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href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Erromatar+hiri" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Erromatar+hiri" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Erromatar+hiri" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Erromatar+hiri" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Erroma_hiria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erroma_hiria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Erroma hiria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Erroma_hiria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Erroma hiria azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Erroma_hiria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiriaren_sorrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiriaren_sorrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hiriaren sorrera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiriaren_sorrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sullaren_erreforma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sullaren_erreforma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sullaren erreforma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sullaren_erreforma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-II._mendeko_Erroma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#II._mendeko_Erroma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>II. mendeko Erroma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-II._mendeko_Erroma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erromatar_hiri_berriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erromatar_hiri_berriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Erromatar hiri berriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erromatar_hiri_berriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiriko_azpiegiturak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiriko_azpiegiturak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hiriko azpiegiturak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiriko_azpiegiturak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrazioaren_ikuspuntua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrazioaren_ikuspuntua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrazioaren ikuspuntua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrazioaren_ikuspuntua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erromatar hiri</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 6 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مدينة رومانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينة رومانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Римско градоустройство – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римско градоустройство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Stadt" title="Römische Stadt – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römische Stadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_romana" title="Ciudad romana – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_romane" title="Città romane – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città romane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_stad" title="Romeinse stad – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse stad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2202509#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_hiri" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_hiri"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_hiri"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Erromatar_hiri" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Erromatar_hiri" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&oldid=9876256" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Erromatar_hiri&id=9876256&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErromatar_hiri"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErromatar_hiri"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Erromatar+hiri"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Erromatar_hiri&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_settlements" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2202509" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Forum_Romanum_panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Forum_Romanum_panorama_2.jpg/220px-Forum_Romanum_panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Forum_Romanum_panorama_2.jpg/330px-Forum_Romanum_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Forum_Romanum_panorama_2.jpg/440px-Forum_Romanum_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erromako</a> espazio publiko nagusia: Foroa.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Erromatar hirigintza</b> <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Erroma" title="Antzinako Erroma">Erromak</a> menperatutako <a href="/wiki/Lurraldearen_antolakuntza" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurraldearen antolakuntza">lurraldearen antolakuntza</a> zen konkista ondoren eman beharreko lehen urratsa zen. Kanpamentu militarren arau-ordenara ohituta zeuden erromatarrak, eta haien araberako antolamendua bideratu zuten espazio handien (nekazaritza-eremuen) eta espazio txikien (hirien) banaketa zehazterakoan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erroma_hiria">Erroma hiria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erroma hiria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Erroma hiria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiriaren_sorrera">Hiriaren sorrera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hiriaren sorrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hiriaren sorrera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nahiz eta <a href="/wiki/Etruriar" title="Etruriar">etruriarren</a> garrantzia handia izan, ezin izan zuten bere boterea kontsolidatu, penintsula osoko homogeneizazio edo bateraketa lortu ez zutelako. Hau lortuko zuena beste herri bat izango zen, Erroma. Honen sorrera, <a href="/wiki/K._a._VIII._mendea" class="mw-redirect" title="K. a. VIII. mendea">K. a. VIII. mendean</a> kokatzen da (<a href="/wiki/754" title="754">754</a>. urte inguruan), eta bere jaiotza <a href="/wiki/Romulo_eta_Remo" title="Romulo eta Remo">Romulo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Romulo_eta_Remo" title="Romulo eta Remo">Remoren</a> kondairaren mitoarekin lotua dago. Zeintzuk basoan bakarrik utzirik zeudenean otseme batek bulartu zituen. Bulartze hartatik, hain zuzen, eratorri ziren <i>urbs</i> edota urbe kontzeptuak. Gerora, Romulok Remo hil zuen, lehenengoak mendixka <a href="/wiki/Palatino" title="Palatino">Palatinoan</a> hira sortuz eta bere lehen errege bihurtuz. Egia esan, <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiberren</a> hurbil zegoen asentamendu horretan ez ziren 200 pertsona baino gehiago bizi, hala ere, esan bezala, monarkia bat finkatu zen. Populazio horrek, orokorki, oinarri latindarra zuen, eta beraien hizkuntza, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latina</a>, penintsulako hizkuntza ofizial bihurtzea lortu zuten. </p><p>Erroma ez oso modu ordenatuan eraikitzen hasi zen. 520. urteraino <a href="/wiki/Servio_Tulio" title="Servio Tulio">Servio Tulio</a>, erregeak, Erroma osatzen zuten zazpi mendixkak harresi baten bitartez inguratu zituen. Eta harresi haiek 426 hektarea hartzen zituen perimetroa inguratzen zuten. Honenbestez, hiriaren erdian <a href="/wiki/Foro" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Foro">Foroa</a> gelditu zen; ekialdean Nekropolia; mendebaldean, <a href="/wiki/Foro_Boarioa" title="Foro Boarioa">Foro Boarioan</a>, Jupiterren tenplua eta iparraldean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quirinale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quirinale (sortu gabe)">Quirinalea</a>. <a href="/wiki/K._a._391" class="mw-redirect" title="K. a. 391">K. a. 391</a>. urtean <a href="/wiki/Galo" title="Galo">galoen</a> inbasioaren ondorioz hiria erre egin zen, eta berreraiki behar izan zen, hori bai, bere trazatu irregularra eta harresiek hartzen zuten perimetroa mantenduz. Bere berreraikitzean, trazatu irregularraren ondorioz, kale estu, sigi-sagatsu eta malda handikoak eraiki ziren. Gainera etxeak, modu nahiko traketsean eraikitzen zituzten. Hala nola, <a href="/wiki/174" title="174">174</a>. urtean horrela definituko dute Erroma: «Hiri itsusi bat da, itxura zekena zuten eraikuntza publiko eta pribatuekin». </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Veleia_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Veleia_mosaic.jpg/220px-Veleia_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Veleia_mosaic.jpg/330px-Veleia_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Veleia_mosaic.jpg/440px-Veleia_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Veleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Veleia">Veleiako</a> mosaikoa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Clunia,_romain_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Clunia%2C_romain_city.jpg/220px-Clunia%2C_romain_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Clunia%2C_romain_city.jpg/330px-Clunia%2C_romain_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Clunia%2C_romain_city.jpg/440px-Clunia%2C_romain_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clunia" title="Clunia">Clunia</a> erromatar hiriaren zati bat.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sullaren_erreforma">Sullaren erreforma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sullaren erreforma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sullaren erreforma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urte asko geroago, <a href="/wiki/Luzio_Kornelio_Sila" title="Luzio Kornelio Sila">Cornelius Sullaren</a> agintaldian (K.a. 83-79. urte bitartean), haren ekimenez, hiriaren erreforma prozesu bat martxan jarri zen. Eraikin handien proiektuak eginarazi zituen eta <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_arkitektura" title="Erromatar arkitektura">erromatar arkitekturari</a> zentzu berri bat eman zion, haren eskala aldatu egin baitzuen, ornamentazioaren maila eta kantitatea aldatuz, adibidez. Ildo beretik jarraitu zuen <a href="/wiki/Julio_Zesar" title="Julio Zesar">Zesarrek</a> ere. Baina Erromaren edertzean eragin gehien izan zuena, <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Inperio</a> garaiko <a href="/wiki/Zesar_Augusto" title="Zesar Augusto">Augusto</a> dugu. Hiria 14 erregiotan banatu zuen, eta bakoitzean suak itzaliko zituzten guardiak zeuden. </p><p>Baina, artikulu honetan bertan aurrerago azalduko denez, etxebizitzak oso kalitate txarreko materialez egiten ziren, eta oso erraz su hartzen zuten. Hala, <a href="/wiki/64" title="64">64</a>. urtean, hots, <a href="/wiki/Neron" title="Neron">Neronen</a> garaian, sute ikaragarria izan zen Erroman. Zortzi egun iraun zuen suteak, eta hiru auzo oso suntsitu zituen, eta zazpi gehiago kaltetu. Hori berriz ez gertatzeko, Neronek etxebizitzen eraikuntzarako arautegi bat ezarri zuen: etxeak lerrokatuta eta kale zabaletan eraiki behar ziren; etxeek altueran neurri zehatz batzuk hartu behar zituzten; eta ezin ziren zurez eraikiak izan, suaren aurkako harriekin baizik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="II._mendeko_Erroma">II. mendeko Erroma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «II. mendeko Erroma»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: II. mendeko Erroma"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/II._mendea" title="II. mendea">II. mendearen</a> erdialdera, milioi eta erdi biztanle zeuden Erroman, eta populazio gehiena hiriaren erdialdeko auzoetan kokatzen zen. Hala nola, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subura (sortu gabe)">Subura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argilentum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argilentum (sortu gabe)">Argilentum</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Velabrum" title="Velabrum">Velabrum</a> deiturikoak ziren auzo populatuenak, eta hemen, zapatariak, liburu saltzaileak, saltzaile ibiltariak, aztiak, hizlariak, eta abar bizi ziren. Noski, auzo hauek nahiko modu anarkikoan eraiki ziren, ondorioz, kaleak estuak ziren eta espazioa denda eta tailerrentzako banatua zegoen. Etxebizitza gehienak alokatuta zeuden, eta askotan bi aldiz, eta honek prezioak asko igotzen zituen. Bizitza publikoa, Foroan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapitolio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapitolio (sortu gabe)">Kapitolioan</a>, Marteren Zelaian eta Palatinoan egiten zuten biztanle hauek. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collis_Hortorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collis Hortorum (sortu gabe)">Collis Hortoruma</a>, berriz, familia aristokratikoentzako bizitegi-auzoak ziren. </p><p>Erroman ez zegoen garbiketa zerbitzurik ezta gaueko iluminaziorik ere. Gauez ateratzea oso arriskutsua zen, baina egunez, jendez beteriko kaleak aurki genitzakeen. Hurbileko mendietatik hamahiru akueduktuk ekartzen zuten ura hirira, ondorioz hiriko iturri anitz beti zeuden urez beterik. </p><p>Argi dago, Erromako urbanismoa modu nahiko kaotikoan edota anarkikoan eman zela, eta agian, hau beste lurraldeetan ez gertatzearren, erromatar kanpamentuen planoetan oinarritutako hiri berriak egiten hasi ziren. </p><p>Beraz, hiri-esparruari berari dagokionez, Erroma izan zen hiri nagusia, hiri guztien hiria. Erroma hiria izan zen hiritarraren bizimodua erraztu, politika garatzeko lekuak eskaini, negozioak egiteko tokiak antolatu, eta aisia eta jolaserako guneak egokitu nahi zituzten erromatar hiri guztiek jarraitu beharreko eredua. Estratega handiek hiria edertzeko ideia bultzatu zutenean hasi zen hura edertzen, eta Inperio osoko erdigune distiratsu eta ereduzko bihurtu zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erromatar_hiri_berriak">Erromatar hiri berriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erromatar hiri berriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Erromatar hiri berriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Timgad15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Timgad15.JPG/220px-Timgad15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Timgad15.JPG/330px-Timgad15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Timgad15.JPG/440px-Timgad15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Timgad hiriko hondarrak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Erromatarrek foroen inguruan gertatu zen populazioaren hazkundea ikusi zuten, eta honen ondorioz izan zen desordena eta anarkia urbanistikoa antzeman ere egin zituzten. Foroak bata bestearen ondoan eraikitzen ziren, superpopulazioaren arazoa konpondu nahian eta existitzen ez zen planifikazio arautuari aurre egiteko. </p><p>Baina <a href="/wiki/Hipodamo_Miletokoa" title="Hipodamo Miletokoa">Miletoko Hipodamoren</a> eskutik erromatar <a href="/wiki/Hiri_berri" title="Hiri berri">hiri berriak</a> egiteko eredu estandar bat osatu zen. Bere sortzailearen omenez, <a href="/wiki/Plano_hipodamiko" title="Plano hipodamiko">plano hipodamikoa</a> deritzogu. Trazatu honek erromatar legioen kanpamenduen eredua hartzen zuen oinarri bezala. Hots, plano erretikulatu uniformea sortu zuen. Hiria bi ardatz nagusiren inguruan eraikia egongo zen, Iparretik Hegoaldera zihoan kalea, <i><b>Cardo Maximus</b></i> deiturikoa; eta <a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">Cardoa</a> gurutzatuz, <a href="/wiki/Mendebalde" title="Mendebalde">Mendebaldetik</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekialde" title="Ekialde">Ekialdera</a> zihoana, <i><b>Decumanus Maximus</b></i> deiturikoa. Horrela hiria, lau zati berdinetan banatua egongo zen, eta bi kaleen gurutzaduran eraikin publikoak (basilikak, teatroak, liburutegiak eta termak) eta Foroak kokatuko ziren. Hiribilduetan, ateak, aipatutako kale nagusien buru eta oinetan kokatu ziren. </p><p>Plano hipodamiko hau, esan dugun legez plano estandar bat zen. Ez zuen latitude geografikoak inongo eraginik, Afrikaren iparraldean edota Frantzian oinarri berdineko hiriak eraiki ziren. Adibide bezala hauek ditugu: Ipar <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad">Timgad</a> dugu eredu bezala; <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzian</a> <a href="/wiki/Treveris" title="Treveris">Trier</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra">Ingalaterran</a> <a href="/wiki/Silchester" title="Silchester">Silchester</a>, besteak beste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hiriko_azpiegiturak">Hiriko azpiegiturak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hiriko azpiegiturak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Hiriko azpiegiturak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mota askotako ingeniaritza-obrez hornituta zeuden erromatar hiriak: </p> <ul><li>Harrizko eta hormigoizko harresi sendoak, hiri-esparrua babesten zuten dorreez hornituak.</li> <li>Osasuna ziurtatzen zuten estoldak eta iturriak (estolda handiak, Erromako Cloaca Maxima bezalakoak; ibaietan isurtzen ziren, eta beste mota bateko hodien bidez baliatzen ziren urak nahas ez zitezen).</li> <li>Akueduktuak hiriak hornitzeko erabiltzen ziren. Ura beherantz joaten saiatzen zen grabitatearen indarraz baliatuz eta horrela presio handia eduki zezan. Hiriaren kanpoaldean amaitzen zen akueduktua eta ura urtegi batzuetan pilatzen zen, nondik hiri osoa hornitzen zen. Drainaje sistema baten eta, zeramikazko eta berunezko hodien bitartez heltzen zen ura etxeetara eta iturrietara. Gainera igarotzen giltzak jartzen ziren hornikuntza ixteko.</li> <li>Galtzada-sare handiak ziurtatzen zuen hirien arteko eta metropoliaren eta gainerako hirien arteko komunikazioa. Hasieran galtzadak armadak eginak ziren joan-etorriak errazteko. Baina denboraren poderioz, merkataritza eta hirien sorkuntzak galtzada gehiago egitea eragin zuten. Galtzadak lerro zuen bat jarraitzen zuten, hiri batetik bestera modu zuzenean joateko. Galtzadak lau geruzez eginda zeuden: lurraren gaineko lehenengo gainazala lurrez eta harriz nahasturik egin zegoen; honen gainean harri, errekarri eta morteiruzko konposaketa bat jartzen zen; hirugarrena lokatz, zementu eta buztinezko adreilu zatizkoa zen; eta azkenekoa harrizko <a href="/wiki/Galtzadarri" title="Galtzadarri">galtzadarriz</a> eginda.</li> <li>Zubi bikainak eraiki ziren galtzada haietan. Zubiak bere kalitate, tamaina eta arkuen formagatik hoberenak izan ziren.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrazioaren_ikuspuntua">Administrazioaren ikuspuntua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Administrazioaren ikuspuntua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Administrazioaren ikuspuntua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Testu- eta arkeologia-dokumentazioaren arabera, Erromako inperioaren landa-paisaia dibertsifikazio nabarmena izan zuen. Gaur egun, testu klasikoetan eta epigrafikoetan jasotako terminologia zabalarekin , pareka ditzakegu gutxi gora behera, okupazio-forma multzokatuak alde batetik, eta bestetik, landa-eremuan sakabanatuta egon ziren guneak ere. Okupazio-forma multzokatuak edo aglomerazioak, (<i>vici</i>, <i>conciliabula</i>, <i>fora</i>, <i>mansiones</i>, <i>castella</i>, <i>pagi</i>) ziren. Eraikin isolatuen nomenklatura (<i>villae</i>, <i>casae</i>, <i>aimonicia</i>, <i>tuguria</i>), aldiz, soilik noizbehinka islatzen da testu-dokumentazioan. Azkenik, ezin dugu ahaztu, bide-sareari lotutako eraikin bakan batzuk bazeudela (<a href="/wiki/Mutatio" title="Mutatio"><i>mutationes</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p> Inperioaren ekialdean greziar terminologia eta banaketa administratiboak idan handia izan zuen erromatar garaian. Mendebaldeko probintzietan, gorago ikusi dugun bezala hainbat erromatar hiri, herri, herrixka edo populamendu mota administrazioaren zeuden ikuspuntutik<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</p><div style="-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;column-count:2;-moz-column-gap:1em;-webkit-column-gap:1em;column-gap:1em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_kolonia" title="Erromatar kolonia">erromatar kolonia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canaba" title="Canaba">canaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vicus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_(Antzinako_Erroma)" title="Villa (Antzinako Erroma)">villa (Antzinako Erroma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansio" title="Mansio">mansio</a><i></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum (sortu gabe)">forum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conciliabulum" title="Conciliabulum">conciliabulum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">castellum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praefectura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praefectura (sortu gabe)">praefectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turris (sortu gabe)">turris</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_arkitektura" title="Erromatar arkitektura">Erromatar arkitektura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFernández_OchoaSalidoZarzalejos2014">Fernández Ochoa, Carmen; Salido, Pedro; Zarzalejos, Mar.  (2014). «Las formas de ocupación rural en Hispania. Entre la terminología y la praxis arqueológica» <i>CuPAUAM</i> 40: 111-136. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0211-1608">0211-1608</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casadevelazquez.org/es/la-casa/novedad/terminologia-y-realidad-material-de-las-aglomeraciones-urbanas-infra-civicas-en-las-provincias-hispa">«Terminología y realidad material de las aglomeraciones urbanas infra-cívicas en las provincias hispánicas y galas - La Casa | Casa de Velázquez»</a> <i>www.casadevelazquez.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTarpin2009-10-01">Tarpin, Michel.  (2009-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1783">«Organisation politique et administrative des cités d’Europe occidentale sous l’Empire»</a> <i>Pallas. Revue d'études antiques</i> (80): 127–145.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000%2Fpallas.1783">10.4000/pallas.1783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0031-0387">0031-0387</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbbottJohnson1926">Abbott, Frank Frost; Johnson, Allan Chester.  (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/municipaladminis032553mbp"><i>Municipal Administration In The Roman Empire. </i></a> Princeton University Press <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erromatar_hiri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202509" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2202509">Q2202509</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" 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