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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiyada_orta_t%C9%99hsil" title="Yaponiyada orta təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiyada orta təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাপানে মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানে মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_secundaria_en_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Educación secundaria en Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Educación secundaria en Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_menengah_di_Jepang" title="Pendidikan menengah di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendidikan menengah di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pfok%C3%BA_oktat%C3%A1s_Jap%C3%A1nban" title="Középfokú oktatás Japánban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középfokú oktatás Japánban" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg/170px-Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg/255px-Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg/340px-Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> high school students wearing the <a href="/wiki/Sailor_fuku" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailor fuku">sailor fuku</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Secondary education in Japan</b> is split into <a href="/wiki/Junior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior high school">junior high schools</a> (中学校 <i>chūgakkō</i>), which cover the seventh through ninth grade, and <a href="/wiki/Senior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior high school">senior high schools</a> (高等学校 <i>kōtōgakkō</i>, abbreviated to 高校 <i>kōkō</i>), which mostly cover grades ten through twelve. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Junior_high_school">Junior high school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Junior high school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_classroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a typical Japanese classroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Japanese_classroom.jpg/220px-Japanese_classroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Japanese_classroom.jpg/330px-Japanese_classroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Japanese_classroom.jpg/440px-Japanese_classroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>A typical Japanese classroom</figcaption></figure> <p>Lower-secondary schools cover grades seven, eight, and nine. Ages are 12/13-14/15 with increased focus on academic studies. Although it is possible to leave the formal education system after completing lower secondary school and find employment, fewer than 4% did so by the late 1980s. </p><p>Most junior high schools in the 1980s were government-funded public schools; 5% were private schools. At <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a></span>552,592 (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>5,035.01) per pupil, private schools had a per-student cost that was four times as high as public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minimum number of school days in a year is 210 in Japan, compared to 180 in the United States. A significant part of the school calendar is taken up by non-academic events such as sports days and school trips.<sup id="cite_ref-Shields2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teachers often majored in the subjects they taught. Each class is assigned a homeroom teacher who doubles as <a href="/wiki/School_counselor" title="School counselor">counselor</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary</a> students, junior high school students have different teachers for different subjects. The subject teachers usually move to a new room for each 50-minute period. Usually, students' lunch is provided by the school itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruction">Instruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-Teacher%27s-Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Japanese-Teacher%27s-Room.jpg/220px-Japanese-Teacher%27s-Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Japanese-Teacher%27s-Room.jpg/330px-Japanese-Teacher%27s-Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Japanese-Teacher%27s-Room.jpg/440px-Japanese-Teacher%27s-Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A teachers' room at a junior high school</figcaption></figure> <p>Instruction tends to rely on the <a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">lecture</a> method.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>　Teachers also use other media, such as <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, and there is some <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> work. By 1989, about 45% of all public lower-secondary schools had computers, including schools that used them only for administrative purposes. Classroom organization is still based on small work groups, although no longer for reasons of discipline. Students are expected to have mastered daily routines and acceptable behavior. </p><p>All course contents are specified in the <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Course of Study for Lower-Secondary Schools</a>. Some subjects, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, are coordinated with the elementary <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>. The curriculum covers Japanese language, English, social studies, mathematics, science, music, fine arts, industrial arts, homemaking, health, and physical education. <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Moral</a> education and special activities continue to receive attention.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extracurricular_activities">Extracurricular activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extracurricular activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many students participate in after-school clubs. Sports clubs, such as <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">baseball</a>, are especially popular among boys,<sup id="cite_ref-web-japan.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-japan.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-springer.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while wind bands are one of the most popular clubs for girls.<sup id="cite_ref-springer.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Football (soccer) clubs are gaining popularity. Other popular sports clubs include tennis, basketball, gymnastics, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> and volleyball. In every sport, many games are held between schools and at the regional level, so students have opportunities to compete. </p><p>For cultural clubs, choir and art clubs, brass band, tea ceremony, and flower arrangement clubs are popular.<sup id="cite_ref-web-japan.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-japan.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some junior high schools encourage students to take academic ability tests such as the <a href="/wiki/STEP_Eiken" title="STEP Eiken">STEP Eiken</a> for English or the <a href="/wiki/Kanji_kentei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji kentei">Kanji kentei</a> for Japanese. </p><p>Students in the highest grades of elementary, junior high, and senior high schools also take trips lasting up to several days to culturally important cities such as Kyoto and Nara, ski resorts, or other places such as Tokyo, Osaka, Okinawa and Hokkaido.<sup id="cite_ref-web-japan.org_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-japan.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senior_high_school">Senior high school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Senior high school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanagawa_highschool_class.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kanagawa_highschool_class.jpg/220px-Kanagawa_highschool_class.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kanagawa_highschool_class.jpg/330px-Kanagawa_highschool_class.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kanagawa_highschool_class.jpg/440px-Kanagawa_highschool_class.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A high school class in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though <a href="/wiki/Upper_secondary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper secondary school">upper-secondary school</a> is not compulsory in Japan, as of 2005 94% of all junior high school graduates entered high schools<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 95% of students graduated successfully from them.<sup id="cite_ref-unc.edu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unc.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enter, students typically take an <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examination</a> in Japanese, mathematics, science, social studies, and English, whether it is standardized for all public high schools in the prefecture or a test created by a private high school for that school alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_life">Daily life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Daily life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High schools typically begin at 8:30, when teachers meet for a five-minute meeting, followed by homeroom.<sup id="cite_ref-members.tripod.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-members.tripod.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students assemble in their homerooms of an average of around 40 students each,<sup id="cite_ref-ericdigests.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericdigests.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeroom teachers are in charge of morning or afternoon homeroom times, about five minutes each, as well as a weekly long homeroom period.<sup id="cite_ref-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many students are assigned to specific task committees in their homeroom class.<sup id="cite_ref-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four classes of 50 minutes each before lunch.<sup id="cite_ref-members.tripod.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-members.tripod.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students go to different classrooms for physical education, laboratory classes, or other specialized courses; otherwise, teachers change classrooms instead of the students for the entire day. Students typically attend between ten and fourteen courses a year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some schools do not have their own cafeteria, so students generally eat in their homerooms instead.<sup id="cite_ref-members.tripod.com_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-members.tripod.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike students in elementary and middle school, high school students do not have government-subsidized lunches.<sup id="cite_ref-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, many students bring <a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">bento</a> from home.<sup id="cite_ref-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century,_Miki_Y_2005,_p._101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After lunch students have two more classes.<sup id="cite_ref-members.tripod.com_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-members.tripod.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, by 3:30 PM, students are free to attend extracurricular activities.<sup id="cite_ref-members.tripod.com_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-members.tripod.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saturday schooling, when offered, ends at 1 PM after four courses.<sup id="cite_ref-members.tripod.com_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-members.tripod.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extracurriculars">Extracurriculars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extracurriculars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most schools, there are two types of extracurricular clubs, sports clubs and culture clubs. New students usually choose a club after the school year begins and only rarely change for the rest of their high school careers.<sup id="cite_ref-ericdigests.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericdigests.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clubs meet for two hours after school every day, and often during school vacations. These clubs are an important chance for students to make friends and learn social etiquette and relationships like the <a href="/wiki/Senpai" class="mw-redirect" title="Senpai">senpai/kohai</a> dynamic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schools have limited autonomy in developing their curriculum or choosing their textbooks. Instead, although the latter are written and produced in the private sector, the Ministry of Education has the final say over any and all content and materials. Typically students take three years each of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_studies" title="Japanese studies">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English</a>, with additional courses including <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, and moral studies. In particular <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a> in Japan is broken down into <a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">civics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, Japanese history, world history, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. There are a large number of mandatory courses, and a few number of electives.<sup id="cite_ref-unc.edu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unc.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upper-secondary teachers are university graduates. Upper-secondary schools are organized into departments, and teachers specialize in their field of study although they teach a variety of courses sharing a more general discipline. Teaching depends largely on the lecture system, with the main goal being to cover the curriculum. Approach and subject coverage tends to be uniform, at least in the public schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_reforms">Education reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Curriculum guideline">Curriculum guideline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yutori_education" title="Yutori education">Yutori education</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>International educational scores (latest, 2018)<br /><small> 8th Graders average score,<br /><a href="/wiki/TIMSS" class="mw-redirect" title="TIMSS">TIMSS</a> International Results in Mathematics and Sciences, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Countries<br />(sample) </th> <th rowspan="2">Global<br />rank </th> <th colspan="2">Maths:- </th> <th colspan="2">Science:- </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Score </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Score </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Singapore"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span> </td> <td><b>01</b> </td> <td>01. </td> <td>600 </td> <td>01. </td> <td>595 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span> </td> <td><b>02</b> </td> <td>02. </td> <td>585 </td> <td>02= </td> <td>585 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span> </td> <td><b>03</b> </td> <td>03. </td> <td>580 </td> <td>03= </td> <td>575 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span> </td> <td><b>04</b> </td> <td>04. </td> <td>575 </td> <td>04= </td> <td>570 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="England"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></span> </td> <td><b>05</b> </td> <td>05. </td> <td>570 </td> <td>05= </td> <td>565 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span> </td> <td><b>06</b> </td> <td>06. </td> <td>565 </td> <td>06= </td> <td>560 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Ireland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span> </td> <td><b>07</b> </td> <td>07. </td> <td>560 </td> <td>07= </td> <td>555 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></span> </td> <td><b>08</b> </td> <td>08. </td> <td>555 </td> <td>08= </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Finland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></span> </td> <td><b>09</b> </td> <td>09. </td> <td>550 </td> <td>09= </td> <td>545 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span> </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td>10. </td> <td>545 </td> <td>10= </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Wales"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></span> </td> <td><b>11</b> </td> <td>11. </td> <td>540 </td> <td>11= </td> <td>535 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span> </td> <td><b>12</b> </td> <td>12. </td> <td>535 </td> <td>12= </td> <td>530 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span> </td> <td><b>13</b> </td> <td>13. </td> <td>530 </td> <td>13= </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span> </td> <td><b>14</b> </td> <td>14. </td> <td>525 </td> <td>14= </td> <td>520 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span> </td> <td><b>15</b> </td> <td>15. </td> <td>520 </td> <td>15= </td> <td>515 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Scotland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></span> </td> <td><b>16</b> </td> <td>16. </td> <td>515 </td> <td>16= </td> <td>510 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span> </td> <td><b>17</b> </td> <td>17. </td> <td>510 </td> <td>17.= </td> <td>505 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span> </td> <td><b>18</b> </td> <td>18. </td> <td>505 </td> <td>18= </td> <td>495 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span> </td> <td><b>19</b> </td> <td>19. </td> <td>500 </td> <td>19= </td> <td>485 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span> </td> <td><b>20</b> </td> <td>20. </td> <td>495 </td> <td>25= </td> <td>480 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a> (MEXT) recognizes a need to improve the teaching of all <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign languages</a>, especially English. To improve instruction in spoken <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">government</a> invites many young native speakers of English to Japan to serve as assistants to school <a href="/wiki/Board_of_education" title="Board of education">boards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a> under its <a href="/wiki/Jet_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet Programme">Japan Exchange and Teaching Program</a>. By 2005 participants numbered over 6,000. In the last few years, several school boards in Japan have relied on ALTs (<a href="/wiki/Assistant_Language_Teacher" title="Assistant Language Teacher">Assistant Language Teacher</a>) from private dispatch companies. </p><p>As part of the movement to develop an integrated curriculum and the education reform movement of the late 1980s, the entire Course of Study for Lower-Secondary Schools was revised in 1989 and took effect in the 1992–93 school year. A main aim of the reform is to equip students with the basic knowledge needed for <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>. In some measure, this means increased emphasis on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">culture</a>, as well as understanding Japan as a nation and its relationships with other nations of the world. The course of study also increased elective hours, recommending that electives be chosen in light of individual student differences and with an eye toward diversification. </p><p>A further revision to the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Education" title="Fundamental Law of Education">Fundamental Law of Education</a> was carried out on 22 December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised law leaves the structure of schooling basically the same but includes new emphases on respect for <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> (Article 2.5), school <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> (Article 6.2), and <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parental</a> <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">responsibility</a> (Article 10).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junior_high_issues">Junior high issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Junior high issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two problems of great concern to educators and citizens began to appear at the lower-secondary level in the 1980s: <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, which remains a major problem, and the <a href="/wiki/School_refusal" title="School refusal">school-refusal syndrome</a> (toko kyohi; manifested by excessive <a href="/wiki/Truancy" title="Truancy">absenteeism</a>), which was on the rise.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, there were 42,754 incidents of problematic behavior in junior high schools, according to a government survey.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experts disagreed over the specific causes of these phenomena, but there is general agreement that the system offers little individualized or specialized assistance, thus contributing to disaffection among those who can not conform to its demands or who are otherwise experiencing difficulties. Another problem concerns Japanese children returning from abroad. These students, particularly if they have been overseas for extended periods, often need help in reading and writing — and in adjusting to rigid classroom demands. Even making the adjustment does not guarantee acceptance. Besides having acquired a foreign language, many of these students have also acquired foreign customs of speech, dress, and behavior that mark them as different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_high_issues">Senior high issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senior high issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper-secondary curriculum underwent thorough revision in 1989. That year a new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Course_of_Study_for_Upper-Secondary_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Course of Study for Upper-Secondary Schools (page does not exist)">Course of Study for Upper-Secondary Schools</a> was announced that was to be phased in beginning with the tenth grade in 1994, followed by the eleventh grade in 1995 and the twelfth grade in 1996. Among noteworthy changes is the requirement that male and female students take a course in <a href="/wiki/Family_and_consumer_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Family and consumer science">home economics</a>. The government is concerned with instilling in all students an awareness of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_family" title="Japanese family">family life</a>, the roles and responsibilities of family members, the concept of cooperation within the family, and the role of the family in society. The family continues to be an extremely important part of the social infrastructure, and the ministry clearly is interested in maintaining family stability within a changing society. Another change of note was the division of the old <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a> course into <i><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>-and-<a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">civics</a></i> courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" 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/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_reform_in_occupied_Japan" title="Educational reform in occupied Japan">Educational reform in occupied Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Japan" title="Higher education in Japan">Higher education in Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFadul2011" class="citation book cs1">Fadul, Jose A. 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Hebert (Springer press, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STATISTICAL ABSTRACT 2006 edition<<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617061845/http://www.mext.go.jp/english/statist/index.htm">"MEXT : Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/english/statist/index.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEXT+%3A+Ministry+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+Sports%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fstatist%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unc.edu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unc.edu_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unc.edu_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328160927/http://www.unc.edu/world/2006_K12Symp/Post-Program/Middle_Lesson_Plan.pdf">"Education in Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Boston College Lynch School of Education: <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Evaluation_of_Educational_Achievement" title="International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement">International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HIGHLIGHTS+TIMSS+2019+International+Results+in+Mathematics+and+Science&rft.place=Boston+College+Lynch+School+of+Education&rft.pub=International+Association+for+the+Evaluation+of+Educational+Achievement&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mullis&rft.aufirst=Ina+V.+S.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Michael+O.&rft.au=Foy%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Dana+L.&rft.au=Fishbein%2C+Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimss2019.org%2Freports%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Ftimssandpirls%2Fdownload-center%2FTIMSS-2019-Highlights.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331133057/http://www.mext.go.jp/english/lawandplan/1303462.htm">"MEXT : Basic Act on Education (Provisional translation)"</a>. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/english/lawandplan/1303462.htm">the original</a> on March 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEXT+%3A+Basic+Act+on+Education+%28Provisional+translation%29&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+Sports%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Flawandplan%2F1303462.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220064548/http://japanfocus.org/images/UserFiles/File/2468.lebowitzMcNeill.education/ed.law.file.pdf">Comparison of old and current law</a> on Japan Focus an Asian Pacific e-journal] accessed at December 11, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E0DA133EF931A25752C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Free to Be</a> by Miki Tanikawa, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> January 12, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i> 2/12/2009</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reed, Steven R. <i>Japanese Prefectures and Policymaking</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>, July 15, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822976412" title="Special:BookSources/0822976412">0822976412</a>, 9780822976417.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benjamin, Gail. Japanese Lessons: A Year in a Japanese School through the Eyes of an American Anthropologist and Her Children. New York: New York University Press, 1998.</li> <li>DeCoker, Gary, editor. National Standards and School Reform in Japan and the United States. New York: Teachers College Press, 2002.</li> <li>Ellington, Lucien. "Beyond the Rhetoric: Essential Questions about Japanese Education." Footnotes, December 2003. Foreign Policy Research Institute's website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fpri.org">http://www.fpri.org</a></li> <li>Eades, J.S. et al., editors. The 'Big Bang' in Japanese Higher Education: The 2004 Reforms and the Dynamics of Change. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2005.</li> <li>Fukuzawa, Rebecca Erwin and Gerald K. Letendre. Intense Years: How Japanese Adolescents Balance School, Family, and Friends. New York: Routledge Falmer, 2000.</li> <li>Goodman, Roger and David Phillips, editors. Can the Japanese Change Their Education System? Oxford: Symposium Books, 2003.</li> <li>Guo, Yugui. Asia's Educational Edge: Current Achievements in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, and India. New York: Lexington Books, 2005.</li> <li>Letendre, Gerald K. Learning to Be Adolescent: Growing Up in U.S. and Japanese Middle Schools. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.*</li> <li>Masalski, Kathleen. (2001). "Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies." A Japan Digest produced by the National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies. Full text at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~japan/Digests/textbook.html">http://www.indiana.edu/~japan/Digests/textbook.html</a>.</li> <li>Rohlen, Thomas P. <i>JAPAN'S HIGH SCHOOLS</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. ED 237 343.</li> <li>Seo, Kanehide. THE LIFE OF A SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT. Tokyo: International Society for Educational Information, 1986.</li> <li>Tomlinson, Tommy. "Hard Work and High Expectations: Motivating Students to Learn." Issues in Education. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Washington, D.C. Report. April 1992. ED 345 871</li> <li>White, Merry. THE MATERIAL CHILD: COMING OF AGE IN JAPAN AND AMERICA. New York: The Free Press, 1993.</li> <li>Wray, Harry. Japanese and American Education: Attitudes and Practices. Westport, Conn.: Bergin and Garvey, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507050859/http://www.mext.go.jp/english/elsec/index.htm">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaccom.jp/en/">List of Elementary and Middle Schools in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secondary_education_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secondary_education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Secondary education in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Cyprus" title="Secondary education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Myanmar" title="Secondary education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Singapore" title="Secondary education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Taiwan" title="Secondary education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary education in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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