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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84" title="صخر متدخل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صخر متدخل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A0n-ji%CC%8Dp-g%C3%A2m" title="Koàn-ji̍p-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koàn-ji̍p-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Интрузивни скали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интрузивни скали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intruzivn%C3%AD_hornina" title="Intruzivní hornina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Intruzivní hornina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusivgestein" title="Intrusivgestein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intrusivgestein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusiivne_kivim" title="Intrusiivne kivim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Intrusiivne kivim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroka_intrusibo" title="Arroka intrusibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arroka intrusibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0%DB%8C" title="سنگ نفوذی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ نفوذی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha_plut%C3%B3nica" title="Rocha plutónica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rocha plutónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%9E%85%EC%95%94" title="관입암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관입암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intruzivne_stijene" title="Intruzivne stijene – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Intruzivne stijene" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuan_intrusif" title="Batuan intrusif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batuan intrusif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccia_intrusiva" title="Roccia intrusiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roccia intrusiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="סלע פלוטוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלע פלוטוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Интрузивтік тау жыныстары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интрузивтік тау жыныстары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrisif" title="Entrisif – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Entrisif" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2" title="ആന്തരാഗ്നേയ ശില – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്തരാഗ്നേയ ശില" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%AB%E5%85%A5%E5%B2%A9" title="貫入岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貫入岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intruziv_tof_jinslari" title="Intruziv tof jinslari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Intruziv tof jinslari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%82y_%C5%BCy%C5%82owe" title="Skały żyłowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skały żyłowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha_intrusiva" title="Rocha intrusiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rocha intrusiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Интрузивные горные породы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интрузивные горные породы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intruz%C3%ADvna_hornina" title="Intruzívna hornina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Intruzívna hornina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo%C4%8Dnina" title="Globočnina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Globočnina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7_p%C3%BCsk%C3%BCr%C3%BCk_kaya%C3%A7lar" title="İç püskürük kayaçlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İç püskürük kayaçlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Інтрузивні гірські породи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтрузивні гірські породи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="深成岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="深成岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q354025#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Intrusive_big.png/330px-Intrusive_big.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Intrusive_big.png/495px-Intrusive_big.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Intrusive_big.png/660px-Intrusive_big.png 2x" data-file-width="4793" data-file-height="5578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a> for the classification of plutonic rocks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yool_DevilsTower_04Sep03_exif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Yool_DevilsTower_04Sep03_exif.jpg/220px-A_Yool_DevilsTower_04Sep03_exif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Yool_DevilsTower_04Sep03_exif.jpg/330px-A_Yool_DevilsTower_04Sep03_exif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Yool_DevilsTower_04Sep03_exif.jpg/440px-A_Yool_DevilsTower_04Sep03_exif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a>, United States, an igneous <i>intrusion</i> exposed when the surrounding softer rock eroded away</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Intrusive rock</b> is formed when <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> penetrates existing rock, crystallizes, and solidifies underground to form <i><a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">intrusions</a></i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">laccoliths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic neck">volcanic necks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kids-fun-science.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kids-fun-science.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geocases2.co.uk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geocases2.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intrusion is one of the two ways <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> can form. The other is <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">extrusion</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruption</a> or similar event. An intrusion is any body of intrusive igneous rock, formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>. In contrast, an <i>extrusion</i> consists of extrusive rock, formed above the surface of the crust. </p><p>Some geologists use the term <b>plutonic rock</b> synonymously with intrusive rock, but other geologists subdivide intrusive rock, by crystal size, into coarse-grained plutonic rock (typically formed deeper in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> in batholiths or <a href="/wiki/Stock_(geology)" title="Stock (geology)">stocks</a>) and medium-grained <a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">subvolcanic or hypabyssal rock</a> (typically formed higher in the crust in dikes and sills).<sup id="cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrusive_rock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the solid <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a> into which magma intrudes is an excellent insulator, cooling of the magma is extremely slow, and intrusive igneous rock is coarse-grained (<a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">phaneritic</a>). However, the rate of cooling is greatest for intrusions at relatively shallow depth, and the rock in such intrusions is often much less coarse-grained than intrusive rock formed at greater depth. Coarse-grained intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the Earth are called <i>abyssal</i> or <i>plutonic</i> while those that form near the surface are called <a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">subvolcanic</a> or <i>hypabyssal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-53_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutonic rocks are classified separately from extrusive igneous rocks, generally on the basis of their <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> content. The relative amounts of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoid</a> are particularly important in classifying intrusive igneous rocks, and most plutonic rocks are classified by where they fall in the <a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Dioritic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbroic</a> rocks are further distinguished by whether the plagioclase they contain is <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>-rich, and sodium-poor gabbros are classified by their relative contents of various <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>-rich minerals (<a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> minerals) such as <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinopyroxene">clinopyroxene</a>, and orthopyroxene, which are the most common mafic minerals in intrusive rock. Rare <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic rocks">ultramafic rocks</a>, which contain more than 90% mafic minerals, and <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatite</a> rocks, containing over 50% carbonate minerals, have their own special classifications.<sup id="cite_ref-iugs-1991_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iugs-1991-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGS-1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypabyssal rocks resemble volcanic rocks more than they resemble plutonic rocks, being nearly as fine-grained, and are usually assigned volcanic rock names. However, <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> composition often show grain sizes intermediate between plutonic and volcanic rock, and are classified as <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabases</a> or dolerites. Rare ultramafic hypabyssal rocks called <i><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">lamprophyres</a></i> have their own classification scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrusive_rock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NotchPeakDike.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NotchPeakDike.JPG/220px-NotchPeakDike.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NotchPeakDike.JPG/330px-NotchPeakDike.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NotchPeakDike.JPG/440px-NotchPeakDike.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>An intrusion (pink <a href="/wiki/Notch_Peak" title="Notch Peak">Notch Peak</a> <a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">monzonite</a>) inter-fingers (partly as a <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dike</a>) with highly metamorphosed black-and-white-striped host rock (<a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rocks</a>) near Notch Peak, <a href="/wiki/House_Range" title="House Range">House Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Intrusive rocks are characterized by large <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> sizes, and as the individual crystals are visible, the rock is called <i><a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">phaneritic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are few indications of flow in intrusive rocks, since their texture and structure mostly develops in the final stages of crystallization, when flow has ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200948_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200948-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contained gases cannot escape through the overlying strata, and these gases sometimes form <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (geology)">cavities</a>, often lined with large, well-shaped crystals. These are particularly common in granites and their presence is described as <i>miarolitic texture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199644_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199644-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because their crystals are of roughly equal size, intrusive rocks are said to be <i><a href="/wiki/Equigranular" title="Equigranular">equigranular</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auckland.ac.nz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutonic rocks are less likely than volcanic rocks to show a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> texture, in which a first generation of large well-shaped crystals are embedded in a fine-grained ground-mass. The minerals of each have formed in a definite order, and each has had a period of crystallization that may be very distinct or may have coincided with or overlapped the period of formation of some of the other ingredients. Earlier crystals originated at a time when most of the rock was still liquid and are more or less perfect. Later crystals are less regular in shape because they were compelled to occupy the spaces left between the already-formed crystals. The former case is said to be <a href="/wiki/Idiomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiomorphic">idiomorphic</a> (or <i>automorphic</i>); the latter is <a href="/wiki/Xenomorph_(geology)" title="Xenomorph (geology)">xenomorphic</a>. </p><p>There are also many other characteristics that serve to distinguish plutonic from volcanic rock. For example, the alkali feldspar in plutonic rocks is typically <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">orthoclase</a>, while the higher-temperature polymorph, <a href="/wiki/Sanidine" title="Sanidine">sanidine</a>, is more common in volcanic rock. The same distinction holds for <a href="/wiki/Nepheline" title="Nepheline">nepheline</a> varieties. <a href="/wiki/Leucite" title="Leucite">Leucite</a> is common in lavas but very rare in plutonic rocks. <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">Muscovite</a> is confined to intrusions. These differences show the influence of the physical conditions under which crystallization takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypabyssal rocks show structures intermediate between those of <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">extrusive</a> and plutonic rocks. They are very commonly porphyritic, <a href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">vitreous</a>, and sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_texture" title="Vesicular texture">vesicular</a>. In fact, many of them are <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrologically</a> indistinguishable from lavas of similar composition.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrences">Occurrences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrusive_rock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">Igneous intrusion</a></div> <p>Plutonic rocks form 7% of the Earth's current land surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intrusions vary widely, from mountain-range-sized <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholiths</a> to thin <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veinlike</a> <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fracture</a> fillings of <a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">aplite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcanosed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Volcanosed.svg/220px-Volcanosed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Volcanosed.svg/330px-Volcanosed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Volcanosed.svg/440px-Volcanosed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing various types of igneous intrusion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg/220px-Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg/330px-Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg/440px-Geological_Dike_Cross-Island_Trail_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Dark dikes intruded into the <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baranof_Island" title="Baranof Island">Baranof Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">Batholith</a>: a large irregular discordant intrusion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonolith" title="Chonolith">Chonolith</a>: an irregularly-shaped intrusion with a demonstrable base</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(geology)" title="Cupola (geology)">Cupola</a>: a dome-shaped projection from the top of a large subterranean intrusion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dike</a>: a relatively narrow tabular discordant body, often nearly vertical</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">Laccolith</a>: concordant body with roughly flat base and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" class="extiw" title="wikt:convex">convex</a> top, usually with a feeder pipe below</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopolith" title="Lopolith">Lopolith</a>: concordant body with roughly flat top and a shallow convex base, may have a feeder dike or pipe below</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phacolith" title="Phacolith">Phacolith</a>: a concordant lens-shaped pluton that typically occupies the crest of an <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a> or trough of a <a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">syncline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_pipe" title="Volcanic pipe">Volcanic pipe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic neck">volcanic neck</a>: tubular, roughly vertical body that may have been a feeder vent for a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">Sill</a>: a relatively thin tabular concordant body intruded along bedding planes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(geology)" title="Stock (geology)">Stock</a>: a smaller irregular discordant intrusive <ul><li>Boss: a small stock</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrusive_rock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City_Granodiorite" title="Ellicott City Granodiorite">Ellicott City Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_Quartz_Monzonite" title="Guilford Quartz Monzonite">Guilford Quartz Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluton_emplacement" title="Pluton emplacement">Pluton emplacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbeck_Intrusive_Suite" title="Norbeck Intrusive Suite">Norbeck Intrusive Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">Subvolcanic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_Intrusive_Suite" title="Tuolumne Intrusive Suite">Tuolumne Intrusive Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Quartz_Monzonite" title="Woodstock Quartz Monzonite">Woodstock Quartz Monzonite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrusive_rock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kids-fun-science.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kids-fun-science.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intrusive Rocks: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kids-fun-science.com/intrusive-rocks.html">Intrusive rocks</a>, accessdate: March 27, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geocases2.co.uk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geocases2.co.uk_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igneous intrusive rocks: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocases2.co.uk/printable/rocks.htm">Igneous intrusive rocks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512145313/http://www.geocases2.co.uk/printable/rocks.htm">Archived</a> 2018-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessdate: March 27, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/intrusive-rock">intrusive rock | geology | Britannica.com</a>, accessdate: March 27, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-53-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-53_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-53_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521880060" title="Special:BookSources/9780521880060"><bdi>9780521880060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521880060&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntrusive+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iugs-1991-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iugs-1991_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_BasStreckeisen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i>. <b>148</b> (5): 825–833. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JGSoc.148..825L">1991JGSoc.148..825L</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.4446">10.1.1.692.4446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.148.5.0825">10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28548230">28548230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=The+IUGS+systematics+of+igneous+rocks&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=825-833&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.4446%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28548230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fgsjgs.148.5.0825&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JGSoc.148..825L&rft.aulast=Le+Bas&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Streckeisen%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntrusive+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS-1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BGS-1999_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3223/1/RR99006.pdf">"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme</i>. <b>1</b>: 1–52. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Geological+Survey%3A+Rock+Classification+Scheme&rft.atitle=Rock+Classification+Scheme+-+Vol+1+-+Igneous&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-52&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F3223%2F1%2FRR99006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntrusive+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattTracy1996" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). <i>Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716724383" title="Special:BookSources/0716724383"><bdi>0716724383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrology+%3A+igneous%2C+sedimentary%2C+and+metamorphic.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12-13&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0716724383&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntrusive+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200948-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200948_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009">Philpotts & Ague 2009</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199644-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199644_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlattTracy1996">Blatt & Tracy 1996</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auckland.ac.nz-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">rocks and minerals: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/glossary.html#e">Geology - rocks and minerals</a>, accessdate: March 28, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlett1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Flett, John Smith (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Petrology" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petrology">Petrology</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petrology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=327&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Flett&rft.aufirst=John+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntrusive+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonMcElroyKeslerPeters2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers—Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies". <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>121</b> (5–6): 760–779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB26457.1">10.1130/B26457.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Global+geologic+maps+are+tectonic+speedometers%E2%80%94Rates+of+rock+cycling+from+area-age+frequencies&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=760-779&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FB26457.1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+H.&rft.au=McElroy%2C+Brandon+J.&rft.au=Kesler%2C+Stephen+E.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Shanan+E.&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Edward+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntrusive+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geologic_Principles" title="Template:Geologic Principles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geologic_Principles" title="Template talk:Geologic Principles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geologic_Principles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geologic Principles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geologic_principles_and_processes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology"> Geologic</a> principles and processes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphic principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">Principle of original horizontality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">Principle of lateral continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_cross-cutting_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of cross-cutting relationships">Principle of cross-cutting relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_faunal_succession" title="Principle of faunal succession">Principle of faunal succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_included_fragments" title="Law of included fragments">Principle of inclusions and components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther's law">Walther's law</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallula-Gap-the-sisters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wallula-Gap-the-sisters.JPG/50px-Wallula-Gap-the-sisters.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wallula-Gap-the-sisters.JPG/75px-Wallula-Gap-the-sisters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wallula-Gap-the-sisters.JPG/100px-Wallula-Gap-the-sisters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrologic principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intrusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">Extrusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">Soil formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">Diagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">Metamorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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