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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Modern Hebrew (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: עִבְרִית חֲדָשָׁה <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʔivˈʁit χadaˈʃa]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʕivˈrit ħadaˈʃa]</a>), also called Israeli Hebrew or simply Hebrew, is the standard form of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> spoken today. Developed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revival of Hebrew</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> and the only <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite language</a> still spoken as a native language. The revival of Hebrew predates the creation of the state of Israel, where it is now the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>. Modern Hebrew is often regarded as one of the most successful instances of <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">language revitalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GrenobleWhaley2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Modern Hebrew</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Hebrew, Israeli Hebrew</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>עברית חדשה‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalom_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Shalom_black.svg/150px-Shalom_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Shalom_black.svg/225px-Shalom_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Shalom_black.svg/300px-Shalom_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="168"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Render of the word "<a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom">shalom</a>" in Modern Hebrew, including <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel diacritics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9 million (2014)<a href="#cite_note-UCLALMP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dekel-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-3">[3]</a><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 5 million</li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 4 million</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages#South_Canaan" title="Canaanite languages">South</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Modern Hebrew</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval Hebrew</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Signed Hebrew</a> (national form)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=he">he</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=184">heb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/heb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:heb">heb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hebr1245">hebr1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Language_in_the_State_of_Israel_and_Area_A,_B_and_C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hebrew_Language_in_the_State_of_Israel_and_Area_A%2C_B_and_C.png/320px-Hebrew_Language_in_the_State_of_Israel_and_Area_A%2C_B_and_C.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="594" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hebrew_Language_in_the_State_of_Israel_and_Area_A%2C_B_and_C.png/480px-Hebrew_Language_in_the_State_of_Israel_and_Area_A%2C_B_and_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Hebrew_Language_in_the_State_of_Israel_and_Area_A%2C_B_and_C.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1140"></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hebrew-speaking world:<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> >50% of the population speaks Hebrew</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 25–50% of the population speaks Hebrew</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <25% of the population speaks Hebrew</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom"><img alt="שָׁלוֹם" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/40px-Shalom2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/60px-Shalom2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/80px-Shalom2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="400"></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Hebrew" title="Help:Hebrew">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Hebrew letters.</div></div> </div> Hebrew, a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic language</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>, was spoken since antiquity and the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a> until the 3rd century BCE, when it was supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western Aramaic</a>, a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic language</a>, the local or dominant languages of the regions Jews migrated to, and later <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Although Hebrew continued to be used for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish liturgy">Jewish liturgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">poetry and literature</a>, and written correspondence,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> it became <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> as a spoken language. By the late 19th century, Russian-Jewish linguist <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> had begun a popular movement to <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revive</a> Hebrew as a living language, motivated by his desire to preserve <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a> and a distinct <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewish nationality</a> in the context of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Soon after, a large number of Yiddish and Judaeo-Spanish speakers were murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a><a href="#cite_note-Sprache_1984_p._3-14">[14]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">fled to Israel</a>, and many speakers of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a> emigrated to Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a>, where many adapted to Modern Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Currently, Hebrew is spoken by approximately 9–10 million people, counting native, fluent, and non-fluent speakers.<a href="#cite_note-israel-hayom-hebrew-speakers-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Behadrey-Haredim-17">[17]</a> Some 6 million of these speak it as their native language, the overwhelming majority of whom are <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Jews who were born in Israel</a> or immigrated during infancy. The rest is split: 2 million are immigrants to Israel; 1.5 million are <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Israeli Arabs</a>, whose first language is usually <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Arabic</a>; and half a million are <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">expatriate Israelis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora Jews</a>. Under Israeli law, the organization that officially directs the development of Modern Hebrew is the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>, headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background">2 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Revival">3 Revival</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Classification">4 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Alphabet">5 Alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Phonology">6 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Morphology">7 Morphology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Syntax">8 Syntax</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Word_order">8.1 Word order</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lexicon">9 Lexicon</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Loanwords">9.1 Loanwords</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bibliography">12 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The most common scholarly term for the language is "Modern Hebrew" (עברית חדשה). Most people refer to it simply as Hebrew (עברית <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hebrew pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[Ivrit]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dekel1-18">[18]</a> The term "Modern Hebrew" has been described as "somewhat problematic"<a href="#cite_note-Matras1-19">[19]</a> as it implies unambiguous <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a> from <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matras1-19">[19]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haiim_B._Ros%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haiim B. Rosén (page does not exist)">Haiim B. Rosén</a> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:חיים רוזן">he</a>] (חיים רוזן) supported the now widely used<a href="#cite_note-Matras1-19">[19]</a> term "Israeli Hebrew" on the basis that it "represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew".<a href="#cite_note-Dekel1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosen15-20">[20]</a> In 1999, Israeli linguist <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a> proposed the term "Israeli" to represent the multiple origins of the language.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>: 325 <a href="#cite_note-Dekel1-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div> The history of the Hebrew language can be divided into four major periods:<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, until about the 3rd century BCE; the language of most of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a>, the language of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval Hebrew</a>, from about the 6th to the 13th century CE</li> <li>Modern Hebrew, the language of the modern State of Israel</li></ul> Jewish contemporary sources describe Hebrew flourishing as a spoken language in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">kingdoms of Israel and Judah</a>, during about 1200 to 586 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew remained a spoken vernacular following the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Aramaic language">Old Aramaic</a> became the predominant international language in the region. Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">died out</a> as a vernacular language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining after the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> of 132–136 CE, which devastated the population of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>. After <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">the exile</a>, Hebrew became restricted to <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> and literary use.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Revival">Revival</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revival" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></div>Hebrew had been spoken at various times and for a number of purposes throughout the Diaspora, and during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a> it had developed into a spoken <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> then led a <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revival of the Hebrew language</a> as a mother tongue in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modern Hebrew used Biblical Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, Mishnaic spelling and grammar, and Sephardic pronunciation. Many <a href="/wiki/Idiomatic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiomatic language">idioms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> were made from <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Its acceptance by the early Jewish immigrants to <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Ottoman Palestine</a> was caused primarily by support from the organisations of <a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Edmond James de Rothschild</a> in the 1880s and the official status it received in the 1922 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harshav1999-29">[29]</a> Ben-Yehuda codified and planned Modern Hebrew using 8,000 words from the Bible and 20,000 words from rabbinical commentaries. Many new words were borrowed from Arabic, due to the language's common Semitic roots with Hebrew, but changed to fit Hebrew phonology and grammar, for example the words gerev (sing.) and garbayim (pl.) are now applied to 'socks', a diminutive of the Arabic ğuwārib ('socks').<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In addition, early Jewish immigrants, borrowing from the local Arabs, and later immigrants from Arab lands introduced many nouns as loanwords from Arabic (such as <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">nana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaatar">zaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">mishmish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">kusbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilbah">ḥilba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigna_unguiculata_subsp._unguiculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata">lubiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">gezer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">rayḥan</a>, etc.), as well as much of Modern Hebrew's slang. Despite Ben-Yehuda's fame as the renewer of Hebrew, the most productive renewer of Hebrew words was poet <a href="/wiki/Haim_Nahman_Bialik" class="mw-redirect" title="Haim Nahman Bialik">Haim Nahman Bialik</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the phenomena seen with the revival of the Hebrew language is that old meanings of nouns were occasionally changed for altogether different meanings, such as bardelas (ברדלס), which in Mishnaic Hebrew meant '<a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyena</a>',<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> but in Modern Hebrew it now means '<a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a>'; or shezīph (שְׁזִיף) which is now used for '<a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>', but formerly meant '<a href="/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujube</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The word kishū’īm (formerly 'cucumbers')<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> is now applied to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Summer_squash" title="Summer squash">summer squash</a> (Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica), a plant native to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Another example is the word kǝvīš (כביש), which now denotes a street or a road, but is actually an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> adjective meaning 'trodden down' or 'blazed', rather than a common noun. It was originally used to describe a blazed trail.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The flower <a href="/wiki/Anemone_coronaria" title="Anemone coronaria">Anemone coronaria</a>, called in Modern Hebrew kalanit, was formerly called in Hebrew shoshanat ha-melekh ('the king's flower').<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> For a simple comparison between the Sephardic and Yemenite versions of Mishnaic Hebrew, see <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew#Distinctive_pronunciations_preserved" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Modern Hebrew is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> subgroup.<a href="#cite_note-e18-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weninger,_Stefan_2011-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> While Modern Hebrew is largely based on <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> Hebrew as well as <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a> liturgical and literary tradition from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> eras and retains its Semitic character in its morphology and in much of its syntax,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] some scholars posit that Modern Hebrew represents a fundamentally new linguistic system, not directly continuing any previous linguistic state. Though this is not the consensus among scholars. <a href="#cite_note-Reshef,_Yael_2013-45">[45]</a> Modern Hebrew is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné language</a> based on historical layers of Hebrew that incorporates foreign elements, mainly those introduced during the most critical revival period between 1880 and 1920, as well as new elements created by speakers through natural linguistic evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Reshef,_Yael_2013-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-e18-39">[39]</a> A minority of scholars argue that the revived language had been so influenced by various substrate languages that it is genealogically a hybrid with Indo-European.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Those theories have not been met with general acceptance, and the consensus among a majority of scholars is that Modern Hebrew, despite its non-Semitic influences, can correctly be classified as a Semitic language.<a href="#cite_note-Weninger,_Stefan_2011-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Although European languages have had an impact on Modern Hebrew, the impact may often be overstated. Although Modern Hebrew has more of the features attributed to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a> than Biblical Hebrew, it is still quite distant, and has fewer such features than Modern Standard Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive Hebrew</a></div> Modern Hebrew is written from right to left using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, or consonant-only script of 22 letters based on the "square" letter form, known as Ashurit (Assyrian), which was developed from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic script</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">cursive</a> script is used in handwriting. When necessary, vowels are indicated by diacritic marks above or below the letters known as <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Nikkud</a>, or by use of <a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis#Usage_in_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">Matres lectionis</a>, which are consonantal letters used as vowels. Further diacritics like <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin and Shin dots</a> are used to indicate variations in the pronunciation of the consonants (e.g. bet/vet, shin/sin). The letters "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ׳‎", "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג׳‎", "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז׳‎", each modified with a <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a>, represent the consonants [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]. The consonant [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] may also be written as "תש" and "טש". [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] is represented interchangeably by a simple vav "ו", non-standard double vav "וו" and sometimes by non-standard geresh modified vav "ו׳". <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(letter)#Hebrew_alef" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (letter)">Alef</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)#Hebrew_bet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)">Bet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(letter)#Hebrew_gimel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimel (letter)">Gimel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daleth#Hebrew_dalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daleth">Dalet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Hebrew_heh" title="He (letter)">He</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Hebrew_waw/vav" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin#Hebrew_zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)#Hebrew_chet" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">Chet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teth#Hebrew_tet" title="Teth">Tet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Hebrew_yod" title="Yodh">Yod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Hebrew_kaf" title="Kaph">Kaf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Hebrew_lamed" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mem#Hebrew_mem" title="Mem">Mem</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Hebrew_nun" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samekh#Hebrew_samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Hebrew_ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)#Hebrew_pe" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Hebrew_tsadi" title="Tsade">Tzadi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Hebrew_qof" title="Qoph">Kof</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh#Hebrew_resh" title="Resh">Resh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Hebrew_shin/sin" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)#Hebrew_tav" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">Tav</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller">Printed letter </th> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ך‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ל‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ם‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ן‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ף‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ץ‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ש‎ </td> <td style="height:40px; font-size:150%; vertical-align:top;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller">Cursive letter </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/17px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/26px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/34px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller">Pronunciation </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>(<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a>)/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular approximant">ʁ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:smaller">Transliteration </th> <td>', <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a> </td> <td>b, v </td> <td>g </td> <td>d </td> <td>h </td> <td>v, u, o, w </td> <td>z </td> <td>kh, ch, h </td> <td>t </td> <td>y, i, e, ei </td> <td>k, kh </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>s </td> <td>', <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a> </td> <td>p, f </td> <td>ts, tz </td> <td>k </td> <td>r </td> <td>sh, s </td> <td>t </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew phonology</a></div> Modern Hebrew has fewer phonemes than Biblical Hebrew but it has developed its own phonological complexity. Israeli Hebrew has 25 to 27 consonants, depending on whether the speaker has <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeals">pharyngeals</a>. It has 5 to 10 vowels, depending on whether diphthongs and vowels are counted, varying with the speaker and the analysis. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Modern Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> (formation, structure, and interrelationship of words in a language) is essentially <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-52">[52]</a> Modern Hebrew showcases much of the inflectional morphology of the classical upon which it was based. In the formation of new words, all verbs and the majority of nouns and adjectives are formed by the classically Semitic devices of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">triconsonantal roots</a> (shoresh) with <a href="/wiki/Nonconcatenative_morphology" title="Nonconcatenative morphology">affixed patterns</a> (mishkal). Mishnaic attributive patterns are often used to create nouns, and Classical patterns are often used to create adjectives. Blended words are created by merging two bound stems or parts of words. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern Hebrew grammar</a></div> The syntax of Modern Hebrew is mainly Mishnaic<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-52">[52]</a> but also shows the influence of different contact languages to which its speakers have been exposed during the revival period and over the past century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Word order" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The word order of Modern Hebrew is predominately SVO (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>). Biblical Hebrew was originally <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> (VSO), but drifted into SVO.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In the modern language, a sentence may correctly be arranged in any order but its meaning might be hard to understand unless אֶת is used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Modern Hebrew maintains classical syntactic properties associated with VSO languages: it is <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositional</a>, rather than postpositional, in marking case and adverbial relations, <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> precede main verbs; main verbs precede their complements, and noun modifiers (<a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a> other than the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> [ה-] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">noun adjuncts</a>) follow the head noun; and in <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> constructions, the possessee noun precedes the possessor. Moreover, Modern Hebrew allows and sometimes requires sentences with a predicate initial. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lexicon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Modern Hebrew has expanded its vocabulary effectively to meet the needs of casual vernacular, of science and technology, of journalism and <a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">belles-lettres</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The number of attested Biblical Hebrew words is 8198, of which some 2000 are <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">hapax legomena</a> (the number of Biblical Hebrew roots, on which many of these words are based, is 2099). The number of attested Rabbinic Hebrew words is less than 20,000, of which (i) 7879 are Rabbinic par excellence, i.e. they did not appear in the Old Testament (the number of new Rabbinic Hebrew roots is 805); (ii) around 6000 are a subset of Biblical Hebrew; and (iii) several thousand are Aramaic words which can have a Hebrew form. Medieval Hebrew added 6421 words to (Modern) Hebrew. The approximate number of new lexical items in Israeli is 17,000 (cf. 14,762 in Even-Shoshan 1970 [...]). With the inclusion of foreign and technical terms [...], the total number of Israeli words, including words of biblical, rabbinic and medieval descent, is more than 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-Zuckermann-54">[54]</a>: 64–65 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loanwords" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Modern Hebrew has loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (both from the local <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian dialect</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">dialects of Jewish immigrants from Arab countries</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other languages. Simultaneously, Israeli Hebrew makes use of words that were originally loanwords from the languages of surrounding nations from ancient times: Canaanite languages as well as Akkadian. Mishnaic Hebrew borrowed many nouns from Aramaic (including Persian words borrowed by Aramaic), as well as from Greek and to a lesser extent Latin.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the Middle Ages, Hebrew made heavy semantic borrowing from Arabic, especially in the fields of science and philosophy. Here are typical examples of Hebrew loanwords: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">loanword</th> <th colspan="3">derivatives</th> <th colspan="3">origin </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hebrew</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>meaning</th> <th>Hebrew</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>meaning</th> <th>language</th> <th>spelling</th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>בַּי</td> <td>/baj/</td> <td>goodbye</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td colspan="2">bye </td></tr> <tr> <td>אֶגְזוֹז</td> <td>/eɡˈzoz/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">exhaust system</a></td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="2">exhaust system </td></tr> <tr> <td>דיג׳יי</td> <td>/ˈdidʒej/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJ</a></td> <td>דיג׳ה</td> <td>/diˈdʒe/</td> <td>to DJ</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/DJ#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:DJ">to DJ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>וַאלְלָה</td> <td>/ˈwala/</td> <td>really!?</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td>والله</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/really#Interjection" class="extiw" title="wikt:really">really!?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>כֵּיף</td> <td>/kef/</td> <td>fun</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כַּיֵּף‎</td> <td>/kiˈjef/</td> <td>to have fun<a href="#cite_note-56">[w 1]</a></td> <td>كيف</td> <td>pleasure </td></tr> <tr> <td>תַּאֲרִיךְ</td> <td>/taʔaˈʁiχ/</td> <td>date</td> <td>תֶּאֱרַךְ</td> <td>/teʔeˈreχ/</td> <td>to date</td> <td>تاريخ</td> <td>date, history </td></tr> <tr> <td>חְנוּן</td> <td>/χnun/</td> <td>geek, wimp, nerd, "square"</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>خنونة‎</td> <td>snot </td></tr> <tr> <td>אַבָּא</td> <td>/ˈaba/</td> <td>dad</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אבא‎</td> <td>the father/my father </td></tr> <tr> <td>דוּגרִי</td> <td>/ˈdugʁi/</td> <td>forthright</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">طوغری‎ doğrı</td> <td>correct </td></tr> <tr> <td>פַּרְדֵּס</td> <td>/paʁˈdes/</td> <td>orchard</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a></td> <td>𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀</td> <td>garden </td></tr> <tr> <td>אֲלַכְסוֹן </td> <td>/alaχˈson/ </td> <td>diagonal </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td>λοξός </td> <td>slope </td></tr> <tr> <td>וִילוֹן </td> <td>/viˈlon/ </td> <td>curtain </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </td> <td>vēlum </td> <td>veil, curtain </td></tr> <tr> <td>חַלְטוּרָה</td> <td>/χalˈtuʁa/</td> <td>shoddy job</td> <td>חִלְטֵר</td> <td>/χilˈteʁ/</td> <td>to moonlight</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:халтура">халтура</a></td> <td>shoddy work<a href="#cite_note-from_russian-57">[w 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>בָּלָגָן</td> <td>/balaˈɡan/</td> <td>mess</td> <td>בִּלְגֵּן</td> <td>/bilˈɡen/</td> <td>to make a mess</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:балаган">балаган</a></td> <td>chaos<a href="#cite_note-from_russian-57">[w 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>תַּכְלֶ׳ס</td> <td>/ˈtaχles/</td> <td>directly/ essentially</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></td> <td>תכלית</td> <td>goal (Hebrew word, only pronunciation is Yiddish) </td></tr> <tr> <td>חְרוֹפּ</td> <td>/χʁop/</td> <td>deep sleep</td> <td>חָרַפּ</td> <td>/χaˈʁap/</td> <td>to sleep deeply</td> <td>כראָפ</td> <td>snore </td></tr> <tr> <td>שְׁפַּכְטֵל</td> <td>/ˈʃpaχtel/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putty_knife" title="Putty knife">putty knife</a></td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td>Spachtel</td> <td>putty knife </td></tr> <tr> <td>גּוּמִי</td> <td>/ˈɡumi/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a></td> <td>גּוּמִיָּה</td> <td>/ɡumiˈja/</td> <td>rubber band</td> <td>Gummi</td> <td>rubber </td></tr> <tr> <td>גָּזוֹז</td> <td>/ɡaˈzoz/</td> <td>carbonated beverage</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td>gazoz<a href="#cite_note-58">[w 3]</a> from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eau" class="extiw" title="wikt:eau">eau</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gazeuse" class="extiw" title="wikt:gazeuse">gazeuse</a></td> <td>carbonated beverage </td></tr> <tr> <td>פּוּסְטֵמָה</td> <td>/pusˈtema/</td> <td>stupid woman</td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></td> <td>פּוֹשׂטֵימה postema</td> <td>inflamed wound<a href="#cite_note-59">[w 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>אַדְרִיכָל</td> <td>/adʁiˈχal/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a></td> <td>אַדְרִיכָלוּת</td> <td>/adʁiχaˈlut/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></td> <td>𒀵𒂍𒃲</td> <td>temple servant<a href="#cite_note-60">[w 5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>צִי </td> <td>/t͡si/ </td> <td>fleet </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a> </td> <td>ḏꜣy </td> <td>ship </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFbitFormation" class="citation web cs1">bitFormation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/arabic.php">"Loanwords in Hebrew from Arabic"</a>. Safa-ivrit.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011050943/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/arabic.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Hebrew+from+Arabic&rft.pub=Safa-ivrit.org&rft.au=bitFormation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa-ivrit.org%2Fimported%2Farabic.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-from_russian-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-from_russian_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-from_russian_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbitFormation" class="citation web cs1">bitFormation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/russian.php">"Loanwords in Hebrew from Russian"</a>. Safa-ivrit.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235722/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/russian.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Hebrew+from+Russian&rft.pub=Safa-ivrit.org&rft.au=bitFormation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa-ivrit.org%2Fimported%2Frussian.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbitFormation" class="citation web cs1">bitFormation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/turkish.php">"Loanwords in Hebrew from Turkish"</a>. Safa-ivrit.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235727/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/turkish.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Hebrew+from+Turkish&rft.pub=Safa-ivrit.org&rft.au=bitFormation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa-ivrit.org%2Fimported%2Fturkish.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbitFormation" class="citation web cs1">bitFormation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/ladino.php">"Loanwords in Hebrew from Ladino"</a>. Safa-ivrit.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208124255/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/ladino.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Hebrew+from+Ladino&rft.pub=Safa-ivrit.org&rft.au=bitFormation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa-ivrit.org%2Fimported%2Fladino.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFאתר_השפה_העברית" class="citation web cs1">אתר השפה העברית. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/akkadian.php">"Loanwords in Hebrew from Akkadian"</a>. Safa-ivrit.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235650/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/akkadian.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+Hebrew+from+Akkadian&rft.pub=Safa-ivrit.org&rft.au=%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa-ivrit.org%2Fimported%2Fakkadian.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UCLALMP-1"><a href="#cite_ref-UCLALMP_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311025731/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=59&menu=004">"Hebrew"</a>. UCLA Language Materials Project. University of California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/profile.aspx?langid=59&menu=004">the original</a> on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Language+Materials+Project&rft.atitle=Hebrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmp.ucla.edu%2Fprofile.aspx%3Flangid%3D59%26menu%3D004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dekel-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Dekel_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDekel2014">Dekel 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb">"Hebrew"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514202425/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Hebrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fheb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Meir & Sandler, 2013, A Language in Space: The Story of x Sign Language </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012748/http://cbs.gov.il/shnaton68/st02_19x.pdf"><bdi lang="he">אוכלוסייה, לפי קבוצת אוכלוסייה, דת, גיל ומין, מחוז ונפה</bdi></a> [Population, by Population Group, Religion, age and sex, district and sub-district] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs.gov.il/shnaton68/st02_19x.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94%2C+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99+%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94%2C+%D7%93%D7%AA%2C+%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F%2C+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96+%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%94&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs.gov.il%2Fshnaton68%2Fst02_19x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225719/http://www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/arabju.pdf">"The Arab Population in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. November 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/arabju.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fstatistical%2Farabju.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrenobleWhaley2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-GrenobleWhaley2_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenobleWhaley2005" class="citation book cs1">Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vavj5-hdDgQC&pg=PA63">Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521016520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521016520"><bdi>978-0521016520</bdi></a>. <q>Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Languages%3A+An+Introduction+to+Language+Revitalization&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521016520&rft.aulast=Grenoble&rft.aufirst=Leonore+A.&rft.au=Whaley%2C+Lindsay+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVavj5-hdDgQC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuehnergard,_JohnPat-El,_Na'ama2019" class="citation book cs1">Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yD6IDwAAQBAJ">The Semitic Languages</a>. Routledge. p. 571. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429655388" title="Special:BookSources/9780429655388"><bdi>9780429655388</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134731/https://books.google.com/books?id=yD6IDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&rft.pages=571&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780429655388&rft.au=Huehnergard%2C+John&rft.au=Pat-El%2C+Na%27ama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyD6IDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fsCgAAQBAJ">Language Contact and the Development of Modern Hebrew</a>. BRILL. 16 November 2015. pp. 3, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31089-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31089-6"><bdi>978-90-04-31089-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+and+the+Development+of+Modern+Hebrew&rft.pages=3%2C+7&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31089-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX3fsCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzwald2012" class="citation book cs1">Schwarzwald, Ora (Rodrigue) (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110251586.523/html">"Modern Hebrew"</a>. In Weninger, Stefan; Khan, Geoffrey; Streck, Michael P.; Watson, Janet C. E. (eds.). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. De Gruyter. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110251586.523">10.1515/9783110251586.523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6"><bdi>978-3-11-025158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Hebrew&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110251586.523&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025158-6&rft.aulast=Schwarzwald&rft.aufirst=Ora+%28Rodrigue%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110251586.523%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2005" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, George (2005). "Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer [Eliezer Yizhak Perelman] (1858–1922)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57470923">Encyclopedia of modern Jewish culture</a>. Glenda Abramson ([New ed.] ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29813-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29813-X"><bdi>0-415-29813-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57470923">57470923</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134739/https://www.worldcat.org/title/57470923">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023. <q>In 1879 he wrote an article for the Hebrew press advocating Jewish immigration to Palestine. Ben-Yehuda argued that only in a country with a Jewish majority could a living Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality survive; elsewhere, the pressure to assimilate to the language of the majority would cause Hebrew to die out. Shortly afterwards he reached the conclusion that the active use of Hebrew as a literary language could not be sustained, notwithstanding the hoped-for concentration of Jews in Palestine, unless Hebrew also became the everyday spoken language there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ben-Yehuda%2C+Eliezer+%5BEliezer+Yizhak+Perelman%5D+%281858%E2%80%931922%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+modern+Jewish+culture&rft.place=London&rft.edition=%5BNew+ed.%5D&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57470923&rft.isbn=0-415-29813-X&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F57470923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellman2011" class="citation book cs1">Fellman, Jack (19 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1089437441">The Revival of Classical Tongue : Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087910-0"><bdi>978-3-11-087910-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089437441">1089437441</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134737/https://worldcat.org/title/1089437441">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revival+of+Classical+Tongue+%3A+Eliezer+Ben+Yehuda+and+the+Modern+Hebrew+Language&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089437441&rft.isbn=978-3-11-087910-0&rft.aulast=Fellman&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1089437441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzar2001" class="citation cs2">Kuzar, Ron (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110869491.vii">Hebrew and Zionism</a>, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110869491.vii">10.1515/9783110869491.vii</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134737/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110869491.vii/html">archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023, retrieved 10 May 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+and+Zionism&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=DE+GRUYTER&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110869491.vii&rft.aulast=Kuzar&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110869491.vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprache_1984_p._3-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Sprache_1984_p._3_14-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Birnbaum" title="Solomon Birnbaum">Solomon Birnbaum</a>, Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache (4., erg. Aufl., Hamburg: Buske, 1984), p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdichevsky2016" class="citation book cs1">Berdichevsky, Norman (21 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1_TCwAAQBAJ">Modern Hebrew: The Past and Future of a Revitalized Language</a>. McFarland. pp. 39, 65, 73, 77, 81, 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2629-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-2629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hebrew%3A+The+Past+and+Future+of+a+Revitalized+Language&rft.pages=39%2C+65%2C+73%2C+77%2C+81%2C+101&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2629-1&rft.aulast=Berdichevsky&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1_TCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-israel-hayom-hebrew-speakers-16"><a href="#cite_ref-israel-hayom-hebrew-speakers_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2013" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Zeev (18 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104001556/http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=8065">"A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=8065">the original</a> on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Hayom&rft.atitle=A+million+and+a+half+Israelis+struggle+with+Hebrew&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Zeev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2Fsite%2Fnewsletter_article.php%3Fid%3D8065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behadrey-Haredim-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Behadrey-Haredim_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNachman_GurBehadrey_Haredim" class="citation web cs1">Nachman Gur; Behadrey Haredim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104025104/http://www.bhol.co.il/article_en.aspx?id=52405">"Kometz Aleph – Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhol.co.il/article_en.aspx?id=52405">the original</a> on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kometz+Aleph+%E2%80%93+Au%E2%80%A2+How+many+Hebrew+speakers+are+there+in+the+world%3F&rft.au=Nachman+Gur&rft.au=Behadrey+Haredim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhol.co.il%2Farticle_en.aspx%3Fid%3D52405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dekel1-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dekel1_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dekel1_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dekel1_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDekel2014">Dekel 2014</a>; quote: "Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir & Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Matras1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matras1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matras1_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matras1_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatrasSchiff2005">Matras & Schiff 2005</a>; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century." </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen15-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosen15_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiim_Rosén1977" class="citation book cs1">Haiim Rosén (1 January 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PydwqOHyCMAC&pg=PA29">Contemporary Hebrew</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 15–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080483-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080483-6"><bdi>978-3-11-080483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hebrew&rft.pages=15-18&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1977-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080483-6&rft.au=Haiim+Ros%C3%A9n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPydwqOHyCMAC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, G.</a> (1999), "Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary", International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 325-346 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259061/Hebrew-language#ref267079">Hebrew language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611005453/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259061/Hebrew-language#ref267079">Archived</a> 2015-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), page 38, אור-עם, Tel Aviv, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel and John Elwolde: "There is general agreement that two main periods of RH (Rabbinical Hebrew) can be distinguished. The first, which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era (around 200 CE), is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in which the Mishnah, Tosefta, baraitot and Tannaitic midrashim would be composed. The second stage begins with the <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a> and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular, surviving only as a literary language. Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the tenth century in, for example, the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic literature." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Tudor Parfitt; The Contribution of the old Yishuv to the Revival of Hebrew, Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume XXIX, Issue 2, 1 October 1984, Pages 255–265, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXIX.2.255">https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXIX.2.255</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134735/https://academic.oup.com/jss/article-abstract/XXIX/2/255/1687934?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> 2023-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm, Eric</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcYLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39446-9"><bdi>978-1-107-39446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism+since+1780%3A+Programme%2C+Myth%2C+Reality&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-39446-9&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcYLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988">, "What would the future of Hebrew have been, had not the British Mandate in 1919 accepted it as one of the three official languages of Palestine, at a time when the number of people speaking Hebrew as an everyday language was less than 20,000?" </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwirski2002" class="citation book cs1">Swirski, Shlomo (11 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DOPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Politics and Education in Israel: Comparisons with the United States</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58242-5"><bdi>978-1-135-58242-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Education+in+Israel%3A+Comparisons+with+the+United+States&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-135-58242-5&rft.aulast=Swirski&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DOPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988">: "In retrospect, [Hobsbawm's] question should be rephrased, substituting the Rothschild house for the British state and the 1880s for 1919. For by the time the British conquered Palestine, Hebrew had become the everyday language of a small but well-entrenched community." </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Palestine_Mandate" class="extiw" title="s:Palestine Mandate">Palestine Mandate</a> (1922): "English, Arabic and Hebrew shall be the official languages of Palestine" </li> <li id="cite_note-Harshav1999-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Harshav1999_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Harshav1999" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Harshav (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPwR7pmx84IC&pg=PA85">Language in Time of Revolution</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3540-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-3540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Time+of+Revolution&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3540-7&rft.au=Benjamin+Harshav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPwR7pmx84IC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEven-Shoshan2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Even-Shoshan" title="Avraham Even-Shoshan">Even-Shoshan, A.</a>, ed. (2003). <a href="/wiki/Even-Shoshan_Dictionary" title="Even-Shoshan Dictionary">Even-Shoshan Dictionary</a> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ha-Milon he-ḥadash Ltd. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-517-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/965-517-059-4"><bdi>965-517-059-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55071836">55071836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Even-Shoshan+Dictionary&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=ha-Milon+he-%E1%B8%A5adash+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55071836&rft.isbn=965-517-059-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Cf. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a>'s commentary on <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Kelim 27:6, where אמפליא (ampalya) was used formerly for the same, and had the equivalent meaning of the Arabic word ğuwārib ('stockings'; 'socks'). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Maimonides' commentary and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadiah_Bartenurah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovadiah Bartenurah">Ovadiah of Bartenura</a>'s commentary on Mishnah Baba Kama 1:4; Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I">Nathan ben Abraham</a>'s Mishnah Commentary, Baba Metzia 7:9, s.v. הפרדלס; <a href="/wiki/Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arukh">Sefer Arukh</a>, s.v. ברדלס; Zohar Amar, Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teachings, Kefar Darom 2015, pp. 177–178; 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Zohar Amar, Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teachings, Kfar Darom 2015, p. 157, s.v. שזפין <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783455868">783455868</a>, explained to mean 'jujube' (Ziziphus jujuba); <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sirilio" title="Solomon Sirilio">Solomon Sirilio</a>'s Commentary of the Jerusalem Talmud, on Kila'im 1:4, s.v. השיזפין, which he explained to mean in Spanish azufaifas ('jujubes'). See also Saul Lieberman, Glossary in Tosephta - based on the Erfurt and Vienna Codices (ed. M.S. Zuckermandel), Jerusalem 1970, s.v. שיזפין (p. LXL), explained in German as meaning Brustbeerbaum ('jujube'). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Thus explained by Maimonides in his Commentary on <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Kila'im 1:2 and in Mishnah Terumot 2:6. See: Zohar Amar, Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teachings, Kefar Darom 2015, pp. 111, 149 (Hebrew) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783455868">783455868</a>; Zohar Amar, Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages (Hebrew title: גידולי ארץ-ישראל בימי הביניים), <a href="/wiki/Ben-Zvi_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Zvi Institute">Ben-Zvi Institute</a>: Jerusalem 2000, p. 286 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-217-174-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-217-174-3">965-217-174-3</a> (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Compare <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary on Exodus 9:17, where he says the word mesillah is translated in Aramaic oraḥ kevīsha ('a blazed trail'), the word kevīsh being only an adjective or descriptive word, but not a common noun as it is used today. It is said that <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Yavetz" title="Ze'ev Yavetz">Ze'ev Yavetz</a> (1847–1924) is the one who coined this modern Hebrew word for 'road'. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/with-tu-bishvat-near-a-tree-grows-in-zichron-yaakov.premium-1.496141">Haaretz, Contributions made by Ze'ev Yavetz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160513/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/with-tu-bishvat-near-a-tree-grows-in-zichron-yaakov.premium-1.496141">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltz2013" class="citation news cs1">Maltz, Judy (25 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/with-tu-bishvat-near-a-tree-grows-in-zichron-yaakov.premium-1.496141?=&ts=_1490626484939">"With Tu Bishvat Near, a Tree Grows in Zichron Yaakov"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021151/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/with-tu-bishvat-near-a-tree-grows-in-zichron-yaakov.premium-1.496141?=&ts=_1490626484939">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=With+Tu+Bishvat+Near%2C+a+Tree+Grows+in+Zichron+Yaakov&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.aulast=Maltz&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Ffeatures%2Fwith-tu-bishvat-near-a-tree-grows-in-zichron-yaakov.premium-1.496141%3F%3D%26ts%3D_1490626484939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Roberto Garvia, Esperanto and its Rivals, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmar2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Zohar_Amar" title="Zohar Amar">Amar, Z.</a> (2015). Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teachings (in Hebrew). Kfar Darom. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/783455868">783455868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+and+Fauna+in+Maimonides%27+Teachings&rft.place=Kfar+Darom&rft.pages=156&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F783455868&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>), s.v. citing <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> <a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(tractate)" title="Kil'ayim (tractate)">Kil'ayim</a> 5:8 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218130708/http://www.matar.ac.il/zmanim/flowers/flowers-1.asp">Matar – Science and Technology On-line</a>, the Common Anemone (in Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_39-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/heb/">Hebrew</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Weninger,_Stefan_2011-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weninger,_Stefan_2011_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weninger,_Stefan_2011_40-1">b</a> Weninger, Stefan, Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet CE Watson, Gábor Takács, Vermondo Brugnatelli, H. Ekkehard Wolff et al. The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin–Boston (2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Hetzron1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert Hetzron (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWhvl4hD7S4C&q=modern+">The Semitic Languages</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415057677" title="Special:BookSources/9780415057677"><bdi>9780415057677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223090156/https://books.google.com/books?id=RWhvl4hD7S4C&q=modern+">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780415057677&rft.au=Robert+Hetzron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRWhvl4hD7S4C%26q%3Dmodern%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadumod_Bussman2006" class="citation book cs1">Hadumod Bussman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0-9Iw0Qh6EC&pg=PA199">Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics</a>. Routledge. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134630387" title="Special:BookSources/9781134630387"><bdi>9781134630387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Dictionary+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781134630387&rft.au=Hadumod+Bussman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0-9Iw0Qh6EC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Robert Hetzron. (1987). "Hebrew". In The World's Major Languages, ed. Bernard Comrie, 686–704. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_R._Bennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Patrick R. Bennett (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LfruK29pVl8C">Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060217" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060217"><bdi>9781575060217</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134746/https://books.google.com/books?id=LfruK29pVl8C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Semitic+Linguistics%3A+A+Manual&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781575060217&rft.au=Patrick+R.+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLfruK29pVl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reshef,_Yael_2013-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reshef,_Yael_2013_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reshef,_Yael_2013_45-1">b</a> Reshef, Yael. Revival of Hebrew: Grammatical Structure and Lexicon. Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics. (2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlga_Kapeliuk1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olga_Kapeliuk" title="Olga Kapeliuk">Olga Kapeliuk</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wv2eBP9lPskC&pg=PA59">"Is Modern Hebrew the only "Indo-Europeanied" Semitic Language? And what about Neo-Aramaic?"</a>. In Shlomo Izre'el; Shlomo Raz (eds.). Studies in Modern Semitic Languages. Israel Oriental Studies. BRILL. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004106468" title="Special:BookSources/9789004106468"><bdi>9789004106468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Modern+Hebrew+the+only+%22Indo-Europeanied%22+Semitic+Language%3F+And+what+about+Neo-Aramaic%3F&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Modern+Semitic+Languages&rft.series=Israel+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789004106468&rft.au=Olga+Kapeliuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwv2eBP9lPskC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Wexler, Paul, The Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past: 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Izre'el, Shlomo (2003). "The Emergence of Spoken Israeli Hebrew." In: Benjamin H. Hary (ed.), Corpus Linguistics and Modern Hebrew: Towards the Compilation of The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew (CoSIH)", Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, The Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies, 2003, pp. 85–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> See p. 62 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006), "A New Vision for 'Israeli Hebrew': Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language", Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 5 (1), pp. 57–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Yael Reshef. "The Re-Emergence of Hebrew as a National Language" in Weninger, Stefan, Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet CE Watson, Gábor Takács, Vermondo Brugnatelli, H. Ekkehard Wolff et al. (eds) The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin–Boston (2011). p. 551 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir_Zeldes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Amir Zeldes (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/amir/pdf/LT_Hebrew_SAE.pdf">"Is Modern Hebrew Standard Average European? The View from European"</a> (PDF). Linguistic Typology. 17 (3): 439–470. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507035633/https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/amir/pdf/LT_Hebrew_SAE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Typology&rft.atitle=Is+Modern+Hebrew+Standard+Average+European%3F+The+View+from+European&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-470&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Amir+Zeldes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpling.uis.georgetown.edu%2Famir%2Fpdf%2FLT_Hebrew_SAE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Malatesha_JoshiP._G._Aaron2013" class="citation book cs1">R. Malatesha Joshi; P. G. Aaron, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xX-am4mqWoC&pg=PA343">Handbook of Orthography and Literacy</a>. Routledge. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136781353" title="Special:BookSources/9781136781353"><bdi>9781136781353</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xX-am4mqWoC&pg=PA343">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Orthography+and+Literacy&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136781353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xX-am4mqWoC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Li, Charles N. Mechanisms of Syntactic Change. Austin: U of Texas, 1977. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckermann-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Zuckermann_54-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Language_Contact_and_Lexical_Enrichment_in_Israeli_Hebrew" title="Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew">Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403917232" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403917232">978-1403917232</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613220549/https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232">Archived</a> 2019-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The Latin "familia", from which English "family" is derived, entered Mishnaic Hebrew - and thence, Modern Hebrew - as "pamalya" (פמליה) meaning "entourage". (The original Latin "familia" referred both to a prominent Roman's family and to his household in general, including the entourage of slaves and freedmen which accompanied him in public - hence, both the English and the Hebrew one are derived from the Latin meaning.) </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoueka1997" class="citation book cs1">Choueka, Yaakov (1997). Rav-Milim: A comprehensive dictionary of Modern Hebrew. Tel Aviv: CET. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-448-323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-448-323-0"><bdi>978-965-448-323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rav-Milim%3A+A+comprehensive+dictionary+of+Modern+Hebrew&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=CET&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-965-448-323-0&rft.aulast=Choueka&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim1992" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ḥayyim, Ze'ev (1992). The Struggle for a Language. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+a+Language&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=The+Academy+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ben-%E1%B8%A4ayyim&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekel2014" class="citation book cs1">Dekel, Nurit (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj_oBQAAQBAJ">Colloquial Israeli Hebrew: A Corpus-based Survey</a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037725-5"><bdi>978-3-11-037725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Israeli+Hebrew%3A+A+Corpus-based+Survey&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037725-5&rft.aulast=Dekel&rft.aufirst=Nurit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMj_oBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGila_Freedman_CohenCarmia_Shoval2011" class="citation book cs1">Gila Freedman Cohen; Carmia Shoval (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-I86twAACAAJ">Easing Into Modern Hebrew Grammar: A User-friendly Reference and Exercise Book</a>. Magnes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-493-601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-493-601-9"><bdi>978-965-493-601-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easing+Into+Modern+Hebrew+Grammar%3A+A+User-friendly+Reference+and+Exercise+Book&rft.pub=Magnes+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-965-493-601-9&rft.au=Gila+Freedman+Cohen&rft.au=Carmia+Shoval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-I86twAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlomo_IzreʾelShlomo_Raz1996" class="citation book cs1">Shlomo Izreʾel; Shlomo Raz (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wv2eBP9lPskC&pg=PA59">Studies in Modern Semitic Languages</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10646-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10646-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10646-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Modern+Semitic+Languages&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10646-8&rft.au=Shlomo+Izre%CA%BEel&rft.au=Shlomo+Raz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwv2eBP9lPskC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatrasSchiff2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yaron_Matras" title="Yaron Matras">Matras, Yaron</a>; Schiff, Leora (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/YM/downloads/Matras,%20Y.%20and%20L.%20Schiff%20(2005)%20Spoken%20Israeli%20Hebrew%20Revisited%20Structures%20and%20Variation.pdf">"Spoken Israeli Hebrew revisited: Structures and variation"</a> (PDF). Studia Semitica. 16: 145–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Semitica&rft.atitle=Spoken+Israeli+Hebrew+revisited%3A+Structures+and+variation&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=145-193&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft.au=Schiff%2C+Leora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2FYM%2Fdownloads%2FMatras%2C%2520Y.%2520and%2520L.%2520Schiff%2520%282005%29%2520Spoken%2520Israeli%2520Hebrew%2520Revisited%2520Structures%2520and%2520Variation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ornan, Uzzi (2003). "The Final Word: Mechanism for Hebrew Word Generation". Hebrew Studies. 45. Haifa University: 285–287. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913706">27913706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Final+Word%3A+Mechanism+for+Hebrew+Word+Generation&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=285-287&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27913706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ornan&rft.aufirst=Uzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsträsser1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gotthelf_Bergstr%C3%A4sser" title="Gotthelf Bergsträsser">Bergsträsser, Gotthelf</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Peter T. Daniels</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcA22SsFG00C&pg=PA64">Introduction to the Semitic Languages: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-10-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-10-2"><bdi>978-0-931464-10-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Semitic+Languages%3A+Text+Specimens+and+Grammatical+Sketches&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-10-2&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%A4sser&rft.aufirst=Gotthelf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcA22SsFG00C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiim_B._Rosén1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:חיים רוזן">Haiim B. Rosén</a> [in Hebrew] (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3IqE5f455wC">A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72603-8"><bdi>978-0-226-72603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Israeli+Hebrew&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72603-8&rft.au=Haiim+B.+Ros%C3%A9n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3IqE5f455wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Weninger2011" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Weninger (23 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA524">The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6"><bdi>978-3-11-025158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025158-6&rft.au=Stefan+Weninger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMzgBLT87MkC%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Wexler, Paul</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_ebGe7FhVEC&pg=PA5">The Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03063-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03063-2"><bdi>978-3-447-03063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Schizoid+Nature+of+Modern+Hebrew%3A+A+Slavic+Language+in+Search+of+a+Semitic+Past&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03063-2&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_ebGe7FhVEC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Language_Contact_and_Lexical_Enrichment_in_Israeli_Hebrew" title="Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew">Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</a>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403917232" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403917232"><bdi>978-1403917232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+and+Lexical+Enrichment+in+Israeli+Hebrew&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1403917232&rft.aulast=Zuckermann&rft.aufirst=Ghil%27ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hebrew_phrasebook#Q8141" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hebrew phrasebook">Hebrew</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Modern_Hebrew_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Modern Hebrew Swadesh list">Modern Hebrew Swadesh list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanities.tau.ac.il/~cosih/english/">The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew - introduction</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a></li> <li>Hebrew Today – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrewtoday.com/content/should-you-learn-modern-hebrew-or-biblical-hebrew">Should You Learn Modern Hebrew or Biblical Hebrew?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adath-shalom.ca/history_of_hebrewtoc.htm">History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language</a> by David Steinberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adath-shalom.ca/rabin_he.htm">Short History of the Hebrew Language</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Menachem_Rabin" title="Chaim Menachem Rabin">Chaim Menachem Rabin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730024242/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/English/BirthOfaWord/Pages/Howawordisborn.aspx">Academy of the Hebrew Language: How a Word is Born</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&oldid=1255907376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&oldid=1255907376</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 November 2024, at 06:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="العبرية الحديثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العبرية الحديثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আধুনিক হিব্রু ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আধুনিক হিব্রু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeans_Hebr%C3%A4isch" title="Modeans Hebräisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Modeans Hebräisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivrit" title="Ivrit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ivrit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Σύγχρονα Εβραϊκά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύγχρονα Εβραϊκά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_hebrea_lingvo" title="Moderna hebrea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moderna hebrea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="عبری نوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبری نوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9breu_moderne" title="Hébreu moderne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hébreu moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80_%ED%9E%88%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="현대 히브리어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현대 히브리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Hibru_nke_Oge_A" title="Asụsụ Hibru nke Oge A – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Hibru nke Oge A" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Modern" title="Bahasa Ibrani Modern – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ibrani Modern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עברית ישראלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עברית ישראלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hebraica_Hodierna" title="Lingua Hebraica Hodierna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hebraica Hodierna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Современ хебрејски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Современ хебрејски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hebreo_vaovao" title="Fiteny hebreo vaovao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hebreo vaovao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Israel" title="Bahasa Ibrani Israel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ibrani Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_hebraisk" title="Moderne hebraisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moderne hebraisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreo" title="Hebreo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hebreo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ebr%C3%A9a" title="Lenga ebréa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga ebréa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عبرانی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عبرانی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraishtja_moderne" title="Hebraishtja moderne – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hebraishtja moderne" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Modern Hebrew" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86" title="عیبری مۆدێرن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عیبری مۆدێرن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தற்கால எபிரேயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தற்கால எபிரேயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahib%E1%B9%9But_tamaynut" title="Tahibṛut tamaynut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tahibṛut tamaynut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ภาษาฮีบรูสมัยใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮีบรูสมัยใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_%C4%B0branice" title="Modern İbranice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Modern İbranice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جدید عبرانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جدید عبرانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hebrew_hi%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Tiếng Hebrew hiện đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hebrew hiện đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" title="現代希伯來語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="現代希伯來語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 06:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-z5tlw","wgBackendResponseTime":230,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.074","walltime":"2.452","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13167,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":365062,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14279,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":231658,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2094.260 1 -total"," 26.31% 550.995 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.92% 417.168 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 18.79% 393.523 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.01% 314.278 16 Template:Navbox"," 11.07% 231.771 52 Template:Lang"," 9.60% 201.038 28 Template:Cite_book"," 7.54% 157.912 1 Template:Nobold"," 7.48% 156.692 10 Template:Cite_web"," 7.46% 156.320 1 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[\"CITEREFMatrasSchiff2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNachman_GurBehadrey_Haredim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlga_Kapeliuk1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrnan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_R._Bennett1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Malatesha_JoshiP._G._Aaron2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Hetzron1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarzwald2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlomo_IzreʾelShlomo_Raz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefan_Weninger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwirski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWexler1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckermann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbitFormation\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFאתר_השפה_העברית\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Align\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulletedlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"E18\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hebrew language\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 43,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 11,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 28,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 52,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Modern Semitic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Script\"] = 27,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 2,\n [\"Script/Avestan\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 41,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","23.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","17.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","10.4"],["dataWrapper 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Hebrew","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modern_Hebrew","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8141","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8141","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-26T14:51:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T06:36:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c2\/Shalom_black.svg","headline":"standard form of the Hebrew language spoken today mainly in Israel"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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