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style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">East Africa</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/East_Africa" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:East_Africa" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=East+Africa" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a>. For the region of the African Union, see <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union#East" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions of the African Union</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African continent</a>, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape. Defined in varying scopes, the region is recognized in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">scheme</a> as encompassing 18 <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> and 4 territories.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <table class="infobox geography"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">East Africa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_East_African_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Map_of_East_African_countries.svg/200px-Map_of_East_African_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Map_of_East_African_countries.svg/300px-Map_of_East_African_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Map_of_East_African_countries.svg/400px-Map_of_East_African_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map of countries included in East Africa according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">UN geoscheme</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (18)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570"> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Unrecognised states</a> (1)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> (0–1)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283"> <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Internal territories</a> (1–3)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/23px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/35px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/45px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Governorate" title="Socotra Governorate">Socotra</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:00" title="UTC+04:00">UTC+04:00</a></td></tr></tbody></table> East Africa is acknowledged as the cradle of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">early modern humans</a>, who first emerged around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago before spreading globally though Madagascar was only settled 3000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Agegmowhsh-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definitions">1 Definitions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ancient_history">2.2 Ancient history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Bantu_expansion">2.2.1 Bantu expansion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Modern_history">2.3 Modern history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Arab_and_Portuguese_eras">2.3.1 Arab and Portuguese eras</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Period_of_European_imperialism">2.3.2 Period of European imperialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Post-colonial_period">2.3.3 Post-colonial period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Conflicts">2.3.4 Conflicts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Countries,_capitals_and_largest_cities">3.1 Countries, capitals and largest cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Demographics">3.2 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Languages">3.2.1 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Religion">3.2.2 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Climate">3.3 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Geology">4 Geology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tectonic_activity">4.1 Tectonic activity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Popular_depictions">5 Popular depictions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Art">7.1 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Architecture">7.2 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Clothing">7.3 Clothing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Cuisine">7.4 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Music">7.5 Music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In a narrow sense, particularly in English-speaking contexts, East Africa refers to the area comprising <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, largely due to their shared history under the <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani Empire</a> and as parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa Protectorate">British East Africa Protectorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maxon_2009_p.-4">[4]</a> Further extending East Africa's definition, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>—comprising <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>—stands out as a distinct geopolitical entity within East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Stock-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-IRIN-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>, an economic and political bloc, currently includes the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, Somalia, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, Uganda and Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Notably, the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region overlaps significantly with these countries. Inside of Somalia there are two unrecognised states; Somaliland and Puntland, although Puntland still wants to join back with Somalia, for now it is independent.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Adjacent to these mainland territories are island nations and territories such as <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Joireman_1997_p.-10">[10]</a> Regions including portions of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, often aligned with <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, share significant historical and cultural connections with East Africa, particularly through the Indian Ocean's maritime networks.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> is also sometimes included due in part because it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a> (COMESA) free trade area. <a href="#cite_note-EAPP-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">History of East Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa#East_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa § East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_empires#East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires § East Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa#East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § East Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_East_Africa" title="Prehistoric East Africa">Prehistoric East Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a></div> According to the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">recent African origin of modern humans</a>, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a> first appeared.<a href="#cite_note-Agegmowhsh-2">[2]</a> There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory.<a href="#cite_note-lahr-14">[14]</a> Some researchers have suggested that <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21212332-15">[15]</a> According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic Homo sapiens</a> evolved into <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">anatomically modern humans</a> in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The recognition of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_idaltu" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens idaltu">Homo sapiens idaltu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omo_Kibish" class="mw-redirect" title="Omo Kibish">Omo Kibish</a> as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory.<a href="#cite_note-White032-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Sea2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_Sea2.png/170px-Red_Sea2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="436"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_Sea2.png/170px-Red_Sea2.png" data-width="170" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_Sea2.png/255px-Red_Sea2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Red_Sea2.png/340px-Red_Sea2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> crossing in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>: now some 12 miles (19 km) wide, narrower in prehistory.</figcaption></figure> In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a> in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> East Africa is one of the earliest regions where <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> are believed to have lived. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of <a href="/wiki/Olorgesailie" title="Olorgesailie">Olorgesailie</a>, of the early emergence of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">modern behaviors</a> associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and <a href="/wiki/Florisbad_Skull" title="Florisbad Skull">Florisbad</a>), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-593591796-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic-555674-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-25">[25]</a> In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a>, of a virtual <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull shape</a> of the last common human ancestor to <a href="/wiki/Modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern human">modern humans</a>/H. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South</a> and East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190910-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190910-27">[27]</a> The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa through the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (19 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. Some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a> skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Awash_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Awash Valley">Awash Valley</a> of Ethiopia, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Koobi Fora</a> in Kenya and <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a> in Tanzania. The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, whereas in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> the <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> and such crop plants as <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a> allowed the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> around 7,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a>, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and crops such as <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a> spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa#History" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa § History</a></div> Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> as <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Punt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaonic Egypt</a> during the times of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It existed from approximately 100–940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. The kingdom is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> as an important market place for <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory</a>, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by <a href="/wiki/Zoskales" title="Zoskales">Zoskales</a>, who also governed the port of <a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Periplusme-32">[32]</a> The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite currency</a>. The state also established its <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over the declining <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bantu_expansion">Bantu expansion</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bantu expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion#Expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion § Expansion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples#History" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples § History</a></div> Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">peoples</a> began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. This <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. The latter also spread <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">African Traditional Religion</a> adherents. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png/280px-East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="784"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 324px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png/280px-East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png" data-width="280" data-height="324" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png/420px-East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png/560px-East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Early Iron Age findings in East and Southern Africa</figcaption></figure> Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> communities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> After their movements from their original homeland in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> origin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili City States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili culture</a> that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Afro-Arab</a> members of the Bantu <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a>. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>—a seaboard referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>—the Bantu <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a> contains many <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Loan-words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan-words">loan-words</a> as a consequence of these interactions.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Its important to note that Kiswahili grammar and structure are purely African and Bantu even if its vocabulary has non African influence in the same way English remains a Germanic language regardless of its vocabulary being heavily influenced by Latin and French among other languages. The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of <a href="/wiki/Rhapta" title="Rhapta">Rhapta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menouthias" title="Menouthias">Menouthias</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> ultimately giving rise to the name for <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a><a href="#cite_note-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karagwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagwe">Karagwe</a><a href="#cite_note-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25-49">[49]</a> kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_and_Portuguese_eras">Arab and Portuguese eras</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arab and Portuguese eras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Africa">Portuguese East Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">History of Oman</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> by sea. <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> in 1498. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> directly by sea. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> routes which utilized the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">camel caravans</a> to reach the eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turk">Ottoman Turks</a>, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-auto-51">[51]</a> Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Don Francisco de Almeida</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>, an island located in what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. In March 1505, having received from <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">territory in India</a>, he set sail from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (<a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> of Mombasa. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya)" title="Tana River (Kenya)">Tana River</a>), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barawa" title="Battle of Barawa">Barawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angoche_Sultanate" title="Angoche Sultanate">Angoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pate_Island" title="Pate Island">Pate</a> and other coastal towns until the western <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. At other places on his way, such as the island of <a href="/wiki/Anjediva_Island" title="Anjediva Island">Angediva</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jesus" title="Fort Jesus">Fort Jesus</a> in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region. By this time, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. The Arabs reclaimed much of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a>, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Africa">Portuguese East Africa</a> (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. Omani Arab <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. However, the creation of clove <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a>, intensification of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> and relocation of the Omani capital to <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> in 1839 by <a href="/wiki/Seyyid_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyid Said">Seyyid Said</a> had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.<a href="#cite_note-auto-51">[51]</a> Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a <a href="/wiki/Wage-labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage-labour">wage-labour</a> system began to put pressure on Omani rule. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and <a href="/wiki/Pemba,_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemba, Tanzania">Pemba</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a> in 1964. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Period_of_European_imperialism">Period of European imperialism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Period of European imperialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britisheastafrica_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Britisheastafrica_1.png/220px-Britisheastafrica_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="823"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Britisheastafrica_1.png/220px-Britisheastafrica_1.png" data-width="220" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Britisheastafrica_1.png/330px-Britisheastafrica_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Britisheastafrica_1.png/440px-Britisheastafrica_1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of British East Africa in 1911</figcaption></figure> Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonial</a> empire. <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> had first established a strong presence in southern <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> in present-day Kenya. At <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a>, they finally met the recently created British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. The Protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and the Colony of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a> like <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, as well as for animal <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">husbandry</a> with products produced from cattle and goats, such as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic goat">goat meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Pery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Pery">Vila Pery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Junqueiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Junqueiro">Vila Junqueiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Am%C3%A9lia" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Amélia">Porto Amélia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Lourenço Marques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Madagascar <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">became part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">French colonial empire</a> following <a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">two military campaigns</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Madagascar">Kingdom of Madagascar</a>, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a>, an important island hub of the <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> and the rich farming island of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, previously under the French <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> gained control of a large area named <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, comprising present-day <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and the mainland part of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> named Tanganyika.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 1922, the British gained a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Republic_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="United Republic of Tanzania">United Republic of Tanzania</a> by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British Crown's</a> colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Italy gained control of various parts of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> in the 1880s. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>). Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (<a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>). This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lane</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of <a href="/wiki/Asseb" class="mw-redirect" title="Asseb">Asseb</a> from a local sultan in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the <a href="/wiki/First_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italo–Ethiopian War">First Italo–Ethiopian War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> Empire of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a>, it became part of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>. The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> became <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> in 1897. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-colonial_period">Post-colonial period</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-colonial period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_Africa#East_Africa" title="Postcolonial Africa">Postcolonial Africa § East Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">Status of forces agreement</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (April 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conflicts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries have been riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: <dl><dt>Northern East Africa</dt> <dd>(Horn of Africa)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> 1974–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> 1961–1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean-Ethiopian War">Eritrean-Ethiopian War</a> 1998–2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a> 1977–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Dijboutian Civil War</a> 1991–1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> 1991–2009</li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern East Africa</dt> <dd>(Sudan)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Sudan_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Sudan (2023–present)">War in Sudan</a> 2023–present</li></ul> <dl><dt>South Sudan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> 1983–2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present)">Internal Political-ethnic Conflict</a> 2011–ongoing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a> 2013–2015</li></ul> <dl><dt>Southern East Africa (Southeast Africa)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a> 1993–2005 and the <a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">genocide of Hutus in 1972 and the genocide of Tutsis in 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a> 1978–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a> 1981–1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> insurgency in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> ongoing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> 1990–1993 and the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> against the Tutsi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a> 1964</li></ul> <dl><dt>Outside Southeast Africa with Southeast African participation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> 1996–1997 and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> 1998–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kivu Conflict">Kivu Conflict</a> (Laurent Nkunda Rebellion)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> has enjoyed relatively stable governance. However, its politics have been turbulent at times, including the <a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt">attempted coup d'état in 1982</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clashes_in_Kenya_(2007%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clashes in Kenya (2007–present)">2007 election riots</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">United Republic of Tanzania</a>. Tanzania and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a> in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably, they experienced the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> and the 1993 <a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">Burundi genocide</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> regions of Somalia, have seen relative stability.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> peacefully seceded from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in 2011, six and a half years after a <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">peace agreement</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a>. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan conflict</a>, particularly, South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by a dispute over the status of the <a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei Area</a>, and Abyei and South Kordofan's <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba Hills">Nuba Hills</a> both remained sources of tension between <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/East Africa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg/200px-Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg/200px-Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg/300px-Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg/400px-Aqua_rwanda_05jun04_250m.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Image of the region between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> (on the right) and Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Edward" title="Lake Edward">Edward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Kivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a> (from north to south) showing dense vegetation (bright green) and fires (red).</figcaption></figure> Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Five_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five Game">big five</a>": the <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_melanochaita" title="Panthera leo melanochaita">lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black rhinoceros</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IUCN,_Black_rhinoceros-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>, East Africa is the site of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>, the two tallest peaks in Africa. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>, and the world's second deepest lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>. The unique geography and apparent suitability for <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a> made East Africa a target for <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialization</a> in the nineteenth century. Today, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is <a href="/wiki/Ras_Hafun" title="Ras Hafun">Ras Hafun</a> in Somalia, is of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economical</a> importance.<a href="#cite_note-Ncaaroth1975-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gssir-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries,_capitals_and_largest_cities">Countries, capitals and largest cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Countries, capitals and largest cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_East_Africa" title="List of cities in East Africa">List of cities in East Africa</a></div> According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country / Territory</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Largest city by population<a href="#cite_note-lcbypop-63">[63]</a></th> <th>Second largest city by population<a href="#cite_note-lcbypop-63">[63]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a> (22,989; 2012 est.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muyinga" title="Muyinga">Muyinga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> (915,101; 2009 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gitarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitarama">Gitarama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mwanza" title="Mwanza">Mwanza</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a> (1,507,114; 2014 est.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulu" title="Gulu">Gulu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a> (529,000; 2018 est.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sabieh" title="Ali Sabieh">Ali Sabieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> (2,739,551; 2007 est.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> (2,572,125)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutsamudu" title="Mutsamudu">Mutsamudu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Pierre, Réunion">Saint Pierre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port-aux-Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Port-aux-Français">Port-aux-Français</a></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> (1,015,140; 2005 est.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toamasina" title="Toamasina">Toamasina</a> (326,286)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beau_Bassin-Rose_Hill" title="Beau Bassin-Rose Hill">Beau Bassin-Rose Hill</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mayotte_%28Local%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamoudzou" title="Mamoudzou">Mamoudzou</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzaoudzi" title="Dzaoudzi">Dzaoudzi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/23px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/23px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/35px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg/45px-Proposed_flag_of_R%C3%A9union_%28VAR%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint Denis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Denis, Réunion">Saint Denis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul,_R%C3%A9union" title="Saint-Paul, Réunion">Saint Paul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anse_Etoile" title="Anse Etoile">Anse Etoile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><noscript><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" data-alt="Yemen" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Governorate" title="Socotra Governorate">Socotra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadibu" title="Hadibu">Hadibu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadibu" title="Hadibu">Hadibu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qalansiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalansiyah">Qalansiyah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a> (868,800; 2012 est.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blantyre" title="Blantyre">Blantyre</a> (783,296; 2012 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nampula" title="Nampula">Nampula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">List of African countries by population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa#East_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">List of ethnic groups of Africa § East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic expansion">Nilotic expansion</a></div> Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6 billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017).<a href="#cite_note-UN2017-65">[65]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, there is an estimated population of 102 million as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Languages">Languages</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa#Ancient_orthographies" title="Writing systems of Africa">Writing systems of Africa § Ancient orthographies</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a> predominate, including languages of the family's <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>), <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Wolaytta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolaytta language">Wolaytta</a>) branches. In the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> branch are most widely spoken. Among these languages are <a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Kikuyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Luhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Kisukuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a> and many others. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, with at least 80 million speakers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandi%E2%80%93Markweta_languages" title="Nandi–Markweta languages">Kalenjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a>, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#East_Africa" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions § East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drought#East_Africa" title="Drought">Drought § East Africa</a></div> East Africa has a diverse climate that consists of hot, dry desert regions, cooler regions, and highlands.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Its climate generally is rather atypical of equatorial regions, being mostly arid or semi-arid with rainfall totals across much of the lowland regions below 600 millimetres or 24 inches per year. In fact, on the northern coast of Somalia, annual rainfall is less than 100 millimetres or 4 inches<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and many years can go by without any rain whatsoever.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The causes of the low rainfall totals are not fully understood. One factor is presence of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Jet" title="Somali Jet">Somali Jet</a> (a fast wind system) in boreal summer, which brings cool southern hemisphere air into East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> A second cause is the presence of east to west river valleys in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>, which channel strong moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean away from East Africa and towards the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> rainforest.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400 mm (16 in) at <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and 1,200 mm (47 in) at <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130 mm (5 in) at <a href="/wiki/Garoowe" title="Garoowe">Garoowe</a> to over 1,100 mm (43 in) at <a href="/wiki/Moshi,_Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshi, Kilimanjaro">Moshi</a> near Kilimanjaro. Rainfall in most of East Africa east of the Rwenzoris and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from March to May and the short rains from October to December. This is usually attributed to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Nordeste</a>. West of the mountains, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September — contracting to July and August around <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 mm (63 in) on the western slopes to around 1,250 mm (49 in) at <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> and 550 mm (22 in) at Asmara. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500 millimetres or 100 inches. Rainfall variability is influenced by both <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> events and a positive <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Dipole" title="Indian Ocean Dipole">Indian Ocean Dipole</a>. El Niño events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">floods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a> are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C (70 °F) or less. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonic_activity">Tectonic activity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tectonic activity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The largest tectonic movement in East Africa is the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Plate">Somali Plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian Plate">Nubian Plate</a> are separating at 7mm per annum<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Popular_depictions">Popular depictions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Popular depictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. <a href="/wiki/7_Days_in_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Days in Entebbe">7 Days in Entebbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_King_of_Scotland_(film)" title="The Last King of Scotland (film)">The Last King of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_(film)" title="Out of Africa (film)">Out of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Katwe" title="Queen of Katwe">Queen of Katwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Gardener_(film)" title="The Constant Gardener (film)">The Constant Gardener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Rwanda" title="Hotel Rwanda">Hotel Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lie" title="The Good Lie">The Good Lie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Phillips_(film)" title="Captain Phillips (film)">Captain Phillips</a> are a few of the critically acclaimed movies.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In the video games <a href="/wiki/Halo_2" title="Halo 2">Halo 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halo_3" title="Halo 3">Halo 3</a>, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Africa" title="Economy of East Africa">Economy of East Africa</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_art#East_Africa" title="African art">African art § East Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa#East_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture of Africa § East Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Clothing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume#Eastern_Africa" title="Folk costume">Folk costume § Eastern Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine#East_Africa" title="African cuisine">African cuisine § East Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines#East_African_cuisine" title="List of African cuisines">List of African cuisines § East African cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa#West,_Central,_Southeast_and_South_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa § West, Central, Southeast and South Africa</a>; <a href="/wiki/East_African_urban_music" title="East African urban music">East African urban music</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions#East_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions § East Africa</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Human Biology. 83 (4): 477–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3378%2F027.083.0403">10.3378/027.083.0403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846205">21846205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17344813">17344813</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222211436/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1634&context=humbiol">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. <q>Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Genomic+evidence+for+an+African+expansion+of+anatomically+modern+humans+by+a+Southern+route.&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-89&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17344813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21846205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3378%2F027.083.0403&rft.au=Ghirotto+S&rft.au=Penso-Dolfin+L&rft.au=Barbujani+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wayne.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1634%26context%3Dhumbiol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellarsKCMPA2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3696785">"Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Scientists+Are+Amazed+By+Stone+Age+Tools+They+Dug+Up+in+Kenya&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Rhitu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fgoatsandsoda%2F2018%2F03%2F15%2F593591796%2Fscientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Atlantic-555674-24"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Atlantic-555674_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Yong" title="Ed Yong">Yong, Ed</a> (15 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/">"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117002023/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Cultural+Leap+at+the+Dawn+of+Humanity+%E2%80%94+New+finds+from+Kenya+suggest+that+humans+used+long-distance+trade+networks%2C+sophisticated+tools%2C+and+symbolic+pigments+right+from+the+dawn+of+our+species.&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2018%2F03%2Fa-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures%2F555674%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksYellenPottsBehrensmeyer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aao2646">"Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age"</a>. Science. 360 (6384): 90–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...360...90B">2018Sci...360...90B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aao2646">10.1126/science.aao2646</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545508">29545508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Long-distance+stone+transport+and+pigment+use+in+the+earliest+Middle+Stone+Age&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=6384&rft.pages=90-94&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29545508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aao2646&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...360...90B&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Yellen%2C+JE&rft.au=Potts%2C+R&rft.au=Behrensmeyer%2C+AK&rft.au=Deino%2C+AL&rft.au=Leslie%2C+DE&rft.au=Ambrose%2C+SH&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+JR&rft.au=d%27Errico%2C+F&rft.au=Zipkin%2C+AM&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+S&rft.au=Post%2C+J&rft.au=Veatch%2C+EG&rft.au=Foecke%2C+K&rft.au=Clark%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aao2646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20190910-26"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20190910_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/human-ancestor-skull-computer.html">"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231125331/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/human-ancestor-skull-computer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Find+the+Skull+of+Humanity%27s+Ancestor+%E2%80%94+on+a+Computer+%E2%80%93+By+comparing+fossils+and+CT+scans%2C+researchers+say+they+have+reconstructed+the+skull+of+the+last+common+forebear+of+modern+humans.&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F10%2Fscience%2Fhuman-ancestor-skull-computer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20190910-27"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20190910_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounierLahr2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6736881">"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 10 (1): 3406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.3406M">2019NatCo..10.3406M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-11213-w">10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6736881">6736881</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31506422">31506422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Deciphering+African+late+middle+Pleistocene+hominin+diversity+and+the+origin+of+our+species&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3406&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6736881%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31506422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-11213-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10.3406M&rft.aulast=Mounier&rft.aufirst=Aur%C3%A9lien&rft.au=Lahr%2C+Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6736881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs_and_Steel:_The_Fate_of_Human_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies">Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies</a>; p. 103; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03891-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03891-2">0-393-03891-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndebrhan_Welde_Giorgis2014" class="citation book cs1">Andebrhan Welde Giorgis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzlEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope</a>. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62857-331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62857-331-2"><bdi>978-1-62857-331-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013172811/https://books.google.com/books?id=CzlEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. 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Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+African+past+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft.au=Wesley+Johnson%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUa_tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Hill, John E. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050315032618/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.</a> Draft annotated English translation. See especially Section 15 on Zesan = Azania and notes. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichWallerstein1971" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Evelyn Jones; Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice (2 July 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqafAAAAMAAJ">Africa: Tradition and Change</a>. Random House School Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394009384" title="Special:BookSources/9780394009384"><bdi>9780394009384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013172754/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqafAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. 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International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 1: 153–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1972.tb00687.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1972.tb00687.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Portuguese+wreck+off+Mombasa%2C+Kenya&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=153-157&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1972.tb00687.x&rft.aulast=Killman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Bentley-Buckle%2C+A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1972.tb00687.x%3FjournalCode%3Drjna20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1973" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Frederic Chapin (November 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC&dq=venice&pg=PR16">Venice, A Maritime Republic</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801814600" title="Special:BookSources/9780801814600"><bdi>9780801814600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venice%2C+A+Maritime+Republic&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1973-11&rft.isbn=9780801814600&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Chapin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQpU2JGJCMwC%26dq%3Dvenice%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1905" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, James Frederick (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71UBAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Protectorate+of+Uganda&pg=PR1">"Uganda and Its Peoples: Notes on the Protectorate of Uganda, Especially the Anthropology and Ethnology of Its Indigenous Races"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uganda+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Notes+on+the+Protectorate+of+Uganda%2C+Especially+the+Anthropology+and+Ethnology+of+Its+Indigenous+Races&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=James+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71UBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BProtectorate%2Bof%2BUganda%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabian2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fabian, Steven (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/815121/summary">"Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros by Iain Walker (Review)"</a>. African Studies Review. 64 (2): E30–E31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fasr.2021.11">10.1017/asr.2021.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236357241">236357241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Islands+in+a+Cosmopolitan+Sea%3A+A+History+of+the+Comoros+by+Iain+Walker+%28Review%29&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=E30-E31&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fasr.2021.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236357241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fabian&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F815121%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_V_Smith2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard V Smith (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/38/3/505/5863276">"Book review. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations"</a>. German History. 38 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghaa052">10.1093/gerhis/ghaa052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=Book+review.+Revenants+of+the+German+Empire%3A+Colonial+Germans%2C+Imperialism%2C+and+the+League+of+Nations&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghaa052&rft.au=Leonard+V+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fgh%2Farticle-abstract%2F38%2F3%2F505%2F5863276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL2112773120080521">Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322030108/https://www.reuters.com/article/somalia-oil/canadas-africa-oil-starts-somalia-seismic-survey-idUKL2112773120080521">Archived</a> 22 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112103732/http://www.undp.org/cpr/content/economic_recovery/PCER_Chapt5.rev.pdf">"Economic Recovery and the Role of the State"</a> (PDF). 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New York; London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 378–384?. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Africa%3A+Regional+Survey&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pages=378-384%3F&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-245-6&rft.au=Christian+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtz_gtO-pngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Africa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Timu" title="Afrika Timu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Afrika Timu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Afrika" title="Oos-Afrika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oos-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ምሥራቅ አፍሪካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምሥራቅ አፍሪካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuortt%C3%A2-Afrik" title="Nuorttâ-Afrik – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nuorttâ-Afrik" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شرق إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرق إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_du_Levant" title="Africa du Levant – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Africa du Levant" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental" title="África Oriental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="África Oriental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_Afrika" title="Şərqi Afrika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərqi Afrika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="دوغو آفریقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغو آفریقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="পূর্ব আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Hui-chiu" title="Tang Hui-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang Hui-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көнсығыш Африка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көнсығыш Африка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Усходняя Афрыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходняя Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Усходняя Афрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходняя Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Източна Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източна Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Afrika" title="Istočna Afrika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istočna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_ar_Reter" title="Afrika ar Reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afrika ar Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_oriental" title="Àfrica oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àfrica oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%85%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тухăç Африка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тухăç Африка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Afrika" title="Východní Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika_ye_Mabvazuva" title="Afurika ye Mabvazuva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Afurika ye Mabvazuva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyrain_Affrica" title="Dwyrain Affrica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dwyrain Affrica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stafrika" title="Østafrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østafrika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorta-Afrihk%C3%A1" title="Nuorta-Afrihká – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nuorta-Afrihká" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostafrika" title="Ostafrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostafrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-Aafrika" title="Ida-Aafrika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida-Aafrika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ανατολική Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολική Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental" title="África Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="África Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Afriko" title="Orienta Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Afrika" title="Ekialdeko Afrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Afrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شرق آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرق آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_de_l%27Est" title="Afrique de l'Est – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique de l'Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-Afrika" title="East-Afrika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="East-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_oriental" title="África oriental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="África oriental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="동아프리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동아프리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabashin_Afirka" title="Gabashin Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gabashin Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Արևելյան Աֆրիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելյան Աֆրիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="पूर्वी अफ्रीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्वी अफ्रीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Afrika" title="Istočna Afrika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_nga_Aprika" title="Daya nga Aprika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Daya nga Aprika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Timur" title="Afrika Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austur-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Austur-Afríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austur-Afríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_orientale" title="Africa orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Africa orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מזרח אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזרח אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_W%C3%A9tan" title="Afrika Wétan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afrika Wétan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಪೂರ್ವ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೂರ್ವ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslagan_Aprika" title="Aslagan Aprika – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aslagan Aprika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="აღმოსავლეთი აფრიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთი აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шығыс Африка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шығыс Африка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiterere_ya_Afurika_y%27Iburasirazuba_n%27ibidukikije_byaho" title="Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_ya_Mashariki" title="Afrika ya Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afrika ya Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afelika_ya_Lunene" title="Afelika ya Lunene – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Afelika ya Lunene" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronefa_Afrika" title="Ronefa Afrika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ronefa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik_l%C3%A8s" title="Afrik lès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afrik lès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чыгыш Африка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чыгыш Африка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Orientalis" title="Africa Orientalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Africa Orientalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrum%C4%81frika" title="Austrumāfrika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumāfrika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Afrika" title="Rytų Afrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oas-Afrika" title="Oas-Afrika – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oas-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afil%C3%ADka_ya_%C6%90%CC%81sita" title="Afilíka ya Ɛ́sita – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afilíka ya Ɛ́sita" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_este" title="Africa este – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africa este" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelet-Afrika" title="Kelet-Afrika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelet-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Источна Африка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источна Африка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Atsinanana" title="Afrika Atsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afrika Atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="पूर्व आफ्रिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूर्व आफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბჟაეიოლი აფრიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟაეიოლი აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شرق افريقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شرق افريقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Timur" title="Afrika Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Afrika Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Timur" title="Afrika Timur – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Afrika Timur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шиньстямаширень Африкась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шиньстямаширень Африкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Дорнод Африк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дорнод Африк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oost-Afrika" title="Oost-Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oost-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="東アフリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東アフリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uastafrikoo" title="Uastafrikoo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uastafrikoo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98st-Afrika" title="Øst-Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øst-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aust-Afrika" title="Aust-Afrika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aust-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_de_l%27%C3%88st" title="Africa de l'Èst – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Africa de l'Èst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_Afrikaa" title="Baha Afrikaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baha Afrikaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqiy_Afrika" title="Sharqiy Afrika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sharqiy Afrika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="چڑھدا افریقا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چڑھدا افریقا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ختيځه افريقا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختيځه افريقا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8F" title="អាហ្វ្រិកខាងកើត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាហ្វ្រិកខាងកើត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afryka_Wschodnia" title="Afryka Wschodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afryka Wschodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental" title="África Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="África Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C4%B1%C7%B5%C4%B1s_Afrika" title="Shıǵıs Afrika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shıǵıs Afrika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_R%C4%83s%C4%83ritean%C4%83" title="Africa Răsăriteană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa Răsăriteană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Восточная Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточная Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Илин Африка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Илин Африка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bohlabela" title="Afrika Bohlabela – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Afrika Bohlabela" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bohlabela" title="Afrika Bohlabela – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Afrika Bohlabela" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Lindore" title="Afrika Lindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afrika Lindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%A1_Afrika" title="Východná Afrika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východná Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodna_Afrika" title="Vzhodna Afrika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weschodni%C5%8F_Afryka" title="Weschodniŏ Afryka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Weschodniŏ Afryka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariga_Afrika" title="Bariga Afrika – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bariga Afrika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ڕۆژھەڵاتی ئەفریقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژھەڵاتی ئەفریقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Источна Африка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источна Африка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Afrika" title="Istočna Afrika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Afrikka" title="Itä-Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stafrika" title="Östafrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östafrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Aprika" title="Silangang Aprika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Silangang Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="கிழக்கு ஆபிரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழக்கு ஆபிரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafriqt_Usamar" title="Tafriqt Usamar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafriqt Usamar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көнчыгыш Африка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көнчыгыш Африка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="แอฟริกาตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอฟริกาตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Африқои Шарқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Африқои Шарқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Afrika" title="Doğu Afrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCndogar_Afrika" title="Gündogar Afrika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gündogar Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="East Africa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afi%CC%B1rika_A%CC%B1tyin" title="Afi̱rika A̱tyin – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Afi̱rika A̱tyin" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Східна Африка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східна Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="مشرقی افریقا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی افریقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Orienta%C5%82e" title="Africa Orientałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Africa Orientałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Phi" title="Đông Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinirangan_nga_Aprik%C3%A1" title="Sinirangan nga Apriká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinirangan nga Apriká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penku_Afrig" title="Penku Afrig – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Penku Afrig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="東非 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="東非" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cla%C3%B2r%C3%B9n_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìlaòrùn Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="東非 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東非" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikay_Rocvet%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Afrikay Rocvetışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Afrikay Rocvetışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%9D%9E" title="东非 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="东非" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afirika_agan%CC%84_Mbum-ura" title="Afirika agan̄ Mbum-ura – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Afirika agan̄ Mbum-ura" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 20:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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