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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kenya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kenya (disambiguation)">Kenya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya (<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. With a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Kenya is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">28th-most-populous country</a> in the world<a href="#cite_note-KNBS2019-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">7th most populous</a> in Africa. Kenya's capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, while its oldest and second-largest city, is the major port city of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, situated on <a href="/wiki/Mombasa_Island" title="Mombasa Island">Mombasa Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and the surrounding mainland. Mombasa was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa Protectorate">British East Africa Protectorate</a>, which included most of what is now Kenya and southwestern Somalia, from 1889 to 1907. Other important cities include <a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakuru" title="Nakuru">Nakuru</a>. Kenya is bordered by <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the southeast. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Kenya</div><div class="ib-country-names">Jamhuri ya Kenya (<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kenya"><img alt="Flag of Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya" title="Flag of Kenya">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_(Official).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kenya"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="695"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "<a href="/wiki/Harambee" title="Harambee">Harambee</a>" (English: "Let us all pull together")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Ee_Mungu_Nguvu_Yetu" title="Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu">Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu</a>" (English: "O God of All Creation") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="113" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Kenya,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/National_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/National_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/National_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/National_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/National_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kenya%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=sw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sw" label="Kiswahili ‪(sw)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Kenya_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kenya_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Kenya_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kenya_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Kenya_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kenya_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Kenya_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Kenya_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Location_Kenya_AU_Africa.svg/220px-Location_Kenya_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Location_Kenya_AU_Africa.svg/330px-Location_Kenya_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Location_Kenya_AU_Africa.svg/440px-Location_Kenya_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300"></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kenya&params=1_16_S_36_48_E_type:city">1°16′S 36°48′E / 1.267°S 36.800°E / -1.267; 36.800</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-Conlang-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a><a href="#cite_note-Conlang-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019 census)<a href="#cite_note-Census2019a-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>17.13% <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a></li><li>14.35% <a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a></li><li>13.37% <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a></li><li>10.65% <a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo</a></li><li>9.81% <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a></li><li>5.85% <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a></li><li>5.68% <a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a></li><li>5.23% <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a></li><li>4.15% <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a></li><li>13.78% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2019 census)<a href="#cite_note-Census2019a-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>85.5% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>60.8% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>20.6% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kenya" title="Catholic Church in Kenya">Catholicism</a></li> <li>4.1% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>10.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">Islam</a></li><li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Kenya" title="Irreligion in Kenya">no religion</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li>1.3% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan people">Kenyan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_Kenya" title="Deputy President of Kenya">Deputy President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kithure_Kindiki" title="Kithure Kindiki">Kithure Kindiki</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Senate Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amason_Kingi" title="Amason Kingi">Amason Kingi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Kenya" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya">Assembly Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Wetangula" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Wetangula">Moses Wetangula</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Kenya" title="Chief Justice of Kenya">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Koome" title="Martha Koome">Martha Koome</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kenya" title="Parliament of Kenya">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kenya)" title="National Assembly (Kenya)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Independence</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">957-1513</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a> control of Swahili coast </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1698–1887</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Dominion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1964</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Current Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 August 2010</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-unstats08-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya" title="Demographics of Kenya">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">52,428,290<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2019 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">47,564,296<a href="#cite_note-KNBS2019-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">82/km2 (212.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $375.36 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">59th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $7,160<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">142nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $116.39 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">59th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $2,220<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">150th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 38.7<a href="#cite_note-GINI-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.601<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">146th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Kenyan shilling</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">KES</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">East Africa Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Kenya" title="Telephone numbers in Kenya">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B254" class="mw-redirect" title="+254">+254</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:KE" title="ISO 3166-2:KE">KE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ke" title=".ke">.ke</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">According to the CIA, estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of mortality because of AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex, than would otherwise be expected.<a href="#cite_note-cia-11">[11]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kenya" title="Climate change in Kenya">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya" title="Demographics of Kenya">population</a> vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops (Batian, Nelion and Point Lenana on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>) with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates in western and rift valley counties and further on to dry less fertile <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> areas and absolute deserts (<a href="/wiki/Chalbi_Desert" title="Chalbi Desert">Chalbi Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyiri_Desert" title="Nyiri Desert">Nyiri Desert</a>). Kenya's earliest inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, like the present-day <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material, <a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">Cushitic speakers</a> first settled in Kenya's lowlands between 3,200 and 1,300 BC, a phase known as the Lowland <a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilotic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a> (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) began migrating from present-day <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> into Kenya around 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-EhretCHS-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu people</a> settled at the coast and the interior between 250 BC and 500 AD.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> European contact began in 1500 AD with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, and effective colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European exploration of Africa</a>. Modern-day Kenya emerged from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">a protectorate</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1895 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a>, which began in 1920. Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau revolution">Mau Mau revolution</a>, which began in 1952, and the declaration of independence in 1963. After independence, Kenya remained a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">current constitution</a> was adopted in 2010 and replaced the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya_(1963)" title="Constitution of Kenya (1963)">1963 independence constitution</a>. Kenya is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative democratic">representative democratic</a> republic, in which elected officials represent the people and the president is the head of state and government.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Kenya is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">the Commonwealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/COMESA" class="mw-redirect" title="COMESA">COMESA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, as well as other international organisations. It is also a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. With a <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Income">GNI</a> of 1,840,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Kenya is a lower-middle-income economy. <a href="/wiki/Kenya%27s_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya's economy">Kenya's economy</a> is the second largest in eastern and central Africa, after Ethiopia, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub.<a href="#cite_note-second-largest-economy-19">[19]</a> Agriculture is the largest sector; tea and coffee are traditional cash crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a> is also a major economic driver, particularly tourism. Kenya is a member of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> trade bloc,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> though some international trade organisations categorise it as part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Horn_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Horn of Africa">Greater Horn of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Human_prehistory">2.1 Human prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Neolithic">2.2 Neolithic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Swahili_trade_period">2.3 Swahili trade period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Early_Portuguese_presence">2.4 Early Portuguese presence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#18th_and_19th_centuries">2.5 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#German_Protectorate_(1885%E2%80%931890)">2.6 German Protectorate (1885–1890)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#British_Kenya_(1888%E2%80%931962)">2.7 British Kenya (1888–1962)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mau_Mau_Uprising">2.8 Mau Mau Uprising</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Somalis_of_Kenya_referendum,_1962">2.9 Somalis of Kenya referendum, 1962</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Independence">2.10 Independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#First_presidency">2.11 First presidency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Moi_era">2.12 Moi era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Transition_to_multiparty_democracy">2.13 Transition to multiparty democracy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#President_Kibaki_and_the_road_to_a_new_constitution">2.14 President Kibaki and the road to a new constitution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Kenyatta_presidency">2.15 Kenyatta presidency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ruto_presidency">2.16 Ruto presidency</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Wildlife">3.2 Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#2013_elections_and_new_government">4.1 2013 elections and new government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.2 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Armed_forces">4.3 Armed forces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.4 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Human_rights">4.5 Human rights</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Tourism">5.1 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Agriculture">5.2 Agriculture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Industry_and_manufacturing">5.3 Industry and manufacturing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Transport">5.4 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Energy">5.5 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Chinese_investment_and_trade">5.6 Chinese investment and trade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Vision_2030">5.7 Vision 2030</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Oil_exploration">5.8 Oil exploration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Action_against_pollution">5.9 Action against pollution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Labour_and_human_capital">5.10 Labour and human capital</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Microfinance">5.11 Microfinance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">6.1 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Languages">6.2 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Urban_centres">6.3 Urban centres</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Religion">6.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Health">6.5 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Women">6.6 Women</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Youth">6.7 Youth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Education">6.8 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Literature">7.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Music">7.2 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Sports">7.3 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Cuisine">7.4 Cuisine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Sources_and_further_reading">10 Sources and further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Republic of Kenya is named after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>. The earliest recorded version of the modern name was written by German explorer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a> in the 19th century. While travelling with a Kamba caravan led by the long-distance trader <a href="/wiki/Chief_Kivoi_Mwendwa" title="Chief Kivoi Mwendwa">Chief Kivoi</a>, Krapf spotted the mountain peak and asked what it was called. Kivoi told him "Kĩ-Nyaa" or "Kĩlĩma- Kĩinyaa", probably because the pattern of black rock and white snow on its peaks reminded him of the feathers of the male ostrich.<a href="#cite_note-sullivan-24">[24]</a> In archaic <a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Kikuyu</a>, the word 'nyaga' or more commonly 'manyaganyaga' is used to describe an extremely bright object. The Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga (literally 'the mountain with brightness') in <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_language" title="Kikuyu language">Kikuyu</a>, while the Embu call it "Kirinyaa". All three names have the same meaning.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia.<a href="#cite_note-Krapf-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-krapf_452-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-foottit-28">[28]</a> Some have said that this was a precise notation of the African pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɛnjə/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> An 1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia.<a href="#cite_note-sullivan-24">[24]</a> The mountain's name was accepted, <a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto" title="Pars pro toto">pars pro toto</a>, as the name of the country. It did not come into widespread official use during the early colonial period, when the country was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East African Protectorate</a>. The official name was changed to the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Colony of Kenya</a> in 1920. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History of Kenya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Timeline of Kenya</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_prehistory">Human prehistory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkana_Boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turkana_Boy.jpg/140px-Turkana_Boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="399" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="1437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 399px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turkana_Boy.jpg/140px-Turkana_Boy.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="399" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turkana_Boy.jpg/210px-Turkana_Boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turkana_Boy.jpg/280px-Turkana_Boy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Turkana_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkana boy">Turkana boy</a>, a 1.6-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> fossil belonging to <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">Hominids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a> (1.8 to 2.5 million years ago) and <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> (1.9 million to 350,000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>, and lived in Kenya in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch.<a href="#cite_note-Isaac-30">[30]</a> During excavations at Lake Turkana in 1984, palaeoanthropologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Richard Leakey</a>, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Kamoya_Kimeu" title="Kamoya Kimeu">Kamoya Kimeu</a>, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Turkana_Boy" title="Turkana Boy">Turkana Boy</a>, a 1.6-million-year-old Homo erectus fossil. East Africa, including Kenya, is one of the earliest regions where modern humans (<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>) are believed to have lived. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, of the early emergence of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">modern behaviours</a>, including long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. The authors of three 2018 studies on the site suggest that complex and modern behaviours had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-593591796-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic-555674-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3></div> The first inhabitants of present-day Kenya were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> groups, akin to the modern <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-EhretC18-34">[34]</a> These people were later largely replaced by agropastoralist <a href="/wiki/Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic">Cushitic</a> (ancestral to Kenya's Cushitic speakers) from the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EhretHRSC-35">[35]</a> During the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, the regional climate shifted from dry to wetter conditions, providing an opportunity for the development of cultural traditions such as agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a>, in a more favourable environment.<a href="#cite_note-EhretC18-34">[34]</a> Around 500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilotic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a> (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-EhretCHS-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmbroseALR-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmbroseSG-37">[37]</a> Nilotic groups in Kenya include the <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samburu_people" title="Samburu people">Samburu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_(family_of_ethnic_groups)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo (family of ethnic groups)">Luo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ILO-38">[38]</a> By the first millennium AD, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking farmers had moved into the region, initially along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-EhretACA-39">[39]</a> The Bantus originated in West Africa along the <a href="/wiki/Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue River</a> in what is now eastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WayneSmith-40">[40]</a> The Bantu migration brought new developments in agriculture and <a href="/wiki/History_of_ferrous_metallurgy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ferrous metallurgy">ironworking</a> to the region.<a href="#cite_note-WayneSmith-40">[40]</a> Bantu groups in Kenya include the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gusii_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusii people">Kisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuria_people" title="Kuria people">Kuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aembu" class="mw-redirect" title="Aembu">Aembu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambeere" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambeere">Ambeere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadawida" title="Wadawida">Wadawida</a>-Watuweta, Wapokomo, and <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a>, among others. Notable prehistoric sites in the interior of Kenya include the (possibly archaeoastronomical) site <a href="/wiki/Namoratunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Namoratunga">Namoratunga</a> on the west side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> and the walled settlement of <a href="/wiki/Thimlich_Ohinga" title="Thimlich Ohinga">Thimlich Ohinga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Migori_County" title="Migori County">Migori County</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swahili_trade_period">Swahili trade period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamu_door.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lamu_door.jpg/220px-Lamu_door.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="2012"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 307px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lamu_door.jpg/220px-Lamu_door.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="307" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lamu_door.jpg/330px-Lamu_door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lamu_door.jpg/440px-Lamu_door.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a> carved wooden door in <a href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</a></figcaption></figure> The Kenyan coast had served as host to communities of <a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">ironworkers</a> and Bantu subsistence farmers, hunters, and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production, and trade with foreign countries. These communities formed the earliest city-states in the region, which were collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-41">[41]</a> By the 1st century CE, many of the <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> began to establish trading relations with <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. This led to the increased economic growth of the Swahili states, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> influences on the Swahili <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a>, as well as the Swahili city-states becoming members of a larger trade network.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nanjira-43">[43]</a> Many historians had long believed that the city-states were established by Arab or Persian traders, but archaeological evidence has led scholars to recognise the city-states as an indigenous development which, though subjected to foreign influence due to trade, retained a Bantu cultural core.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> evidence has found that the Swahili people were of mixed African and Asian (particularly Persian) ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a> was a medieval <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> centred at <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>, in modern-day Tanzania. At its height, its authority stretched over the entire length of the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>, including Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Since the 10th century, rulers of Kilwa would go on to build elaborate coral mosques and introduce copper coinage.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Swahili, a Bantu language with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and other Middle-Eastern and South Asian <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, later developed as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for trade between the different peoples.<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-41">[41]</a> Since the turn of the 20th century, Swahili has adopted numerous loanwords and calques from English, many of them originating during English colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Portuguese_presence">Early Portuguese presence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg/220px-Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="629"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg/220px-Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg/330px-Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg/440px-Braun_Mombasa_UBHD.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese presence</a> in Kenya lasted from 1498 until 1730. <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> was under Portuguese rule from 1593 to 1698 and again from 1728 to 1729.</figcaption></figure> The Swahili built Mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states, as well as commercial centres in Persia, Arabia, and even India.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> By the 15th century, Portuguese voyager <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> claimed that "Mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships, both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail to the island of Zanzibar."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In the 17th century, the Swahili coast was conquered and came under the direct rule of the <a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Arabs">Omani Arabs</a>, who expanded the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">slave trade</a> to meet the demands of plantations in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Initially, these traders came mainly from Oman, but later many came from Zanzibar (such as <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip" title="Tippu Tip">Tippu Tip</a>).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In addition, the Portuguese started buying slaves from the Omani and Zanzibari traders in response to the interruption of the transatlantic slave trade by British abolitionists. Throughout the centuries, the Kenyan coast has played host to many merchants and explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivalled Mombasa for dominance in the African Great Lakes region. Malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the Chinese trader and explorer <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>, visited the East African coast on one of his last '<a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">treasure voyages</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Malindi authorities also welcomed the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> in 1498. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3></div> During the 18th and 19th century C.E, the <a href="/wiki/Masai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai people">Masai people</a> moved into central and southern <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya" title="Great Rift Valley, Kenya">Rift Valley</a> plains of Kenya, from a region north of Lake Rudolf (now <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a>). Although there were not many, they managed to conquer a great amount of land, in the plains where people did not put up much resistance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Nandi_people" title="Nandi people">Nandi</a> peoples managed to oppose the Masai, while the Taveta peoples fled to the forests on the eastern edge of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>, although they later were forced to leave the land due to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. An outbreak of either <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pleuropneumonia" title="Pleuropneumonia">pleuropneumonia</a> greatly affected the Masai's cattle, while an epidemic of smallpox affected the Masai themselves. After the death of the Masai <a href="/wiki/Mbatian" title="Mbatian">Mbatian</a>, the chief laibon (medicine man), the Masai split into warring factions. The Masai caused much strife in the areas they conquered; however, cooperation between such groups as the <a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gusii_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusii people">Gusii people</a> is evidenced by shared vocabulary for modern implements and similar economic regimes.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Although Arab traders remained in the area, trade routes were disrupted by the hostile Masai, though there was trade in ivory between these factions.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The first foreigners to successfully get past the Masai were <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Johann Ludwig Krapf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rebmann" title="Johannes Rebmann">Johannes Rebmann</a>, two German missionaries who established a mission in <a href="/wiki/Rabai" title="Rabai">Rabai</a>, not too far from <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>. The pair were the first Europeans to sight <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Protectorate_(1885–1890)">German Protectorate (1885–1890)</h3></div> The colonial history of Kenya dates from the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> protectorate over the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>'s coastal possessions in 1885, followed by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a> in 1888. Imperial rivalry was prevented by the <a href="/wiki/Heligoland%E2%80%93Zanzibar_Treaty" title="Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty">Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty</a>, Germany handed its East African coastal holdings to Britain in 1890. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Kenya_(1888–1962)">British Kenya (1888–1962)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_1909_16a.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Africa_1909_16a.png/220px-Africa_1909_16a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="679"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Africa_1909_16a.png/220px-Africa_1909_16a.png" data-width="220" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Africa_1909_16a.png/330px-Africa_1909_16a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Africa_1909_16a.png/440px-Africa_1909_16a.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> The transfer by Germany to Britain was followed by the building of the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a> passing through the country.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-57">[57]</a> The building of the railway was resisted by some ethnic groups—notably the <a href="/wiki/Nandi_people" title="Nandi people">Nandi</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Orkoiyot" title="Orkoiyot">Orkoiyot</a> <a href="/wiki/Koitalel_Arap_Samoei" title="Koitalel Arap Samoei">Koitalel Arap Samoei</a> from 1890 to 1900—but the British eventually built it. The Nandi were the first ethnic group to be put in a native reserve to stop them from disrupting the building of the railway.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-57">[57]</a> During the railway construction era, there was a significant influx of Indian workers, who provided the bulk of the skilled labour required for construction.<a href="#cite_note-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005-58">[58]</a> They and most of their descendants later remained in Kenya and formed the core of several distinct Indian communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> communities. While building the railway through <a href="/wiki/Tsavo" title="Tsavo">Tsavo</a>, a number of the Indian railway workers and local African labourers were attacked by two lions known as the <a href="/wiki/Tsavo_maneaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsavo maneaters">Tsavo maneaters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in August 1914, the governors of <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> (as the protectorate was generally known) and <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> initially agreed on a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities. But Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a>, the German military commander, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. Completely cut off from Germany, Lettow-Vorbeck conducted <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">an effective guerrilla warfare campaign</a>, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (today Zambia) 14 days after the Armistice was signed in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg/300px-Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="339"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg/300px-Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg/450px-Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg/600px-Kurve_bei_Mombasa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Kenya–Uganda Railway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, about 1899</figcaption></figure> To chase von Lettow, the British deployed the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> troops from India but needed large numbers of porters to overcome the formidable logistics of transporting supplies far into the interior on foot. The <a href="/wiki/Carrier_Corps" title="Carrier Corps">Carrier Corps</a> was formed and ultimately mobilised over 400,000 Africans, contributing to their long-term politicisation.<a href="#cite_note-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005-58">[58]</a> In 1920, the East Africa Protectorate was turned into a colony and renamed Kenya after its highest mountain.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-57">[57]</a> During the early part of the 20th century, the interior central highlands were settled by British and other European farmers, who became wealthy farming coffee and tea.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> One depiction of this period of change from a colonist's perspective is found in the memoir <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa" title="Out of Africa">Out of Africa</a> by Danish author Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, published in 1937. By the 1930s, approximately 30,000 white settlers lived in the area and gained a political voice because of their contribution to the market economy.<a href="#cite_note-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005-58">[58]</a> The central highlands were already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms and lived as itinerant farmers. To protect their interests, the settlers banned the growing of coffee and introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour. A massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to make a living from the land dwindled.<a href="#cite_note-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005-58">[58]</a> By the 1950s, there were 80,000 <a href="/wiki/Whites_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites in Kenya">white settlers</a> living in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya was</a> an important source of manpower and agriculture for the United Kingdom. Kenya itself was the site of <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">fighting</a> between Allied forces and Italian troops in 1940–41, when Italian forces invaded. <a href="/wiki/Wajir" title="Wajir">Wajir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> were bombed as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mau_Mau_Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi,_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Dedan_Kimathi_Nairobi%2C_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Dedan_Kimathi" title="Dedan Kimathi">Dedan Kimathi</a>, a Kenyan leader with the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Land_and_Freedom_Army" title="Kenya Land and Freedom Army">Mau Mau</a> who fought against the British colonial system in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was in a state of emergency arising from the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau rebellion</a> against British rule. The Mau Mau, also known as the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, were primarily <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a> people. During the colonial administration's crackdown, over 11,000 freedom fighters had been killed, along with 100 British troops and 2,000 Kenyan loyalist soldiers. War crimes were committed on both sides of the conflict, including the publicised <a href="/wiki/Lari_massacre" title="Lari massacre">Lari massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hola_massacre" title="Hola massacre">Hola massacre</a>. The governor requested and obtained British and African troops, including the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a>. The British began counter-insurgency operations. In May 1953, General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Erskine" title="George Erskine">George Erskine</a> took charge as commander-in-chief of the colony's armed forces, with the personal backing of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wunyabari_O._Maloba_1993-62">[62]</a> The capture of <a href="/wiki/Waruhiu_Itote" title="Waruhiu Itote">Waruhiu Itote</a> (nom de guerre "General China") on 15 January 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure for the British. <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising#British_gain_the_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Operation Anvil</a> opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation effectively placed Nairobi under military siege. Nairobi's occupants were screened and suspected Mau Mau supporters moved to detention camps. More than 80,000 Kikuyu were <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Detention_Camps_during_the_Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising">held in detention camps</a> without trial, often subject to brutal treatment.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Home Guard formed the core of the government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and King's African Rifles.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The capture of <a href="/wiki/Dedan_Kimathi" title="Dedan Kimathi">Dedan Kimathi</a> on 21 October 1956 in <a href="/wiki/Nyeri" title="Nyeri">Nyeri</a> signified the ultimate defeat of the Mau Mau and essentially ended the military offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Wunyabari_O._Maloba_1993-62">[62]</a> During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred. The most important of these was the <a href="/wiki/Swynnerton_Plan" title="Swynnerton Plan">Swynnerton Plan</a>, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau. This left roughly 1/3rd of Kikuyu bereft of any tenancy land arrangement and thus propertyless at the time of independence.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalis_of_Kenya_referendum,_1962">Somalis of Kenya referendum, 1962</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somalis in Kenya</a></div> Before Kenya got its independence, <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somali ethnic people in present-day Kenya</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Frontier_Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Frontier Districts">Northern Frontier Districts</a> petitioned Her Majesty's Government not to be included in Kenya. The colonial government decided to hold Kenya's first referendum in 1962 to check the willingness of <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somalis in Kenya</a> to join <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The result of the referendum showed that 86% of Somalis in Kenya wanted to join <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, yet the British colonial administration rejected the result and the Somalis remained in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jomo_Kenyatta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jomo_Kenyatta.jpg/170px-Jomo_Kenyatta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="366"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jomo_Kenyatta.jpg/170px-Jomo_Kenyatta.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Jomo_Kenyatta.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first president and founding father of Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></figcaption></figure> The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_National_Union" title="Kenya African National Union">Kenya African National Union</a> (KANU) of <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963, with independence conferred on all of Kenya. The U.K. ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya. The Sultan of Zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the colony, he would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would become one sovereign state.<a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._P._762-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom. On 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".<a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._P._762-69">[69]</a> Concurrently, the Kenyan army fought the <a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a> against ethnic Somali rebels inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Frontier_District" title="Northern Frontier District">Northern Frontier District</a> who wanted to join their kin in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A ceasefire was eventually reached with the signing of the Arusha Memorandum in October 1967, but relative insecurity prevailed through 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Hogg1986-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howell1968-73">[73]</a> To discourage further invasions, Kenya signed a defence pact with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in 1969, which is still in effect.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_presidency">First presidency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta">Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></div> On 12 December 1964, the Republic of Kenya was proclaimed, and <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> became Kenya's first president.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Under Kenyatta, corruption became widespread throughout the government, civil service, and business community. Kenyatta and his family were tied up with this corruption as they enriched themselves through the mass purchase of property after 1963. Their acquisitions in the Central, Rift Valley, and Coast Provinces aroused great anger among landless Kenyans. His family used his presidential position to circumvent legal or administrative obstacles to acquiring property. The Kenyatta family also heavily invested in the coastal hotel business, with Kenyatta personally owning the Leonard Beach Hotel.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Kenyatta's mixed legacy was highlighted at the 10-year anniversary of Kenya's independence. A December 1973 article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> praised Kenyatta's leadership and Kenya for emerging as a model of pragmatism and conservatism. Kenya's GDP had increased at an annual rate of 6.6%, higher than the population growth rate of more than 3%.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> But <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> responded to the article by stating the cost of the stability in terms of human rights abuses. The opposition party started by <a href="/wiki/Oginga_Odinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Oginga Odinga">Oginga Odinga</a>—<a href="/wiki/Kenya_People%27s_Union" title="Kenya People's Union">Kenya People's Union</a> (KPU)—was banned in 1969 after the <a href="/wiki/Kisumu_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisumu Massacre">Kisumu Massacre</a> and KPU leaders were still in detention without trial in gross violation of the <a href="/wiki/U.N._Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Declaration of Human Rights">U.N. Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sproul-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Kenya Students Union, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah Witnesses">Jehovah Witnesses</a> and all opposition parties were outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-sproul-79">[79]</a> Kenyatta ruled until his death on 22 August 1978.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moi_era">Moi era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Daniel_Moi" title="Presidency of Daniel Moi">Presidency of Daniel Moi</a>, <a href="/wiki/1978_Kenyan_presidential_election" title="1978 Kenyan presidential election">1978 Kenyan presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Kenyan_general_election" title="1988 Kenyan general election">1988 Kenyan general election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1992_Kenyan_general_election" title="1992 Kenyan general election">1992 Kenyan general election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moi_and_Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moi_and_Bush.jpg/220px-Moi_and_Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="221"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moi_and_Bush.jpg/220px-Moi_and_Bush.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Moi_and_Bush.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a>, Kenya's second President, and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, 2001</figcaption></figure> After Kenyatta died, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a> became president. He retained the presidency, running unopposed in elections held in 1979, 1983 (<a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap elections</a>), and 1988, all of which were held under the single-party constitution. The 1983 elections were held a year early, and were a direct result of <a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt">a failed military coup</a> on 2 August 1982. The 1982 coup was masterminded by a low-ranking Air Force serviceman, Senior Private <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_Ochuka" title="Hezekiah Ochuka">Hezekiah Ochuka</a>, and was staged mainly by enlisted men of the Air Force. It was quickly suppressed by forces commanded by Chief of General Staff <a href="/wiki/Mahamoud_Mohamed" title="Mahamoud Mohamed">Mahamoud Mohamed</a>, a veteran Somali military official.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> They included the General Service Unit (GSU)—a paramilitary wing of the police—and later the regular police. On the heels of the <a href="/wiki/Garissa_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Garissa Massacre">Garissa Massacre</a> of 1980, Kenyan troops committed the <a href="/wiki/Wagalla_massacre" title="Wagalla massacre">Wagalla massacre</a> in 1984 against thousands of civilians in <a href="/wiki/Wajir_County" title="Wajir County">Wajir County</a>. An official probe into the atrocities was later ordered in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of casting a secret ballot.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform. Several contentious clauses, including the one that allowed for only one political party, were changed in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_multiparty_democracy">Transition to multiparty democracy</h3></div> In 1991, Kenya transitioned to a multiparty political system after 26 years of single-party rule. On 28 October 1992, Moi dissolved parliament, five months before the end of his term. As a result, preparations began for all elective seats in parliament as well as the president. The election was scheduled to take place on 7 December 1992, but delays led to its postponement to 29 December. Apart from KANU, the ruling party, other parties represented in the elections included <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy" title="Forum for the Restoration of Democracy">FORD</a> Kenya and FORD Asili. This election was marked by large-scale intimidation of opponents and harassment of election officials. It resulted in an economic crisis propagated by ethnic violence as the president was accused of rigging electoral results to retain power.<a href="#cite_note-Keith-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldsworthy-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ParliamentKe-88">[88]</a> This election was a turning point for Kenya as it signified the beginning of the end of Moi's leadership and the rule of KANU. Moi retained the presidency and <a href="/wiki/George_Saitoti" title="George Saitoti">George Saitoti</a> became vice president. Although it held on to power, KANU won 100 seats and lost 88 seats to the six opposition parties.<a href="#cite_note-Keith-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ParliamentKe-88">[88]</a> The 1992 elections marked the beginning of multiparty politics after more than 25 years of KANU rule.<a href="#cite_note-Keith-86">[86]</a> Following skirmishes in the aftermath of the elections, 5,000 people were killed and another 75,000 displaced from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In the next five years, many political alliances were formed in preparation for the next elections. In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a> died and several coalitions joined his FORD Kenya party to form a new party, United National Democratic Alliance. This party was plagued with disagreements. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Richard Leakey</a> formed the Safina party, but it was denied registration until November 1997.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKenyaHist-90">[90]</a> In 1996, KANU revised the constitution to allow Moi to remain president for another term. Subsequently, Moi stood for reelection and won a 5th term in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> His win was strongly criticised by his major opponents, <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Kibaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raila_Odinga" title="Raila Odinga">Odinga</a>, as fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKenyaHist-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-92">[92]</a> Following this win, Moi was constitutionally barred from another presidential term. Beginning in 1998, he attempted to influence the country's succession politics to have <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> elected in the 2002 elections.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_Kibaki_and_the_road_to_a_new_constitution">President Kibaki and the road to a new constitution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mwai_Kibaki" title="Presidency of Mwai Kibaki">Presidency of Mwai Kibaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_Kenyan_general_election" title="2002 Kenyan general election">2002 Kenyan general election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2007_Kenyan_general_election" title="2007 Kenyan general election">2007 Kenyan general election</a></div> Moi's plan to be replaced by Uhuru Kenyatta failed, and <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a>, running for the opposition coalition "National Rainbow Coalition" (<a href="/wiki/National_Rainbow_Coalition" title="National Rainbow Coalition">NARC</a>), was elected president. David Anderson (2003) reports the elections were judged free and fair by local and international observers, and seemed to mark a turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-92">[92]</a> In 2005, Kenyans rejected a plan to replace the 1963 independence constitution with a new one.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As a result, the elections of 2007 took place following the procedure set by the old constitution. Kibaki was reelected in highly contested elections marred by <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Kenyan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–08 Kenyan crisis">political and ethnic violence</a>. The main opposition leader, Raila Odinga, claimed the election was rigged and that he was the rightfully elected president. In the ensuing violence, 1,500 people were killed and another 600,000 internally displaced, making it the worst post-election violence in Kenya. To stop the death and displacement of people, Kibaki and Odinga agreed to work together, with the latter taking the position of a prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> This made Odinga <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya" title="Prime Minister of Kenya">the second prime minister of Kenya</a>. In July 2010, Kenya partnered with other East African countries to form the new East African Common Market within the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Kenya began sending troops</a> to Somalia to fight the terror group <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In mid-2011, two consecutive missed rainy seasons precipitated the worst <a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">drought in East Africa</a> in 60 years. The northwestern <a href="/wiki/Turkana_District" title="Turkana District">Turkana region</a> was especially affected,<a href="#cite_note-RedCross-98">[98]</a> with local schools shut down as a result.<a href="#cite_note-Kscafthit-99">[99]</a> The crisis was reportedly over by early 2012 because of coordinated relief efforts. Aid agencies subsequently shifted their emphasis to recovery initiatives, including digging irrigation canals and distributing plant seeds.<a href="#cite_note-Unsfisiobrr-100">[100]</a> In August 2010, Kenyans held a <a href="/wiki/2010_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum">referendum</a> and passed <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">a new constitution</a>, which limited presidential powers and devolved the central government.<a href="#cite_note-BBCKenyaHist-90">[90]</a> Following the passage of the new constitution, Kenya became a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. The new constitution also states that <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive powers</a> are exercised by the executive branch of government, headed by the president, who chairs a cabinet composed of people chosen from outside parliament. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kenya" title="Parliament of Kenya">Parliament</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenyatta_presidency">Kenyatta presidency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta">Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uhuru_Kenyatta.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Uhuru Kenyatta in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Uhuru_Kenyatta.png/180px-Uhuru_Kenyatta.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="574"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Uhuru_Kenyatta.png/180px-Uhuru_Kenyatta.png" data-alt="Uhuru Kenyatta in 2014" data-width="180" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Uhuru_Kenyatta.png/270px-Uhuru_Kenyatta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Uhuru_Kenyatta.png/360px-Uhuru_Kenyatta.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure>After Kibaki's tenure ended in 2013, Kenya held its <a href="/wiki/2013_Kenyan_general_election" title="2013 Kenyan general election">first general elections</a> after the 2010 constitution had been passed. Uhuru Kenyatta won in a disputed election result, leading to a petition by the opposition leader, Raila Odinga. The supreme court upheld the election results and Kenyatta began his term with <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a> as deputy president. Despite this ruling, the Supreme Court and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court Judge">head of the Supreme Court</a> were seen as powerful institutions that could check the powers of the president.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2017, Kenyatta won a second term in office in another <a href="/wiki/2017_Kenyan_general_election" title="2017 Kenyan general election">disputed election</a>. Odinga again petitioned the results in the Supreme Court, accusing the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Electoral_and_Boundaries_Commission" title="Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission">Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission</a> of mismanagement of the elections and Kenyatta and his party of rigging. The Supreme Court overturned the election results in what became a landmark ruling in Africa and one of the very few in the world in which the results of a presidential elections were annulled.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> This ruling solidified the position of the Supreme Court as an independent body.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Consequently, Kenya had a second round of elections for the presidential position, in which Kenyatta emerged the winner after Odinga refused to participate, citing irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In March 2018, a historic <a href="/wiki/2018_Kenya_handshake" title="2018 Kenya handshake">handshake</a> between Kenyatta and his longtime opponent Odinga signalled a period of reconciliation followed by economic growth and increased stability.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Between 2019 and 2021, Kenyatta and Odinga combined efforts to promote major changes to the Kenyan constitution, labelled the "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI), saying that their efforts were to improve inclusion and overcome the country's winner-take-all election system that often resulted in post-election violence.<a href="#cite_note-bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters-109">[109]</a> The BBI proposal called for broad expansion of the legislative and executive branches, including the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> with two deputies and an official leader of the opposition, reverting to selecting cabinet ministers from among the elected Members of Parliament, establishment of up to 70 new <a href="/wiki/Constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituencies">constituencies</a>, and addition of up to 300 unelected members of Parliament (under an "<a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>" plan).<a href="#cite_note-bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters-109">[109]</a> Critics saw this as an unnecessary attempt to reward political dynasties and blunt the efforts of Deputy President <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">Willian Ruto</a> (Odinga's rival for the next presidency) and bloat the government at an exceptional cost to the debt-laded country.<a href="#cite_note-bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters-109">[109]</a> Ultimately, in May 2021, the Kenyan High Court ruled that the BBI constitutional reform effort was unconstitutional, because it was not truly a <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">popular initiative</a>, but rather an effort of the government.<a href="#cite_note-bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters-109">[109]</a> The court sharply criticized Kenyatta for the attempt, laying out grounds for his being sued, personally, or even <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeached</a> (though the Parliament, which had passed the BBI, was unlikely to do that). The ruling was seen as a major defeat for both Kenyatta (soon to leave office), and Odinga (expected to seek the presidency), but a boon to Odinga's future presidential-election rival, Ruto.<a href="#cite_note-bbi_blocked_2021_05_14_bbc-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-kenyan_court_2021_05_13_reuters-109">[109]</a> On 20 August 2021, Kenya's Court of Appeal again upheld the High Court Judgment of May 2021, which was appealed by the BBI Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruto_presidency">Ruto presidency</h3></div> In August 2022, Deputy President <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a> narrowly won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Kenyan_general_election" title="2022 Kenyan general election">presidential election.</a> He took 50.5% of the vote. His main rival, Raila Odinga, got 48.8% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On 13 September 2022, William Ruto was sworn in as Kenya's fifth president.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2024, Ruto and the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Kwanza" title="Kenya Kwanza">Kenya Kwanza</a> coalition faced <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Protests_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Protests (2024)">popular protests</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Finance_Bill_2024" title="Kenya Finance Bill 2024">Kenyan Finance Bill 2024</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Geography of Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un-kenya.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Un-kenya.png/220px-Un-kenya.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="3092"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 287px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Un-kenya.png/220px-Un-kenya.png" data-width="220" data-height="287" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Un-kenya.png/330px-Un-kenya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Un-kenya.png/440px-Un-kenya.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of Kenya. The label "Sudan" at upper left is now incorrect; the area is now part of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map of Kenya</figcaption></figure> At 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-cia-11">[11]</a> Kenya is the world's 47th-largest country (after <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>). It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_north" title="5th parallel north">5°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/34th_meridian_east" title="34th meridian east">34°</a> and <a href="/wiki/42nd_meridian_east" title="42nd meridian east">42°E</a>. From the coast on the Indian Ocean, the low plains rise to central highlands which are bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Rift_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>, and fertile plateaus lie on either side, around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and to the east.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Kenyan Highlands are one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-116">[116]</a> The highlands are the site of the highest point in Kenya and the second highest peak on the continent: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>, which reaches a height of 5,199 m (17,057 ft) and is the site of glaciers. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> (5,895 m or 19,341 ft) can be seen from Kenya to the south of the Tanzanian border. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Kenya's climate varies from tropical along the coast to temperate inland to <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> in the north and northeast parts of the country. The area receives a great deal of sunshine every month. It is usually cool at night and early in the morning inland at higher elevations. The "long rains" season occurs from March/April to May/June. The "short rains" season occurs from October to November/December. The rainfall is sometimes heavy and often falls in the afternoons and evenings. Climate change is altering the natural pattern of the rainfall period, causing an extension of the short rains, which has begat floods,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and reducing the drought cycle from every ten years to annual events, producing strong droughts such as the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Kenya_Drought" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–09 Kenya Drought">2008–09 Kenya Drought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The temperature remains high throughout these months of tropical rain. The hottest period is February and March, leading into the season of the long rains, and the coldest is in July, until mid-August.<a href="#cite_note-:3-119">[119]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="288" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map for Kenya for 1980–2016</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg/288px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="288" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg/432px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg/576px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_KEN_future.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">2071–2100 map under <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">the most intense climate change scenario</a>. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_HausfatherPeters2020-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_Schuur2022-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_Phiddian2022-122">[122]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is posing an increasing threat to global socioeconomic development and environmental sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_ReliefWeb-123">[123]</a> Developing countries with low adaptive capacity and high vulnerability to the phenomenon are disproportionately affected. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kenya" title="Climate change in Kenya">Climate change in Kenya</a> is increasingly impacting the lives of Kenya's citizens and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_ReliefWeb-123">[123]</a> Climate change has led to more frequent <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events like droughts which last longer than usual, irregular and unpredictable rainfall, flooding and increasing temperatures. The effects of these climatic changes have made already existing challenges with <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> and economic growth even more difficult. Harvests and agricultural production which account for about 33%<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_:0-124">[124]</a> of total <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_UNICEF-125">[125]</a> are also at risk. The increased temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a> variability in <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> areas, and strong <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> have combined to create favourable conditions for the breeding and <a href="/wiki/Migration_(ecology)" title="Migration (ecology)">migration</a> of pests.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_Salih-126">[126]</a> An increase in temperature of up to 2.5 °C by 2050 is predicted to increase the frequency of extreme events such as <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_ReliefWeb-123">[123]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kenya" title="Wildlife of Kenya">Wildlife of Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kenya" title="Environmental issues in Kenya">Environmental issues in Kenya</a></div> Kenya has considerable land area devoted to <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> habitats, including the <a href="/wiki/Masai_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Mara">Masai Mara</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Blue_Wildebeest" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovids</a> participate in a large-scale <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/migration" class="extiw" title="wikt:migration">annual migration</a>. More than one million wildebeest and 200,000 zebras participate in the migration across the <a href="/wiki/Mara_River" title="Mara River">Mara River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five Game">"Big Five"</a> game animals of Africa, that is the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">elephant</a>, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles, and birds can be found in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kenya" title="List of national parks of Kenya">national parks</a> and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September, with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a> in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is listed among the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Africa" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Africa">Seven Natural Wonders of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Kenya had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 4.2/10, ranking it 133rd globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-130">[130]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Politics of Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mwai_Kibaki,_October_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mwai_Kibaki%2C_October_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="175"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mwai_Kibaki%2C_October_2003.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="175" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kenya's third president, <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a></figcaption></figure> Kenya is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic with a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. The president is both the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">National Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Senate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. There has been growing concern, especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure, that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Kenya has high levels of corruption according to <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> (CPI), a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public-sector</a> corruption in various countries. In 2019, the nation placed 137th out of 180 countries in the index, with a score of 28 out of 100.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> But there are several rather significant developments with regard to curbing corruption from the Kenyan government, for instance the establishment of a new and independent <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission">Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JUDICIARY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JUDICIARY.JPG/220px-JUDICIARY.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JUDICIARY.JPG/220px-JUDICIARY.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JUDICIARY.JPG/330px-JUDICIARY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JUDICIARY.JPG/440px-JUDICIARY.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kenya" title="Supreme Court of Kenya">Supreme Court of Kenya</a> building</figcaption></figure> Following general elections held in 1997, the Constitution of Kenya Review Act, designed to pave the way for more comprehensive amendments to the Kenyan constitution, was passed by the national parliament.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In December 2002, Kenya held democratic and open elections, which were judged free and fair by most international observers.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The 2002 elections marked an important turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution in that power was transferred peacefully from the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_National_Union" title="Kenya African National Union">Kenya African National Union</a> (KANU), which had ruled the country since independence, to the <a href="/wiki/National_Rainbow_Coalition" title="National Rainbow Coalition">National Rainbow Coalition</a> (NARC), a coalition of political parties. Under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a>, the new ruling coalition promised to focus its efforts on generating economic growth, combating corruption, improving education, and rewriting its constitution. A few of these promises have been met. There is free primary education.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 2007, the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education would be heavily subsidised, with the government footing all tuition fees.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_elections_and_new_government">2013 elections and new government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_general_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan general election, 2013">Kenyan general election, 2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_local_elections,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan local elections, 2013">Kenyan local elections, 2013</a></div> Under the new constitution and with President Kibaki prohibited by term limits from running for a third term, Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> ran for office. He won with 50.51% of the vote in March 2013. In December 2014, President Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups. Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries criticised the security bill, arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms. The governments of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law's potential impact. Through the Jubilee Coalition, the Bill was later passed on 19 December in the National Assembly under acrimonious circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kenya" title="Foreign relations of Kenya">Foreign relations of Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_(20848405843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg/220px-President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="653"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg/220px-President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg/330px-President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg/440px-President_Obama_visits_Nairobi_Kenya_July_2015_%2820848405843%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in Nairobi, July 2015</figcaption></figure> Kenya has close ties with its fellow <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>-speaking neighbours in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region. Relations with Uganda and Tanzania are generally strong, as the three nations work toward economic and social integration through common membership in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>. Relations with Somalia have historically been tense, although there has been some military co-ordination against Islamist insurgents. Kenya has good relations with the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-upenn-139">[139]</a> Kenya is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a> nations in Africa, and the wider world.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> With <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> trial dates scheduled in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a> related to the 2007 election aftermath, US president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who is half-Kenyan, chose not to visit the country during his <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa#List_of_trips" title="United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa">mid-2013 African trip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China at the invitation of President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> after a stop in Russia and not having visited the United States as president.<a href="#cite_note-wp01-142">[142]</a> In July 2015, Obama visited Kenya, the first American president to visit the country while in office.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Army_Training_Unit_Kenya" title="British Army Training Unit Kenya">British Army Training Unit Kenya</a> (BATUK) is used for the training of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> infantry battalions in the arid and rugged terrain of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Kenya Defence Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Emblem of the Kenya Defence Forces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg.png" data-alt="Emblem of the Kenya Defence Forces" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg/330px-Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg/440px-Emblem_of_the_Kenya_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Emblem of the Kenya Defence Forces</figcaption></figure> The Kenya Defence Forces are the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> of Kenya. The <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Army" title="Kenya Army">Kenya Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Navy" title="Kenya Navy">Kenya Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Air_Force" title="Kenya Air Force">Kenya Air Force</a> compose the National Defence Forces. The current Kenya Defence Forces were established, and its composition laid out, in Article 241 of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Constitution of Kenya</a>; the KDF is governed by the Kenya Defence Forces Act of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of all the armed forces. The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country, a commission of inquiry, the <a href="/wiki/Waki_Commission" title="Waki Commission">Waki Commission</a>, commended its readiness and adjudged it to "have performed its duty well."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Nevertheless, there have been serious allegations of human rights violations, most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the <a href="/wiki/Mt_Elgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt Elgon">Mt Elgon</a> area<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and also in the district of <a href="/wiki/Mandera" title="Mandera">Mandera</a> central.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Kenya's armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">corruption</a> allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of "state security", the corruption has been hidden from public view, and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety. This has changed recently. In what are by Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and procurement of armoured personnel carriers.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Further, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">Counties of Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Kenya" title="Divisions of Kenya">Divisions of Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif/220px-Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="804"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif/220px-Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif/330px-Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif/440px-Map_showing_counties_under_the_new_Kenyan_constitution.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kenya's 47 counties</figcaption></figure> Kenya is divided into <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">47 semi-autonomous counties</a> that are headed by governors. These 47 counties form the first-order divisions of Kenya. The smallest administrative units in Kenya are called <a href="/wiki/Locations_of_Kenya" title="Locations of Kenya">locations</a>. Locations often coincide with electoral wards. Locations are usually named after their central villages/towns. Many larger towns consist of several locations. Each location has a chief, appointed by the state. Constituencies are an electoral subdivision, with each county comprising a whole number of constituencies. An interim boundaries commission was formed in 2010 to review the constituencies and in its report, it recommended the creation of an additional 80 constituencies. Previous to the 2013 elections, there were 210 <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Kenya" title="Constituencies of Kenya">constituencies in Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kenya" title="Human rights in Kenya">Human rights in Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kenya" title="LGBT rights in Kenya">LGBT rights in Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kenya" title="Human trafficking in Kenya">Human trafficking in Kenya</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual acts</a> are illegal in Kenya and typically punishable by up to 14 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> According to a 2020 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 83% of Kenyans believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-155">[155]</a> While addressing a joint press conference together with President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2015, President Kenyatta declined to assure Kenya's commitment to gay rights, saying that "the issue of gay rights is really a non-issue... But there are some things that we must admit we don't share. Our culture, our societies don't accept."<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> brought wide international attention to The Cry of Blood report, which documents the extrajudicial killing of gangsters by the Kenyan police. In the report, the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_National_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Kenya National Commission on Human Rights">Kenya National Commission on Human Rights</a> (KNCHR) reported these in their key finding "e)", stating that the <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> appeared to be official policy sanctioned by the political leadership and the police.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Economy of Kenya</a></div> Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomic</a> outlook has steadily posted robust growth over the past few decades mostly from <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Water transport">water transport</a> infrastructure projects as well as massive investments in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and Communication Technology</a>. The Kenyan economy is the largest in East Africa. After independence, Kenya promoted rapid economic growth through public investment, encouraged smallholder agricultural production and provided incentives for private industrial investment. Kenya is East Africa's regional transportation and financial hub. Kenya's financial sector is vibrant, well developed and diversified boasting the highest financial inclusion in the region and globally.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Foreign investments in Kenya remain relatively weak considering the size of its economy and its level of development. As of 2022, Kenya's total FDI stock stood at US$10.4 billion, accounting for a mere 9.5% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Kenya has a <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) of 0.555 (medium), ranked 145 out of 186 in the world. As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit">[update]</a>, 17.7% of Kenyans lived on less than $1.25 a day. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudeki_ChweyaJohn_Kithome_TutaS._Kichamu_Akivaga2005-161">[161]</a> In 2017, Kenya ranked 92nd in the World Bank <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">ease of doing business</a> rising from 113rd in 2016 (of 190 countries).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The important agricultural sector is one of the least developed and largely inefficient, employing 75% of the workforce compared to less than 3% in the <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food secure</a> <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>. Kenya is usually classified as a <a href="/wiki/Frontier_market" title="Frontier market">frontier market</a> or occasionally an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging market</a>, but it is not one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. The economy has seen much expansion, seen by strong performance in tourism, higher education, and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">telecommunications</a>, and decent post-drought results in agriculture, especially the vital tea sector.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-163">[163]</a> Kenya's economy grew by more than 7% in 2007, and its foreign debt was greatly reduced.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-163">[163]</a> This changed immediately after the disputed presidential election of December 2007, following the chaos which engulfed the country. Telecommunications and financial activity over the last decade now comprise 62% of GDP. 22% of GDP still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75% of the labour force (a characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>). A small portion of the population relies on food aid.<a href="#cite_note-:1-164">[164]</a> Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector, accounting for 16% of GDP. The service, industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25% of the labour force but contribute 75% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-163">[163]</a> Kenya also exports textiles worth over $400 million under <a href="/wiki/AGOA" class="mw-redirect" title="AGOA">AGOA</a>. Privatisation of state corporations like the defunct Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, which resulted in East Africa's most profitable company—<a href="/wiki/Safaricom" title="Safaricom">Safaricom</a>, has led to their revival because of massive private investment. As of May 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=edit">[update]</a>, economic prospects are positive with 4–5% GDP growth expected, largely because of expansions in <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, transport, construction, and a recovery in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimated growth of 4.3% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBanki-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png/350px-Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png/350px-Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png" data-width="350" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png/525px-Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Kenya_Human_Development_Index_computed_by_the_UN.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kenya, trends in the Human Development Index 1970–2010</figcaption></figure> In March 1996, the presidents of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda re-established the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC). The EAC's objectives include harmonising tariffs and customs regimes, free movement of people, and improving regional infrastructures. In March 2004, the three East African countries signed a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">Customs Union Agreement</a>. Kenya has a more developed financial services sector than its neighbours. The <a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Securities_Exchange" title="Nairobi Securities Exchange">Nairobi Securities Exchange</a> (NSE) is ranked 4th in Africa in terms of market capitalisation. The Kenyan banking system is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Central Bank of Kenya</a> (CBK). As of late July 2004, the system consisted of 43 commercial banks (down from 48 in 2001) and several <a href="/wiki/Non-bank_financial_institution" title="Non-bank financial institution">non-bank financial institutions</a> including mortgage companies, four savings and loan associations, and several core foreign-exchange bureaus.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kenya" title="Tourism in Kenya">Tourism in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/220px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/220px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/330px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg/440px-Elephants_at_Amboseli_national_park_against_Mount_Kilimanjaro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amboseli_National_Park" title="Amboseli National Park">Amboseli National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg/220px-Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6986" data-file-height="2433"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 77px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg/220px-Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="77" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg/330px-Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg/440px-Tsavo_east_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tsavo_East_National_Park" title="Tsavo East National Park">Tsavo East National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kenya" title="Tourism in Kenya">Tourism in Kenya</a> is the third-largest source of foreign exchange revenue following diaspora remittances and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The Kenya Tourism Board is responsible for maintaining information pertaining to tourism in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The main tourist attractions are photo safaris through the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kenya" title="List of national parks of Kenya">60 national parks</a> and game reserves. Other attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a> migration at the <a href="/wiki/Masaai_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Masaai Mara">Masaai Mara</a>, which is considered to be the 7th wonder of the world; historical mosques, and colonial-era forts at <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</a>; renowned scenery such as the white-capped <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya" title="Great Rift Valley, Kenya">Great Rift Valley</a>; tea plantations at <a href="/wiki/Kericho" title="Kericho">Kericho</a>; coffee plantations at <a href="/wiki/Thika" title="Thika">Thika</a>; a splendid view of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> across the border into Tanzania; and the beaches along the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. Tourists, the largest number being from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">game reserves</a>, notably, the expansive <a href="/wiki/Tsavo_East_National_Park" title="Tsavo East National Park">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsavo_West_National_Park" title="Tsavo West National Park">Tsavo West National Park</a>, 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) to the southeast.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kenya" title="Agriculture in Kenya">Agriculture in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG/220px-Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG/220px-Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG/330px-Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG/440px-Kenya-Tealand-Near-Kericho-2012.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tea farm near <a href="/wiki/Kericho" title="Kericho">Kericho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kericho_County" title="Kericho County">Kericho County</a></figcaption></figure> Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP) after the service sector. In 2005, agriculture, including <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP, as well as for 18% of wage employment and 50% of revenue from exports. The principal <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee. Horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example in 2004, due to one of Kenya's intermittent <a href="/wiki/Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">droughts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> A consortium led by the <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICRISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="ICRISAT">ICRISAT</a>) has had some success in helping farmers grow new <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pea" title="Pigeon pea">pigeon pea</a> varieties instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought-resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 millimetres (26 in) annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-116">[116]</a> Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. <a href="/wiki/Coconuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconuts">Coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapples" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineapples">pineapples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew nuts">cashew nuts</a>, cotton, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a>, and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas. Kenya has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security, and coupled with resulting poverty (53% of the population lives below the poverty line), a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid.<a href="#cite_note-:1-164">[164]</a> Poor roads, an inadequate railway network, under-used water transport, and expensive air transport have isolated mostly <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> areas, and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they cannot access markets. This was last seen in August and September 2011, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Kenyans_for_Kenya" title="Kenyans for Kenya">Kenyans for Kenya</a> initiative by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapsowar1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kapsowar1.JPG/220px-Kapsowar1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kapsowar1.JPG/220px-Kapsowar1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kapsowar1.JPG/330px-Kapsowar1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kapsowar1.JPG/440px-Kapsowar1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Agricultural countryside in Kenya</figcaption></figure> Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> sector is categorised into three organizational types: <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder</a> schemes, centrally-managed public schemes, and private/commercial irrigation schemes. The smallholder schemes are owned, developed, and managed by individuals or groups of farmers operating as water users or self-help groups. Irrigation is carried out on individual or on group farms averaging 0.1–0.4 ha. There are about 3,000 smallholder irrigation schemes covering a total area of 47,000 ha. The country has seven large, centrally managed irrigation schemes, namely Mwea, <a href="/wiki/Bura_irrigation_and_Settlement_Project_(Kenya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bura irrigation and Settlement Project (Kenya)">Bura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hola,_Kenya" title="Hola, Kenya">Hola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perkerra_River" title="Perkerra River">Perkera</a>, West Kano, Bunyala, and <a href="/wiki/Ahero" title="Ahero">Ahero</a>, covering a total area of 18,200 ha and averaging 2,600 ha per scheme. These schemes are managed by the National Irrigation Board and account for 18% of irrigated land area in Kenya. Large-scale private commercial farms cover 45,000 hectares, accounting for 40% of irrigated land. They utilise high technology and produce high-value crops for the export market, especially flowers and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Kenya is the world's 3rd largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kenya-flower-industry-173">[173]</a> Roughly half of Kenya's 127 flower farms are concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Naivasha" title="Lake Naivasha">Lake Naivasha</a>, 90 kilometres northwest of Nairobi.<a href="#cite_note-kenya-flower-industry-173">[173]</a> To speed their export, Nairobi airport has a terminal dedicated to the transport of flowers and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-kenya-flower-industry-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_manufacturing">Industry and manufacturing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg/300px-Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6152" data-file-height="2269"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg/300px-Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg/450px-Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg/600px-Orrling_of_Nairobi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Commercial_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Commercial Bank">Kenya Commercial Bank</a> office at KENCOM House (right) in Nairobi</figcaption></figure> Although Kenya is a low middle-income country, manufacturing accounts for 14% of the GDP, with industrial activity concentrated around the three largest urban centres of <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a>, and is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. Kenya also has a cement production industry.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Kenya has an <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding <a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">informal sector</a> commonly referred to as jua kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, auto parts, and farm implements.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act (<a href="/wiki/AGOA" class="mw-redirect" title="AGOA">AGOA</a>) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years. Since AGOA took effect in 2000, Kenya's clothing sales to the United States increased from US$44 million to US$270 million (2006).<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government's favourable tax measures, including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2023, Kenya is in the process of constructing five industrial parks that will operate tax-free, with an anticipated completion date set for 2030. Additionally, there are intentions to develop an additional 20 industrial parks in the future.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kenya" title="Transport in Kenya">Transport in Kenya</a></div> Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Kenya: the <a href="/wiki/Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Cape Town Highway">Cairo-Cape Town Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lagos-Mombasa_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagos-Mombasa Highway">Lagos-Mombasa Highway</a>, so the country has an extensive road network of paved and unpaved roads. Kenya's railway system links the nation's ports and major cities, connecting it with neighbouring Uganda. There are 15 airports which have paved runways. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kenya" title="Energy in Kenya">Energy in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg/170px-Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg/170px-Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg/255px-Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg/340px-Worker_in_Olkaria_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Workers at <a href="/wiki/Olkaria_II_Geothermal_Power_Station" title="Olkaria II Geothermal Power Station">Olkaria Geothermal Power Plant</a></figcaption></figure> The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from geothermal energy,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> followed by hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper <a href="/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya)" title="Tana River (Kenya)">Tana River</a>, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">geothermal facilities</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olkaria" title="Olkaria">Olkaria</a> (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> make up the rest of the supply. A <a href="/wiki/Sodo%E2%80%93Moyale%E2%80%93Suswa_High_Voltage_Power_Line" title="Sodo–Moyale–Suswa High Voltage Power Line">2,000 MW powerline from Ethiopia</a> is nearing completion. Kenya's installed capacity increased from 1,142 <a href="/wiki/Megawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatts">megawatts</a> between 2001 and 2003 to 2,341 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The state-owned <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Electricity_Generating_Company" title="Kenya Electricity Generating Company">Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen)</a>, established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while Kenya Power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when drought reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya has installed <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kenya" title="Wind power in Kenya">wind power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Kenya">solar power</a> (over 300 MW each), and aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2027.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Kenya has proven deposits of oil in <a href="/wiki/Turkana_County" title="Turkana County">Turkana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a> estimates the country's oil reserves to be around one billion barrels.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Exploration is still continuing to determine whether there are more reserves. Kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements. It has no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers' 21-day oil reserves required under industry regulations. Petroleum accounts for 20% to 25% of the national import bill.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_investment_and_trade">Chinese investment and trade</h3></div> Published comments on Kenya's <a href="/wiki/98.4_Capital_FM" title="98.4 Capital FM">Capital FM</a> website by Liu Guangyuan, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ambassador_to_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Ambassador to Kenya">China's ambassador to Kenya</a>, at the time of President Kenyatta's 2013 trip to Beijing, said, "Chinese investment in Kenya ... reached $474 million, representing Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment, and ... bilateral trade ... reached $2.84 billion" in 2012. Kenyatta was "[a]ccompanied by 60 Kenyan business people [and hoped to] ... gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighbouring Uganda, as well as a nearly $1.8 billion dam", according to a statement from the president's office, also at the time of the trip.<a href="#cite_note-wp01-142">[142]</a> Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia, shipped its first major consignment of minerals to China. About 25,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> was flagged off the Kenyan coastal town of Kilifi. The first shipment was expected to earn Kenya about KSh.15–20 billion/= in earnings.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2014, the Chinese contracted railway project from Nairobi to Mombasa was suspended due to a dispute over compensation for land acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_2030">Vision 2030</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vision2030_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vision2030_logo.svg/220px-Vision2030_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="663"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vision2030_logo.svg/220px-Vision2030_logo.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vision2030_logo.svg/330px-Vision2030_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vision2030_logo.svg/440px-Vision2030_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The official logo of <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Vision_2030" title="Kenya Vision 2030">Vision 2030</a></figcaption></figure> In 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Vision_2030" title="Kenya Vision 2030">Vision 2030</a>, an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Asian Economic Tigers</a> by 2030. In 2013, it launched a National Climate Change Action Plan, having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030 was an oversight failure. The 200-page Action Plan, developed with support from the <a href="/wiki/Climate_%26_Development_Knowledge_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate & Development Knowledge Network">Climate & Development Knowledge Network</a>, sets out the Government of Kenya's vision for a 'low-carbon climate resilient development pathway'. At the launch in March 2013, the Secretary of the Ministry of Planning, National Development, and Vision 2030 emphasized that climate would be a central issue in the renewed Medium-Term Plan that would be launched in the coming months. This would create a direct and robust delivery framework for the Action Plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Furthermore, Kenya submitted an updated, more ambitious NDC on 24 December 2020, with a commitment to abate greenhouse gases by 32 percent by 2030 relative to the business-as-usual scenario and in line with its sustainable development agenda and national circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> <caption style="line-height:1.0em;">Economic summary </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;">GDP </th> <td>$41.84 billion (2012) at Market Price. $76.07 billion (Purchasing Power Parity, 2012) There exists an informal economy that is never counted as part of the official GDP figures. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Annual growth rate </th> <td>5.1% (2012) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Per capita income </th> <td>Per Capita Income (PPP)= $1,800 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Agricultural produce </th> <td>tea, coffee, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, wheat, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Industry </th> <td>small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminium, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> <caption style="line-height:1.0em;">Trade in 2012 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Exports </th> <td>$5.942 billion </td> <td>tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products, cement, fish </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Major markets </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> 9.9%, Tanzania 9.6%, Netherlands 8.4%, UK, 8.1%, US 6.2%, Egypt 4.9%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.2% (2012)<a href="#cite_note-cia-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Imports </th> <td>$14.39 billion </td> <td>machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Major suppliers </th> <td colspan="2">China 15.3%, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 13.8%, UAE 10.5%, Saudi Arabia 7.3%, South Africa 5.5%, Japan 4.0% (2012)<a href="#cite_note-cia-11">[11]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_exploration">Oil exploration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kenya#Petroleum" title="Energy in Kenya">Oil in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG/220px-Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4253" data-file-height="2825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG/220px-Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG/330px-Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG/440px-Kenya_Aerial_2009-08-27_14-26-44.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> borders Turkana County.</figcaption></figure> Kenya has proven oil deposits in <a href="/wiki/Turkana_County" title="Turkana County">Turkana County</a>. President Mwai Kibaki announced on 26 March 2012 that <a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a>, an Anglo-Irish oil exploration firm, had struck oil, but its commercial viability and subsequent production would take about three years to confirm.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Early in 2006, Chinese president <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> signed an oil exploration contract with Kenya, part of a series of deals designed to keep Africa's natural resources flowing to China's rapidly expanding economy. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/220px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/220px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/330px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/440px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A family of lions in <a href="/wiki/Maasai_Mara" title="Maasai Mara">Maasai Mara</a></figcaption></figure> The deal allowed for China's state-controlled offshore oil and gas company, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">CNOOC</a>, to prospect for oil in Kenya, which is just beginning to drill its first exploratory wells on the borders of Sudan and the disputed area of <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="North Eastern Province, Kenya">North Eastern Province</a>, on the border with <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and in coastal waters. There are formal estimates of the possible reserves of oil discovered.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_against_pollution">Action against pollution</h3></div> In 2017, Kenya banned single-use plastic bags. According to the national environmental authority, 80% of the public has adhered to this ban. Subsequently, in 2020, the prohibition of single-use plastics was extended to protected areas, including parks and forests.<a href="#cite_note-:4-192">[192]</a> A law passed in July 2023 mandates companies to actively reduce the pollution and environmental impact caused by the products they introduce into the Kenyan market, either individually or through collective schemes. Unlike previous practices, businesses are now obligated to participate in waste collection and recycling initiatives, such the Petco initiative established by the government in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:4-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_and_human_capital">Labour and human capital</h3></div> Kenya has a labour force of around 24 million and a total labour force participation rate of 74%, the unemployment rate in 2022 was estimated at 5.6%<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> According to the World Bank's 2019 Human Capital Index (HCI), which measured human capital of the next generation, Kenya ranked first in sub-Saharan Africa with an HCI score of 0.52. The index combined several key indicators, which are school enrolment, child survival, quality of learning, healthy growth and adult survival into a single index ranging between 0–1.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microfinance">Microfinance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microfinance_in_Kenya" title="Microfinance in Kenya">Microfinance in Kenya</a></div> More than 20 institutions offer business loans on a large scale, specific agriculture loans, education loans, and loans for other purposes. Additionally, there are: <ul><li>emergency loans, which are more expensive in respect to interest rates, but are quickly available</li> <li>group loans for smaller groups (four to five members) and larger groups (up to 30 members)</li> <li>women's loans, which are also available to groups of women</li></ul> Out of approximately 40 million Kenyans, about 14 million are unable to receive financial service through formal loan application services, and an additional 12 million have no access to financial service institutions at all. Further, one million Kenyans are reliant on informal groups for receiving financial aid.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> To mitigate this problem, the mobile banking service <a href="/wiki/M-Pesa" title="M-Pesa">M-Pesa</a> was launched in 2007 by <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safaricom" title="Safaricom">Safaricom</a>, in collaboration from the Financial Deepening Challenge Fund competition established by the UK government's Department for International Development. M-Pesa allows users to deposit, withdraw, transfer money, pay for goods and services (Lipa na M-Pesa), access credit and savings, all with a mobile device,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> has provided access to digital transactions to millions of Kenyans in poverty situation.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya" title="Demographics of Kenya">Demographics of Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg/170px-Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg/170px-Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg/255px-Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg/340px-Kikuyu_woman_traditional_dress.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a> woman in traditional attire</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-199">[199]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1948</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1962</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1969</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">53 </td></tr></tbody></table> Kenya had a population of approximately 48 million in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-cia-11">[11]</a> The country has a young population, with 73% of residents under 30 because of rapid <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> from 2.9 million to 40 million inhabitants over the last century.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Nairobi is home to <a href="/wiki/Kibera" title="Kibera">Kibera</a>, one of the world's largest slums. The shantytown is believed to house between 170,000<a href="#cite_note-nation1-203">[203]</a> and one million people.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The UNHCR base in <a href="/wiki/Dadaab" title="Dadaab">Dadaab</a> in the north houses around 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-DadaabPop-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> Kenya has a diverse population that includes many of Africa's major ethnoracial and linguistic groups. Although there is no official list of Kenyan ethnic groups, the number of ethnic categories and sub-categories recorded in the country's census has changed significantly over time, expanding from 42 in 1969 to more than 120 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Balaton-Chrimes2020-206">[206]</a> Most residents are <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantus</a> (60%) or <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotes</a> (30%).<a href="#cite_note-Asongumarr-207">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> groups also form a small ethnic minority, as do Arabs, Indians, and Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Asongumarr-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Okothndaloh-208">[208]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_National_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Kenya National Bureau of Statistics">Kenya National Bureau of Statistics</a> (KNBS), in 2019, Kenya had a total population of 47,564,296. The largest native ethnic groups were the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a> (8,148,668), <a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a> (6,823,842), <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a> (6,358,113), <a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo</a> (5,066,966), <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a> (4,663,910), <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> (2,780,502), <a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a> (2,703,235), <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a> (2,488,691), <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a> (1,975,869), <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> (1,189,522), and <a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a> (1,016,174). The <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="North Eastern Province, Kenya">North Eastern Province</a> of Kenya, formerly known as NFD, is predominantly inhabited by the indigenous ethnic <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>. Foreign-rooted populations include <a href="/wiki/Omanis" title="Omanis">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Asians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Europeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census2019a-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages of Kenya</a></div> Kenya's ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>, English and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling, and government.<a href="#cite_note-Cugrwed-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urban</a> and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages.<a href="#cite_note-Broassim-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> is primarily used in Kenya. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan English</a>, is used by some communities and individuals in the country, and contains features unique to it that were derived from local <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> such as Kiswahili and <a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Kikuyu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cliike-211">[211]</a> It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sheng_slang" title="Sheng slang">Sheng</a> is a Kiswahili-based <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a> spoken in some urban areas. Primarily a mixture of Swahili and English, it is an example of linguistic <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nphil-212">[212]</a> 69 languages are spoken in Kenya. Most belong to two broad language families: <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu branch</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic branch</a>), spoken by the country's Bantu and Nilotic populations respectively. The Cushitic and Arab ethnic minorities speak languages belonging to the separate <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family, with the Indian and European residents speaking languages from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnken-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_centres">Urban centres</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kenya_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Kenya by population">List of cities and towns in Kenya by population</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Kenya <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2019 Census<a href="#cite_note-Census2019-214">[214]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Kenya by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya" title="List of cities in Kenya">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Kenya by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Kenya by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya" title="List of cities in Kenya">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Kenya by population">Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nairobi,_view_from_KICC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nairobi"><noscript><img alt="Nairobi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG/120px-Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG/120px-Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG" data-alt="Nairobi" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG/180px-Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG/240px-Nairobi%2C_view_from_KICC.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Mombasa_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mombasa"><noscript><img alt="Mombasa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mombasa_skyline.jpg/120px-Mombasa_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="535"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mombasa_skyline.jpg/120px-Mombasa_skyline.jpg" data-alt="Mombasa" data-width="120" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mombasa_skyline.jpg/180px-Mombasa_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mombasa_skyline.jpg/240px-Mombasa_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairobi County">Nairobi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 397 073</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ongata_Rongai" title="Ongata Rongai">Ongata Rongai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kajiado_County" title="Kajiado County">Kajiado</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">172 569 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mombasa_County" title="Mombasa County">Mombasa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 208 333</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Garissa" title="Garissa">Garissa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Garissa_County" title="Garissa County">Garissa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">163 399 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakuru" title="Nakuru">Nakuru</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakuru_County" title="Nakuru County">Nakuru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">570 674</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kitale" title="Kitale">Kitale</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trans-Nzoia_County" title="Trans-Nzoia County">Trans-Nzoia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">162 174 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ruiru" title="Ruiru">Ruiru</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">490 120</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Juja" title="Juja">Juja</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">156 041 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uasin_Gishu_County" title="Uasin Gishu County">Uasin Gishu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">475 716</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mlolongo" title="Mlolongo">Mlolongo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Machakos_County" title="Machakos County"> Machakos</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">136 351 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kisumu_County" title="Kisumu County">Kisumu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">397 957</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kilifi_County" title="Kilifi County">Kilifi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">119 859 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu,_Kenya" title="Kikuyu, Kenya">Kikuyu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">323 881</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mandera" title="Mandera">Mandera</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mandera_County" title="Mandera County"> Mandera</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114 718 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thika" title="Thika">Thika</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">251 407</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kisii,_Kenya" title="Kisii, Kenya">Kisii</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kisii_County" title="Kisii County">Kisii</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">112 417 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Naivasha" title="Naivasha">Naivasha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakuru_County" title="Nakuru County">Nakuru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">198 444</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kakamega" title="Kakamega">Kakamega</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_County" title="Kakamega County"> Kakamega</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">107 227 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karuri" title="Karuri">Karuri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kiambu_County" title="Kiambu County">Kiambu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">194 342</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ngong,_Kenya" title="Ngong, Kenya">Ngong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kajiado_County" title="Kajiado County"> Kajiado</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102 323 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Religion in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG/220px-Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG/220px-Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG/330px-Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG/440px-Catholic_Church_in_Mombasa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Holy Ghost Roman Catholic Cathedral in Mombasa</figcaption></figure> Most Kenyans are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (85.5%), with 53.9% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and 20.6% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kenya" title="Catholic Church in Kenya">Roman Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census2019a-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_East_Africa" title="Presbyterian Church of East Africa">Presbyterian Church of East Africa</a> has 3 million followers in Kenya and surrounding countries.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> There are smaller conservative <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> churches, the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church" title="Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church">Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Presbyterian_Church_in_Kenya" title="Independent Presbyterian Church in Kenya">Independent Presbyterian Church in Kenya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_East_Africa" title="Reformed Church of East Africa">Reformed Church of East Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> has 621,200 adherents.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Kenya has by far the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quakers</a> of any country in the world, with around 146,300.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The only <a href="/wiki/Jewish_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish synagogue">Jewish synagogue</a> in the country is in Nairobi. Islam is the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kenya" title="Islam in Kenya">second largest religion</a>, comprising 11% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> 60% of Kenyan Muslims live in the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Province" title="Coast Province">Coastal Region</a>, comprising 50% of the total population there, while the upper part of Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="Eastern Province (Kenya)">Eastern Region</a> is home to 10% of the country's Muslims, where they are the majority religious group.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Indigenous beliefs</a> are practised by 0.7% of the population, although many self-identifying Christians and Muslims <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">maintain some traditional beliefs and customs</a>. Nonreligious Kenyans are 1.6% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Census2019a-2">[2]</a> Some Hindus also live in Kenya. The numbers are estimated to be around 60,287, or 0.13% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Census2019a-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kenya" title="Health in Kenya">Health in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapsowarhospital1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kapsowarhospital1.jpg/220px-Kapsowarhospital1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kapsowarhospital1.jpg/220px-Kapsowarhospital1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kapsowarhospital1.jpg/330px-Kapsowarhospital1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kapsowarhospital1.jpg/440px-Kapsowarhospital1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Outpatient Department of AIC Kapsowar Hospital<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kapsowar" title="Kapsowar">Kapsowar</a></figcaption></figure> Health care is one of the low-priority sectors in Kenya and was allocated 4.8% of the national budget in 2019/2020 or just 4.59% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> compared to high-priority sectors such as education which was allocated more than 25%. This is below the 4.98% average in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> and 9.83% spent globally. According to the National and County Health Budget Analysis FY 2020/21, the breakdown of county health expenditure was 58% on Policy Planning and Administrative Support Services, 28% on Curative and Rehabilitative Health Services, 8% on Preventive and Promotive Health Services and 7% on Other Programmes. Health care is largely funded by private individuals and their families or employers through direct payments to <a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">health care providers</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/National_Hospital_Insurance_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hospital Insurance Fund">National Health Insurance Fund</a> or to medical insurance companies. Additional funding comes from local, international and some government <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a> schemes. Public hospitals are <a href="/wiki/Fee-for-service" title="Fee-for-service">fee-for-service</a> establishments that generate large amounts of county and national government revenues making them highly political and corrupt enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Private health facilities are diverse, highly dynamic, and difficult to classify, unlike public health facilities, which are easily grouped in classes that consist of community-based (level I) services, run by <a href="/wiki/Community_health_worker" title="Community health worker">community health workers</a>; dispensaries (level II facilities) run by <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a>; health centres (level III facilities), run by <a href="/wiki/Clinical_officer" title="Clinical officer">clinical officers</a>; sub-county hospitals (level IV facilities), which may be run by a <a href="/wiki/Clinical_officer" title="Clinical officer">clinical officer</a> or a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">medical officer</a>; county hospitals (level V facilities), which may be run by a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">medical officer</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Consultant_(medicine)" title="Consultant (medicine)">medical practitioner</a>; and national referral hospitals (level VI facilities), which are run by fully qualified <a href="/wiki/Consultant_(medicine)" title="Consultant (medicine)">medical practitioners</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png/220px-Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="323"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 58px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png/220px-Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png" data-width="220" data-height="58" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png/330px-Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png/440px-Table_rco_co_mo_medical_practitioners.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Table showing different grades of clinical officers, medical officers, and medical practitioners in Kenya's public service</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurses">Nurses</a> are by far the largest group of <a href="/wiki/Front-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Front-line">front-line</a> health care providers in all sectors, followed by clinical officers, medical officers, and medical practitioners. These are absorbed and deployed into government service in accordance with the Scheme of Service for Nursing Personnel (2014), the Revised Scheme of Service for Clinical Personnel (2020) and the Revised Scheme of Service for Medical Officers and Dental Officers (2016). <a href="/wiki/Traditional_healer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional healer">Traditional healers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalist">herbalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">witch doctors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faith_healer" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith healer">faith healers</a>) are readily available, trusted, and widely consulted as practitioners of first or last choice by both rural and urban dwellers. Despite major achievements in the health sector, Kenya still faces many challenges. The estimated <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> dropped in 2009 to approximately 55 years — five years below the 1990 level.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate was high at approximately 44 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The WHO estimated in 2011 that only 42% of births were attended by a skilled health professional.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a> directly correlate with a country's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">wealth distribution</a>: In 2015/16, 35.6% of Kenyans lived below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-Poverty_Incidence_in_Kenya-226">[226]</a> Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity; weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management, and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">HIV/AIDS prevalence</a> is about 6.3% of the adult population.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> However, the 2011 UNAIDS Report suggests that the HIV epidemic may be improving in Kenya, as HIV prevalence is declining among young people (ages 15–24) and pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a> is a major public health problem. The per capita incidence of TB in Kenya more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Women in Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Kenya">Child marriage in Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kenya" title="Polygamy in Kenya">Polygamy in Kenya</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> in Kenya was estimated to be 4.49 children per woman in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> According to a 2008–09 survey by the Kenyan government, the total fertility rate was 4.6% and the contraception usage rate among married women was 46%.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">Maternal mortality</a> is high, partly because of <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital cutting">female genital mutilation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-163">[163]</a> with about 27% of women having undergone it.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> This practice is however on the decline as the country becomes more modernised, and in 2011 it was banned in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Women were economically empowered before colonialisation. By colonial land alienation, women lost access and control of land.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-235">[235]</a> They became more economically dependent on men.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-235">[235]</a> A colonial order of gender emerged where males dominated females.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-235">[235]</a> Median age at first marriage increases with increasing education.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Rape, defilement, and battering are not always seen as serious crimes.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-237">[237]</a> Reports of sexual assault are not always taken seriously.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3></div> Article 260 of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum">Kenyan Constitution</a> of 2010 defines youth as those between the ages of 18 and 34.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> According to the 2019 Population and Census results, 75 percent of the 47.6 million population is under the age of 35, making Kenya a country of the <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Youth unemployment and underemployment in Kenya has become a problem.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-240">[240]</a> According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), approximately 1.7 million people lost their jobs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which eliminated some informal jobs and caused the economy to slow.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-240">[240]</a> The Kenyan government has made progress in addressing the high youth unemployment by implementing various affirmative action programs and projects which include: the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Youth Service (Kenya)">National Youth Service</a>, The National Youth Enterprise Development Fund,<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The Women Enterprise Fund,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Kazi Mtaani, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajira_Digital_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajira Digital Program (page does not exist)">Ajira Digital</a>, Kikao Mtaani,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Uwezo fund,<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Future Bora<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> and Studio mashinani<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> that <a href="/wiki/Youth_empowerment" title="Youth empowerment">empower youth</a>, offer job opportunities and to raise one's standard of living. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Education in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg/220px-Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg/220px-Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg/330px-Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg/440px-Community_work_in_Kenya_DVIDS342488.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>School children in a classroom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg/220px-MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg/220px-MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg/330px-MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg/440px-MSc_student_at_Kenyatta_University.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An MSc student at <a href="/wiki/Kenyatta_University" title="Kenyatta University">Kenyatta University</a> in Nairobi</figcaption></figure> Children attend nursery school, or kindergarten in the private sector until they are five years old. This lasts one to three years (KG1, KG2 and KG3) and is financed privately because there has been no government policy on pre-schooling until recently.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Basic formal education starts at age six and lasts 12 years, consisting of eight years in primary school and four in high school or secondary. Primary school is free in public schools and those attending can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic, or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry for about two years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-248">[248]</a> Those who complete high school can join a <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">polytechnic</a> or other technical college and study for three years, or proceed directly to university and study for four years. Graduates from the polytechnics and colleges can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training, or join the university—usually in the second or third year of their respective course. The <a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">higher diploma</a> is accepted by many employers in place of a bachelor's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies is possible in some universities. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg/220px-Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg/220px-Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg/330px-Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg/440px-Masai_girl_at_school_doing_maths.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Maasai girl at school</figcaption></figure> Public universities in Kenya are highly commercialised institutions and only a small fraction of qualified high school graduates are admitted on limited government-sponsorship into programs of their choice. Most are admitted into the social sciences, which are cheap to run, or as self-sponsored students paying the full cost of their studies. Most qualified students who miss out opt for middle-level diploma programs in public or private universities, colleges, and polytechnics. In 2018, 18.5 percent of the Kenyan adult population was illiterate, which was the highest rate of literacy in East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> There are very wide regional disparities: for example, Nairobi had the highest level of literacy at 87.1 per cent, compared to North Eastern Province, the lowest, at 8.0 per cent. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Certificate_of_Primary_Education" title="Kenya Certificate of Primary Education">Kenya Certificate of Primary Education</a> (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-:2-248">[248]</a> Primary school is for students aged 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to the secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education">Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training, or employment. Students sit <a href="/wiki/Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Examinations">examinations</a> in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili, and mathematics are compulsory subjects. The Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service (KUCCPS), formerly the Joint Admissions Board (JAB), is responsible for selecting students joining the public universities. Other than the public schools, there are many private schools, mainly in urban areas. Similarly, there are a number of <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international schools</a> catering to various overseas educational systems. Kenya was ranked 96th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Culture of Kenya</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Kenya">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kenya%22">"Kenya"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kenya%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kenya%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kenya%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kenya%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kenya%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenyan_dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kenyan_dancers.jpg/220px-Kenyan_dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1089"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kenyan_dancers.jpg/220px-Kenyan_dancers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kenyan_dancers.jpg/330px-Kenyan_dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kenyan_dancers.jpg/440px-Kenyan_dancers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kenyan boys and girls performing a traditional dance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nation_media_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nation_media_house.jpg/220px-Nation_media_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="851"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nation_media_house.jpg/220px-Nation_media_house.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nation_media_house.jpg/330px-Nation_media_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nation_media_house.jpg/440px-Nation_media_house.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nation Media House, which hosts the <a href="/wiki/Nation_Media_Group" title="Nation Media Group">Nation Media Group</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">culture of Kenya</a> comprises multiple traditions. Kenya has no single prominent culture. It instead consists of the various cultures of the country's different communities. Notable populations include the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> on the coast, several other <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> communities in the central and western regions, and Nilotic communities in the northwest. The <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> culture is well known to tourism, despite constituting a relatively small part of Kenya's population. They are renowned for their elaborate upper-body adornment and jewellery. Additionally, Kenya has an extensive music, television, and theatre scene. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_literature" title="Kenyan literature">Kenyan literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_(signing_autographs_in_London).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg/220px-Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg/220px-Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg/330px-Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg/440px-Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o_%28signing_autographs_in_London%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a> is one of Kenya's best-known writers. His novel <a href="/wiki/Weep_Not,_Child" title="Weep Not, Child">Weep Not, Child</a> depicts life in Kenya during the British occupation. The story details the effects of the Mau Mau on the lives of Kenyans. Its combination of themes—<a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, education, and love—helped make it one of the best-known African novels. <a href="/wiki/M.G._Vassanji" class="mw-redirect" title="M.G. Vassanji">M.G. Vassanji</a>'s 2003 novel The In-Between World of Vikram Lall won the <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Giller_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotiabank Giller Prize">Giller Prize</a> in 2003. It is the fictional memoir of a Kenyan of Indian heritage and his family as they adjust to the changing political climates in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Since 2003, the literary journal <a href="/wiki/Kwani%3F" title="Kwani?">Kwani?</a> has been publishing Kenyan contemporary literature. Kenya has also nurtured emerging versatile authors such as Paul Kipchumba (Kipwendui, Kibiwott) who demonstrate a pan-African outlook.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Music of Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juacali_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Juacali_1.jpg/170px-Juacali_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2880"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Juacali_1.jpg/170px-Juacali_1.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Juacali_1.jpg/255px-Juacali_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Juacali_1.jpg/340px-Juacali_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Popular Kenyan musician Jua Cali</figcaption></figure> Kenya has a diverse assortment of popular music forms, in addition to multiple types of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> based on the variety of over 40 regional languages.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Drums are the most dominant instrument in popular Kenyan music. Drum beats are very complex and include both native rhythms and imported ones, especially the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavacha" title="Cavacha">cavacha</a> rhythm. Popular Kenyan music usually involves the interplay of multiple parts, and more recently, showy guitar solos as well. There are also a number of local hip-hop artists, including <a href="/wiki/Jua_Cali" title="Jua Cali">Jua Cali</a>; Afro-pop bands such as <a href="/wiki/Sauti_Sol" title="Sauti Sol">Sauti Sol</a>; and musicians who play local genres like Benga, such as <a href="/wiki/Akothee" title="Akothee">Akothee</a>. Lyrics are most often in Kiswahili or English. There is also some emerging aspect of <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a> borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> musicians. Lyrics are also written in local languages. Urban radio generally only plays English music, though there also exist a number of vernacular radio stations. Zilizopendwa is a genre of local urban music that was recorded in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s by musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Daudi_Kabaka" title="Daudi Kabaka">Daudi Kabaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fadhili_William" title="Fadhili William">Fadhili William</a>, and Sukuma Bin Ongaro, and is particularly enjoyed by older people—having been popularised by the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation's Kiswahili service (formerly called Voice of Kenya or VOK). The Isukuti is a vigorous dance performed by the <a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a> sub-tribes to the beat of a traditional drum called the Isukuti during many occasions such as the birth of a child, marriage, or funeral. Other traditional dances include the <a href="/wiki/Ohangla" title="Ohangla">Ohangla</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Luo_peoples" title="Luo peoples">Luo</a>, Nzele among the <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mugithi" title="Mugithi">Mugithi</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taarab" title="Taarab">Taarab</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a>. Additionally, Kenya has a growing Christian gospel music scene. Prominent local gospel musicians include the <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Boys_Choir" title="Kenyan Boys Choir">Kenyan Boys Choir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benga_music" title="Benga music">Benga music</a> has been popular since the late 1960s, especially in the area around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>. The word benga is occasionally used to refer to any kind of pop music. Bass, guitar, and percussion are the usual instruments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kenya" title="Sport in Kenya">Sport in Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg/220px-2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg/220px-2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg/330px-2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg/440px-2012_Olympics_-_Womens_5000m_start_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jepkosgei Kipyego and Jepkemoi Cheruiyot at the 2012 London Olympics</figcaption></figure> Kenya is active in several sports, among them <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rallying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>. The country is known chiefly for its dominance in <a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">middle-distance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">long-distance</a> athletics, having consistently produced <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> champions in various distance events, especially in 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m, and the marathon. Kenyan athletes (particularly <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a>), continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> has reduced this supremacy. Some of Kenya's best-known athletes include the four-time women's <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a> winner and two-time world champion <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ndereba" title="Catherine Ndereba">Catherine Ndereba</a>, 800m world record holder <a href="/wiki/David_Rudisha" title="David Rudisha">David Rudisha</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Marathon_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathon (sport)">marathon</a> world record-holder <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tergat" title="Paul Tergat">Paul Tergat</a>, and 5000m Olympic gold medalist <a href="/wiki/John_Ngugi" title="John Ngugi">John Ngugi</a>. Kenya's most decorated athlete is three-time Olympic gold medalist and eleven-time world marathon major champion, <a href="/wiki/Eliud_Kipchoge" title="Eliud Kipchoge">Eliud Kipchoge</a>. Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics: six gold, four silver, and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Jelimo" title="Pamela Jelimo">Pamela Jelimo</a>, the women's 800m gold medalist who went on to win the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Golden_League" title="IAAF Golden League">IAAF Golden League</a> jackpot, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wanjiru" title="Samuel Wanjiru">Samuel Wanjiru</a>, who won the men's marathon. Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion <a href="/wiki/Kipchoge_Keino" title="Kipchoge Keino">Kipchoge Keino</a> helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rono" title="Henry Rono">Henry Rono</a>'s spectacular string of world record performances. Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF-254">[254]</a> The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lagat" title="Bernard Lagat">Bernard Lagat</a> being the latest, choosing to represent the United States.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF-254">[254]</a> Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Decisions by the Kenyan government to tax athletes' earnings may also be a motivating factor.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg/220px-David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg/220px-David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg/330px-David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg/440px-David_Rudisha_Daegu_2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kenyan Olympic and world record holder in the 800 metres, <a href="/wiki/David_Rudisha" title="David Rudisha">David Rudisha</a></figcaption></figure> Kenya has been a dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The women's team has competed at the Olympics and <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship">World Championships</a>, though without any notable success. Cricket is another popular sport, also ranking as the most successful team sport. <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cricket team">Kenya</a> has competed in the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> since <a href="/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1996 Cricket World Cup">1996</a>. They upset some of the world's best teams and reached the semi-finals of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2003 Cricket World Cup">2003 tournament</a>. They won the inaugural World Cricket League Division 1 hosted in Nairobi and participated in the World T20. They also participated in the <a href="/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Cricket World Cup 2011">ICC Cricket World Cup 2011</a>. Their current captain is <a href="/wiki/Rakep_Patel" title="Rakep Patel">Rakep Patel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Rugby is increasing in popularity, especially with the annual Safari Sevens tournament. The <a href="/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team" title="Kenya national rugby sevens team">Kenya Sevens team</a> ranked 9th in the IRB Sevens World Series for the 2006 season. In 2016, the team beat Fiji at the Singapore Sevens finals, making Kenya the second African nation after South Africa to win a World Series championship.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team" title="Kenya national football team">Kenya</a> was once also a regional powerhouse in football. However, its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Football_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Football Federation">Kenya Football Federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> leading to a suspension by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> which was lifted in March 2007.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the motor rallying arena, Kenya is home to the world-famous <a href="/wiki/Safari_Rally" title="Safari Rally">Safari Rally</a>, commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> First held in 1953, it was a part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championship" title="World Rally Championship">World Rally Championship</a> for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties. Some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally, such as <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Waldeg%C3%A5rd" title="Björn Waldegård">Björn Waldegård</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannu_Mikkola" title="Hannu Mikkola">Hannu Mikkola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommi_M%C3%A4kinen" title="Tommi Mäkinen">Tommi Mäkinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Mehta" title="Shekhar Mehta">Shekhar Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Sr." title="Carlos Sainz Sr.">Carlos Sainz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colin_McRae" title="Colin McRae">Colin McRae</a>. The Safari Rally returned to the world championship in <a href="/wiki/2021_Safari_Rally" title="2021 Safari Rally">2021</a>, after the 2003–2019 events ran as part of the <a href="/wiki/African_Rally_Championship" title="African Rally Championship">African Rally Championship</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nairobi has hosted several major continental sports events, including the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_1993" title="FIBA Africa Championship 1993">FIBA Africa Championship 1993</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Kenya_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya national basketball team">Kenya's national basketball team</a> finished in the top four, its best performance to date.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Kenya also has its own <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> team, the Kenya Ice Lions.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> The team's home ground is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Ice_Rink" title="Solar Ice Rink">Solar Ice Rink</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panarihotels.com/hotel-nairobi/">Panari Sky Centre</a> in Nairobi,<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> which is the first and largest <a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">ice rink</a> in all of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Kenya men's national field hockey team">Kenya men's national field hockey team</a> was considered one of the good teams in the world during 1960s and 1970s. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roshan_Ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roshan_Ali.jpg/220px-Roshan_Ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1041"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roshan_Ali.jpg/220px-Roshan_Ali.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roshan_Ali.jpg/330px-Roshan_Ali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roshan_Ali.jpg/440px-Roshan_Ali.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Roshan Ali, former goalkeeper of Kenya field hockey team</figcaption></figure> Kenya was got 6th position in <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a> hockey tournament and 4th in 1971 <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_FIH_Hockey_World_Cup" title="Men's FIH Hockey World Cup">Men's FIH Hockey World Cup</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg/220px-Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg/220px-Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg/330px-Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg/440px-Ugali_%26_Sukuma_Wiki.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_wiki" title="Sukuma wiki">sukuma wiki</a>, staples of Kenyan cuisine</figcaption></figure> Kenyans generally have three meals in a day—breakfast (kiamsha kinywa), lunch (chakula cha mchana), and supper (chakula cha jioni or simply chajio). In between, they have the 10-o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 p.m. tea (chai ya saa kumi). Breakfast is usually tea or porridge with bread, <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahamri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamri">mahamri</a>, boiled sweet potatoes, or <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>. <a href="/wiki/Githeri" title="Githeri">Githeri</a> is a common lunchtime dish in many households, while <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a> with vegetables, sour milk (<a href="/wiki/Mursik" title="Mursik">mursik</a>), meat, fish, or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper. Regional variations and dishes also exist. In western Kenya, among the <a href="/wiki/Luo_(Kenya_and_Tanzania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)">Luo</a>, fish is a common dish; among the <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a>, who dominate much of the Rift Valley Region, mursik—sour milk—is a common drink. In cities such as Nairobi, there are fast-food restaurants, including <a href="/wiki/Steers_(restaurant)" title="Steers (restaurant)">Steers</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> There are also many fish-and-chips shops.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheese_in_Kenya" title="Cheese in Kenya">Cheese</a> is becoming more popular in Kenya, with consumption increasing particularly among the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kenya" title="Foreign relations of Kenya">Foreign relations of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">Index of Kenya-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kenyans" title="List of Kenyans">List of Kenyans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kenya" title="Outline of Kenya">Outline of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kenya">Water supply and sanitation in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_Counties_By_Size" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kenyan Counties By Size">List of Kenyan Counties By Size</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Conlang-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conlang_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conlang_1-1">b</a> Constitution (2009) Art. 7 [National, official and other languages] "(1) The national language of the Republic is Swahili. (2) The official languages of the Republic are Swahili and English. (3) The State shall–-–- (a) promote and protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya; and (b) promote the development and use of indigenous languages, Kenyan Sign language, Braille and other communication formats and technologies accessible to persons with disabilities." </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2019a-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2019a_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2019a_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2019a_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2019a_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2019a_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2019a_2-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR">"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics"</a>. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenya+National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2019+Kenya+Population+and+Housing+Census+Volume+IV%3A+Distribution+of+Population+by+Socio-Economic+Characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knbs.or.ke%2F%3Fwpdmpro%3D2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics%26wpdmdl%3D5730%26ind%3D7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kenya/">"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kenya"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division+%E2%80%93+Demographic+and+Social+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knbs.or.ke/">"The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics"</a>. The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313379826" title="Special:BookSources/9780313379826"><bdi>9780313379826</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153548/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. 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The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 33 (2): 257–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F220649">10.2307/220649</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/220649">220649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Swahili+History+Reconsidered&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-290&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F220649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F220649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Spear%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrielleFleisherWynne-Jones2023" class="citation journal cs1">Brielle, E. S.; Fleisher, J.; Wynne-Jones, S.; et al. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10060156">"Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of mediaeval peoples of the Swahili coast"</a>. Nature. 615 (7954): 866–873. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.615..866B">2023Natur.615..866B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05754-w">10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10060156">10060156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991187">36991187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Entwined+African+and+Asian+genetic+roots+of+mediaeval+peoples+of+the+Swahili+coast&rft.volume=615&rft.issue=7954&rft.pages=866-873&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10060156%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36991187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05754-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.615..866B&rft.aulast=Brielle&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rft.au=Fleisher%2C+J.&rft.au=Wynne-Jones%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10060156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> شاكر مصطفى, موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث, (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolini2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicolini, Beatrice (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62">Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799–1856</a>. BRILL. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004137806" title="Special:BookSources/9789004137806"><bdi>9789004137806</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180826/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makran%2C+Oman%2C+and+Zanzibar%3A+Three-Terminal+Cultural+Corridor+in+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%2C+1799%E2%80%931856&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9789004137806&rft.aulast=Nicolini&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVwhcDDhHQkC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGower1952" class="citation journal cs1">Gower, R.H. (April 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242">"Swahili Borrowings from English"</a>. Africa. 22 (2): 154–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1156242">10.2307/1156242</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242">1156242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146513246">146513246</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813062137/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1156242">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=Swahili+Borrowings+from+English&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-157&rft.date=1952-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146513246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1156242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1156242&rft.aulast=Gower&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1156242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsayyad,_Nezar2001" class="citation book cs1">Alsayyad, Nezar (30 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22">Hybrid Urbanism</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96612-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96612-6"><bdi>978-0-275-96612-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180717/https://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. 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Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1"><bdi>978-81-250-0485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Dispersal+in+the+Deccan&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0485-1&rft.au=Ali%2C+Shanti+Sadiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3CPc22nMqIC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies">Slavery (sociology)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies">Archived</a> 2 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html">Swahili Coast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119091452/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Geographic. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html">"PBS website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 16 January 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050639/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=PBS+website&rft.date=2001-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fancient%2Fancient-chinese-explorers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdeda2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ndeda, Mildred (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473">"Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case"</a>. The East African Review (52): 83–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Feastafrica.473">10.4000/eastafrica.473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198396394">198396394</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063130/https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022. 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Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johannes+Rebmann&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohannes-Rebmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_57-2">c</a> Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Mugo_Gatheru_2005_58-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/R._Mugo_Gatheru" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Mugo Gatheru">R. 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Lonely Planet Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742203553" title="Special:BookSources/9781742203553"><bdi>9781742203553</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180737/https://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. 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(1993) Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt, Indiana University Press, 0852557450. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau">"Uncovering the brutal truth about the British empire"</a>. The Guardian. 18 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152655/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/18/uncovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Uncovering+the+brutal+truth+about+the+British+empire&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Faug%2F18%2Funcovering-truth-british-empire-caroline-elkins-mau-mau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau">"Mau Mau"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063630/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mau-Mau">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mau+Mau&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMau-Mau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC">Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire</a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05986-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05986-3"><bdi>0-393-05986-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-LhkJxuaXYC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Hanged%3A+The+Dirty+War+in+Kenya+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-05986-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-LhkJxuaXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastagno1964" class="citation journal cs1">Castagno, A. A. (1964). "The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 2 (2): 165–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00003980">10.1017/S0022278X00003980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/158817">158817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154443409">154443409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Somali-Kenyan+Controversy%3A+Implications+for+the+Future&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-188&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154443409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F158817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00003980&rft.aulast=Castagno&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya">"NORTHERN FRONTIER DISTRICT OF KENYA (Hansard, 3 April 1963)"</a>. api.parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015183914/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=NORTHERN+FRONTIER+DISTRICT+OF+KENYA+%28Hansard%2C+3+April+1963%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1963%2Fapr%2F03%2Fnorthern-frontier-district-of-kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf">"Kenya, 1962: Enumeration Forms in English"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204114833/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/117476/Kenya-1962-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2019. 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Aljazeera. 20 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826074033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/20/kenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Kenyan+court+rejects+disputed+bid+to+change+constitution&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F20%2Fkenyan-court-rejects-disputed-bid-to-change-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210">"Kenya election result: William Ruto wins presidential poll"</a>. BBC News. 15 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815164106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62554210">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113113/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/william-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=William+Ruto+sworn+in+as+Kenya%27s+fifth+president&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.aulast=Obulutsa&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Mersie%2C+Ayenat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fwilliam-ruto-be-sworn-kenyas-president-2022-09-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Scqw5epho">"Protests in Nairobi over Kenya government's tax hikes BBC News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protests+in+Nairobi+over+Kenya+government%27s+tax+hikes+BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DY1Scqw5epho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurayamaKamusokoYamashitaEstoque2017" class="citation book cs1">Murayama, Yuji; Kamusoko, Courage; Yamashita, Akio; Estoque, Ronald C. 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Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-2676-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153550/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&dq=Kenya+fertile+plateau+east&pg=PA364">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. 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Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..618H">2020Natur.577..618H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-00177-3">10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996825">31996825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Emissions+%E2%80%93+the+%27business+as+usual%27+story+is+misleading&rft.volume=577&rft.issue=7792&rft.pages=618-20&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31996825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-020-00177-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.577..618H&rft.aulast=Hausfather&rft.aufirst=Zeke&rft.au=Peters%2C+Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-020-00177-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_Schuur2022-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Kenya_Schuur2022_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuurAbbottCommaneErnakovich2022" class="citation journal cs1">Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012220-011847">"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"</a>. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012220-011847">10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847</a>. <q>Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=Permafrost+and+Climate+Change%3A+Carbon+Cycle+Feedbacks+From+the+Warming+Arctic&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=343-371&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012220-011847&rft.aulast=Schuur&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.G.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Benjamin+W.&rft.au=Commane%2C+Roisin&rft.au=Ernakovich%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Euskirchen%2C+Eugenie&rft.au=Hugelius%2C+Gustaf&rft.au=Grosse%2C+Guido&rft.au=Jones%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Koven%2C+Charlie&rft.au=Leshyk%2C+Victor&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+David&rft.au=Loranty%2C+Michael+M.&rft.au=Mauritz%2C+Marguerite&rft.au=Olefeldt%2C+David&rft.au=Natali%2C+Susan&rft.au=Rodenhizer%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Salmon%2C+Verity&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4del%2C+Christina&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Jens&rft.au=Treat%2C+Claire&rft.au=Turetsky%2C+Merritt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-environ-012220-011847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_Phiddian2022-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Kenya_Phiddian2022_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhiddian2022" class="citation web cs1">Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/">"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos (magazine)">Cosmos</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. <q>"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="The Australian Academy of Science">The Australian Academy of Science</a>, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. <a href="/wiki/Climate_Action_Tracker" title="Climate Action Tracker">Climate Action Tracker</a> predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmos&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+IPCC+Scenarios&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.aulast=Phiddian&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosmagazine.com%2Fearth%2Fclimate%2Fexplainer-ipcc-scenarios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Kenya_ReliefWeb-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Kenya_ReliefWeb_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Kenya_ReliefWeb_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Kenya_ReliefWeb_123-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/climate-change-profile-kenya">"Climate Change Profile: Kenya – Kenya"</a>. 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Journal of Eastern African Studies. 15: 43–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17531055.2020.1863642">10.1080/17531055.2020.1863642</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-1055">1753-1055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231681524">231681524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Who+are+Kenya%27s+42%28%2B%29+tribes%3F+The+census+and+the+political+utility+of+magical+uncertainty&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=43-62&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231681524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1753-1055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17531055.2020.1863642&rft.aulast=Balaton-Chrimes&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F17531055.2020.1863642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asongumarr-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asongumarr_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asongumarr_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsongu,_J._J.Marr,_Marvee2007" class="citation book cs1">Asongu, J. 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Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Kenya+beat+Fiji+to+win+their+first+Sevens+World+Series+title&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2F36067269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSport2016" class="citation news cs1">Sport, Telegraph (17 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-sevens/2016/04/17/hsbc-world-rugby-sevens-series-kenya-shock-fiji-and-win-maiden-t/">"HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series: Kenya shock Fiji and win maiden title in Singapore"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619110410/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-sevens/2016/04/17/hsbc-world-rugby-sevens-series-kenya-shock-fiji-and-win-maiden-t/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=HSBC+World+Rugby+Sevens+Series%3A+Kenya+shock+Fiji+and+win+maiden+title+in+Singapore&rft.date=2016-04-17&rft.aulast=Sport&rft.aufirst=Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Frugby-sevens%2F2016%2F04%2F17%2Fhsbc-world-rugby-sevens-series-kenya-shock-fiji-and-win-maiden-t%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> New Vision, 3 June 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022">Wrangles land Kenya indefinite FIFA ban</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110015009/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022">Archived</a> 10 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> The Auto Channel, 21 July 2001: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html">FIA RALLY: Delecour takes points finish on Safari Rally debut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210095507/http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/2405/tid/312/_/1993_African_Championship_for_Men_/index.html">1993 FIBA Africa Championship for Men</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008174937/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/2405/tid/312/_/1993_African_Championship_for_Men_/index.html">Archived</a> 8 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 24 January 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhl.com/news/color-of-hockey-kenya-ice-lions-ready-to-roar/c-316726578">Color of Hockey: Kenya Ice Lions ready to roar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527112254/https://www.nhl.com/news/color-of-hockey-kenya-ice-lions-ready-to-roar/c-316726578">Archived</a> 27 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iihf.com/en/news/18709/hockey-visit-to-kenya">Hockey visit to Kenya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527112254/https://www.iihf.com/en/news/18709/hockey-visit-to-kenya">Archived</a> 27 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/IIHF" class="mw-redirect" title="IIHF">IIHF</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panarihotels.com/hotel-nairobi/ice-rink.html">Solar Ice Rink</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707142634/http://panarihotels.com/hotel-nairobi/ice-rink.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Panari Hotel </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2005-12-26-kenyan-skaters-flock-to-east-africas-first-ice-rink/">"Kenyan skaters flock to East Africa's first ice rink"</a>. The Mail & Guardian. 25 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kenyan+skaters+flock+to+East+Africa%27s+first+ice+rink&rft.date=2005-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2005-12-26-kenyan-skaters-flock-to-east-africas-first-ice-rink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210535/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/10/13223149-fast-food-finds-fans-in-sub-sahara-africa-where-obesity-problem-is-growing">"Fast food finds fans in sub-Sahara Africa, where obesity problem is growing"</a>. NBC News. 24 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/10/13223149-fast-food-finds-fans-in-sub-sahara-africa-where-obesity-problem-is-growing">the original</a> on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Fast+food+finds+fans+in+sub-Sahara+Africa%2C+where+obesity+problem+is+growing&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldnews.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F08%2F10%2F13223149-fast-food-finds-fans-in-sub-sahara-africa-where-obesity-problem-is-growing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Subway-to-open-first-Kenya-outlet-in-August/-/539552/1691534/-/bax3pa/-/index.html">US fast food chain to open first Kenya outlet in August – Money Markets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023161931/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Subway-to-open-first-Kenya-outlet-in-August/-/539552/1691534/-/bax3pa/-/index.html">Archived</a> 23 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. businessdailyafrica.com. Retrieved 9 August 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yellowpageskenya.com/search-results/Restaurants">"Restaurants in Nairobi, Kenya - Yellow Pages Online Directory"</a>. yellowpageskenya.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427112348/https://yellowpageskenya.com/search-results/Restaurants">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yellowpageskenya.com&rft.atitle=Restaurants+in+Nairobi%2C+Kenya+-+Yellow+Pages+Online+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyellowpageskenya.com%2Fsearch-results%2FRestaurants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanews.com/2016/09/04/kenyans-are-gradually-loving-cheese/">Kenyans are gradually loving cheese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041844/http://www.africanews.com/2016/09/04/kenyans-are-gradually-loving-cheese/">Archived</a> 14 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, africanews.com, 4 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/entrepreneur-grows-her-hobby-into-a-successful-cheese-making-business/">Entrepreneur grows her hobby into a successful cheese making business</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040913/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/entrepreneur-grows-her-hobby-into-a-successful-cheese-making-business/">Archived</a> 14 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, howwemadeitinafrica.com, 23 August 2013. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugerud1995" class="citation book cs1">Haugerud A (1995). The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya. African Studies. Vol. 84 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521595902" title="Special:BookSources/9780521595902"><bdi>9780521595902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Politics+in+Modern+Kenya&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=African+Studies&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521595902&rft.aulast=Haugerud&rft.aufirst=Angelique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudeki_ChweyaJohn_Kithome_TutaS._Kichamu_Akivaga2005" class="citation cs2">Ludeki Chweya; John Kithome Tuta; S. Kichamu Akivaga (2005), Control of Corruption in Kenya: Legal-political Dimensions, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Michigan">The University of Michigan</a>, p. 259, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-915-55-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-915-55-9"><bdi>978-9966-915-55-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+of+Corruption+in+Kenya%3A+Legal-political+Dimensions&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9966-915-55-9&rft.au=Ludeki+Chweya&rft.au=John+Kithome+Tuta&rft.au=S.+Kichamu+Akivaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwaura2005" class="citation book cs1">Mwaura N (2005). Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa. Algora Publishing. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875863214" title="Special:BookSources/9780875863214"><bdi>9780875863214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya+Today%3A+Breaking+the+Yoke+of+Colonialism+in+Africa&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780875863214&rft.aulast=Mwaura&rft.aufirst=Ndirangu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Kenya at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kenya" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kenya">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kenya" class="extiw" title="c:Kenya">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kenya" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Kenya">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenya" class="extiw" title="q:Kenya">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kenya" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kenya">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kenya" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kenya">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" class="extiw" title="voy:Kenya">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.go.ke">Official website of the Parliament of Kenya</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Kenya" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Kenya">Wikimedia Atlas of Kenya</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/">Kenya</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707114205/https://www.africa.com/kenya">Kenya</a> profile from <a href="/wiki/Africa.com" title="Africa.com">Africa.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406012851/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/kenya/business-corruption-in-kenya.aspx">Kenya Corruption Profile</a> from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KEN/Year/2010/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kenya</a>, 2010</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kenya&params=1_N_38_E_">1°N 38°E / 1°N 38°E / 1; 38</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya&oldid=1258104044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya&oldid=1258104044</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 04:22 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Кение – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Кение" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ኬንያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬንያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenia" title="Cenia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cenia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Кениа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Кениа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Քենիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քենիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8nia" title="Kènia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Kènia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="কেনিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9%C3%B1a" title="Kéña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kéña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinya" title="Kinya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kinya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya" title="Keniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کنیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کنیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="কেনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кенія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кенія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кенія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кенія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कीनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कीनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁེ་ནི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁེ་ནི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кени – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Кени" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кени – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кени" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%88a" title="Keňa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keňa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenia" title="Cenia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كينيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ކެންޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެންޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82_Dah_Gai_Biyaagi_Naakaii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dził Dah Gai Biyaagi Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dził Dah Gai Biyaagi Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀེ་ནི་ཡ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀེ་ནི་ཡ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenia" title="Keenia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keenia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Κένυα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κένυα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjo" title="Kenjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kenjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9nia" title="Quénia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Quénia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کنیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenja" title="Kenja – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kenja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya" title="Keniya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Keniya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ch%C3%A9inia" title="An Chéinia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chéinia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Cheinney" title="Yn Cheinney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Cheinney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya" title="Keniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Keniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Cheinia" title="A' Cheinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Cheinia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="કેન્યા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેન્યા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केनिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="केनिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%83%90" title="케냐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케냐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Քենիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քենիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कीनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कीनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="কেনিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кени – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кени" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhenya" title="IKhenya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IKhenya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%C3%ADa" title="Kenía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kenía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="קניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nya" title="Kénya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kénya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya" title="Keniya – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Keniya" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕೀನ್ಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೀನ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კენია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კენია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keni%C3%B4" title="Keniô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Keniô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nya" title="Kénya – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kénya" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кени – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кени" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keneja" title="Keneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Keneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%9Bnya" title="Kɛnya – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kɛnya" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenia" title="Cenia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cenia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenii" title="Kenii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kenii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kenias" title="kenias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kenias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кенија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кенија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keni%C3%A0" title="Kenià – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kenià" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="കെനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenja" title="Kenja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kenja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%93nia" title="Kēnia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kēnia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კენია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კენია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کنیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کنیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯀꯦꯅ꯭ꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯅ꯭ꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9nia" title="Quénia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Quénia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кэния – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кэния" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кени – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кени" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကင်ညာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်ညာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ケニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кени – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кени" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenia" title="Keenia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Keenia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniia" title="Keniia – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Keniia" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="କେନିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କେନିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeniyaa" title="Keeniyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Keeniyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya" title="Keniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Keniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਕੀਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੀਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کینیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کینیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ကိဉ်ညာခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကိဉ်ညာခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کینیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کینیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="កេនយ៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កេនយ៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9nia" title="Quénia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quénia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya" title="Keniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Keniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya" title="Keniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Keniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinya" title="Kinya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kinya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кенія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кенія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="केन्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केन्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keny%C3%A4a" title="Kenyäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kenyäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyae" title="Kenyae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kenyae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කෙන්යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෙන්යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڪينيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪينيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKheniya" title="IKheniya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKheniya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%88a" title="Keňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Keňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%84ijo" title="Kyńijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kyńijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کینیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کینیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кенија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кенија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenija" title="Kenija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kenija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nya" title="Kénya – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kénya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="கென்யா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கென்யா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BA%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၶႅၼ်ႇၺႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶႅၼ်ႇၺႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="కెన్యా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెన్యా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศเคนยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเคนยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ኬንያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኬንያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keni%C3%BDa" title="Keniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Keniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кения – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кения" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кенія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кенія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کینیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کینیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="كېنىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كېنىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nia" title="Kénia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kénia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenii" title="Kenii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kenii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keny%C3%A4n" title="Kenyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kenyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E4%BA%9E" title="肯亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="肯亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kee%C3%B1aa" title="Keeñaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Keeñaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="肯尼亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肯尼亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khenya" title="Khenya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Khenya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קעניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E9%9B%85" title="肯雅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肯雅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kenia" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Kenėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kenėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="肯尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肯尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9nia" title="Kénia – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kénia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keny%C3%A0t%C3%B2" title="Kenyàtò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Kenyàtò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Kenya" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenij%C9%99" title="Kenijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kenijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 04:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li 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id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tfx7h","wgBackendResponseTime":344,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.121","walltime":"4.648","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23253,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":883188,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":131995,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":95,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":967600,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3929.539 1 -total"," 43.00% 1689.638 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.00% 707.421 124 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