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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historical elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification by use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification by structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_by_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification by structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microstructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microstructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Microstructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microstructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larger-scale_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larger-scale_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Larger-scale structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larger-scale_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification by properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_by_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification by properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mechanical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Thermal properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Material</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaal" title="Materiaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Materiaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="مادة (هندسة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادة (هندسة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উপাদান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপাদান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2i-li%C4%81u" title="Châi-liāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Châi-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Суровина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суровина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Йăмлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йăмлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_(Betriebswirtschaft)" title="Material (Betriebswirtschaft) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Material (Betriebswirtschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materjal" title="Materjal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Materjal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="مواد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مواد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riau" title="Matériau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matériau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoo" title="Stoo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%A3%8C" title="재료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Materijal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan" title="Bahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinto_ezixabisekileyo" title="Izinto ezixabisekileyo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Izinto ezixabisekileyo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithako" title="Isithako – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithako" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efni" title="Efni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="חומר גלם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומר גלם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan" title="Bahan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Материалдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Материалдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materyo" title="Materyo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Materyo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABtne_(humanitarajuos_zineibuos)" title="Lītne (humanitarajuos zineibuos) – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Lītne (humanitarajuos zineibuos)" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi%C4%81ls" title="Materiāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Materiāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C5%BEiaga" title="Medžiaga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medžiaga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan" title="Bahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Материал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Материал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaal" title="Materiaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Materiaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Materiale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia%C5%82" title="Materiał – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Materiał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaykana" title="Imaykana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Imaykana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Материал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Материал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Материал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Материал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiali" title="Materiali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Materiali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Materijal" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materijal" title="Materijal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Materijal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiaali" title="Materiaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Materiaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Material" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8" title="วัสดุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัสดุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malzeme" title="Malzeme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malzeme" 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data-title="ماتېرىيال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Vật liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materyales" title="Materyales – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Materyales" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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#b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Material" title="Special:EditPage/Material">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable 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href="/wiki/File:Stainless_kitchen_container_with_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Steel kitchen container" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stainless_kitchen_container_with_cover.jpg/159px-Stainless_kitchen_container_with_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stainless_kitchen_container_with_cover.jpg/239px-Stainless_kitchen_container_with_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stainless_kitchen_container_with_cover.jpg/318px-Stainless_kitchen_container_with_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="2353" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_terracotta_flowerpots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Terracotta flowerpots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Red_terracotta_flowerpots.jpg/125px-Red_terracotta_flowerpots.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Red_terracotta_flowerpots.jpg/188px-Red_terracotta_flowerpots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Red_terracotta_flowerpots.jpg/250px-Red_terracotta_flowerpots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Various plastic objects, including a bowl, CD, water bottle, and roll of tape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/137px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/206px-Plastic_objects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/274px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden-pallets_stacked_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stack of wooden pallets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wooden-pallets_stacked_8.jpg/147px-Wooden-pallets_stacked_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wooden-pallets_stacked_8.jpg/221px-Wooden-pallets_stacked_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wooden-pallets_stacked_8.jpg/294px-Wooden-pallets_stacked_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="3391" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various different materials classified by microstructure. Clockwise from top-left: steel kitchen container (<a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>), terracotta flowerpots (<a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>), wooden pallets (<a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composites</a>), and plastics (<a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a>).</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>material</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">substance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of substances that constitutes an <a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">object</a>. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a>, or on their <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> origin or <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> function. <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> is the study of materials, their properties and their applications. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">Raw materials</a> can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesis</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a>, materials are inputs to <a href="/wiki/List_of_manufacturing_processes" title="List of manufacturing processes">manufacturing processes</a> to produce products or more complex materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_elements">Historical elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materials chart the history of humanity. The system of the three prehistoric ages (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>) were succeeded by historical ages: steel age in the 19th century, polymer age in the middle of the following century (plastic age) and silicon age in the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_by_use">Classification by use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification by use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materials can be broadly categorized in terms of their use, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building materials</a> are used for construction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building insulation materials">Building insulation materials</a> are used to retain heat within buildings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractory materials">Refractory materials</a> are used for high-temperature applications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear materials">Nuclear materials</a> are used for nuclear power and weapons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_materials" title="Aerospace materials">Aerospace materials</a> are used in aircraft and other aerospace applications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterials</a> are used for applications interacting with living systems</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Material_selection" title="Material selection">Material selection</a> is a process to determine which material should be used for a given application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_by_structure">Classification by structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification by structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relevant structure of materials has a different length scale depending on the material. The structure and composition of a material can be determined by <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microstructure">Microstructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microstructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, materials can be categorised according to their microscopic structure:<sup id="cite_ref-ashby_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–17">: 15–17 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a>: a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic polymers">synthetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">semi-synthetic</a> materials that use <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> as a main ingredient.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nonmetallic_material" title="Nonmetallic material">non-metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glasses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">Crystals</a>: a solid material whose constituents (such as <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a> that extends in all directions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">pure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">combined</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> with <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">specific chemical bonding behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a>: a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is often a metal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">Polymers</a>: materials based on long <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> chains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_material" title="Hybrid material">Hybrids</a>: Combinations of multiple materials, for example <a href="/wiki/Composite_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite materials">composites</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larger-scale_structure">Larger-scale structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Larger-scale structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Metamaterial" title="Metamaterial">metamaterial</a> is any material engineered to have a property that is not found in naturally occurring materials, usually by combining several materials to form a composite and / or tuning the <a href="/wiki/Shape" title="Shape">shape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensions">size</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">orientation</a> and arrangement to achieve the desired property.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Foams" class="mw-redirect" title="Foams">foams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, the chemical structure is less relevant to immediately observable <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">properties</a> than larger-scale material features: the holes in foams, and the weave in textiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_by_properties">Classification by properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification by properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Material_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Material properties">Material properties</a></div> <p>Materials can be compared and classified by their large-scale physical properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_properties">Mechanical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanical properties determine how a material responds to applied <a href="/wiki/Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Forces">forces</a>. </p><p>Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stiffness" title="Stiffness">Stiffness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">Strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">Toughness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">Hardness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_properties">Thermal properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thermal properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materials may degrade or undergo changes of properties at different temperatures. Thermal properties also include the material's <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">heat capacity</a>, relating to the transfer and storage of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> by the material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_properties">Other properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materials can be compared and categorized by any quantitative measure of their behavior under various conditions. Notable additional properties include the optical, electrical, and magnetic behavior of materials.<sup id="cite_ref-ashby_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–7">: 5–7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyle">Hyle</a>, the Greek term, relevant for the <a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">philosophy of matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Materials" title="Category:Materials">Category:Materials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/material">"Definition of MATERIAL"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 2023-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MATERIAL&rft.date=2023-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmaterial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/science/our-schools/materials/engage-with-us/high-school-students-and-teachers/materials-shaped-history">"Materials that shaped history | School of Materials Science and Engineering – UNSW Sydney"</a>. <i>UNSW Sites</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNSW+Sites&rft.atitle=Materials+that+shaped+history+%7C+School+of+Materials+Science+and+Engineering+%E2%80%93+UNSW+Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unsw.edu.au%2Fscience%2Four-schools%2Fmaterials%2Fengage-with-us%2Fhigh-school-students-and-teachers%2Fmaterials-shaped-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashby-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashby_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashby_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbyShercliffCebon2010" class="citation book cs1">Ashby, Michael; Shercliff, Hugh; Cebon, David (2010). <i>Materials engineering, science, processing and design</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856178952" title="Special:BookSources/9781856178952"><bdi>9781856178952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+engineering%2C+science%2C+processing+and+design&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781856178952&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Shercliff%2C+Hugh&rft.au=Cebon%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKshetrimayum2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kshetrimayum, R.S. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1368916">"A brief intro to metamaterials"</a>. <i>IEEE Potentials</i>. <b>23</b> (5): 44–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMP.2005.1368916">10.1109/MP.2005.1368916</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-6648">0278-6648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36925376">36925376</a>.</cite><span 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