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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Body waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Primary waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Secondary waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Surface waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rayleigh_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rayleigh_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Rayleigh waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rayleigh_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Love_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Love_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Love waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Love_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stoneley_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stoneley_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Stoneley waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stoneley_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normal_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Normal modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P_and_S_waves_in_Earth's_mantle_and_core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P_and_S_waves_in_Earth's_mantle_and_core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>P and S waves in Earth's mantle and core</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P_and_S_waves_in_Earth's_mantle_and_core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usefulness_of_P_and_S_waves_in_locating_an_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usefulness_of_P_and_S_waves_in_locating_an_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usefulness of P and S waves in locating an event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usefulness_of_P_and_S_waves_in_locating_an_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seismic wave</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="भूकम्पीय तरंग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूकम्पीय तरंग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موجة زلزالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجة زلزالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seysmik_dal%C4%9Falar" title="Seysmik dalğalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seysmik dalğalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="ভূকম্পন তরঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূকম্পন তরঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сеизмична вълна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сеизмична вълна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_s%C3%ADsmica" title="Ona sísmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ona sísmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismick%C3%A1_vlna" title="Seismická vlna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seismická vlna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismisk_b%C3%B8lge" title="Seismisk bølge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Seismisk bølge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موجة زلزالية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موجة زلزالية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismische_Wellen" title="Seismische Wellen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seismische Wellen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismilised_lained" title="Seismilised lained – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seismilised lained" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Σεισμικό κύμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεισμικό κύμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_s%C3%ADsmica" title="Onda sísmica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Onda sísmica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhin_sismiko" title="Uhin sismiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uhin sismiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="موج لرزه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج لرزه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde_sismique" title="Onde sismique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Onde sismique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonn_sheismeach" title="Tonn sheismeach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tonn sheismeach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_s%C3%ADsmica" title="Onda sísmica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Onda sísmica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84%ED%8C%8C" title="지진파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지진파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սեյսմիկ ալիքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեյսմիկ ալիքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="भूकम्पीय तरंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूकम्पीय तरंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmi%C4%8Dki_val" title="Seizmički val – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Seizmički val" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_seismik" title="Gelombang seismik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelombang seismik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde_sismiche" title="Onde sismiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onde sismiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גלים סייסמיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלים סייסמיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სეისმური ტალღები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეისმური ტალღები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismin%C4%97_banga" title="Seisminė banga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Seisminė banga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сеизмички бран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сеизмички бран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="भूकंपाच्या लहरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूकंपाच्या लहरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_seismos" title="Gelombang seismos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gelombang seismos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сейсмийн долгион – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сейсмийн долгион" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismische_golf" title="Seismische golf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seismische golf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E6%B3%A2" title="地震波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地震波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismisk_b%C3%B8lge" title="Seismisk bølge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seismisk bølge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismisk_b%C3%B8lgje" title="Seismisk bølgje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Seismisk bølgje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Seismic wave" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seysmik_to%CA%BBlqinlar" title="Seysmik toʻlqinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Seysmik toʻlqinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_sejsmiczna" title="Fala sejsmiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fala sejsmiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_s%C3%ADsmica" title="Onda sísmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Onda sísmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Und%C4%83_seismic%C4%83" title="Undă seismică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Undă seismică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сейсмическая волна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сейсмическая волна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seismic wave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmick%C3%A1_vlna" title="Seizmická vlna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Seizmická vlna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Сеизмички талас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сеизмички талас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmi%C4%8Dki_talas" title="Seizmički talas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Seizmički talas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanj%C3%A4ristysaalto" title="Maanjäristysaalto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maanjäristysaalto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismisk_v%C3%A5g" title="Seismisk våg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seismisk våg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คลื่นไหวสะเทือน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลื่นไหวสะเทือน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismik_dalga" title="Sismik dalga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sismik dalga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Сейсмічні хвилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сейсмічні хвилі" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seismic, volcanic, or explosive energy that travels through Earth's layers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about waves that travel through Earth. 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/80px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/120px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/160px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_earthquake" title="Types of earthquake">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainshock" title="Mainshock">Mainshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">Foreshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_thrust_earthquake" title="Blind thrust earthquake">Blind thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplate_earthquake" title="Interplate earthquake">Interplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">Intraplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">Megathrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_triggered_earthquakes" title="Remotely triggered earthquakes">Remotely triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">Supershear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_earthquake" title="Tsunami earthquake">Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">Earthquake swarm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">Epicenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">Epicentral distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">Hypocenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_zone" title="Shadow zone">Shadow zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seismic waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurement</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Seismic intensity scales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_Earthquake_Prediction" title="Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction">Coordinating Committee for<br />Earthquake Prediction</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">Forecasting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting" title="Shear wave splitting">Shear wave splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinn%E2%80%93Engdahl_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinn–Engdahl regions">Flinn–Engdahl regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">Seismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth Sciences Portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Related topics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes" title="Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes" title="Template talk:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seismogram.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seismogram.gif/220px-Seismogram.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seismogram.gif/330px-Seismogram.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seismogram.gif/440px-Seismogram.gif 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>P wave and S wave from seismograph</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seismic_velocity_profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Seismic_velocity_profile.png/220px-Seismic_velocity_profile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Seismic_velocity_profile.png/330px-Seismic_velocity_profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Seismic_velocity_profile.png/440px-Seismic_velocity_profile.png 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>Velocity of seismic waves in Earth versus depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Helffrich_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helffrich-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negligible <i>S</i>-wave velocity in the outer core occurs because it is liquid, while in the solid inner core the <i>S</i>-wave velocity is non-zero</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>seismic wave</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_wave" title="Mechanical wave">mechanical wave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_wave" title="Acoustic wave">acoustic energy</a> that travels through the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Planetary_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary body">planetary body</a>. It can result from an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> (or generally, a <a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">quake</a>), <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> movement, a large <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> and a large man-made <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> that produces low-frequency acoustic energy. Seismic waves are studied by <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismologists</a>, who record the waves using <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophones</a> (in water), or <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>. Seismic waves are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Seismic_noise" title="Seismic noise">seismic noise</a> (ambient vibration), which is persistent low-amplitude vibration arising from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Signal_velocity" title="Signal velocity">propagation velocity</a> of a seismic wave depends on <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> of the medium as well as the type of wave. Velocity tends to increase with depth through Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, but drops sharply going from the mantle to <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Earth's outer core</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer2009intro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer2009intro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities. When recorded by a seismic observatory, their different <a href="/wiki/Phase_velocity" title="Phase velocity">travel times</a> help scientists locate the quake's <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a>. In geophysics, the refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into <a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth's internal structure</a>. Scientists sometimes generate and measure vibrations to investigate shallow, subsurface structure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between <i>body waves</i>, which travel through the Earth, and <i>surface waves</i>, which travel at the Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer2009ch8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer2009ch8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–50">: 48–50 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SteinWysession2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SteinWysession2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overview_Seismic_Waves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Overview_Seismic_Waves.jpg/220px-Overview_Seismic_Waves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Overview_Seismic_Waves.jpg/330px-Overview_Seismic_Waves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Overview_Seismic_Waves.jpg/440px-Overview_Seismic_Waves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6690" data-file-height="3268" /></a><figcaption>Body waves and surface waves</figcaption></figure> <p>Other modes of wave propagation exist than those described in this article; though of comparatively minor importance for earth-borne waves, they are important in the case of <a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">asteroseismology</a>. </p> <ul><li>Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth.</li> <li>Surface waves travel across the surface. Surface waves decay more slowly with distance than body waves which travel in three dimensions.</li> <li>Particle motion of surface waves is larger than that of body waves, so surface waves tend to cause more damage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_waves">Body waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Body waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth along paths controlled by the material properties in terms of <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">modulus</a> (stiffness). The density and modulus, in turn, vary according to temperature, composition, and material phase. This effect resembles the <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Light wave">light waves</a>. Two types of particle motion result in two types of body waves: <i><b>Primary</b></i> and <i><b>Secondary</b></i> waves. This distinction was recognized in 1830 by the French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seismic_wave_travel_through_Earth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seismic_wave_travel_through_Earth.png/220px-Seismic_wave_travel_through_Earth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seismic_wave_travel_through_Earth.png/330px-Seismic_wave_travel_through_Earth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seismic_wave_travel_through_Earth.png/440px-Seismic_wave_travel_through_Earth.png 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Patterns of seismic wave travel through Earth's mantle and core. S waves can not travel through the liquid outer core, so they leave a shadow on Earth's far side. P waves do travel through the core, but P wave refraction bends seismic waves away from P wave shadow zones.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_waves">Primary waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primary waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a></div> <p>Primary waves (P waves) are compressional waves that are <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">longitudinal</a> in nature. <a href="/wiki/P_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="P waves">P waves</a> are pressure waves that travel faster than other waves through the earth to arrive at seismograph stations first, hence the name "Primary". These waves can travel through any type of material, including fluids, and can travel nearly 1.7 times faster than the <a href="/wiki/S_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="S waves">S waves</a>. In air, they take the form of sound waves, hence they travel at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a>. Typical speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and about 5000 m/s in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_waves">Secondary waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secondary waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a></div> <p>Secondary waves (S waves) are shear waves that are <a href="/wiki/Transverse_wave" title="Transverse wave">transverse</a> in nature. Following an earthquake event, S waves arrive at seismograph stations after the faster-moving P waves and displace the ground perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Depending on the propagational direction, the wave can take on different surface characteristics; for example, in the case of horizontally polarized S waves, the ground moves alternately to one side and then the other. S waves can travel only through solids, as fluids (liquids and gases) do not support <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stresses</a>. S waves are slower than P waves, and speeds are typically around 60% of that of P waves in any given material. Shear waves can not travel through any liquid medium,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the absence of S waves in earth's outer core suggests a liquid state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_waves">Surface waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surface waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface. They can be classified as a form of <a href="/wiki/Surface_wave#Mechanical_waves" title="Surface wave">mechanical surface wave</a>. Surface waves diminish in amplitude as they get farther from the surface and propagate more slowly than seismic body waves (P and S). Surface waves from very large earthquakes can have globally observable amplitude of several centimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rayleigh_waves">Rayleigh waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rayleigh waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_wave" title="Rayleigh wave">Rayleigh wave</a></div> <p>Rayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves that propagate with motions that are similar to those of waves on the surface of water (note, however, that the associated seismic particle motion at shallow depths is typically retrograde, and that the restoring force in Rayleigh and in other seismic waves is elastic, not gravitational as for water waves). The existence of these waves was predicted by John William Strutt, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a>, in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are slower than body waves, e.g., at roughly 90% of the velocity of S waves for typical homogeneous elastic media. In a layered medium (e.g., the crust and <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a>) the velocity of the Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength. See also <a href="/wiki/Lamb_waves" title="Lamb waves">Lamb waves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Love_waves">Love waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Love waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Love_wave" title="Love wave">Love wave</a></div> <p>Love waves are horizontally <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarized</a> <a href="/wiki/Shear_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear wave">shear waves</a> (SH waves), existing only in the presence of a layered medium.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are named after <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love" title="Augustus Edward Hough Love">Augustus Edward Hough Love</a>, a British mathematician who created a mathematical model of the waves in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, about 90% of the S wave velocity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stoneley_waves">Stoneley waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stoneley waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stoneley_wave" title="Stoneley wave">Stoneley wave</a></div> <p>A Stoneley wave is a type of boundary wave (or interface wave) that propagates along a solid-fluid boundary or, under specific conditions, also along a solid-solid boundary. Amplitudes of Stoneley waves have their maximum values at the boundary between the two contacting media and decay exponentially away from the contact. These waves can also be generated along the walls of a fluid-filled <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">borehole</a>, being an important source of coherent noise in <a href="/wiki/Vertical_seismic_profile" title="Vertical seismic profile">vertical seismic profiles</a> (VSP) and making up the low frequency component of the source in <a href="/wiki/Sonic_logging" title="Sonic logging">sonic logging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equation for Stoneley waves was first given by Dr. Robert Stoneley (1894–1976), emeritus professor of seismology, Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Normal_modes">Normal modes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Normal modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundametal_toroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fundametal_toroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif/220px-Fundametal_toroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fundametal_toroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif/330px-Fundametal_toroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fundametal_toroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif/440px-Fundametal_toroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>The sense of motion for toroidal <sub>0</sub>T<sub>1</sub> oscillation for two moments of time.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundamental_spheroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fundamental_spheroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif/220px-Fundamental_spheroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Fundamental_spheroidal_oscillation_Earth.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>The scheme of motion for spheroidal <sub>0</sub>S<sub>2</sub> oscillation. Dashed lines give nodal (zero) lines. Arrows give the sense of motion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Free oscillations of the Earth are <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a>, the result of interference between two surface waves traveling in opposite directions. Interference of Rayleigh waves results in <i>spheroidal oscillation S</i> while interference of Love waves gives <i>toroidal oscillation T</i>. The modes of oscillations are specified by three numbers, e.g., <sub>n</sub>S<sub>l</sub><sup>m</sup>, where <i>l</i> is the angular order number (or <i>spherical harmonic degree</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Spherical_harmonics" title="Spherical harmonics">Spherical harmonics</a> for more details). The number <i>m</i> is the azimuthal order number. It may take on 2<i>l</i>+1 values from −<i>l</i> to +<i>l</i>. The number <i>n</i> is the <i>radial order number</i>. It means the wave with <i>n</i> zero crossings in radius. For spherically symmetric Earth the period for given <i>n</i> and <i>l</i> does not depend on <i>m</i>. </p><p>Some examples of spheroidal oscillations are the "breathing" mode <sub>0</sub>S<sub>0</sub>, which involves an expansion and contraction of the whole Earth, and has a period of about 20 minutes; and the "rugby" mode <sub>0</sub>S<sub>2</sub>, which involves expansions along two alternating directions, and has a period of about 54 minutes. The mode <sub>0</sub>S<sub>1</sub> does not exist because it would require a change in the center of gravity, which would require an external force.<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer2009ch8_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer2009ch8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the fundamental toroidal modes, <sub>0</sub>T<sub>1</sub> represents changes in Earth's rotation rate; although this occurs, it is much too slow to be useful in seismology. The mode <sub>0</sub>T<sub>2</sub> describes a twisting of the northern and southern hemispheres relative to each other; it has a period of about 44 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer2009ch8_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer2009ch8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first observations of free oscillations of the Earth were done during the great <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 earthquake in Chile</a>. Presently the periods of thousands of modes have been observed. These data are used for constraining large scale structures of the Earth's interior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P_and_S_waves_in_Earth's_mantle_and_core"><span id="P_and_S_waves_in_Earth.27s_mantle_and_core"></span>P and S waves in Earth's mantle and core</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: P and S waves in Earth's mantle and core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an earthquake occurs, seismographs near the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> are able to record both P and S waves, but those at a greater distance no longer detect the high frequencies of the first S wave. Since shear waves cannot pass through liquids, this phenomenon was original evidence for the now well-established observation that the Earth has a liquid <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer core</a>, as demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon_Oldham" title="Richard Dixon Oldham">Richard Dixon Oldham</a>. This kind of observation has also been used to argue, by <a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">seismic testing</a>, that the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> has a solid core, although recent geodetic studies suggest the core is still molten<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_wave_paths.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earthquake_wave_paths.svg/250px-Earthquake_wave_paths.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earthquake_wave_paths.svg/375px-Earthquake_wave_paths.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earthquake_wave_paths.svg/500px-Earthquake_wave_paths.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Earthquake wave paths</figcaption></figure> <p>The naming of seismic waves is usually based on the wave type and its path; due to the theoretically infinite possibilities of travel paths and the different areas of application, a wide variety of nomenclatures have emerged historically, the standardization of which – for example in the <i>IASPEI Standard Seismic Phase List</i> – is still an ongoing process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The path that a wave takes between the focus and the observation point is often drawn as a ray diagram. Each path is denoted by a set of letters that describe the trajectory and phase through the Earth. In general, an upper case denotes a transmitted wave and a lower case denotes a reflected wave. The two exceptions to this seem to be "g" and "n".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>c</td> <td>the wave reflects off the outer core </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td>a wave that has been reflected off a discontinuity at depth d </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td>a wave that only travels through the crust </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>a wave that reflects off the inner core </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>a P wave in the inner core </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>a reflection off a discontinuity in the inner core </td></tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>an S wave in the inner core </td></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td>a P wave in the outer core </td></tr> <tr> <td>L</td> <td>a Love wave sometimes called LT-Wave (Both caps, while an Lt is different) </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>a wave that travels along the boundary between the crust and mantle </td></tr> <tr> <td>P</td> <td>a P wave in the mantle </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>a P wave ascending to the surface from the focus </td></tr> <tr> <td>R</td> <td>a Rayleigh wave </td></tr> <tr> <td>S</td> <td>an S wave in the mantle </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>an S wave ascending to the surface from the focus </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td>the wave reflects off the bottom of the ocean </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>No letter is used when the wave reflects off of the surfaces </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For example: </p> <ul><li><b>ScP</b> is a wave that begins traveling towards the center of the Earth as an S wave. Upon reaching the outer core the wave reflects as a P wave.</li> <li><b>sPKIKP</b> is a wave path that begins traveling towards the surface as an S wave. At the surface, it reflects as a P wave. The P wave then travels through the outer core, the inner core, the outer core, and the mantle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usefulness_of_P_and_S_waves_in_locating_an_event">Usefulness of P and S waves in locating an event</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usefulness of P and S waves in locating an event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypocenter_Calculation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hypocenter_Calculation.png/220px-Hypocenter_Calculation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hypocenter_Calculation.png/330px-Hypocenter_Calculation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hypocenter_Calculation.png/440px-Hypocenter_Calculation.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The hypocenter/epicenter of an earthquake is calculated by using the seismic data of that earthquake from at least three different locations. The hypocenter/epicenter is found at the intersection of three circles centered on three observation stations, here shown in Japan, Australia and the United States. The radius of each circle is calculated from the difference in the arrival times of P and S waves at the corresponding station.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the case of local or nearby earthquakes, the difference in the <a href="/wiki/Arrival_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrival time">arrival times</a> of the P and S waves can be used to determine the distance to the event. In the case of earthquakes that have occurred at global distances, three or more geographically diverse observing stations (using a common <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a>) recording P wave arrivals permits the computation of a unique time and location on the planet for the event. Typically, dozens or even hundreds of P wave arrivals are used to calculate <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenters</a>. The misfit generated by a hypocenter calculation is known as "the residual". Residuals of 0.5 second or less are typical for distant events, residuals of 0.1–0.2 s typical for local events, meaning most reported P arrivals fit the computed hypocenter that well. Typically a location program will start by assuming the event occurred at a depth of about 33 km; then it minimizes the residual by adjusting depth. Most events occur at depths shallower than about 40 km, but some occur as deep as 700 km. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ondes_P_et_S_1d_30_petit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ondes_P_et_S_1d_30_petit.gif/220px-Ondes_P_et_S_1d_30_petit.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ondes_P_et_S_1d_30_petit.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>P and S waves separating with time</figcaption></figure> <p>A quick way to determine the distance from a location to the origin of a seismic wave less than 200 km away is to take the difference in arrival time of the P wave and the S wave in <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a> and multiply by 8 kilometers per second. Modern seismic arrays use more complicated <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake location">earthquake location</a> techniques. </p><p>At teleseismic distances, the first arriving P waves have necessarily travelled deep into the mantle, and perhaps have even refracted into the outer core of the planet, before travelling back up to the Earth's surface where the seismographic stations are located. The waves travel more quickly than if they had traveled in a straight line from the earthquake. This is due to the appreciably increased <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound#Three-dimensional_solids" title="Speed of sound">velocities</a> within the planet, and is termed <a href="/wiki/Huygens%27_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Huygens' Principle">Huygens' Principle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> in the planet increases with depth, which would slow the waves, but the <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">modulus</a> of the rock increases much more, so deeper means faster. Therefore, a longer route can take a shorter time. </p><p>The travel time must be calculated very accurately in order to compute a precise hypocenter. Since P waves move at many kilometers per second, being off on travel-time calculation by even a half second can mean an error of many kilometers in terms of distance. In practice, P arrivals from many stations are used and the errors cancel out, so the computed epicenter is likely to be quite accurate, on the order of 10–50 km or so around the world. Dense arrays of nearby sensors such as those that exist in California can provide accuracy of roughly a kilometer, and much greater accuracy is possible when timing is measured directly by <a href="/wiki/Cross-correlation" title="Cross-correlation">cross-correlation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seismogram" title="Seismogram">seismogram</a> waveforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Helffrich-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helffrich_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFG._R._HelffrichB._J._Wood2002" class="citation journal cs1">G. R. Helffrich & B. J. Wood (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rallen.berkeley.edu/teaching/F04_GEO302_PhysChemEarth/Lectures/HellfrichWood2001.pdf">"The Earth's mantle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>412</b> (2 August). Macmillan Magazines: <span class="nowrap">501–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35087500">10.1038/35087500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11484043">11484043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4304379">4304379</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824163306/http://rallen.berkeley.edu/teaching/F04_GEO302_PhysChemEarth/Lectures/HellfrichWood2001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Earth%27s+mantle&rft.volume=412&rft.issue=2+August&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4304379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11484043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35087500&rft.au=G.+R.+Helffrich&rft.au=B.+J.+Wood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frallen.berkeley.edu%2Fteaching%2FF04_GEO302_PhysChemEarth%2FLectures%2FHellfrichWood2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismic+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shearer2009intro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shearer2009intro_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShearer2009">Shearer 2009</a>, Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shearer2009ch8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shearer2009ch8_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shearer2009ch8_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shearer2009ch8_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShearer2009">Shearer 2009</a>, Chapter 8 (Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahi.ucsd.edu/shearer/errata.html">errata</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111191407/http://mahi.ucsd.edu/shearer/errata.html">Archived</a> 2013-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SteinWysession2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SteinWysession2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth_SteinMichael_Wysession2009" class="citation book cs1">Seth Stein; Michael Wysession (1 April 2009). <i>An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure</i>. 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(October 1, 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1924.0079">"Elastic waves at the surface of separation of two solids"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A</i>. <b>106</b> (738): <span class="nowrap">416–</span>428. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924RSPSA.106..416S">1924RSPSA.106..416S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1924.0079">10.1098/rspa.1924.0079</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+A&rft.atitle=Elastic+waves+at+the+surface+of+separation+of+two+solids&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=738&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E416-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=1924-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1924.0079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924RSPSA.106..416S&rft.aulast=Stoneley&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1924.0079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismic+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/pid/5825;jsessionid=B80DF900AFFC974028AEFB7138FB1BDF">Robert Stoneley, 1929 – 2008.. Obituary of his son with reference to discovery of Stoneley waves.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorchakSchweitzerBormann2003" class="citation journal cs1">Storchak, D. A.; Schweitzer, J.; Bormann, P. (2003-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/srl/article/74/6/761-772/142932">"The IASPEI Standard Seismic Phase List"</a>. <i>Seismological Research Letters</i>. <b>74</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">761–</span>772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2Fgssrl.74.6.761">10.1785/gssrl.74.6.761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-0695">0895-0695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seismological+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=The+IASPEI+Standard+Seismic+Phase+List&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E761-%3C%2Fspan%3E772&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1785%2Fgssrl.74.6.761&rft.issn=0895-0695&rft.aulast=Storchak&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+J.&rft.au=Bormann%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fsrl%2Farticle%2F74%2F6%2F761-772%2F142932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismic+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The notation is taken from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullenBolt1985" class="citation book cs1">Bullen, K.E.; Bolt, Bruce A. (1985). <i>An introduction to the theory of seismology</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521283892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521283892"><bdi>978-0521283892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+theory+of+seismology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0521283892&rft.aulast=Bullen&rft.aufirst=K.E.&rft.au=Bolt%2C+Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismic+wave" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeJenningsKisslingerKanamori2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._K._Lee" title="William H. K. Lee">Lee, William H.K.</a>; Jennings, Paul; Kisslinger, Carl; et al., eds. (2002). <i>International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology</i>. Amsterdam: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080489223" title="Special:BookSources/9780080489223"><bdi>9780080489223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+handbook+of+earthquake+and+engineering+seismology.&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780080489223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismic+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearer2009" class="citation book cs1">Shearer, Peter M. (2009). <i>Introduction to Seismology</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88210-1"><bdi>978-0-521-88210-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Seismology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88210-1&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismic+wave" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_wave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Seismic_waves" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Seismic waves">Seismic waves</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuleuven.be/bwm/edt">EDT: A MATLAB Website for seismic wave propagation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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