrère MB, Benson H (June 1976). "Progesterone: an overview and recent advances". J Pharm Sci. 65 (6): 783–800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjps.2600650602">10.1002/jps.2600650602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/945344">945344</a>. <q>Early studies on its use as an oral contraceptive showed that, at 300 mg/day (5th to 25th day of the menstrual cycle), progesterone was effective in preventing ovulation through four cycles (263). The related effect of larger doses of progesterone on gonadotropin excretion also has been investigated. Rothchild (264) found that continuous or intermittent intravenously administered progesterone (100-400 mg/day) for 10 days depressed the total amount of gonadotropin excreted into the urine. However, Paulsen et al. (265) found that oral progesterone at 1000 mg/day for 87 days did not have a significant effect on urinary gonadotropin excretion. The efficacy of progesterone as an oral contraceptive was never fully tested, because synthetic progestational agents, which were orally effective, were available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pharm+Sci&rft.atitle=Progesterone%3A+an+overview+and+recent+advances&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=783-800&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjps.2600650602&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F945344&rft.aulast=Aufr%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=MB&rft.au=Benson%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13614060-209"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13614060_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincus1958" class="citation journal cs1">Pincus G (December 1958). "The hormonal control of ovulation and early development". Postgrad Med. 24 (6): 654–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00325481.1958.11692305">10.1080/00325481.1958.11692305</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13614060">13614060</a>. <q>Table 1: Effects of oral progesterone on three indexes of ovulation: Medication: Progesterone. Number: 69. Mean cycle length: 25.5 ± 0.59. Per cent positive for ovulation by: Basal temperature: 27. Endometrial biopsy: 18. Vaginal smear: 6. [...] we settled on 300 mg. per day [oral progersterone] as a significantly effective [ovulation inhibition] dosage, and this was administered from the fifth day through the twenty-fourth day of the menstrual cycle. [...] We observed each of 33 volunteer subjects during a control, nontreatment cycle and for one to three successive cycles of medication immediately following the control cycle. As indexes of the occurrence of ovulation, daily basal temperatures and vaginal smears were taken, and at the nineteenth to twenty-second day of the cycle an endometrial biopsy. [...] Although we thus demonstrated the ovulation-inhibiting activity of progesterone in normally ovulating women, oral progesterone medication had two disadvantages: ( l) the large daily dosage ( 300 mg.) which presumably would have to be even larger if one sought 100 per cent inhibition1 [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgrad+Med&rft.atitle=The+hormonal+control+of+ovulation+and+early+development&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=654-60&rft.date=1958-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00325481.1958.11692305&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13614060&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13394044-210"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13394044_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincus1956" class="citation journal cs1">Pincus G (1956). "Some effects of progesterone and related compounds upon reproduction and early development in mammals". Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 23 (Suppl 28): 18–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.023S018">10.1530/acta.0.023S018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13394044">13394044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinol+Suppl+%28Copenh%29&rft.atitle=Some+effects+of+progesterone+and+related+compounds+upon+reproduction+and+early+development+in+mammals&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=Suppl+28&rft.pages=18-36&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.023S018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13394044&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoneKupperman1955-211"><a href="#cite_ref-StoneKupperman1955_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneKupperman1955" class="citation book cs1">Stone A, Kupperman HS (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popline.org/node/472171">"The Effects of Progesterone on Ovulation: A Preliminary Report"</a>. The Fifth International Conference on Planned Parenthood: Theme, Overpopulation and Family Planning: Report of the Proceedings, 24-29 October, 1955, Tokyo, Japan. International Planned Parenthood Federation. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Progesterone+on+Ovulation%3A+A+Preliminary+Report&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+International+Conference+on+Planned+Parenthood%3A+Theme%2C+Overpopulation+and+Family+Planning%3A+Report+of+the+Proceedings%2C+24-29+October%2C+1955%2C+Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=International+Planned+Parenthood+Federation&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Kupperman%2C+Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popline.org%2Fnode%2F472171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenagianoDiczfalusy1983-212"><a href="#cite_ref-BenagianoDiczfalusy1983_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._BeierB._DüsterbergM._F._El_EtrebyW._Elger1983" class="citation book cs1">S. Beier, B. Düsterberg, M. F. El Etreby, W. Elger, F. Neumann, Y. Nishino (1983). "Toxicology of Hormonal Fertility Regulating Agents". In Giuseppe Benagiano, Egon Diczfalusy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpNsAAAAMAAJ">Endocrine Mechanisms in Fertility Regulation</a>. Raven Press. pp. 261–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89004-464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89004-464-3"><bdi>978-0-89004-464-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toxicology+of+Hormonal+Fertility+Regulating+Agents&rft.btitle=Endocrine+Mechanisms+in+Fertility+Regulation&rft.pages=261-346&rft.pub=Raven+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-89004-464-3&rft.au=S.+Beier&rft.au=B.+D%C3%BCsterberg&rft.au=M.+F.+El+Etreby&rft.au=W.+Elger&rft.au=F.+Neumann&rft.au=Y.+Nishino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkpNsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnörrBeller2013-214"><a href="#cite_ref-KnörrBeller2013_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörrBellerLauritzen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knörr K, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACybBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Lehrbuch der Gynäkologie</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 214–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0"><bdi>978-3-662-00942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Gyn%C3%A4kologie&rft.pages=214-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-3-662-00942-0&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Beller%2C+FK&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACybBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013y-215"><a href="#cite_ref-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013y_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörrKnörr-GärtnerBellerLauritzen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knörr K, Knörr-Gärtner H, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (8 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpmgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA583">Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 583–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95583-9"><bdi>978-3-642-95583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geburtshilfe+und+Gyn%C3%A4kologie%3A+Physiologie+und+Pathologie+der+Reproduktion&rft.pages=583-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.isbn=978-3-642-95583-9&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6rr-G%C3%A4rtner%2C+H&rft.au=Beller%2C+FK&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpmgBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labhart2012-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Labhart2012_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabhart2012" class="citation book cs1">Labhart A (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAgJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">Clinical Endocrinology: Theory and Practice</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 554–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-96158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-96158-8"><bdi>978-3-642-96158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Endocrinology%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=554-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-96158-8&rft.aulast=Labhart&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAgJCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorskyPresl1981-217"><a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl1981_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorskýPresl1981" class="citation book cs1">Horský J, Presl J (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313">"Hormonal Treatment of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle"</a>. In Horsky J, Presl K (eds.). Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 309–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11">10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9"><bdi>978-94-009-8195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Treatment+of+Disorders+of+the+Menstrual+Cycle&rft.btitle=Ovarian+Function+and+its+Disorders%3A+Diagnosis+and+Therapy&rft.pages=309-332&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8195-9&rft.aulast=Horsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Presl%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IrpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ufer1969-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Ufer1969_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfer1969" class="citation book cs1">Ufer J (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8VsAAAAMAAJ">The Principles and Practice of Hormone Therapy in Gynaecology and Obstetrics</a>. de Gruyter. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110006148" title="Special:BookSources/9783110006148"><bdi>9783110006148</bdi></a>. <q>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is a depot progestogen which is entirely free of side actions. The dose required to induce secretory changes in primed endometrium is about 250 mg. per menstrual cycle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+and+Practice+of+Hormone+Therapy+in+Gynaecology+and+Obstetrics&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9783110006148&rft.aulast=Ufer&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8VsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pschyrembel1968r-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Pschyrembel1968r_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPschyrembel1968" class="citation book cs1">Pschyrembel W (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVaTnHDFzZ0C&pg=PA598">Praktische Gynäkologie: für Studierende und Ärzte</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 598, 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7"><bdi>978-3-11-150424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktische+Gyn%C3%A4kologie%3A+f%C3%BCr+Studierende+und+%C3%84rzte&rft.pages=598%2C+601&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-3-11-150424-7&rft.aulast=Pschyrembel&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVaTnHDFzZ0C%26pg%3DPA598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferin1972-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferin1972_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerin1972" class="citation book cs1">Ferin J (September 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv5sAAAAMAAJ">"Effects, Duration of Action and Metabolism in Man"</a>. In Tausk M (ed.). Pharmacology of the Endocrine System and Related Drugs: Progesterone, Progestational Drugs and Antifertility Agents. Vol. II. Pergamon Press. pp. 13–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080168128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080168128"><bdi>978-0080168128</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/278011135">278011135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Effects%2C+Duration+of+Action+and+Metabolism+in+Man&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+of+the+Endocrine+System+and+Related+Drugs%3A+Progesterone%2C+Progestational+Drugs+and+Antifertility+Agents&rft.pages=13-24&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1972-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F278011135&rft.isbn=978-0080168128&rft.aulast=Ferin&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNv5sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HenzlEdwards1999u-221"><a href="#cite_ref-HenzlEdwards1999u_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzlEdwards1999" class="citation book cs1">Henzl MR, Edwards JA (10 November 1999). "Pharmacology of Progestins: 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Derivatives and Progestins of the First and Second Generation". In Sitruk-Ware R, Mishell DR (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJJHsJASekC">Progestins and Antiprogestins in Clinical Practice</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 101–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8291-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+Progestins%3A+17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone+Derivatives+and+Progestins+of+the+First+and+Second+Generation&rft.btitle=Progestins+and+Antiprogestins+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=101-132&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999-11-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8291-7&rft.aulast=Henzl&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Edwards%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGJJHsJASekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brotherton1976-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Brotherton1976_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotherton1976" class="citation book cs1">Brotherton J (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt5sAAAAMAAJ">Sex Hormone Pharmacology</a>. Academic Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-137250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-137250-7"><bdi>978-0-12-137250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Hormone+Pharmacology&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-12-137250-7&rft.aulast=Brotherton&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt5sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8013220-223"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8013220_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSang1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sang GW (April 1994). "Pharmacodynamic effects of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 361–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-7824%2894%2990033-7">10.1016/0010-7824(94)90033-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8013220">8013220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Pharmacodynamic+effects+of+once-a-month+combined+injectable+contraceptives&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-385&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-7824%2894%2990033-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8013220&rft.aulast=Sang&rft.aufirst=GW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8013216-224"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8013216_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToppozada1994" class="citation journal cs1">Toppozada MK (April 1994). "Existing once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives". Contraception. 49 (4): 293–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-7824%2894%2990029-9">10.1016/0010-7824(94)90029-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8013216">8013216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Existing+once-a-month+combined+injectable+contraceptives&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=293-301&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-7824%2894%2990029-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8013216&rft.aulast=Toppozada&rft.aufirst=MK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goebelsmann1986-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Goebelsmann1986_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebelsmann1986" class="citation book cs1">Goebelsmann U (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dnTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">"Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids in Humans"</a>. In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive Steroids: Pharmacology and Safety. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 67–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-2241-2_4">10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-2241-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-2241-2"><bdi>978-1-4613-2241-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+of+Contraceptive+Steroids+in+Humans&rft.btitle=Contraceptive+Steroids%3A+Pharmacology+and+Safety&rft.pages=67-111&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-2241-2_4&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-2241-2&rft.aulast=Goebelsmann&rft.aufirst=U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dnTBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeckerDüsterberg1980-226"><a href="#cite_ref-BeckerDüsterberg1980_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerDüsterbergKlosterhalfen1980" class="citation journal cs1">Becker H, Düsterberg B, Klosterhalfen H (1980). "[Bioavailability of cyproterone acetate after oral and intramuscular application in men (author's transl)]" [Bioavailability of Cyproterone Acetate after Oral and Intramuscular Application in Men]. Urologia Internationalis. 35 (6): 381–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000280353">10.1159/000280353</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6452729">6452729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urologia+Internationalis&rft.atitle=%5BBioavailability+of+cyproterone+acetate+after+oral+and+intramuscular+application+in+men+%28author%27s+transl%29%5D&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=381-385&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000280353&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6452729&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=D%C3%BCsterberg%2C+B&rft.au=Klosterhalfen%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoltzHaase2008-227"><a href="#cite_ref-MoltzHaase2008_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoltzHaaseSchwartzHammerstein1983" class="citation journal cs1">Moltz L, Haase F, Schwartz U, Hammerstein J (May 1983). "[Treatment of virilized women with intramuscular administration of cyproterone acetate]" [Efficacy of Intra muscularly Applied Cyproterone Acetate in Hyperandrogenism]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. 43 (5): 281–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2008-1036893">10.1055/s-2008-1036893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6223851">6223851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geburtshilfe+und+Frauenheilkunde&rft.atitle=%5BTreatment+of+virilized+women+with+intramuscular+administration+of+cyproterone+acetate%5D&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=281-287&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2008-1036893&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6223851&rft.aulast=Moltz&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Haase%2C+F&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+U&rft.au=Hammerstein%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WrightBurgess2012-228"><a href="#cite_ref-WrightBurgess2012_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightBurgess2012" class="citation book cs1">Wright JC, Burgess DJ (29 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36nkGjEGEToC&pg=PA114">Long Acting Injections and Implants</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 114–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0554-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0554-2"><bdi>978-1-4614-0554-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Acting+Injections+and+Implants&rft.pages=114-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0554-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Burgess%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36nkGjEGEToC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChuLi1986-229"><a href="#cite_ref-ChuLi1986_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuLiZhao1986" class="citation journal cs1">Chu YH, Li Q, Zhao ZF (April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GLYZ198604003.htm">"Pharmacokinetics of megestrol acetate in women receiving IM injection of estradiol-megestrol long-acting injectable contraceptive"</a>. The Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. <q>The results showed that after injection the concentration of plasma MA increased rapidly. The meantime of peak plasma MA level was 3rd day, there was a linear relationship between log of plasma MA concentration and time (day) after administration in all subjects, elimination phase half-life t1/2β = 14.35 ± 9.1 days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chinese+Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+of+megestrol+acetate+in+women+receiving+IM+injection+of+estradiol-megestrol+long-acting+injectable+contraceptive&rft.date=1986-04&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=YH&rft.au=Li%2C+Q&rft.au=Zhao%2C+ZF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-GLYZ198604003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012-230"><a href="#cite_ref-RunnebaumRabe2012_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunnebaumRabeKiesel2012" class="citation book cs1">Runnebaum BC, Rabe T, Kiesel L (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtT6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA429">Female Contraception: Update and Trends</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 429–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73790-9"><bdi>978-3-642-73790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Contraception%3A+Update+and+Trends&rft.pages=429-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-73790-9&rft.aulast=Runnebaum&rft.aufirst=BC&rft.au=Rabe%2C+T&rft.au=Kiesel%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtT6CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtiniGenazzani2001-231"><a href="#cite_ref-ArtiniGenazzani2001_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtiniGenazzaniPetraglia2001" class="citation book cs1">Artini PG, Genazzani AR, Petraglia F (11 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dknDdAonzlUC&pg=PA105">Advances in Gynecological Endocrinology</a>. CRC Press. pp. 105–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84214-071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84214-071-0"><bdi>978-1-84214-071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Gynecological+Endocrinology&rft.pages=105-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-84214-071-0&rft.aulast=Artini&rft.aufirst=PG&rft.au=Genazzani%2C+AR&rft.au=Petraglia%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdknDdAonzlUC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingBrucker2013-232"><a href="#cite_ref-KingBrucker2013_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingBruckerKriebsFahey2013" class="citation book cs1">King TL, Brucker MC, Kriebs JM, Fahey JO (21 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbaNAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA495">Varney's Midwifery</a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 495–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-02542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-02542-2"><bdi>978-1-284-02542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varney%27s+Midwifery&rft.pages=495-&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.isbn=978-1-284-02542-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=TL&rft.au=Brucker%2C+MC&rft.au=Kriebs%2C+JM&rft.au=Fahey%2C+JO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbaNAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10997774-242"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10997774_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_LignièresSilberstein2000" class="citation journal cs1">de Lignières B, Silberstein S (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-2982.2000.00042.x">"Pharmacodynamics of oestrogens and progestogens"</a>. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache. 20 (3): 200–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-2982.2000.00042.x">10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00042.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10997774">10997774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40392817">40392817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cephalalgia%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Headache&rft.atitle=Pharmacodynamics+of+oestrogens+and+progestogens&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=200-7&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40392817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10997774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1468-2982.2000.00042.x&rft.aulast=de+Ligni%C3%A8res&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Silberstein%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1468-2982.2000.00042.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15752663-243"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15752663_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChassardSchatz2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chassard D, Schatz B (2005). "[The antigonadrotropic activity of chlormadinone acetate in reproductive women]". Gynécologie, Obstétrique & Fertilité (in French). 33 (1–2): 29–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gyobfe.2004.12.002">10.1016/j.gyobfe.2004.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15752663">15752663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gyn%C3%A9cologie%2C+Obst%C3%A9trique+%26+Fertilit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=%5BThe+antigonadrotropic+activity+of+chlormadinone+acetate+in+reproductive+women%5D&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=29-34&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gyobfe.2004.12.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15752663&rft.aulast=Chassard&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Schatz%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12641635-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12641635_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12641635_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradyAndersonKinniburghBaird2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brady BM, Anderson RA, Kinniburgh D, Baird DT (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2265.2003.01751.x">"Demonstration of progesterone receptor-mediated gonadotrophin suppression in the human male"</a>. Clinical Endocrinology. 58 (4): 506–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2265.2003.01751.x">10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01751.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12641635">12641635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12567639">12567639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Demonstration+of+progesterone+receptor-mediated+gonadotrophin+suppression+in+the+human+male&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=506-12&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12567639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12641635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2265.2003.01751.x&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=BM&rft.au=Anderson%2C+RA&rft.au=Kinniburgh%2C+D&rft.au=Baird%2C+DT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2265.2003.01751.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid368741-245"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid368741_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann_F1978" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann F (1978). "The physiological action of progesterone and the pharmacological effects of progestogens--a short review". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 54 (Suppl 2): 11–24. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/368741">368741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+physiological+action+of+progesterone+and+the+pharmacological+effects+of+progestogens--a+short+review&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=11-24&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F368741&rft.au=Neumann+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeinKavoussi2011-246"><a href="#cite_ref-WeinKavoussi2011_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinKavoussiNovickPartin2011" class="citation book cs1">Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fu3BBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2938">Campbell-Walsh Urology: Expert Consult Premium Edition: Enhanced Online Features and Print, 4-Volume Set</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2938–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6911-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6911-9"><bdi>978-1-4160-6911-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campbell-Walsh+Urology%3A+Expert+Consult+Premium+Edition%3A+Enhanced+Online+Features+and+Print%2C+4-Volume+Set&rft.pages=2938-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9&rft.aulast=Wein&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Kavoussi%2C+LR&rft.au=Novick%2C+AC&rft.au=Partin%2C+AW&rft.au=Peters%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfu3BBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid519881-247"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid519881_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjeldPuahKaufmanLoizou1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kjeld JM, Puah CM, Kaufman B, Loizou S, Vlotides J, Gwee HM, Kahn F, Sood R, Joplin GF (1979). "Effects of norgestrel and ethinyloestradiol ingestion on serum levels of sex hormones and gonadotrophins in men". Clinical Endocrinology. 11 (5): 497–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.1979.tb03102.x">10.1111/j.1365-2265.1979.tb03102.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/519881">519881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5836155">5836155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+norgestrel+and+ethinyloestradiol+ingestion+on+serum+levels+of+sex+hormones+and+gonadotrophins+in+men&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=497-504&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5836155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F519881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2265.1979.tb03102.x&rft.aulast=Kjeld&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Puah%2C+CM&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+B&rft.au=Loizou%2C+S&rft.au=Vlotides%2C+J&rft.au=Gwee%2C+HM&rft.au=Kahn%2C+F&rft.au=Sood%2C+R&rft.au=Joplin%2C+GF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urotext2001-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Urotext2001_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrotext2001" class="citation book cs1">Urotext (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zjtA37qDsMC&pg=PA71">Urotext-Luts: Urology</a>. Urotext. pp. 71–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903737-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903737-03-3"><bdi>978-1-903737-03-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urotext-Luts%3A+Urology&rft.pages=71-&rft.pub=Urotext&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-903737-03-3&rft.au=Urotext&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zjtA37qDsMC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7000222-249"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7000222_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobiAltweinKurthBasting1980" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobi GH, Altwein JE, Kurth KH, Basting R, Hohenfellner R (1980). "Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer with parenteral cyproterone acetate: a phase III randomised trial". Br J Urol. 52 (3): 208–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410x.1980.tb02961.x">10.1111/j.1464-410x.1980.tb02961.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7000222">7000222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Urol&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+advanced+prostatic+cancer+with+parenteral+cyproterone+acetate%3A+a+phase+III+randomised+trial&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208-15&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410x.1980.tb02961.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7000222&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=GH&rft.au=Altwein%2C+JE&rft.au=Kurth%2C+KH&rft.au=Basting%2C+R&rft.au=Hohenfellner%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorskyPresl2012-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl2012_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl2012_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl2012_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._HorskyJ._Presl2012" class="citation book cs1">J. Horsky, J. Presl (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA329">Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 329–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9"><bdi>978-94-009-8195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovarian+Function+and+its+Disorders%3A+Diagnosis+and+Therapy&rft.pages=329-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8195-9&rft.au=J.+Horsky&rft.au=J.+Presl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IrpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BullockBardin1977-251"><a href="#cite_ref-BullockBardin1977_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullockBardin1977" class="citation journal cs1">Bullock LP, Bardin CW (March 1977). "Androgenic, synandrogenic, and antiandrogenic actions of progestins". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 286 (1 Biochemical A): 321–330. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977NYASA.286..321B">1977NYASA.286..321B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1977.tb29427.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb29427.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/281183">281183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33611807">33611807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Androgenic%2C+synandrogenic%2C+and+antiandrogenic+actions+of+progestins&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=1+Biochemical+A&rft.pages=321-330&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1977.tb29427.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33611807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F281183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977NYASA.286..321B&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=LP&rft.au=Bardin%2C+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darney1995-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darney1995_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darney1995_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darney1995_252-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarney1995" class="citation journal cs1">Darney PD (January 1995). "The androgenicity of progestins". The American Journal of Medicine. 98 (1A): 104S–110S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2899%2980067-9">10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80067-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7825629">7825629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+androgenicity+of+progestins&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1A&rft.pages=104S-110S&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2899%2980067-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7825629&rft.aulast=Darney&rft.aufirst=PD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CampagnoliClavel-Chapelon2005-253"><a href="#cite_ref-CampagnoliClavel-Chapelon2005_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampagnoliClavel-ChapelonKaaksPeris2005" class="citation journal cs1">Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Peris C, Berrino F (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1974841">"Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer"</a>. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 96 (2): 95–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2005.02.014">10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.02.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1974841">1974841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15908197">15908197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Steroid+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Progestins+and+progesterone+in+hormone+replacement+therapy+and+the+risk+of+breast+cancer&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-108&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1974841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15908197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2005.02.014&rft.aulast=Campagnoli&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Clavel-Chapelon%2C+F&rft.au=Kaaks%2C+R&rft.au=Peris%2C+C&rft.au=Berrino%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1974841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HugdahlWesterhausen2010-254"><a href="#cite_ref-HugdahlWesterhausen2010_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_HugdahlRené_Westerhausen2010" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Hugdahl, René Westerhausen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v0RsKYmpe0UC&pg=PA272">The Two Halves of the Brain: Information Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres</a>. MIT Press. pp. 272–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01413-7"><bdi>978-0-262-01413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Halves+of+the+Brain%3A+Information+Processing+in+the+Cerebral+Hemispheres&rft.pages=272-&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01413-7&rft.au=Kenneth+Hugdahl&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Westerhausen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0RsKYmpe0UC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14670641k-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14670641k_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14670641k_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindlerCampagnoliDruckmannHuber2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH (December 2003). "Classification and pharmacology of progestins". Maturitas. 46 (Suppl 1): S7–S16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.09.014">10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14670641">14670641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Classification+and+pharmacology+of+progestins&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S7-S16&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.09.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14670641&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Campagnoli%2C+C&rft.au=Druckmann%2C+R&rft.au=Huber%2C+J&rft.au=Pasqualini%2C+JR&rft.au=Schweppe%2C+KW&rft.au=Thijssen%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsFoye2002-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsFoye2002_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsFoye2002_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsFoye2002_256-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._WilliamsWilliam_O._FoyeThomas_L._Lemke2002" class="citation book cs1">David A. Williams, William O. Foye, Thomas L. Lemke (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLJ6Bs1Qml4C&pg=PA700">Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 700–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30737-5"><bdi>978-0-683-30737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foye%27s+Principles+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=700-&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=978-0-683-30737-5&rft.au=David+A.+Williams&rft.au=William+O.+Foye&rft.au=Thomas+L.+Lemke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLJ6Bs1Qml4C%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azziz2007-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azziz2007_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azziz2007_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azziz2007_257-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicardo_Azziz2007" class="citation book cs1">Ricardo Azziz (8 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch-BsGAOtucC&pg=PA124">Androgen Excess Disorders in Women</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59745-179-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59745-179-6"><bdi>978-1-59745-179-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Androgen+Excess+Disorders+in+Women&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-59745-179-6&rft.au=Ricardo+Azziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCh-BsGAOtucC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentley1980-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bentley1980_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bentley1980_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._J._Bentley1980" class="citation book cs1">P. J. Bentley (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6M9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4">Endocrine Pharmacology: Physiological Basis and Therapeutic Applications</a>. CUP Archive. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22673-8"><bdi>978-0-521-22673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrine+Pharmacology%3A+Physiological+Basis+and+Therapeutic+Applications&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22673-8&rft.au=P.+J.+Bentley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6M9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sengupta2007-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta2007_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2007" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELkWa34eBz4C&pg=PA137">Gynaecology For Postgraduate And Practitioners</a>. Elsevier India. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-0436-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-312-0436-8"><bdi>978-81-312-0436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gynaecology+For+Postgraduate+And+Practitioners&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=Elsevier+India&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-312-0436-8&rft.au=Sengupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELkWa34eBz4C%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferin1962-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferin1962_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerin1962" class="citation journal cs1">Ferin J (January 1962). "Artificial induction of hypo-oestrogenic amenorrhea with methylestrenolone, or with lynestrenol". Acta Endocrinologica. 39 (1): 47–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.0390047">10.1530/acta.0.0390047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13892354">13892354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinologica&rft.atitle=Artificial+induction+of+hypo-oestrogenic+amenorrhea+with+methylestrenolone%2C+or+with+lynestrenol&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-67&rft.date=1962-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.0390047&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13892354&rft.aulast=Ferin&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaundersDrill1956-261"><a href="#cite_ref-SaundersDrill1956_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaundersDrill1956" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders FJ, Drill VA (May 1956). "The myotrophic and androgenic effects of 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone and related compounds". Endocrinology. 58 (5): 567–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-58-5-567">10.1210/endo-58-5-567</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13317831">13317831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=The+myotrophic+and+androgenic+effects+of+17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone+and+related+compounds&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=567-572&rft.date=1956-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo-58-5-567&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13317831&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=FJ&rft.au=Drill%2C+VA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TashjianArmstrong2011-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TashjianArmstrong2011_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TashjianArmstrong2011_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TashjianArmstrong2011_262-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmen_H._TashjianEhrin_J._Armstrong2011" class="citation book cs1">Armen H. Tashjian, Ehrin J. Armstrong (21 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjCCMZHInigC&pg=PA523">Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 523–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1805-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1805-6"><bdi>978-1-4511-1805-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Pharmacology%3A+The+Pathophysiologic+Basis+of+Drug+Therapy&rft.pages=523-&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-1805-6&rft.au=Armen+H.+Tashjian&rft.au=Ehrin+J.+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjCCMZHInigC%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_GooyerDeckers2003-263"><a href="#cite_ref-de_GooyerDeckers2003_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GooyerDeckersSchoonenVerheul2003" class="citation journal cs1">de Gooyer ME, Deckers GH, Schoonen WG, Verheul HA, Kloosterboer HJ (January 2003). "Receptor profiling and endocrine interactions of tibolone". Steroids. 68 (1): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-128X%2802%2900112-5">10.1016/S0039-128X(02)00112-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12475720">12475720</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40426061">40426061</a>. <q>[Norethisterone] has similar and [norethynodrel] weaker androgenic effects compared to tibolone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Receptor+profiling+and+endocrine+interactions+of+tibolone&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40426061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12475720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-128X%2802%2900112-5&rft.aulast=de+Gooyer&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Deckers%2C+GH&rft.au=Schoonen%2C+WG&rft.au=Verheul%2C+HA&rft.au=Kloosterboer%2C+HJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3543501-264"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3543501_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaynaudOjasoo1986" class="citation journal cs1">Raynaud JP, Ojasoo T (1986). "The design and use of sex-steroid antagonists". J. Steroid Biochem. 25 (5B): 811–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-4731%2886%2990313-4">10.1016/0022-4731(86)90313-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3543501">3543501</a>. <q>Similar androgenic potential is inherent to norethisterone and its prodrugs (norethisterone acetate, ethynodiol diacetate, lynestrenol, norethynodrel, quingestanol).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Steroid+Biochem.&rft.atitle=The+design+and+use+of+sex-steroid+antagonists&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5B&rft.pages=811-33&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-4731%2886%2990313-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3543501&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Ojasoo%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhuri2007-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri2007_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri2007_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2007" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzanxKlcU74C&pg=PA122">Practice Of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual</a> (7Th ed.). Elsevier India. pp. 122–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-1150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-312-1150-2"><bdi>978-81-312-1150-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practice+Of+Fertility+Control%3A+A+Comprehensive+Manual&rft.pages=122-&rft.edition=7Th&rft.pub=Elsevier+India&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-312-1150-2&rft.au=Chaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzanxKlcU74C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8808163-266"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8808163_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (1996). "Comparative pharmacology of newer progestogens". Drugs. 51 (2): 188–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-199651020-00002">10.2165/00003495-199651020-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8808163">8808163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1019532">1019532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Comparative+pharmacology+of+newer+progestogens&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-215&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1019532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8808163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003495-199651020-00002&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OffermannsRosenthal2008-267"><a href="#cite_ref-OffermannsRosenthal2008_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffermannsRosenthal2008" class="citation book cs1">Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (14 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iwwo5gx8aX8C&pg=PA391">Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 391–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-38916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-38916-3"><bdi>978-3-540-38916-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Molecular+Pharmacology&rft.pages=391-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.isbn=978-3-540-38916-3&rft.aulast=Offermanns&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diwwo5gx8aX8C%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks2001-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Marks2001_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLara_Marks2001" class="citation book cs1">Lara Marks (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgvLA3bqwnoC&pg=PA77">Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 73–75, 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08943-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08943-1"><bdi>978-0-300-08943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Chemistry%3A+A+History+of+the+Contraceptive+Pill&rft.pages=73-75%2C+77-78&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08943-1&rft.au=Lara+Marks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgvLA3bqwnoC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13753182-269"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13753182_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorn1961" class="citation journal cs1">Korn GW (March 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1939348">"The use of norethynodrel (enovid) in clinical practice"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 84 (11): 584–587. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1939348">1939348</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13753182">13753182</a>. <q>Pseudohermaphroditism should not be a problem in these patients as it appears that norethynodrel does not possess androgenic properties, but it is believed that Wilkins has now found one such case in a patient who has been on norethynodrel therapy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=The+use+of+norethynodrel+%28enovid%29+in+clinical+practice&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=584-587&rft.date=1961-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1939348%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13753182&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=GW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1939348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12475720-270"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12475720_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GooyerDeckersSchoonenVerheul2003" class="citation journal cs1">de Gooyer ME, Deckers GH, Schoonen WG, Verheul HA, Kloosterboer HJ (January 2003). "Receptor profiling and endocrine interactions of tibolone". Steroids. 68 (1): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0039-128x%2802%2900112-5">10.1016/s0039-128x(02)00112-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12475720">12475720</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40426061">40426061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Receptor+profiling+and+endocrine+interactions+of+tibolone&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40426061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12475720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0039-128x%2802%2900112-5&rft.aulast=de+Gooyer&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Deckers%2C+GH&rft.au=Schoonen%2C+WG&rft.au=Verheul%2C+HA&rft.au=Kloosterboer%2C+HJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuggieriMatscher1965-271"><a href="#cite_ref-RuggieriMatscher1965_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_RuggieriMatscherLupoSpazzoli1965" class="citation journal cs1">de Ruggieri P, Matscher R, Lupo C, Spazzoli G (1965). "Biological properties of 17α-vinyl-5(10)-estrene-17β-ol-3-one (norvinodrel) as a progestational and claudogenic compound". Steroids. 5 (1): 73–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-128X%2865%2990133-9">10.1016/0039-128X(65)90133-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-128X">0039-128X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Biological+properties+of+17%CE%B1-vinyl-5%2810%29-estrene-17%CE%B2-ol-3-one+%28norvinodrel%29+as+a+progestational+and+claudogenic+compound&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-91&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-128X%2865%2990133-9&rft.issn=0039-128X&rft.aulast=de+Ruggieri&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Matscher%2C+R&rft.au=Lupo%2C+C&rft.au=Spazzoli%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimpsonWeiner1997-272"><a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonWeiner1997_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._SimpsonE._S._C._Weiner1997" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series</a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860027-5"><bdi>978-0-19-860027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Additions+Series&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860027-5&rft.au=J.+A.+Simpson&rft.au=E.+S.+C.+Weiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUGcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JUCKER2013-273"><a href="#cite_ref-JUCKER2013_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJUCKER2013" class="citation book cs1">JUCKER (8 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BH4ECAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166">Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progress in Drug Research / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques</a>. Birkhäuser. pp. 166–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-7053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-7053-5"><bdi>978-3-0348-7053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortschritte+der+Arzneimittelforschung+%2F+Progress+in+Drug+Research+%2F+Progr%C3%A8s+des+recherches+pharmaceutiques&rft.pages=166-&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.isbn=978-3-0348-7053-5&rft.au=JUCKER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBH4ECAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AcademicPress1989-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicPress1989_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicPress1989_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrALiG-4t7UC&pg=PA199">Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry</a>. Academic Press. 8 September 1989. pp. 199–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-058368-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-058368-6"><bdi>978-0-08-058368-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Reports+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=199-&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1989-09-08&rft.isbn=978-0-08-058368-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrALiG-4t7UC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12600226-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12600226_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12600226_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12600226_275-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaudrantRabe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Raudrant D, Rabe T (2003). "Progestogens with antiandrogenic properties". Drugs. 63 (5): 463–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-200363050-00003">10.2165/00003495-200363050-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12600226">12600226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28436828">28436828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Progestogens+with+antiandrogenic+properties&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=463-492&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28436828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12600226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003495-200363050-00003&rft.aulast=Raudrant&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Rabe%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14644837-276"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14644837_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider HP (November 2003). "Androgens and antiandrogens". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 997 (1): 292–306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NYASA.997..292S">2003NYASA.997..292S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1290.033">10.1196/annals.1290.033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14644837">14644837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8400556">8400556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Androgens+and+antiandrogens&rft.volume=997&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=292-306&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1290.033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8400556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14644837&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NYASA.997..292S&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=HP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BotellaParis1987-277"><a href="#cite_ref-BotellaParis1987_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotellaParisLahlou1987" class="citation journal cs1">Botella J, Paris J, Lahlou B (August 1987). "The cellular mechanism of the antiandrogenic action of nomegestrol acetate, a new 19-nor progestagen, on the rat prostate". Acta Endocrinologica. 115 (4): 544–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.1150544">10.1530/acta.0.1150544</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3630545">3630545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinologica&rft.atitle=The+cellular+mechanism+of+the+antiandrogenic+action+of+nomegestrol+acetate%2C+a+new+19-nor+progestagen%2C+on+the+rat+prostate&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-550&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.1150544&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3630545&rft.aulast=Botella&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Paris%2C+J&rft.au=Lahlou%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2256526-278"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2256526_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerstein1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hammerstein J (1990). "Prodrugs: advantage or disadvantage?". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163 (6 Pt 2): 2198–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9378%2890%2990561-K">10.1016/0002-9378(90)90561-K</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2256526">2256526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Obstet.+Gynecol.&rft.atitle=Prodrugs%3A+advantage+or+disadvantage%3F&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=2198-203&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0002-9378%2890%2990561-K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2256526&rft.aulast=Hammerstein&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13942007-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid13942007_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid13942007_279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsenLeachLanmanGoldston1962" class="citation journal cs1">Paulsen CA, Leach RB, Lanman J, Goldston N, Maddock WO, Heller CG (1962). "Inherent estrogenicity of norethindrone and norethynodrel: comparison with other synthetic progestins and progesterone". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 22 (10): 1033–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-22-10-1033">10.1210/jcem-22-10-1033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13942007">13942007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.atitle=Inherent+estrogenicity+of+norethindrone+and+norethynodrel%3A+comparison+with+other+synthetic+progestins+and+progesterone&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1033-9&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-22-10-1033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13942007&rft.aulast=Paulsen&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Leach%2C+RB&rft.au=Lanman%2C+J&rft.au=Goldston%2C+N&rft.au=Maddock%2C+WO&rft.au=Heller%2C+CG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeumannDuesterberg1988-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NeumannDuesterberg1988_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NeumannDuesterberg1988_280-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumannDüsterbergLaurent1988" class="citation book cs1">Neumann F, Düsterberg B, Laurent H (1988). "Development of Progestogens". Female Contraception. pp. 129–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-73790-9_11">10.1007/978-3-642-73790-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73792-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73792-3"><bdi>978-3-642-73792-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+Progestogens&rft.btitle=Female+Contraception&rft.pages=129-140&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-73790-9_11&rft.isbn=978-3-642-73792-3&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=D%C3%BCsterberg%2C+B&rft.au=Laurent%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey1996-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey1996_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey1996_281-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1996" class="citation book cs1">Harvey PW (28 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifDqvypO4ikC&pg=PA284">Adrenal in Toxicology: Target Organ and Modulator of Toxicity</a>. CRC Press. pp. 284–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0330-1"><bdi>978-0-7484-0330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adrenal+in+Toxicology%3A+Target+Organ+and+Modulator+of+Toxicity&rft.pages=284-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7484-0330-1&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=PW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DifDqvypO4ikC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CuschieriHanna2015-282"><a href="#cite_ref-CuschieriHanna2015_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuschieriHanna2015" class="citation book cs1">Cuschieri A, Hanna G (20 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2EDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA899">Essential Surgical Practice: Higher Surgical Training in General Surgery, Fifth Edition</a>. CRC Press. pp. 899–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-3763-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-3763-7"><bdi>978-1-4441-3763-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Surgical+Practice%3A+Higher+Surgical+Training+in+General+Surgery%2C+Fifth+Edition&rft.pages=899-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-3763-7&rft.aulast=Cuschieri&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hanna%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2EDCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas1997-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1997_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Thomas1997" class="citation book cs1">John A. Thomas (12 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URc5JMoNirgC&pg=PA152">Endocrine Toxicology, Second Edition</a>. CRC Press. pp. 152–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1048-4"><bdi>978-1-4398-1048-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrine+Toxicology%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-1048-4&rft.au=John+A.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURc5JMoNirgC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PanayBriggs2015-284"><a href="#cite_ref-PanayBriggs2015_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_PanayPaula_BriggsGab_Kovacs2015" class="citation book cs1">Nick Panay, Paula Briggs, Gab Kovacs (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0pLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">Managing the Menopause</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-45182-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-45182-7"><bdi>978-1-107-45182-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+the+Menopause&rft.pages=126-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-107-45182-7&rft.au=Nick+Panay&rft.au=Paula+Briggs&rft.au=Gab+Kovacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0pLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meis2005-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Meis2005_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meis PJ (May 2005). "17 hydroxyprogesterone for the prevention of preterm delivery". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 105 (5 Pt 1): 1128–1135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000160432.95395.8f">10.1097/01.AOG.0000160432.95395.8f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15863556">15863556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=17+hydroxyprogesterone+for+the+prevention+of+preterm+delivery&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=5+Pt+1&rft.pages=1128-1135&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000160432.95395.8f&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15863556&rft.aulast=Meis&rft.aufirst=PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16112947u-286"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16112947u_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kuhl H (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf">"Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration"</a> (PDF). Climacteric. 8 Suppl 1: 3–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130500148875">10.1080/13697130500148875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16112947">16112947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24616324">24616324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+estrogens+and+progestogens%3A+influence+of+different+routes+of+administration&rft.volume=8+Suppl+1&rft.pages=3-63&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24616324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16112947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130500148875&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhormonebalance.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2FKuhl%252005%2520%2520Pharm%2520Estro%2520Progest%2520Climacteric_1313155660.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32234237-287"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32234237_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouw-du_ToitHapgoodAfricander2020" class="citation journal cs1">Louw-du Toit R, Hapgood JP, Africander D (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7287572">"A direct comparison of the transcriptional activities of progestins used in contraception and menopausal hormone therapy via the mineralocorticoid receptor"</a>. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 526 (2): 466–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2020.03.100">10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7287572">7287572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32234237">32234237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem.+Biophys.+Res.+Commun.&rft.atitle=A+direct+comparison+of+the+transcriptional+activities+of+progestins+used+in+contraception+and+menopausal+hormone+therapy+via+the+mineralocorticoid+receptor&rft.volume=526&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=466-471&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7287572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32234237&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2020.03.100&rft.aulast=Louw-du+Toit&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Hapgood%2C+JP&rft.au=Africander%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7287572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12659403-288"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12659403_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOelkers2002" class="citation journal cs1">Oelkers W (2002). "Antimineralocorticoid activity of a novel oral contraceptive containing drospirenone, a unique progestogen resembling natural progesterone". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 7 (Suppl 3): 19–26, discussion 42–3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12659403">12659403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Contracept+Reprod+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Antimineralocorticoid+activity+of+a+novel+oral+contraceptive+containing+drospirenone%2C+a+unique+progestogen+resembling+natural+progesterone&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=19-26%2C+discussion+42-3&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12659403&rft.aulast=Oelkers&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18075844-289"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18075844_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoidartFaustmann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Foidart JM, Faustmann T (2007). "Advances in hormone replacement therapy: weight benefits of drospirenone, a 17alpha-spirolactone-derived progestogen". Gynecol. Endocrinol. 23 (12): 692–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09513590701582323">10.1080/09513590701582323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18075844">18075844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12572825">12572825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecol.+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=Advances+in+hormone+replacement+therapy%3A+weight+benefits+of+drospirenone%2C+a+17alpha-spirolactone-derived+progestogen&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=692-9&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12572825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18075844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09513590701582323&rft.aulast=Foidart&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Faustmann%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17364593-290"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17364593_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenazzaniMannellaSimoncini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Genazzani AR, Mannella P, Simoncini T (2007). "Drospirenone and its antialdosterone properties". Climacteric. 10 (Suppl 1): 11–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130601114891">10.1080/13697130601114891</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364593">17364593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24872884">24872884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Drospirenone+and+its+antialdosterone+properties&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=11-8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24872884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17364593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130601114891&rft.aulast=Genazzani&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Mannella%2C+P&rft.au=Simoncini%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16949774-291"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16949774_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalaciosFoidartGenazzani2006" class="citation journal cs1">Palacios S, Foidart JM, Genazzani AR (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/9932">"Advances in hormone replacement therapy with drospirenone, a unique progestogen with aldosterone receptor antagonism"</a>. Maturitas. 55 (4): 297–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2006.07.009">10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.07.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F9932">2268/9932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16949774">16949774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Advances+in+hormone+replacement+therapy+with+drospirenone%2C+a+unique+progestogen+with+aldosterone+receptor+antagonism&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-307&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F9932&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16949774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2006.07.009&rft.aulast=Palacios&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Foidart%2C+JM&rft.au=Genazzani%2C+AR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbi.ulg.ac.be%2Fhandle%2F2268%2F9932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9927618-292"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9927618_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlantonXieDangottCohen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Blanton MP, Xie Y, Dangott LJ, Cohen JB (February 1999). "The steroid promegestone is a noncompetitive antagonist of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that interacts with the lipid-protein interface". Mol. Pharmacol. 55 (2): 269–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmol.55.2.269">10.1124/mol.55.2.269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9927618">9927618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:491327">491327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Pharmacol.&rft.atitle=The+steroid+promegestone+is+a+noncompetitive+antagonist+of+the+Torpedo+nicotinic+acetylcholine+receptor+that+interacts+with+the+lipid-protein+interface&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-78&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A491327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9927618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fmol.55.2.269&rft.aulast=Blanton&rft.aufirst=MP&rft.au=Xie%2C+Y&rft.au=Dangott%2C+LJ&rft.au=Cohen%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23758160-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23758160_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23758160_293-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeubauerMaZhouYu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Neubauer H, Ma Q, Zhou J, Yu Q, Ruan X, Seeger H, Fehm T, Mueck AO (October 2013). "Possible role of PGRMC1 in breast cancer development". Climacteric. 16 (5): 509–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13697137.2013.800038">10.3109/13697137.2013.800038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23758160">23758160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29808177">29808177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Possible+role+of+PGRMC1+in+breast+cancer+development&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=509-13&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29808177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23758160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13697137.2013.800038&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Ma%2C+Q&rft.au=Zhou%2C+J&rft.au=Yu%2C+Q&rft.au=Ruan%2C+X&rft.au=Seeger%2C+H&rft.au=Fehm%2C+T&rft.au=Mueck%2C+AO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22335423-294"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22335423_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuanNeubauerYangSchneck2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ruan X, Neubauer H, Yang Y, Schneck H, Schultz S, Fehm T, Cahill MA, Seeger H, Mueck AO (October 2012). "Progestogens and membrane-initiated effects on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells". Climacteric. 15 (5): 467–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13697137.2011.648232">10.3109/13697137.2011.648232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22335423">22335423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11302554">11302554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Progestogens+and+membrane-initiated+effects+on+the+proliferation+of+human+breast+cancer+cells&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=467-72&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11302554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22335423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13697137.2011.648232&rft.aulast=Ruan&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Neubauer%2C+H&rft.au=Yang%2C+Y&rft.au=Schneck%2C+H&rft.au=Schultz%2C+S&rft.au=Fehm%2C+T&rft.au=Cahill%2C+MA&rft.au=Seeger%2C+H&rft.au=Mueck%2C+AO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31512725-295"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31512725_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrabertShermanKannanStanczyk2019" class="citation journal cs1">Trabert B, Sherman ME, Kannan N, Stanczyk FZ (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156851">"Progesterone and breast cancer"</a>. Endocr. Rev. 41 (2): 320–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendrev%2Fbnz001">10.1210/endrev/bnz001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156851">7156851</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31512725">31512725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocr.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Progesterone+and+breast+cancer&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=320-344&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7156851%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31512725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendrev%2Fbnz001&rft.aulast=Trabert&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Sherman%2C+ME&rft.au=Kannan%2C+N&rft.au=Stanczyk%2C+FZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7156851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8842581-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8842581_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8842581_296-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8842581_296-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotherby1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fotherby K (August 1996). "Bioavailability of orally administered sex steroids used in oral contraception and hormone replacement therapy". Contraception. 54 (2): 59–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-7824%2896%2900136-9">10.1016/0010-7824(96)00136-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8842581">8842581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Bioavailability+of+orally+administered+sex+steroids+used+in+oral+contraception+and+hormone+replacement+therapy&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59-69&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-7824%2896%2900136-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8842581&rft.aulast=Fotherby&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2801843-297"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2801843_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargroveMaxsonWentz1989" class="citation journal cs1">Hargrove JT, Maxson WS, Wentz AC (October 1989). "Absorption of oral progesterone is influenced by vehicle and particle size". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161 (4): 948–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9378%2889%2990759-X">10.1016/0002-9378(89)90759-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2801843">2801843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Obstet.+Gynecol.&rft.atitle=Absorption+of+oral+progesterone+is+influenced+by+vehicle+and+particle+size&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=948-51&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0002-9378%2889%2990759-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2801843&rft.aulast=Hargrove&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Maxson%2C+WS&rft.au=Wentz%2C+AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10689005-298"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10689005_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineWatson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Levine H, Watson N (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0015-0282%2899%2900553-1">"Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of Crinone 8% administered vaginally versus Prometrium administered orally in postmenopausal women(3)"</a>. Fertil. Steril. 73 (3): 516–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0015-0282%2899%2900553-1">10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00553-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10689005">10689005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertil.+Steril.&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+pharmacokinetics+of+Crinone+8%25+administered+vaginally+versus+Prometrium+administered+orally+in+postmenopausal+women%283%29&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=516-21&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0015-0282%2899%2900553-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10689005&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Watson%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0015-0282%252899%252900553-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid945344n-299"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid945344n_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAufrèreBenson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Aufrère MB, Benson H (June 1976). "Progesterone: an overview and recent advances". J Pharm Sci. 65 (6): 783–800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjps.2600650602">10.1002/jps.2600650602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/945344">945344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pharm+Sci&rft.atitle=Progesterone%3A+an+overview+and+recent+advances&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=783-800&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjps.2600650602&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F945344&rft.aulast=Aufr%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=MB&rft.au=Benson%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012t-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RunnebaumRabe2012t_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RunnebaumRabe2012t_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenno_Clemens_RunnebaumThomas_RabeLudwig_Kiesel2012" class="citation book cs1">Benno Clemens Runnebaum, Thomas Rabe, Ludwig Kiesel (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtT6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA429">Female Contraception: Update and Trends</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 429–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73790-9"><bdi>978-3-642-73790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Contraception%3A+Update+and+Trends&rft.pages=429-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-73790-9&rft.au=Benno+Clemens+Runnebaum&rft.au=Thomas+Rabe&rft.au=Ludwig+Kiesel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtT6CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnörrBeller2013t-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KnörrBeller2013t_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KnörrBeller2013t_301-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörrKnörr-GärtnerBellerLauritzen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knörr K, Knörr-Gärtner H, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACybBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Lehrbuch der Gynäkologie</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 214–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0"><bdi>978-3-662-00942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Gyn%C3%A4kologie&rft.pages=214-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-3-662-00942-0&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6rr-G%C3%A4rtner%2C+H&rft.au=Beller%2C+FK&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACybBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013t-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013t_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KnörrKnörr-Gärtner2013t_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörrKnörr-GärtnerBellerLauritzen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knörr K, Knörr-Gärtner H, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (8 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpmgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA583">Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 583–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-95583-9"><bdi>978-3-642-95583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geburtshilfe+und+Gyn%C3%A4kologie%3A+Physiologie+und+Pathologie+der+Reproduktion&rft.pages=583-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.isbn=978-3-642-95583-9&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6rr-G%C3%A4rtner%2C+H&rft.au=Beller%2C+FK&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpmgBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labhart2012x-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labhart2012x_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labhart2012x_303-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Labhart2012" class="citation book cs1">A. Labhart (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAgJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">Clinical Endocrinology: Theory and Practice</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 554–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-96158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-96158-8"><bdi>978-3-642-96158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Endocrinology%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=554-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-96158-8&rft.au=A.+Labhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAgJCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorskyPresl1981t-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl1981t_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl1981t_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorskýPresl1981" class="citation book cs1">Horský J, Presl J (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313">"Hormonal Treatment of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle"</a>. In Horsky J, Presl J (eds.). Ovarian Function and its Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 309–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11">10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9"><bdi>978-94-009-8195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Treatment+of+Disorders+of+the+Menstrual+Cycle&rft.btitle=Ovarian+Function+and+its+Disorders&rft.pages=309-332&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8195-9&rft.aulast=Horsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Presl%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IrpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25196424-305"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25196424_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczyk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stanczyk FZ (2014). "Treatment of postmenopausal women with topical progesterone creams and gels: are they effective?". Climacteric. 17 (Suppl 2): 8–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13697137.2014.944496">10.3109/13697137.2014.944496</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25196424">25196424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20019151">20019151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+postmenopausal+women+with+topical+progesterone+creams+and+gels%3A+are+they+effective%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=8-11&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20019151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25196424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13697137.2014.944496&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15772572-306"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15772572_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczykPaulsonRoy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stanczyk FZ, Paulson RJ, Roy S (2005). "Percutaneous administration of progesterone: blood levels and endometrial protection". Menopause. 12 (2): 232–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00042192-200512020-00019">10.1097/00042192-200512020-00019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772572">15772572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10982395">10982395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Menopause&rft.atitle=Percutaneous+administration+of+progesterone%3A+blood+levels+and+endometrial+protection&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=232-7&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10982395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15772572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00042192-200512020-00019&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rft.au=Paulson%2C+RJ&rft.au=Roy%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19434889-307"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19434889_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindlerCampagnoliDruckmannHuber2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.elsevier.com/homepage/sab/womenshealth/doc/journals/maturitas_si/2.pdf">"Classification and pharmacology of progestins"</a> (PDF). Maturitas. 61 (1–2): 171–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2008.11.013">10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19434889">19434889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Classification+and+pharmacology+of+progestins&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=171-80&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2008.11.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19434889&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Campagnoli%2C+C&rft.au=Druckmann%2C+R&rft.au=Huber%2C+J&rft.au=Pasqualini%2C+JR&rft.au=Schweppe%2C+KW&rft.au=Thijssen%2C+JH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.elsevier.com%2Fhomepage%2Fsab%2Fwomenshealth%2Fdoc%2Fjournals%2Fmaturitas_si%2F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10715364-308"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10715364_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgrenStanczyk1999" class="citation journal cs1">Edgren RA, Stanczyk FZ (December 1999). "Nomenclature of the gonane progestins". Contraception. 60 (6): 313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2899%2900101-8">10.1016/s0010-7824(99)00101-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10715364">10715364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+of+the+gonane+progestins&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=313&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0010-7824%2899%2900101-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10715364&rft.aulast=Edgren&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Stanczyk%2C+FZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inhoffen_1938-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Inhoffen_1938_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInhoffenLogemannHohlwegSerini1938" class="citation journal cs1">Inhoffen HH, Logemann W, Hohlweg W, Serini A (May 4, 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121217214803/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112367144/ABSTRACT">"Untersuchungen in der Sexualhormon-Reihe (Investigations in the sex hormone series)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemische_Berichte" title="Chemische Berichte">Ber Dtsch Chem Ges</a>. 71 (5): 1024–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.19380710520">10.1002/cber.19380710520</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112367144/ABSTRACT">the original</a> on December 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ber+Dtsch+Chem+Ges&rft.atitle=Untersuchungen+in+der+Sexualhormon-Reihe+%28Investigations+in+the+sex+hormone+series%29&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1024-32&rft.date=1938-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.19380710520&rft.aulast=Inhoffen&rft.aufirst=HH&rft.au=Logemann%2C+W&rft.au=Hohlweg%2C+W&rft.au=Serini%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fabstract%2F112367144%2FABSTRACT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maisel_1965-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maisel_1965_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maisel_1965_321-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maisel_1965_321-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaisel,_Albert_Q.1965" class="citation book cs1">Maisel, Albert Q. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hormonequest00mais">The Hormone Quest</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/543168">543168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hormone+Quest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F543168&rft.au=Maisel%2C+Albert+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhormonequest00mais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrow_1970-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrow_1970_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrow_1970_322-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrow_1970_322-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrow_V1970" class="citation journal cs1">Petrow V (1970). "The contraceptive progestagens". Chem Rev. 70 (6): 713–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60268a004">10.1021/cr60268a004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4098492">4098492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem+Rev&rft.atitle=The+contraceptive+progestagens&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=713-26&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60268a004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4098492&rft.au=Petrow+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sneader_2005-323">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sneader_2005_323-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sneader_2005_323-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sneader_2005_323-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneader,_Walter2005" class="citation book cs1">Sneader, Walter (2005). "Hormone analogues". Drug discovery: a history. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 188–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89980-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89980-8"><bdi>978-0-471-89980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormone+analogues&rft.btitle=Drug+discovery%3A+a+history&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=188-225&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-89980-8&rft.au=Sneader%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djerassi_2006-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Djerassi_2006_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Djerassi_2006_324-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Djerassi_2006_324-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjerassi_C2006" class="citation journal cs1">Djerassi C (2006). "Chemical birth of the pill". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 194 (1): 290–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2005.06.010">10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16389046">16389046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Obstet+Gynecol&rft.atitle=Chemical+birth+of+the+pill&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=290-8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2005.06.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16389046&rft.au=Djerassi+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djerassi_1954-325"><a href="#cite_ref-Djerassi_1954_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjerassiMiramontesRosenkranzSondheimer1954" class="citation journal cs1">Djerassi C, Miramontes L, Rosenkranz G, Sondheimer F (1954). "Steroids. LIV. Synthesis of 19-Nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone and 19-Nor-17α-methyltestosterone". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">J Am Chem Soc</a>. 76 (16): 4089–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01645a009">10.1021/ja01645a009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Chem+Soc&rft.atitle=Steroids.+LIV.+Synthesis+of+19-Nor-17%CE%B1-ethynyltestosterone+and+19-Nor-17%CE%B1-methyltestosterone&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4089-91&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01645a009&rft.aulast=Djerassi&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Miramontes%2C+L&rft.au=Rosenkranz%2C+G&rft.au=Sondheimer%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colton_1992-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Colton_1992_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColton_FB1992" class="citation journal cs1">Colton FB (1992). "Steroids and "the pill": early steroid research at Searle". Steroids. 57 (12): 624–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-128X%2892%2990015-2">10.1016/0039-128X(92)90015-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1481226">1481226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28718601">28718601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Steroids+and+%22the+pill%22%3A+early+steroid+research+at+Searle&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=624-30&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28718601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1481226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-128X%2892%2990015-2&rft.au=Colton+FB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32504633-327"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32504633_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreininJensen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Creinin MD, Jensen JT (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fc3157c">"Oral contraceptive generations - Time to stop using a marketing myth to define nomenclature"</a>. Contraception. 102 (3): 143–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2020.05.017">10.1016/j.contraception.2020.05.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32504633">32504633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219529452">219529452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Oral+contraceptive+generations+-+Time+to+stop+using+a+marketing+myth+to+define+nomenclature&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=143-144&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219529452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32504633&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2020.05.017&rft.aulast=Creinin&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Jensen%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6fc3157c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20933120-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20933120_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20933120_328-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20933120_328-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieschlag2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nieschlag E (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/10172.pdf">"Clinical trials in male hormonal contraception"</a> (PDF). Contraception. 82 (5): 457–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2010.03.020">10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20933120">20933120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Clinical+trials+in+male+hormonal+contraception&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=457-70&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2010.03.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20933120&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kup.at%2Fkup%2Fpdf%2F10172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoutifarisMastroianni1997-329"><a href="#cite_ref-CoutifarisMastroianni1997_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._CoutifarisL._Mastroianni1997" class="citation book cs1">C. Coutifaris, L. Mastroianni (15 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmokq_M-gm8C&pg=PA101">New Horizons in Reproductive Medicine</a>. CRC Press. pp. 101–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85070-793-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85070-793-6"><bdi>978-1-85070-793-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Horizons+in+Reproductive+Medicine&rft.pages=101-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-85070-793-6&rft.au=C.+Coutifaris&rft.au=L.+Mastroianni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddmokq_M-gm8C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2015-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2015_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShio_Kumar_Singh2015" class="citation book cs1">Shio Kumar Singh (4 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-KYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270">Mammalian Endocrinology and Male Reproductive Biology</a>. CRC Press. pp. 270–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-2736-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-2736-5"><bdi>978-1-4987-2736-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalian+Endocrinology+and+Male+Reproductive+Biology&rft.pages=270-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-2736-5&rft.au=Shio+Kumar+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-KYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frick1973-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Frick1973_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrick1973" class="citation journal cs1">Frick J (1973). "Control of spermatogenesis in men by combined administration of progestin and androgen". Contraception. 8 (3): 191–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-7824%2873%2990030-9">10.1016/0010-7824(73)90030-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7824">0010-7824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Control+of+spermatogenesis+in+men+by+combined+administration+of+progestin+and+androgen&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=191-206&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-7824%2873%2990030-9&rft.issn=0010-7824&rft.aulast=Frick&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23063338-332"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23063338_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagKumarSitruk-Ware2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nieschlag E, Kumar N, Sitruk-Ware R (2013). "7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENTR): the population council's contribution to research on male contraception and treatment of hypogonadism". Contraception. 87 (3): 288–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2012.08.036">10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23063338">23063338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=7%CE%B1-methyl-19-nortestosterone+%28MENTR%29%3A+the+population+council%27s+contribution+to+research+on+male+contraception+and+treatment+of+hypogonadism&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-95&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2012.08.036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23063338&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Kumar%2C+N&rft.au=Sitruk-Ware%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16497801-333"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16497801_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttardiHildReel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Attardi BJ, Hild SA, Reel JR (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2005-1524">"Dimethandrolone undecanoate: a new potent orally active androgen with progestational activity"</a>. Endocrinology. 147 (6): 3016–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2005-1524">10.1210/en.2005-1524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16497801">16497801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Dimethandrolone+undecanoate%3A+a+new+potent+orally+active+androgen+with+progestational+activity&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3016-26&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2005-1524&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16497801&rft.aulast=Attardi&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft.au=Hild%2C+SA&rft.au=Reel%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fen.2005-1524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6415998-334"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6415998_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoegh1983" class="citation journal cs1">Foegh M (1983). "Evaluation of steroids as contraceptives in men". Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 260 (3_Supplb): 3–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.104S009">10.1530/acta.0.104S009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6415998">6415998</a>. <q>At the time our studies were initiated, 11 different gestagens have been tested in men. All the oral preparations were used in doses 5 to 12 fold that used in the female oral contraceptive. The only exception was levo-norgestrel which was used in a very low dose, namely 100 µg daily (Fotherby et al. 1972). However, no effect was obtained on sperm count and in vitro sperm penetration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinol+Suppl+%28Copenh%29&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+steroids+as+contraceptives+in+men&rft.volume=260&rft.issue=3_Supplb&rft.pages=3-48&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.104S009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6415998&rft.aulast=Foegh&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (September 1990). "Pharmacokinetics of oestrogens and progestogens". Maturitas. 12 (3): 171–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990003-o">10.1016/0378-5122(90)90003-o</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2170822">2170822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+of+oestrogens+and+progestogens&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-97&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990003-o&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2170822&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauritzen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lauritzen C (September 1990). "Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens". Maturitas. 12 (3): 199–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P">10.1016/0378-5122(90)90004-P</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2215269">2215269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Clinical+use+of+oestrogens+and+progestogens&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-214&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2215269&rft.aulast=Lauritzen&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczyk2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stanczyk FZ (September 2002). "Pharmacokinetics and potency of progestins used for hormone replacement therapy and contraception". Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 3 (3): 211–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020072325818">10.1023/A:1020072325818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12215716">12215716</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27018468">27018468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Endocr+Metab+Disord&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+and+potency+of+progestins+used+for+hormone+replacement+therapy+and+contraception&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-24&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27018468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12215716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020072325818&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaudrantRabe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Raudrant D, Rabe T (2003). "Progestogens with antiandrogenic properties". Drugs. 63 (5): 463–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-200363050-00003">10.2165/00003495-200363050-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12600226">12600226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28436828">28436828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Progestogens+with+antiandrogenic+properties&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=463-92&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28436828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12600226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003495-200363050-00003&rft.aulast=Raudrant&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Rabe%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczyk2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stanczyk FZ (November 2003). "All progestins are not created equal". Steroids. 68 (10–13): 879–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.steroids.2003.08.003">10.1016/j.steroids.2003.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14667980">14667980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44601264">44601264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=All+progestins+are+not+created+equal&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=10%E2%80%9313&rft.pages=879-90&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44601264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14667980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.steroids.2003.08.003&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagZitzmannKamischke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nieschlag E, Zitzmann M, Kamischke A (November 2003). "Use of progestins in male contraception". Steroids. 68 (10–13): 965–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-128X%2803%2900135-1">10.1016/S0039-128X(03)00135-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14667989">14667989</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22458746">22458746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Use+of+progestins+in+male+contraception&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=10%E2%80%9313&rft.pages=965-72&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22458746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14667989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-128X%2803%2900135-1&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Zitzmann%2C+M&rft.au=Kamischke%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegratzKuhl2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wiegratz I, Kuhl H (August 2004). "Progestogen therapies: differences in clinical effects?". Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 15 (6): 277–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tem.2004.06.006">10.1016/j.tem.2004.06.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15358281">15358281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35891204">35891204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.atitle=Progestogen+therapies%3A+differences+in+clinical+effects%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=277-85&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35891204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15358281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tem.2004.06.006&rft.aulast=Wiegratz&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Kuhl%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf">"Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration"</a> (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130500148875">10.1080/13697130500148875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16112947">16112947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24616324">24616324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+estrogens+and+progestogens%3A+influence+of+different+routes+of+administration&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=3-63&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24616324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16112947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130500148875&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhormonebalance.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2FKuhl%252005%2520%2520Pharm%2520Estro%2520Progest%2520Climacteric_1313155660.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-Ware2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R (October 2005). "Pharmacology of different progestogens: the special case of drospirenone". Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 3): 4–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130500330382">10.1080/13697130500330382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16203650">16203650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24205704">24205704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+different+progestogens%3A+the+special+case+of+drospirenone&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24205704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16203650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130500330382&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegratzKuhl2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wiegratz I, Kuhl H (September 2006). "Metabolic and clinical effects of progestogens". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 11 (3): 153–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13625180600772741">10.1080/13625180600772741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17056444">17056444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27088428">27088428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Contracept+Reprod+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Metabolic+and+clinical+effects+of+progestogens&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153-61&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27088428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17056444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13625180600772741&rft.aulast=Wiegratz&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Kuhl%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczyk2007" class="citation book cs1">Stanczyk FZ (2007). "Structure –Function Relationships, Pharmacokinetics, and Potency of Orally and Parenterally Administered Progestogens". Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman. pp. 779–798. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-012369443-0%2F50067-3">10.1016/B978-012369443-0/50067-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369443-0"><bdi>978-0-12-369443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structure+%E2%80%93Function+Relationships%2C+Pharmacokinetics%2C+and+Potency+of+Orally+and+Parenterally+Administered+Progestogens&rft.btitle=Treatment+of+the+Postmenopausal+Woman&rft.pages=779-798&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-012369443-0%2F50067-3&rft.isbn=978-0-12-369443-0&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-WareNath2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A (November 2010). "The use of newer progestins for contraception". Contraception. 82 (5): 410–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2010.04.004">10.1016/j.contraception.2010.04.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20933114">20933114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=The+use+of+newer+progestins+for+contraception&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=410-7&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2010.04.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20933114&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Nath%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/10168.pdf">"Pharmacology of progestogens"</a> (PDF). Journal für Reproduktionsmedizin und Endokrinologie-Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology. 8 (Special Issue 1): 157–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Reproduktionsmedizin+und+Endokrinologie-Journal+of+Reproductive+Medicine+and+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+progestogens&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Special+Issue+1&rft.pages=157-176&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kup.at%2Fkup%2Fpdf%2F10168.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrieHelmerhorstMaitraKulier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrie TA, Helmerhorst FM, Maitra NK, Kulier R, Bloemenkamp K, Gülmezoglu AM (May 2011). "Types of progestogens in combined oral contraception: effectiveness and side-effects". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5): CD004861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004861.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD004861.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21563141">21563141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&rft.atitle=Types+of+progestogens+in+combined+oral+contraception%3A+effectiveness+and+side-effects&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=CD004861&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004861.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21563141&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Helmerhorst%2C+FM&rft.au=Maitra%2C+NK&rft.au=Kulier%2C+R&rft.au=Bloemenkamp%2C+K&rft.au=G%C3%BClmezoglu%2C+AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndrikatGerlingerRichardRosenbaum2011" class="citation journal cs1">Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B (December 2011). "Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide". Contraception. 84 (6): 549–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.04.009">10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22078182">22078182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.atitle=Ovulation+inhibition+doses+of+progestins%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+available+literature+and+of+marketed+preparations+worldwide&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=549-57&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2011.04.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22078182&rft.aulast=Endrikat&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gerlinger%2C+C&rft.au=Richard%2C+S&rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+P&rft.au=D%C3%BCsterberg%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreHickeyButlerTilley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Moore NL, Hickey TE, Butler LM, Tilley WD (June 2012). "Multiple nuclear receptor signaling pathways mediate the actions of synthetic progestins in target cells". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 357 (1–2): 60–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2011.09.019">10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21945474">21945474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20006148">20006148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=Multiple+nuclear+receptor+signaling+pathways+mediate+the+actions+of+synthetic+progestins+in+target+cells&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=60-70&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20006148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21945474&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mce.2011.09.019&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=NL&rft.au=Hickey%2C+TE&rft.au=Butler%2C+LM&rft.au=Tilley%2C+WD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanczykHapgoodWinerMishell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stanczyk FZ, Hapgood JP, Winer S, Mishell DR (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610676">"Progestogens used in postmenopausal hormone therapy: differences in their pharmacological properties, intracellular actions, and clinical effects"</a>. Endocr. Rev. 34 (2): 171–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2012-1008">10.1210/er.2012-1008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610676">3610676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23238854">23238854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocr.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Progestogens+used+in+postmenopausal+hormone+therapy%3A+differences+in+their+pharmacological+properties%2C+intracellular+actions%2C+and+clinical+effects&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-208&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23238854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fer.2012-1008&rft.aulast=Stanczyk&rft.aufirst=FZ&rft.au=Hapgood%2C+JP&rft.au=Winer%2C+S&rft.au=Mishell%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimesLopezO'BrienRaymond2013" class="citation journal cs1">Grimes DA, Lopez LM, O'Brien PA, Raymond EG (November 2013). "Progestin-only pills for contraception". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (11): CD007541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007541.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD007541.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24226383">24226383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&rft.atitle=Progestin-only+pills+for+contraception&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD007541&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007541.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24226383&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Lopez%2C+LM&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+PA&rft.au=Raymond%2C+EG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHapgoodAfricanderLouwRay2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hapgood JP, Africander D, Louw R, Ray RM, Rohwer JM (July 2014). "Potency of progestogens used in hormonal therapy: toward understanding differential actions". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 142: 39–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2013.08.001">10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23954501">23954501</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12142015">12142015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Steroid+Biochem.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Potency+of+progestogens+used+in+hormonal+therapy%3A+toward+understanding+differential+actions&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=39-47&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12142015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23954501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsbmb.2013.08.001&rft.aulast=Hapgood&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Africander%2C+D&rft.au=Louw%2C+R&rft.au=Ray%2C+RM&rft.au=Rohwer%2C+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitruk-WareEl-Etr2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sitruk-Ware R, El-Etr M (August 2013). "Progesterone and related progestins: potential new health benefits". Climacteric. 16 (Suppl 1): 69–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13697137.2013.802556">10.3109/13697137.2013.802556</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23647429">23647429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25447915">25447915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Progesterone+and+related+progestins%3A+potential+new+health+benefits&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=69-78&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25447915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23647429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13697137.2013.802556&rft.aulast=Sitruk-Ware&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=El-Etr%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBińkowskaWoroń2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bińkowska M, Woroń J (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498031">"Progestogens in menopausal hormone therapy"</a>. Prz Menopauzalny. 14 (2): 134–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5114%2Fpm.2015.52154">10.5114/pm.2015.52154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4498031">4498031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26327902">26327902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prz+Menopauzalny&rft.atitle=Progestogens+in+menopausal+hormone+therapy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-43&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4498031%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26327902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5114%2Fpm.2015.52154&rft.aulast=Bi%C5%84kowska&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Woro%C5%84%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4498031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgestogen+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Progesterone" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone" title="Template:Progesterone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progesterone" title="Template talk:Progesterone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progesterone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progesterone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progesterone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone (as a hormone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone (as a medication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics_of_progesterone" title="Pharmacodynamics of progesterone">Pharmacodynamics of progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics_of_progesterone" title="Pharmacokinetics of progesterone">Pharmacokinetics of progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_vaginal_ring" title="Progesterone vaginal ring">Progesterone vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogen (as a hormone)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Progestogen (as a medication; including progestins)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">Neurosteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template talk:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Progestogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">antiprogestogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Progestogens</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="PRTooltip_Progesterone_receptor_agonists" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Retroprogesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (and closely related) derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: <a href="/wiki/Acetomepregenol" title="Acetomepregenol">Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagestone_acetate" title="Anagestone acetate">Anagestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate" title="Chlormethenmadinone acetate">Chlormethenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">Melengestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_acetate" title="Methenmadinone acetate">Methenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate" title="Pentagestrone acetate">Pentagestrone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proligestone" title="Proligestone">Proligestone</a>; 17α-Methylated: <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Haloprogesterone" title="Haloprogesterone">Haloprogesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate (nestorone, elcometrine)</a>; 17α-Methylated: <a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: Estranes: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: Estranes: <a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrenogest" title="Altrenogest">Altrenogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">Norethisterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">Norethisterone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">Norgesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a>; Gonanes: <a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spirolactone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid">Anabolic–androgenic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">trenbolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenbolone ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">ethylestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">norethandrolone</a>, others)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">Antiprogestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators">SPRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_progestogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal progestogens">List of progestogens</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Progesterone_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progesterone_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3β-Dihydroprogesterone">3β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9%CE%B1-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone" class="mw-redirect" title="9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone">9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydroprogesterone" title="11-Dehydroprogesterone">11-Dehydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="16α-Hydroxyprogesterone">16α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17%CE%B1-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20α-Dihydroprogesterone">20α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20β-Dihydroprogesterone">20β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimepregnen" title="Dimepregnen">Dimepregnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">Diosgenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P1-185" title="P1-185">P1-185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_3-acetyl_enol_ether" title="Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether">Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Retroprogesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydrodydrogesterone" title="20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone">20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydrotrengestone" title="20α-Dihydrotrengestone">20α-Dihydrotrengestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41164" title="DU-41164">DU-41164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroprogesterone" title="Retroprogesterone">Retroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_6-3129" title="Ro 6-3129">Ro 6-3129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trengestone" title="Trengestone">Trengestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Substituted progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methyl-17%CE%B1-bromoprogesterone" title="6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone">6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Methylene-17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate">16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Bromoprogesterone" title="17α-Bromoprogesterone">17α-Bromoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="17α-Methylprogesterone">17α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetomepregenol" title="Acetomepregenol">Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone" title="Algestone">Algestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetonide" title="Algestone acetonide">Algestone acetonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algestone_acetophenide" title="Algestone acetophenide">Algestone acetophenide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagestone" title="Anagestone">Anagestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagestone_acetate" title="Anagestone acetate">Anagestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromethenmadinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromethenmadinone (page does not exist)">Bromethenmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromethenmadinone_acetate" title="Bromethenmadinone acetate">Bromethenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butagest" title="Butagest">Butagest (buterol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone" title="Chlormadinone">Chlormadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_caproate" title="Chlormadinone caproate">Chlormadinone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlormethenmadinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlormethenmadinone (page does not exist)">Chlormethenmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethenmadinone_acetate" title="Chlormethenmadinone acetate">Chlormethenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cismadinone" title="Cismadinone">Cismadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cismadinone_acetate" title="Cismadinone acetate">Cismadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clogestone" title="Clogestone">Clogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clogestone_acetate" title="Clogestone acetate">Clogestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomegestone" title="Clomegestone">Clomegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomegestone_acetate" title="Clomegestone acetate">Clomegestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymegesolate" title="Cymegesolate">Cymegesolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone" title="Delmadinone">Delmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone" title="Flugestone">Flugestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone_acetate" title="Fluorometholone acetate">Fluorometholone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone" title="Flumedroxone">Flumedroxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoromedroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate">Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestaclone" title="Gestaclone">Gestaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gestobutanoyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gestobutanoyl (page does not exist)">Gestobutanoyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloprogesterone" title="Haloprogesterone">Haloprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromadinone" title="Hydromadinone">Hydromadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromadinone_acetate" title="Hydromadinone acetate">Hydromadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone acetate">Hydroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (hydroxyprogesterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_heptanoate_benzilic_acid_hydrazone" title="Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone">Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecigestone" title="Mecigestone">Mecigestone (pentarane B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone" title="Medroxyprogesterone">Medroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Medroxyprogesterone caproate">Medroxyprogesterone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol" title="Megestrol">Megestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_caproate" title="Megestrol caproate">Megestrol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol" title="Melengestrol">Melengestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">Melengestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone" title="Methenmadinone">Methenmadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_acetate" title="Methenmadinone acetate">Methenmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methenmadinone_caproate" title="Methenmadinone caproate">Methenmadinone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">Mometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone" title="Pentagestrone">Pentagestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate" title="Pentagestrone acetate">Pentagestrone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarane_A" title="Pentarane A">Pentarane A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proligestone" title="Proligestone">Proligestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">Triamcinolone acetonide</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Norprogesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norprogesterone" title="17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone">17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methylsegesterone_acetate" title="18-Methylsegesterone acetate">18-Methylsegesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norprogesterone" title="19-Norprogesterone">19-Norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadinone" title="Amadinone">Amadinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadinone_acetate" title="Amadinone acetate">Amadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demegestone" title="Demegestone">Demegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoro_ethyl_norprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone (page does not exist)">Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoro_furanyl_norprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (page does not exist)">Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestadienol" title="Gestadienol">Gestadienol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestadienol_acetate" title="Gestadienol acetate">Gestadienol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_acetate" title="Gestonorone acetate">Gestonorone acetate (gestronol acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestronol" title="Gestronol">Gestronol (gestonorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol" title="Nomegestrol">Nomegestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-2058" title="ORG-2058">ORG-2058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxogestone" title="Oxogestone">Oxogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxogestone_phenpropionate" title="Oxogestone phenpropionate">Oxogestone phenpropionate (xinogestone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone" title="Segesterone">Segesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorone" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorone">Segesterone acetate (nestorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: Progestins: <a href="/wiki/6,6-Difluoronorethisterone" title="6,6-Difluoronorethisterone">6,6-Difluoronorethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6,6-Difluoronorethisterone_acetate" title="6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate">6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Allyl-19-nortestosterone" title="17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone">17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrenogest" title="Altrenogest">Altrenogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethynylnorgestrel" title="Chloroethynylnorgestrel">Chloroethynylnorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingestol" title="Cingestol">Cingestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynerone" title="Ethynerone">Ethynerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metynodiol" title="Metynodiol">Metynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metynodiol_diacetate" title="Metynodiol diacetate">Metynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone (norethindrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesterone" title="Norgesterone">Norgesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestimate" title="Norgestimate">Norgestimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigestol" title="Tigestol">Tigestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosagestin" title="Tosagestin">Tosagestin</a>; Anabolic–androgenic steroids: <a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone (R-1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">Nandrolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">nandrolone phenylpropionate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone (trienolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenbolone ester">Trenbolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">trenbolone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">trenbolone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spirolactone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-8109" title="SC-8109">SC-8109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide" title="3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide">3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-2527" title="LG-2527">LG-2527</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100128 (page does not exist)">LG-100128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riligustilide" title="Riligustilide">Riligustilide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-26819&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-26819 (page does not exist)">RWJ-26819</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-49853&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-49853 (page does not exist)">RWJ-49853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RWJ-60130&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RWJ-60130 (page does not exist)">RWJ-60130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaproget" title="Tanaproget">Tanaproget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown: <a href="/wiki/ORG-47241" title="ORG-47241">ORG-47241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-201745" title="ORG-201745">ORG-201745</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed (<a href="/wiki/Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective progesterone receptor modulators">SPRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil" title="Asoprisnil">Asoprisnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil_ecamate" title="Asoprisnil ecamate">Asoprisnil ecamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J1042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J1042 (page does not exist)">J1042</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-120838&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-120838 (page does not exist)">LG-120838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapristone" title="Metapristone">Metapristone (RU-42633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone (RU-486)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORF-9371&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORF-9371 (page does not exist)">ORF-9371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORF-9326" class="mw-redirect" title="ORF-9326">ORF-9326</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-31710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-31710 (page does not exist)">ORG-31710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-33628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-33628 (page does not exist)">ORG-33628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RMI-12936&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RMI-12936 (page does not exist)">RMI-12936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilaprisan" title="Vilaprisan">Vilaprisan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-137316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-137316 (page does not exist)">ZK-137316</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">Kaempferol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-120920&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-120920 (page does not exist)">LG-120920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PRA-910&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRA-910 (page does not exist)">PRA-910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringic_acid" title="Syringic acid">Syringic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilopristone" title="Lilopristone">Lilopristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonaprisan" title="Lonaprisan">Lonaprisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onapristone" title="Onapristone">Onapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-31710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-31710 (page does not exist)">ORG-31710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-31806&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-31806 (page does not exist)">ORG-31806</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-33628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-33628 (page does not exist)">ORG-33628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTI_3021%E2%80%93022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTI 3021–022 (page does not exist)">RTI 3021–022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toripristone" title="Toripristone">Toripristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-001447&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-001447 (page does not exist)">LG-001447</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100127&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100127 (page does not exist)">LG-100127</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100128 (page does not exist)">LG-100128</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-120830&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-120830 (page does not exist)">LG-120830</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-121046&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-121046 (page does not exist)">LG-121046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-150271&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-150271 (page does not exist)">ZM-150271</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-172406&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-172406 (page does not exist)">ZM-172406</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_progesterone_receptor" title="Membrane progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Membrane progesterone receptor">mPR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor (<a href="/wiki/Progestin_and_adipoQ_receptor" title="Progestin and adipoQ receptor"><abbr title="Progestin and adipoQ receptor">PAQR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_progestogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal progestogens">List of progestogens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&oldid=1257697423">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&oldid=1257697423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contraception_for_males" title="Category:Contraception for males">Contraception for males</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Galactagogues" title="Category:Galactagogues">Galactagogues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IARC_Group_2B_carcinogens" title="Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens">IARC Group 2B carcinogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Progestogens" title="Category:Progestogens">Progestogens</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018">Articles with dead external links from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 06:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progestogen_(medication)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-sppcv","wgBackendResponseTime":209,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.944","walltime":"4.407","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36884,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1075394,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":42296,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1531890,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3535.956 1 -total"," 53.68% 1898.134 8 Template:Reflist"," 35.96% 1271.704 228 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.21% 431.682 85 Template:Cite_book"," 9.02% 318.934 122 Template:No_selflink"," 4.17% 147.460 175 Template:Efn"," 4.02% 142.202 1 Template:Oral_potencies_of_progestogens"," 3.27% 115.652 1 Template:Pharmacodynamics_of_progestogens"," 2.97% 105.191 1 Template:Risk_of_venous_thromboembolism_with_hormone_therapy_and_birth_control_pills_(QResearch/CPRD)"," 2.66% 94.190 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.049","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7200607,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","16.7"],["?","300","15.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","9.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.1"],["type","40","2.1"],["[others]","460","24.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7678f45bf4-c2bz8","timestamp":"20241203080239","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Progestogen (medication)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progestogen_(medication)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q50383885","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q50383885","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-04T13:49:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T06:07:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/Progesterone.svg","headline":"medication producing effects similar to progesterone"}</script> </body> </html>