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href="#Schools_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Schools of thought </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Schools of thought subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarcho-capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarcho-capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Anarcho-capitalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarcho-capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Conservative libertarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Minarchism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-classical_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-classical_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Neo-classical liberalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-classical_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolibertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolibertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Neolibertarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolibertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleolibertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolibertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Paleolibertarianism </div> </a> <ul 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_State_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_State_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Free State Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_State_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تحررية يمينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحررية يمينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9F_libertarianizm" title="Sağ libertarianizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sağ libertarianizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtslibertarismus" title="Rechtslibertarismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rechtslibertarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="لیبرتاریانیسم راست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرتاریانیسم راست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme_de_droite" title="Libertarianisme de droite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libertarianisme de droite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="우파 자유지상주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우파 자유지상주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin_%27yanci_na_dama" title="'Yancin 'yanci na dama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="'Yancin 'yanci na dama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianisme_kanan" title="Libertarianisme kanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Libertarianisme kanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarismo_di_destra" title="Libertarismo di destra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libertarismo di destra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მემარჯვენე ლიბერტარიანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მემარჯვენე ლიბერტარიანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobboldali_libertarianizmus" title="Jobboldali libertarianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jobboldali libertarianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarjani%C5%BCmu_tal-lemin" title="Libertarjaniżmu tal-lemin – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Libertarjaniżmu tal-lemin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="右派リバタリアニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="右派リバタリアニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DA%93%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="ښي اړخه آزادي پالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښي اړخه آزادي پالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawicowy_libertarianizm" title="Prawicowy libertarianizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawicowy libertarianizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismo_de_direita" title="Libertarianismo de direita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Libertarianismo de direita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правое либертарианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правое либертарианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeistolibertarismi" title="Oikeistolibertarismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeistolibertarismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9F_liberteryenizm" title="Sağ liberteryenizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sağ liberteryenizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Праве лібертаріанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Праве лібертаріанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="右派自由意志主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="右派自由意志主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q250598#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of libertarianism supporting capitalism and private ownership of natural resources. For the ideology combining conservatism with libertarianism, or representing the conservative wing of libertarianism, see <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Right-libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWündisch2014-4">[4]</a> also known as libertarian capitalism,<a href="#cite_note-Reiman_2005-5">[5]</a> or right-wing libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> that supports <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a> and defends <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriation (economics)">distribution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKymlicka2005516-7">[7]</a> The term right-libertarianism is used to distinguish this class of views on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a><a href="#cite_note-Francis-8">[8]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a>, a variant of libertarianism that combines <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a> with an anti-authoritarian approach to property and income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallentyne20076-9">[9]</a> In contrast to socialist libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a> right-libertarianism supports <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">[1]</a> Like most forms of libertarianism, it supports <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">[1]</a> especially <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Negative_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative rights">negative rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">non-aggression principle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> and a significant transformation of the modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaradat201531-13">[13]</a> Practitioners of right-libertarianism usually do not self-describe by that term and often object to it. Right-libertarian political thought is characterized by the strict priority given to <a href="/wiki/Liberty#Libertarianism" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, with the need to maximize the realm of individual freedom and minimize the scope of public authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337-14">[14]</a> Right-libertarians typically see the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as the principal threat to liberty. This <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-statism</a> differs from anarchist doctrines in that it is based upon strong <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarian_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-libertarian individualism">individualism</a> that places less emphasis on human sociability or cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman201043-15">[15]</a> Right-libertarian philosophy is also rooted in the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics. The right-libertarian theory of individual rights generally follows the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">labor theory of property</a>, stressing self-ownership and that people have an absolute right to the property that their labor produces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337-14">[14]</a> Economically, right-libertarians make no distinction between capitalism and free markets and view any attempt to dictate the market process as counterproductive, emphasizing the mechanisms and self-regulating nature of the market whilst portraying <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a> and attempts to <a href="/wiki/Redistribute_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribute wealth">redistribute wealth</a> as invariably unnecessary and counter-productive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337-14">[14]</a> Although all right-libertarians oppose government intervention, there is a division between <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalists">anarcho-capitalists</a>, who view the state as an unnecessary evil and want property rights protected without statutory law through market-generated tort, contract and property law; and minarchists, who support the need for a minimal state, often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman state</a>, to provide its citizens with <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a> Like libertarians of all varieties, right-libertarians refer to themselves simply as libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a> Being the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism in the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a> right-libertarianism has become the most common referent of libertarianism<a href="#cite_note-Beltrán_1989-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vallentyne_2010-18">[18]</a> there since the late 20th century while historically and elsewhere<a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nettlau-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-24">[24]</a> it continues to be widely used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Anti-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-state">anti-state</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-28">[28]</a> and more generally <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">libertarian Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Around the time of <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, who popularized the term libertarian in the United States during the 1960s, anarcho-capitalist movements started calling themselves libertarian, leading to the rise of the term right-libertarian to distinguish them. Rothbard himself acknowledged the co-opting of the term and boasted of its "capture [...] from the enemy".<a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideomap3b-sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ideomap3b-sm.jpg/220px-Ideomap3b-sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ideomap3b-sm.jpg/330px-Ideomap3b-sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ideomap3b-sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>An economic group diagram in which right-libertarianism falls within <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">libertarian capitalism</a> as right-libertarians oppose <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, supporting instead <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics within <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a></figcaption></figure> People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism. In light of this, some authors and political scientists classify the forms of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a> into two groups,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> namely <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a> and right-libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a> to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-8">[8]</a> The term libertarian was first used by late Enlightenment freethinkers, referring to those who believed in <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, as opposed to necessity, a now-disused philosophy that posited a kind of determinism.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-32">[32]</a> The word libertarian is first recorded in 1789 coined by the British historian <a href="/wiki/William_Belsham" title="William Belsham">William Belsham</a>, in a discussion against free will from the author's deterministic point of view.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This debate between <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">libertarianism in a philosophical-metaphysical sense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> would continue into the early nineteenth century, especially in the field of <a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">Protestant theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theo-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a>, in English, attests to this ancient use of the word libertarian by describing its meaning as "an advocate of the doctrine of free will "and, taking a broad definition, also says that he is" a person who holds the principles of individual freedom especially in thought and action ".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Many decades later, libertarian was a term used by the French <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communist">libertarian communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Déjacque-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeLibertaire-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock-39">[39]</a> to mean a form of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> that has been frequently used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nettlau-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky-23">[23]</a> since the mid- to late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-28">[28]</a> With the modern development of right-libertarian ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minarchism</a> co-opting<a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-22">[22]</a> the term libertarian in the mid-20th century to instead advocate <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and strong <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">private property rights</a> such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> the terms left-libertarianism and right-libertarianism have been used more often as to differentiate between the two.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist libertarianism">Socialist libertarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> has been included within a broad left-libertarianism<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> while right-libertarianism mainly refers to laissez-faire capitalism such as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>'s anarcho-capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>'s minarchism.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a> Right-libertarianism has been described as combining individual freedom and opposition to the state, with strong support for <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. Property rights have been the issue that has divided libertarian philosophies. According to Jennifer Carlson, right-libertarianism is the dominant form of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism in the United States</a>. Right-libertarians "see strong private property rights as the basis for freedom and thus are—to quote the title of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Brian Doherty</a>'s text on libertarianism in the United States—"<a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a> Herbert Kitschelt and Anthony J. McGann contrast right-libertarianism—"a strategy that combines pro-market positions with opposition to hierarchical authority, support of unconventional political participation, and endorsement of feminism and of environmentalism"—with <a href="/wiki/Right-authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-authoritarianism">right-authoritarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kitschelt_&_McGann_1997,_p._27-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mudde_2016-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bevir" title="Mark Bevir">Mark Bevir</a> holds that there are three types of libertarianism, namely left, right and <a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">consequentialist libertarianism</a> as promoted by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan_chart_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/220px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/330px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/440px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></figcaption></figure> According to contemporary American libertarian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>, left-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but "where [they] differ is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms".<a href="#cite_note-Block_2010-48">[48]</a> Although some libertarians may reject the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">[1]</a> right-libertarianism and several right-oriented strands of libertarianism in the United States have been described as being right-wing,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_et_al.-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vincent_2009-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">radical right</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitschelt_&_McGann_1997,_p._27-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mudde_2016-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaradat201531-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> American libertarian activist and politician <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a>, the principal founder of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>, developed what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a> to replace the traditional left-right political spectrum. The Nolan Chart has been used by several modern American libertarians and right-libertarians who reject the traditional political spectrum for its lack of inclusivity and see themselves as north-of-center. It is used in an effort to quantify typical libertarian views that support both free markets and social liberties and reject what they see as restrictions on economic and personal freedom imposed by the left and the right, respectively,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> although this latter point has been criticized.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Other libertarians reject the separation of personal and economic liberty or argue that the Nolan Chart gives no weight to foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Since the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> in the 1970s, right-libertarianism has spread beyond North America via think tanks and political parties.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2007-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teles_&_Kenney_2007-60">[60]</a> In the United States, libertarianism is increasingly viewed as this capitalist free-market position.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> As a term, right-libertarianism is used by some political analysts, academics and media sources, especially in the United States, to describe the libertarian philosophy which is supportive of <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a> and strong <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a>, in addition to supporting <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallentyne2007187–205-61">[61]</a> being contrasted with left-wing views which do not support the former. In most of the world, this particular political position is mostly known as <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> It is mainly associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of capital goods. Furthermore, it is usually contrasted with similar ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> which generally favor alternative forms of capitalism such as <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed economies">mixed economies</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Peter Vallentyne</a> writes that libertarianism, defined as being about <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a>, is not a right-wing doctrine in the context of the typical <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> because on social issues it tends to be left-wing, opposing laws restricting consensual sexual relationships between or drug use by adults as well as laws imposing religious views or practices and compulsory military service. He defines right-libertarianism as holding that unowned natural resources "may be appropriated by the first person who discovers them, mixes her labor with them, or merely claims them—without the consent of others, and with little or no payment to them". He contrasts this with <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a>, where such "unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner".<a href="#cite_note-Vallentyne_2010-18">[18]</a> Similarly, Charlotte and Lawrence Becker maintain that right-libertarianism most often refers to the political position that because natural resources are originally unowned, they may be appropriated at will by private parties without the consent of, or owing to, others.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a>, who characterized <a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a> as a form of left-libertarianism<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and strategic branch of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">left-wing market anarchism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> defined right-libertarianism as an "activist, organization, publication or tendency which supports <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarianism">parliamentarianism</a> exclusively as a strategy for reducing or abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>, typically opposes <a href="/wiki/Counter-Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-Economics">Counter-Economics</a>, either opposes the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> or works to drag it right and prefers coalitions with supposedly '<a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a>' <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a>".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gregory" title="Anthony Gregory">Anthony Gregory</a> maintains that libertarianism "can refer to any number of varying and at times mutually exclusive political orientations". While holding that the important distinction for libertarians is not left or right, but whether they are "government apologists who use libertarian rhetoric to defend state aggression", he describes right-libertarianism as having and maintaining interest in <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, preferring a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">conservative lifestyle</a>, viewing <a href="/wiki/Private_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Private business">private business</a> as a "great victim of the state" and favoring a <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionist</a> foreign policy, sharing the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a>'s "opposition to empire".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Right">Old Right</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Right">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right (United States)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, whose writings and personal influence helped create some strands of right-libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> wrote about the Old Right in the United States, a loose coalition of individuals formed in the 1930s to oppose the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> at home and <a href="/wiki/Military_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Military interventionism">military interventionism</a> abroad, that they "did not describe or think of themselves as conservatives: they wanted to repeal and overthrow, not conserve".<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_2007-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kauffman" title="Bill Kauffman">Bill Kauffman</a> has also written about such "old right libertarians".<a href="#cite_note-Kauffman_2009-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Peter Marshall</a> dates right-libertarianism and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> in particular back to the Old Right and as being popularized again by the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008-52">[52]</a> Individuals who are seen in this Old Right libertarian tradition<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_2007-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> include <a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Frank Chodorov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_T._Flynn" title="John T. Flynn">John T. Flynn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garet Garrett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Isabel Paterson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> What those thinkers had in common was opposition to the rise of the managerial state during the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> and its expansion in connection with the New Deal and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a> whilst challenging <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and military interventionism.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> However, Old Right was a label about which many or most of these figures might have been skeptical as most thought of themselves effectively as classical liberals rather than the <a href="/wiki/National_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="National defense">national defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">social conservatism</a> of thinkers associated with the later <a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">movement conservatism</a>, with Chodorov famously writing: "As for me, I will punch anyone who calls me a conservative in the nose. I am a radical".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Their opposition and resistance to the state approached <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical anarchism</a> with Nock and amounted to <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">statelessness</a> in Chodorov's case.<a href="#cite_note-Kauffman_2009-73">[73]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a> identifies the Old Right as being <a href="/wiki/Culturally_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally conservative">culturally conservative</a>, arguing that "[v]igorous social authority—as embodied in the family, church, and other mediating institutions—is a bedrock of the virtuous society" and that "[t]he egalitarian ethic is morally reprehensible and destructive of private property and social authority".<a href="#cite_note-Rockwell_&_Tucker_1990-94">[94]</a> While libertarian was popularized by the libertarian socialist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> around the late 1870s and early 1880s,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> H. L. Mencken and Albert Jay Nock were the first prominent figures in the United States to describe themselves as libertarian as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>. They believed that <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> had co-opted the word liberal for his New Deal policies which they opposed and used libertarian to signify their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In the 1960s, Rothbard started publishing <a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_A_Journal_of_Libertarian_Thought" title="Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought">Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought</a>, believing that the left–right political spectrum had gone "entirely askew" since <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> were sometimes more <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> than <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> and tried to reach out to leftists and go beyond left and right.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1971, Rothbard wrote about right-libertarianism which he described as supporting <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">[1]</a> Rothbard would later describe it as <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Right-libertarianism developed in the United States in the mid-20th century from the works of European liberal writers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> and is the most popular conception of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism in the United States</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lester-103">[103]</a> It is commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conway-104">[104]</a> The most important of these early right-libertarian philosophers were modern American libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a> Although often sharing the <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-libertarian">left-libertarian</a> advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Social_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Social freedom">social freedom</a>, right-libertarians also value <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> while rejecting institutions that intervene the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> on the grounds that such interventions represent unnecessary coercion of individuals and therefore a violation of their <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalist">Anarcho-capitalists</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> seek complete elimination of the state in favor of <a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private defense agencies">private defense agencies</a> while minarchists defend <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman states</a> which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Right-libertarians are <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberals">economic liberals</a> of either the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> (majority) or the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a> (minority) and support <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> capitalism which they define as the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Right-libertarianism and its <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> have been discussed as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vincent_2009-53">[53]</a> in relation to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_et_al.-51">[51]</a> In the 20th century, New Right <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a> influenced by right-libertarianism marginalized other forms of conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> describes right-libertarian philosophy as follows: <blockquote>Libertarianism is often thought of as 'right-wing' doctrine. This, however, is mistaken for at least two reasons. First, on social—rather than economic—issues, libertarianism tends to be 'left-wing'. It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults (e.g., gay-sex, non-marital sex, and deviant sex), laws that restrict drug use, laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals, and compulsory military service. Second, in addition to the better-known version of libertarianism—right-libertarianism—, there is also a version known as 'left-libertarianism. Both endorse full self-ownership, but they differ with respect to the powers agents have to appropriate unappropriated natural resources (land, air, water, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Vallentyne_2010-18">[18]</a></blockquote> Right-libertarians are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarians</a> by their relation to <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>. While both left-libertarianism and right-libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by a government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a>. Historically, libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> supported the protection of an individual's freedom from powers of government and <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a>. While condemning governmental encroachment on <a href="/wiki/Personal_liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal liberties">personal liberties</a>, right-libertarians support freedoms on the basis of their agreement with private property rights and the abolishment of public amenities is a common theme in right-libertarian writings.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> While associated with free-market capitalism, right-libertarianism is not opposed in principle to voluntary <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> However, right-libertarians believe that their advocated economic system would prove superior and that people would prefer it to socialism.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> For Nozick, it does not imply support of capitalism, but merely that capitalism is compatible with libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> something which is rejected by <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Metcalf_(writer)" title="Stephen Metcalf (writer)">Stephen Metcalf</a>, Nozick expressed serious misgivings about capitalism, going so far as to reject much of the foundations of the theory on the grounds that personal freedom can sometimes only be fully actualized via a collectivist politics and that wealth is at times justly redistributed via taxation to protect the freedom of the many from the potential tyranny of an overly selfish and powerful few.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Nozick suggested that citizens who are opposed to wealth redistribution which fund programs they object to should be able to opt-out by supporting alternative government-approved charities with an added 5% surcharge.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Nonetheless, Nozick did not stop from self-identifying as a libertarian in a broad sense<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Sanchez_(writer)" title="Julian Sanchez (writer)">Julian Sanchez</a> has argued that his views simply became more nuanced.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-aggression_principle">Non-aggression principle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-aggression principle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></div> The non-aggression principle (NAP) is often described as the foundation of several present-day libertarian philosophies, including right-libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The NAP is a moral stance which forbids actions that are inconsistent with capitalist <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a>. It defines <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> and initiation of <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> as violation of these rights. The NAP and property rights are closely linked since what constitutes aggression depends on what it is considered to be one's property.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The principle has been used rhetorically to oppose policies such as <a href="/wiki/Military_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Military draft">military drafts</a>, taxation and <a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">victimless crime</a> laws.<a href="#cite_note-Reiman_2005-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_rights">Property rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Property rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights (economics)</a></div> While there is debate on whether right-libertarianism and <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialist_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist libertarianism">socialist libertarianism</a> "represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme", right-libertarianism is most in favor of capitalist private property and property rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson20121007-131">[131]</a> Right-libertarians maintain that unowned <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> "may be appropriated by the first person who discovers them, <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">mixes his labor with them</a>, or merely claims them—without the consent of others, and with little or no payment to them". This contrasts with left-libertarianism in which "unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Right-libertarians believe that natural resources are originally unowned and therefore private parties may appropriate them at will without the consent of, or owing to, others (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">land value tax</a>).<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Right-libertarians are also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Propertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Propertarian">propertarians</a> because they hold that societies in which private property rights are enforced are the only ones that are both ethical and lead to the best possible outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> They generally support <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a> and are not opposed to any concentrations of economic power, provided it occurs through non-coercive means.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia_(first_edition).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG/220px-Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG/330px-Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG/440px-Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> (1974), a book by philosopher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> arguing for a minimal state</figcaption></figure> There is a debate amongst right-libertarians as to whether or not the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> is legitimate. While anarcho-capitalists advocate its abolition, minarchists support minimal states, often referred to as night-watchman states. Minarchists maintain that the state is necessary for the protection of individuals from <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach of contract</a>, fraud and theft. They believe the only legitimate governmental institutions are courts, military and police, although some expand this list to include the executive and <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> branches, <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire departments</a> and prisons. These minarchists justify the state on the grounds that it is the <a href="/wiki/Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">logical consequence</a> of adhering to the non-aggression principle.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2004-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peikoff_7_March_2011-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peikoff_10_March_2011-138">[138]</a> Some minarchists argue that a state is inevitable, believing anarchy to be futile.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Others argue that anarchy is immoral because it implies that the non-aggression principle is optional and not sufficient to enforce the non-aggression principle because the enforcement of laws under anarchy is open to competition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongMachan2008-140">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Another common justification is that <a href="/wiki/Private_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Private defense">private defense</a> agencies and court firms would tend to represent the interests of those who pay them enough.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Right-libertarians such as anarcho-capitalists argue that the state violates the non-aggression principle by its nature because governments use force against those who have not stolen or vandalized private property, assaulted anyone, or committed fraud.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Others argue that monopolies tend to be corrupt and inefficient and that private defense and court agencies would have to have a good reputation to stay in business. <a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">Linda and Morris Tannehill</a> argue that no coercive monopoly of force can arise on a truly free market and that a government's citizenry can desert them in favor of a competent protection and defense agency.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Philosopher Moshe Kroy argues that the disagreement between anarcho-capitalists who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>'s view of <a href="/wiki/Human_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Human consciousness">human consciousness</a> and the nature of <a href="/wiki/Value_theory" title="Value theory">values</a> and minarchists who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s view of human consciousness and the nature of values over whether or not the state is moral is not due to a disagreement over the correct interpretation of a mutually held ethical stance. He argues that the disagreement between these two groups is instead the result of their disagreement over the nature of human consciousness and that each group is making the correct interpretation of their differing premises. According to Kroy, these two groups are not making any errors with respect to deducing the correct interpretation of any ethical stance because they do not hold the same ethical stance.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_as_theft">Taxation as theft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taxation as theft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">Taxation as theft</a></div> The idea of taxation as theft is a viewpoint found in a number of political philosophies. Under this view, government transgresses <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> by enforcing compulsory tax collection.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Right-libertarians see taxation as a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">non-aggression principle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Schools of thought">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anarcho-capitalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurrayBW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MurrayBW.jpg/150px-MurrayBW.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MurrayBW.jpg/225px-MurrayBW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MurrayBW.jpg/300px-MurrayBW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></figcaption></figure> Anarcho-capitalism advocates the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Centralized_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralized state">centralized states</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStringham200751-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200813–14-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2008194–195-151">[151]</a> contracts, <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individual_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual sovereignty">individual sovereignty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, the right-libertarian interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">voluntaryism</a>. In the absence of <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>, anarcho-capitalists hold that society tends to contractually self-regulate and civilize through participation in the free market which they describe as a <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">voluntary society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In an anarcho-capitalist society, courts, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> and all other security services would be provided by privately funded competitors rather than through taxation and money would be privately and competitively provided in an <a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">open market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Under anarcho-capitalism, personal and economic activities would be regulated by <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> rather than through politics.<a href="#cite_note-libertarianpapers.org-155">[155]</a> Anarcho-capitalists support <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and believe that neither protection of person and property nor victim compensation requires a state.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a> promotes the principles of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, the moral ideology of individual liberty and self-reliance whilst rejecting compulsory government and supporting the elimination of government in favor of ruling oneself to the exclusion of rule by others. The most well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated in the mid-20th century by Austrian School economist and <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolibertarian">paleolibertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Widely regarded as its founder,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Rothbard combined the free-market approach from the Austrian School with the human rights views and a rejection of the state from 19th-century <a href="/wiki/American_individualist_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="American individualist anarchists">American individualist anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, although rejecting their <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economics</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> and the normative implications they derived from it.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism, exemplified in <a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a>, there would first be the implementation of a mutually agreed-upon libertarian "legal code which would be generally accepted and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> This legal code would recognize contracts, individual sovereignty, private property, self-ownership, and tort law as part of the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_non-aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of non-aggression">principle of non-aggression</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In the tradition following <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>, exemplified in <a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a>, anarcho-capitalists do not rely upon the idea of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deontological_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological libertarianism">deontological libertarianism</a>) and follow <a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">consequentialist libertarianism</a>, presenting economic justifications for a <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalist">free-market capitalist</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> While some authors consider anarcho-capitalism a form of <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>, many others disagree with this as individualist anarchism is largely socialistic.<a href="#cite_note-Franks_20132-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis_2019-165">[165]</a> Rothbard argued that individualist anarchism is different from anarcho-capitalism and other capitalist theories due to the individualist anarchists retaining the labor theory of value and socialist economics.<a href="#cite_note-Are_Libertarians_'Anarchists'-166">[166]</a> Many anarchist activists and scholars deny that anarcho-capitalism is a form of anarchism, or that capitalism is compatible with anarchism,<a href="#cite_note-Davis_2019-165">[165]</a> regarding it instead as right-libertarian.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a> Anarcho-capitalists are distinguished from anarchists and <a href="/wiki/Minarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchists">minarchists</a>. The latter advocate a night-watchman state limited to protecting individuals from aggression and enforcing private property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongMachan2008-140">[140]</a> On the other hand, anarchists support <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> (defined in terms of possession and use, i.e. mutualist <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a>)<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and oppose <a href="/wiki/Capital_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital concentration">capital concentration</a>, interest, monopoly, private ownership of productive property such as the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_labor" title="Means of labor">means of labor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a> which are viewed as inherent to capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of right-libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Jennings_1993-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gay_&_Gay_1999,_p._15-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morriss_2008-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franks_2013-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Ruth Kinna</a> writes that anarcho-capitalism is a term coined by Rothbard to describe "a commitment to unregulated private property and laissez-faire economics, prioritizing the liberty-rights of individuals, unfettered by government regulation, to accumulate, consume and determine the patterns of their lives as they see fit". According to Kinna, anarcho-capitalists "will sometimes label themselves market anarchists because they recognize the negative connotations of 'capitalism'. But the literatures of anarcho-capitalism draw on classical liberal theory, particularly the Austrian School—<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>—rather than recognizable <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist traditions">anarchist traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s laissez-faire, anti-government, corporate philosophy—<a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a>—is sometimes associated with anarcho-capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-Kinna_2012-175">[175]</a> Other scholars similarly associate anarcho-capitalism with anti-state liberal schools such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">neo-classical liberalism</a>, radical <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and right-libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Anarcho-capitalism is usually seen as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent_2009-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_libertarianism">Conservative libertarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conservative libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative libertarianism">Conservative libertarianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Hans-Hermann_Hoppe_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></figcaption></figure> Conservative libertarianism combines <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics and conservative values. It advocates the greatest possible <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberty">economic liberty</a> and the least possible <a href="/wiki/Government_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government regulation">government regulation</a> of social life whilst harnessing this to <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist conservatism</a>, emphasizing authority and duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201537-178">[178]</a> Conservative libertarianism prioritizes liberty as its main emphasis, promoting <a href="/wiki/Free_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Free expression">free expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">freedom of choice</a> and laissez-faire capitalism to achieve <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social</a> conservative ends whilst rejecting <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piper-179">[179]</a> This can also be understood as promoting <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> through conservative institutions and authority such as education, family, fatherland and religion in the quest of libertarian ends for less state power.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In the United States, conservative libertarianism combines <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism</a>, representing the conservative wing of libertarianism and vice versa. Fusionism combines <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">traditionalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">social conservatism</a> with laissez-faire economics.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> This is most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a> is a cultural conservative right-libertarian, whose belief in the rights of property owners to establish private covenant communities, from which homosexuals and political dissidents may be "physically removed",<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> has proven particularly divisive.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheffield_2016-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2017-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2017-187">[187]</a> Hoppe also garnered controversy due to his support for restrictive limits on immigration which critics argue is at odds with libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minarchism">Minarchism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minarchism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a></div> Within right-libertarian philosophy, minarchism<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> is supportive of a <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman state</a>, a model of a state whose only functions are to provide its citizens with courts, military and police, protecting them from aggression, breach of contract, fraud and theft whilst enforcing <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2004-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peikoff_7_March_2011-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peikoff_10_March_2011-138">[138]</a> 19th-century Britain has been described by historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend_(historian)" title="Charles Townshend (historian)">Charles Townshend</a> as standard-bearer of this form of government among European countries.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> As a term, night-watchman state (German: Nachtwächterstaat) was coined by German <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a>, an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, to criticize the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois state">bourgeois state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Austrian School economist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, a classical liberal who greatly influenced right-libertarianism, later opined that Lassalle tried to make limited government look ridiculous, but that it was no more ridiculous than governments that concerned themselves with "the preparation of sauerkraut, with the manufacture of trouser buttons, or with the publication of newspapers".<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>, a right-libertarian advocate of minarchism, received a <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_National_Book_Award#Science,_Philosophy_and_Religion" title="List of winners of the National Book Award">category Philosophy and Religion</a> for his book <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> (1974),<a href="#cite_note-National_Book_Awards_1975-193">[193]</a> where he argued that only a minimal state limited to the narrow functions of protection against "force, fraud, theft, and administering courts of law" could be justified without violating people's rights.<a href="#cite_note-Feser-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_&_Hamowy_2008-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-classical_liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neo-classical liberalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/150px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/225px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/300px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></figcaption></figure> Traditionally, liberalism's primary emphasis was placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the government and maximizing the power of free market forces. As a political philosophy, it advocated <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>. Closely related to <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, it developed in the early 19th century, emerging as a response to urbanization and to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Europe and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2008296-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.com-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickersonFlanaganO'Neill2009129-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> It advocated a <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a> and held a belief in laissez-faire economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-google.com-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickersonFlanaganO'Neill2009129-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century such as selected ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Steven_M._Dworetz_1994-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, it drew on <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a> and economic ideas as espoused by Smith in <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> and stressed the belief in <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt200354-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> These liberals were more suspicious than conservatives of all but the most minimal government and adopted <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>'s theory of government, believing government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from one another.<a href="#cite_note-Quinton_1995-205">[205]</a> The term classical liberalism was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from the newer <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson200152-206">[206]</a> Neoliberalism emerged in the era following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> during which social liberalism was the mainstream form of liberalism while <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> were the dominant ideologies in the Western world. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical economists">neoclassical economists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, who advocated the reduction of the state and a return to classical liberalism, hence the term neo-classical liberalism,<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> not to be confused with the more left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">neoclassical liberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brennan_2012,_p._188-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> an American <a href="/wiki/Bleeding-heart_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleeding-heart libertarian">bleeding-heart libertarian</a> school originating in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-Brennan_2012,_p._188-208">[208]</a> However, it did accept some aspects of social liberalism such as some degree of welfare provision by the state, but on a greatly reduced scale. Hayek and Friedman used the term classical liberalism to refer to their ideas, but others use the term to refer to all liberalism before the 20th century, not to designate any particular set of political views and therefore see all modern developments as being by definition not classical.<a href="#cite_note-ClassicalLiberalism-210">[210]</a> In the late 19th century, classical liberalism developed into neo-classical liberalism which argued for government to be as small as possible to allow the exercise of <a href="/wiki/Individual_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual freedom">individual freedom</a>. In its most extreme form, neo-classical liberalism advocated <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayne_1999_p._124-211">[211]</a> Right-libertarianism has been influenced by these schools of liberalism. It has been commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of classical liberalism<a href="#cite_note-ClassicalLiberalism-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boaz-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conway-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallentyne20071-212">[212]</a> and referred to as neo-classical liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-Mayne_1999_p._124-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolibertarianism">Neolibertarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neolibertarianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo-libertarianism</a>.</div> The concept of neolibertarianism gained a small following in the mid-2000s<a href="#cite_note-reason-213">[213]</a> among right-leaning commentators who distinguished themselves from <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> by their support for <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">individual liberties</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> and from libertarians by their support for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign interventionism">foreign interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reason-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paleolibertarianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewrockwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lewrockwell.jpg/150px-Lewrockwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Lewrockwell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a></figcaption></figure> Paleolibertarianism was developed by American libertarian theorists <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a>. Combining conservative cultural values and social philosophy with a libertarian opposition to government intervention,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> it overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1992-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reason_2008-217">[217]</a> In the United States, paleolibertarianism is a controversial current due its connections to the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheffield_2016-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2017-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2017-187">[187]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Besides their anti-<a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a> stance in regard to <a href="/wiki/Gun_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun laws">gun laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">politics</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a>, these movements, especially the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a> and paleoconservatism, are united by an anti-leftist stance.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1992-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In the essay "Right-Wing Populism: A Strategy for the Paleo Movement", Rothbard reflected on the ability of paleolibertarians to engage in an "outreach to <a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">rednecks</a>" founded on libertarianism and social conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> He cited former <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Louisiana House of Representatives">Louisiana State Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a> and former United States Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> as models for the new movement.<a href="#cite_note-Reason_2008-217">[217]</a> In Europe, paleolibertarianism has some significant overlap with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>. Former European Union-parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Janusz Korwin-Mikke</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Poland)" title="New Hope (Poland)">KORWiN</a> supports both laissez-faire economics and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">anti-feminist</a> positions.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Propertarianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></div> Propertarianism advocates the replacement of states with contractual relationships. Propertarian ideals are most commonly cited to advocate for a state or other governance body whose main or only job is to enforce contracts and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Propertarianism is generally considered right-libertarian<a href="#cite_note-Kinna_2012-175">[175]</a> because it "reduce[s] all human rights to rights of property, beginning with the natural right of self-ownership".<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> As a term, propertarian appears to have been coined in 1963 by Edward Cain, who wrote: <blockquote>Since their use of the word "liberty" refers almost exclusively to property, it would be helpful if we had some other word, such as "propertarian", to describe them. [...] Novelist Ayn Rand is not a conservative at all but claims to be very relevant. She is a radical capitalist, and is the closest to what I mean by a propertarian.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_Classical_Liberalism">Comparison to Classical Liberalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparison to Classical Liberalism">edit</a>]</div> Some forms of right-libertarianism are an outgrowth or as a variant of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> thought.<a href="#cite_note-ClassicalLiberalism-210">[210]</a> With other forms of right-libertarianism there are significant differences. Edwin Van de Haar argues that "confusingly, in the United States the term libertarianism is sometimes also used for or by classical liberals. But this erroneously masks the differences between them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Haar201571-229">[229]</a> Classical liberalism refuses to give priority to liberty over order and therefore does not exhibit the hostility to the state which is the defining feature of libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337-14">[14]</a> As such, right-libertarians believe classical liberals favor too much state involvement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Haar201542-230">[230]</a> arguing that they do not have enough respect for individual property rights and lack sufficient trust in the workings of the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a> leading to support of a much larger state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Haar201542-230">[230]</a> Right-libertarians also disagree with classical liberals as being too supportive of <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Haar201543-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> Since the 1970s, right-libertarianism has spread beyond the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2007-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teles_&_Kenney_2007-60">[60]</a> With the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> many countries followed the example and led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian parties">libertarian parties</a> advocating this type of libertarianism, along with <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, around the world, including the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Israel<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Internationally, the majority of those libertarian parties are grouped within the <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> There also exists the European Party for Individual Liberty at the European level.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> was the founder and co-founder of a number of right-libertarian and right-libertarian-leaning journals and organizations. Rothbard was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a> in 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a> and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> including the founding in 1987 of the Mises Institute's Review of Austrian Economics, a <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox economics</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> journal later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Austrian_Economics" title="Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics">Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></div> In the United Kingdom, right-libertarianism emerged and became more prominent in British politics after the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">premiership</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, albeit not as prominent as in the United States during the 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Prominent British right-libertarians include former director of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Alliance" title="Libertarian Alliance">Libertarian Alliance</a> <a href="/wiki/Sean_Gabb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean Gabb">Sean Gabb</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a>, who are seen as rightists. Gabb has called himself "a man of the right"<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> and Clark self-identifies as an "anarcho-conservative".<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Gabb has also articulated a libertarian defense of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> At the same time, Gabb has given a generally appreciative commentary of left-libertarian <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>'s work on organization theory<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> and Clark has supported <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>, gender inclusiveness and non-judgmental attitude toward some unconventional sexual arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(UK)" title="Libertarian Party (UK)">Libertarian Party</a>, there is also a right-libertarian faction of the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> that espouses <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Right-libertarianism is the dominant form and better known version of libertarianism in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beltrán_1989-17">[17]</a> especially when compared with <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vallentyne_2010-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> have been described as the most noted advocate of this type of libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman-6">[6]</a> Unlike Rothbard, who argued for the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Nozick argued for a <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-National_Book_Awards_1975-193">[193]</a> To this day, there remains a division between <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalists">anarcho-capitalists</a> that advocate its abolition and minarchists who support a night-watchman state.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">[16]</a> According to Nozick, only such a minimal state could be justified without violating people's rights. Nozick argued that a night-watchman state provides a framework that allows for any political system that respects fundamental individual rights and therefore morally justifies the existence of a state.<a href="#cite_note-Feser-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_&_Hamowy_2008-195">[195]</a> Already a radical <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-interventionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-interventionist">anti-interventionist</a> strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a>, especially its opposition to the managerial state whilst being more unequivocally <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Rothbard had become the doyen of right-libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Before his departure from the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, with which he helped build for a few years a relationship with other libertarians, Rothbard considered liberalism and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a> to be left-wing, <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> whereas conservatism to be right-wing, <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a>. As for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, Rothbard argued that it was not the opposite of libertarianism, but rather that it pursued liberal ends through conservative means, putting it in the <a href="/wiki/Political_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Political center">political center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> By the time of his death in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Rothbard had involved the segment of the libertarian movement loyal to him in an alliance with the growing <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservative">paleoconservative</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> seen by many observers, libertarian and otherwise, as flirting with racism and social reaction.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield_2016-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2017-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2017-187">[187]</a> Suggesting that libertarians needed a new cultural profile that would make them more acceptable to social and cultural conservatives, Rothbard criticized the tendency of proponents of libertarianism to appeal to "'free spirits,' to people who don't want to push other people around, and who don't want to be pushed around themselves" in contrast to "the bulk of Americans", who "might well be tight-assed conformists, who want to stamp out drugs in their vicinity, kick out people with strange dress habits." While emphasizing that it was relevant as a matter of strategy, Rothbard argued that the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of "the tight-assed majority".<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeffrey_Tucker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jeffrey_Tucker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Jeffrey_Tucker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jeffrey_Tucker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-Jeffrey_Tucker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jeffrey_Tucker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Jeffrey_Tucker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="3106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a></figcaption></figure> At least partly reflective of some of the social and cultural concerns that lay beneath Rothbard's outreach to paleoconservatives is <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In an early statement of this position, <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a> arguing for a specifically <a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rockwell_&_Tucker_1990-94">[94]</a> Later, Rockwell would no longer consider himself a "paleolibertarian" and was "happy with the term libertarian."<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> While distancing himself from the paleolibertarian alliance strategy, Rockwell affirmed paleoconservatives for their "work on the immigration issue" and maintained that "porous borders in Texas and California" could be seen as "reducing liberty, not increasing it, through a form of publicly subsidized right to trespass."<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a> argued that "libertarians must be conservatives."<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Hoppe acknowledged what he described as "the importance, under clearly stated circumstances, of discriminating against communists, democrats, and habitual advocates of alternative, non-family centered lifestyles, including homosexuals."<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> He disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> and argued that libertarianism need not be seen as requiring <a href="/wiki/Open_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Open borders">open borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Hoppe attributed "open border enthusiasm" to "egalitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> While defending market anarchy in preference to both, Hoppe argued for the superiority of monarchy to democracy by maintaining that monarchs are likely to be better stewards of the territory they claim to own than are democratic politicians, whose time horizons may be shorter.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Defending the <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">traditionalist conservatism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism</a> and rejecting the view that libertarianism means support for a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">liberal culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> implies that a central issue for those who share his viewpoint is "the preservation of traditional morality—particularly traditional sexual morality, with its idealization of marriage and its insistence that sexual activity be confined within the bounds of that institution, but also a general emphasis on dignity and temperance over self-indulgence and dissolute living."<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> California Governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appealed to right-libertarians in a 1975 interview with <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> by stating to "believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism."<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> However, President Reagan, <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a> and policies of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> have been criticized by libertarians, including right-libertarians such as Rothbard,<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> who argued that the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan presidency">Reagan presidency</a> has been "a disaster for libertarianism in the United States"<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> and Reagan himself was "a dramatic failure".<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-284">[284]</a> Among other reasons, this was because Reagan turned the United States' big trade deficit into debt and the United States became a debtor nation for the first time since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> under Reagan.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support Reagan's presidential campaign<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1988-287">[287]</a> and actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-284">[284]</a> Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies after Reagan's election in 1980 and later recalled being the only <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> to vote against the Reagan budget proposals in 1981,<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1988-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-289">[289]</a> aghast that "in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> proposed a budget with a $38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $45 billion deficit—which turned out to be $113 billion—and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land."<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1988-287">[287]</a> Paul expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (United States)">House of Representatives</a> to prepare for a failed run for the Senate and eventually apologized to his libertarian friends for having supported Reagan.<a href="#cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-289">[289]</a> By 1987, Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party as explained in a blistering resignation letter.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-284">[284]</a> While affiliated with both <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> and Republican parties at different times, Paul stated to have always been a libertarian at heart.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1988-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-289">[289]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Block_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Walter_Block_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Walter_Block_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Walter_Block_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-Walter_Block_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Walter_Block_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Walter_Block_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="3361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></figcaption></figure> Walter Block identifies Feser, Hoppe, and Paul as "right-libertarians".<a href="#cite_note-Block_2010-48">[48]</a> Rothbard's outreach to conservatives was partly triggered by his perception of negative reactions within the Libertarian Party to <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign</a> because of Paul's conservative appearance and his discomfort with abortion. Nonetheless, Paul himself did not make cultural issues central to his public persona during his <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a> presidential campaigns for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> presidential nomination and focused on a simple message of support for personal freedom and civil liberties, commitment to fiscal discipline and opposition to war,<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> although he did continue to take what some regarded as a conservative position regarding immigration, arguing for some restrictions on cross-border freedom of movement.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Paul's fellow libertarian anti-militarist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Raimondo" title="Justin Raimondo">Justin Raimondo</a>, a co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com">Antiwar.com</a>, described himself as a "conservative paleolibertarian". Unlike Feser and Rockwell, Raimondo's Reclaiming the American Right argued for a resurgence of Old Right political attitudes and did not focus on the social and cultural issues that are of central importance to Feser and Rockwell.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_State_Project">Free State Project</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Free State Project">edit</a>]</div> One of the most prominent groups dedicated to promulgating and instituting right-libertarian values is the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a>. The Free State Project is an activist libertarian movement formed in 2001. It is working to bring libertarians to the state of New Hampshire to protect and advance liberty. As of July 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the project website showed that 19,988 people have pledged to move and 6,232 people identified as Free Staters in New Hampshire.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Free State Project participants interact with the political landscape in New Hampshire in various ways. In 2017, there were 17 Free Staters in the New Hampshire House of Representatives,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> and in 2021, the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Liberty_Alliance" title="New Hampshire Liberty Alliance">New Hampshire Liberty Alliance</a>, which ranks bills and elected representatives based on their adherence to what they see as libertarian principles, scored 150 (out of 380 rated) representatives as "A−" or above rated representatives.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Participants also engage with other like-minded activist groups such as Rebuild New Hampshire,<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism of libertarianism</a></div> Criticism of right-libertarianism includes ethical, economic, environmental, pragmatic and philosophical concerns,<a href="#cite_note-Friedman_1993-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sterba_1994-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patridge_2004-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolff_2006-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fried_2009-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruenig_October_2013-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruening_November_2013-305">[305]</a> including the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty.<a href="#cite_note-Lester-103">[103]</a> It has been argued that laissez-faire capitalism<a href="#cite_note-Reiman_2005-5">[5]</a> does not necessarily produce the best or most efficient outcome,<a href="#cite_note-Fried_2009-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> nor does its philosophy of individualism and policies of <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> prevent the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">abuse of natural resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Use of the NAP as a justification for right-libertarianism has been criticized as <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a> and as a rhetorical obfuscation of the coercive nature of right-libertarian property law enforcement,<a href="#cite_note-Reiman_2005-5">[5]</a> with critics arguing that the principle redefines aggression in their own terms.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman_1993-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sterba_1994-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patridge_2004-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolff_2006-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fried_2009-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruenig_October_2013-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruening_November_2013-305">[305]</a> Jeffrey H. Reiman criticized right-libertarians' support of private property, arguing that "the holders of large amounts of property have great power to dictate the terms upon which others work for them and thus in effect the power to 'force' others to be resources for them".<a href="#cite_note-Reiman_2005-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/39px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/52px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Anarchism and capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Debates within libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Issues in anarchism">Issues in anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_mobility" title="Labor mobility">Labor mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_movement" title="Objectivist movement">Objectivist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard_1971-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_1971_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_1971_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_1971_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_1971_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_1971_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_1971_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_1971_1-6">g</a> Rothbard, Murray (1 March 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/left-and-right-within-libertarianism">"The Left and Right Within Libertarianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101091933/https://mises.org/library/left-and-right-within-libertarianism">Archived</a> 1 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action. 7 (4): 6–10. Retrieved 14 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodway-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_2-11">l</a> Goodway, David (2006). <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Seeds_Beneath_the_Snow:_Left-Libertarian_Thought_and_British_Writers_from_William_Morris_to_Colin_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward">Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward</a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&q=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA4">p. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152209/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&q=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA4#v=snippet&q=anarcho-capitalism%20right%20libertarian&f=false">Archived</a> 7 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order". </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_3-8">i</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006">p. 1006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 7 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412988764" title="Special:BookSources/1412988764">1412988764</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWündisch2014-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWündisch2014_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWündisch2014">Wündisch 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiman_2005-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reiman_2005_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiman_2005_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiman_2005_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiman_2005_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiman_2005_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Reiman, Jeffrey H. (2005). "The Fallacy of Libertarian Capitalism". Ethics. 10 (1): 85–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F292300">10.1086/292300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2380706">2380706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170927490">170927490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Fallacy+of+Libertarian+Capitalism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-95&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170927490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2380706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F292300&rft.aulast=Reiman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_6-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman2010">Newman 2010</a>, p. 53 "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKymlicka2005516-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKymlicka2005516_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKymlicka2005">Kymlicka 2005</a>, p. 516: "Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land." </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Politics_%26_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journal of Politics & History">Australian Journal of Politics & History</a>. 29 (3): 462–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x">10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522">0004-9522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+%26+History&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+Libertarians&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=462-472&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x&rft.issn=0004-9522&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallentyne20076-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallentyne20076_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVallentyne2007">Vallentyne 2007</a>, p. 6. "The best-known versions of libertarianism are right-libertarian theories, which hold that agents have a very strong moral power to acquire full private property rights in external things. Left-libertarians, by contrast, holds that natural resources (e.g., space, land, minerals, air, and water) belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner and thus cannot be appropriated without the consent of, or significant payment to, the members of society." </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Fred (15 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/encyclopedia/natural-law">"Natural Law"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526232245/https://www.libertarianism.org/encyclopedia/natural-law">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+Law&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarianism.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fnatural-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Sterba, James P. (October 1994). "From Liberty to Welfare". Ethics. Cambridge: Blackwell. 105 (1): 237–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnliberty.org/blog/what-you-should-know-about-the-non-aggression-principle/">"What you should know about the Non-Aggression Principle"</a>. Learnliberty.org. 24 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207070747/https://www.learnliberty.org/blog/what-you-should-know-about-the-non-aggression-principle/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learnliberty.org&rft.atitle=What+you+should+know+about+the+Non-Aggression+Principle&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnliberty.org%2Fblog%2Fwhat-you-should-know-about-the-non-aggression-principle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaradat201531-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaradat201531_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaradat201531_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaradat2015">Baradat 2015</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004337_14-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeywood2004">Heywood 2004</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman201043-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman201043_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman2010">Newman 2010</a>, p. 43: "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all." </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_16-9">j</a> Marshall, Peter (2008). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order". </li> <li id="cite_note-Beltrán_1989-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beltrán_1989_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beltrán_1989_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltrán1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beltrán, Miquel (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=32947">"Libertarismo y deber. Una reflexión sobre la ética de Nozick"</a> [Libertarianism and duty. A reflection on Nozick's ethics]. Revista de ciencias sociales (in Spanish). 91: 123–128. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-0223">0210-0223</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323204741/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=32947">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+ciencias+sociales&rft.atitle=Libertarismo+y+deber.+Una+reflexi%C3%B3n+sobre+la+%C3%A9tica+de+Nozick&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=123-128&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0210-0223&rft.aulast=Beltr%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Miquel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D32947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vallentyne_2010-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vallentyne_2010_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vallentyne_2010_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vallentyne_2010_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vallentyne_2010_18-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Vallentyne, Peter</a> (20 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308152131/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Retrieved 26 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2009" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray (2009) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf">The Betrayal of the American Right</a> (PDF). Mises Institute. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610165013" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610165013"><bdi>978-1610165013</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221173352/https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019. <q>One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+the+American+Right&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1610165013&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.mises.org%2FThe%2520Betrayal%2520of%2520the%2520American%2520Right_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookchin-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_20-1">b</a> Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/gp/perspectives1.html">"The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001223850/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/gp/perspectives1.html">Archived</a> 1 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project (1). "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity—often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect—acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property—have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated". </li> <li id="cite_note-Nettlau-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nettlau_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nettlau_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettlau1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Nettlau, Max</a> (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. London: Freedom Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900384899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900384899"><bdi>978-0900384899</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37529250">37529250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37529250&rft.isbn=978-0900384899&rft.aulast=Nettlau&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandez-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez_22-1">b</a> Fernandez, Frank (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKdztbIaHegC">Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. Sharp Press. p. 9. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term "libertarian" has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word." </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_23-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113110804/http://www.zmag.org/zspace/commentaries/1137">"The Week Online Interviews Chomsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Z_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Communications">Z Magazine</a>. 23 February 2002. "The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. In the US, which is a society much more dominated by business, the term has a different meaning. It means eliminating or reducing state controls, mainly controls over private tyrannies. Libertarians in the US don't say let's get rid of corporations. It is a sort of ultra-rightism." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_24-0">^</a> Ward, Colin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC">Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152319/https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC">Archived</a> 7 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers." </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Graham (historian)">Graham, Robert</a>, ed. (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas. Vol. 1. Montreal: Black Rose Books. §17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=%C2%A717&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_26-2">c</a> Marshall, Peter (2009). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists". </li> <li id="cite_note-150Libertarian-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_27-1">b</a> The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (11 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-150-years-of-libertarian">"150 years of Libertarian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017060915/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-150-years-of-libertarian">Archived</a> 17 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Anarchist Writers. The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 31 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-160Libertarian-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_28-1">b</a> The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (17 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/160-years-libertarian">"160 years of Libertarian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425035427/https://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/160-years-libertarian">Archived</a> 25 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Anarchist Writers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchist_FAQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchist FAQ (page does not exist)">Anarchist FAQ</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Marshall, Peter (2009). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&q=For+a+long+time%2C+libertarian+was+interchangable+in+France+with+anarchism+but+in+recent+years%2C+its+meaning+has+become+more+ambivalente.+Some+anarchists+like+Daniel+Gu%C3%A9rin+will+call+themselves+%27libertarian+socialists%27%2C+partly+to+avoid+the+negative+overtones+still+associated+with+anarchism%2C+and+partly+to+stress+the+place+of+anarchism+within+the+socialist+tradition.+Even+Marxists+of+the+New+Left+like+E.+P.+Thompson+call+themselves+%27libertarian%27+to+distinguish+themselves+from+those+authoritarian+socialists+and+communists+who+believe+in+revolutionary+dictatorship+and+vanguard+parties.">p. 641</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075247/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDWIOL_KtGYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjm-Sm78nmAhUODewKHUY_D7UQ6AEIKDAA">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like Daniel Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism within the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry." </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&q=There+exist+three+major+camps+in+libertarian+thought%3A+right-libertarianism%2C+socialist+libertarianism%2C+and+left-libertarianism%3B+the+extent+to+which+these+represent+distinct+ideologies+as+opposed+to+variations+on+a+theme+is+contested+by+scholars.&pg=PA1006">p. 1006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075224/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006&dq=right-libertarianism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVoNT9_uvlAhWN6aQKHWZ6AUUQ6AEINjAB">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412988764" title="Special:BookSources/1412988764">1412988764</a>. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars." </li> <li id="cite_note-Boaz-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_32-2">c</a> Boaz, David (1998). Libertarianism: A Primer. Free Press. pp. 22–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> William Belsham, "Essays", printed for C. Dilly, 1789; original from the University of Michigan, digitized 21 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/belsham/">William Belsham (1752–1827)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108025841/http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/belsham/">Archived</a> 8 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Information Philosopher. El primer uso de la palabra se encuentra en el primer ensayo llamado <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/belsham/on_liberty_and_necessity.html">On Liberty and Necessity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728050052/https://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/belsham/on_liberty_and_necessity.html">Archived</a> 28 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1789): "Or where is the difference between the Libertarian, who says that the mind chooses the motive; and the Necessarian, who asserts that the motive determines the mind; if the volition be the necessary result of all the previous circumstances?" </li> <li id="cite_note-theo-35"><a href="#cite_ref-theo_35-0">^</a> Jared Sparks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/collectionofessa03chan/collectionofessa03chan_djvu.txt"></a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/collectionofessa03chan/collectionofessa03chan_djvu.txt">Collection of Essays and Tracts in Theology, from Various Authors, with Biographical and Critical Notices</a>, publicado por Oliver Everett, 13 Cornhill, 1824 (ver, Writings of Dr. Cogan, 205). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/libertarian">Definition of «libertarian» in Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505001641/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/libertarian">Archived</a> 5 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. First Known Use of libertarian: 1789, in the meaning defined at sense 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Déjacque-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Déjacque_37-0">^</a> Déjacque, Joseph (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">"De l'être-humain mâle et femelle – Lettre à P.J. Proudhon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917184843/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">Archived</a> 17 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-LeLibertaire-38"><a href="#cite_ref-LeLibertaire_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouton" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mouton, Jean Claude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm">"Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191837/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Libertaire%2C+Journal+du+mouvement+social&rft.aulast=Mouton&rft.aufirst=Jean+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoseph.dejacque.free.fr%2Flibertaire%2Flibertaire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_39-0">^</a> Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Meridian Books. p. 280. "He called himself a "social poet," and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse—Lazaréennes and Les Pyrénées Nivelées. In New York, from 1858 to 1861, he edited an anarchist paper entitled Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social, in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia, entitled L'Humanisphére." </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2004" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Syed B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ">Encyclopedia of Capitalism. Vol. II : H-R</a>. New York: Facts on File Inc. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816052247" title="Special:BookSources/0816052247"><bdi>0816052247</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152211/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2019. <q>In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is a excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Capitalism.+Vol.+II+%3A+H-R.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0816052247&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Syed+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbVZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412988764" title="Special:BookSources/1412988764">1412988764</a>. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians [...] advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell. p. 170 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304338737" title="Special:BookSources/0304338737">0304338737</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Hicks, Steven V.; Shannon, Daniel E. (2003). The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Blackwell Pub. p. 612. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitschelt_&_McGann_1997,_p._27-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitschelt_&_McGann_1997,_p._27_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitschelt_&_McGann_1997,_p._27_45-1">b</a> Kitschelt, Herbert; McGann, Anthony J. (1997) [1995]. <a href="/wiki/The_Radical_Right_in_Western_Europe" title="The Radical Right in Western Europe">The Radical Right in Western Europe</a>: A Comparative Analysis. University of Michigan Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZiD0rsmqO4C&q=%22right-libertarianism%22&pg=PA27">p. 27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011023212/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZiD0rsmqO4C&q=%22right-libertarianism%22&pg=PA27">Archived</a> 11 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472084418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472084418">978-0472084418</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mudde_2016-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mudde_2016_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mudde_2016_46-1">b</a> Mudde, Cas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PgwDQAAQBAJ&q=Right-libertarianism">The Populist Radical Right: A Reader</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162515/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PgwDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Populist+Radical+Right:+A+Reader&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj60OqKmYHnAhVQDOwKHelHBMIQ6AEIKDAA">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1st ed.). Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138673861" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138673861">978-1138673861</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Bevir, Mark, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVIoCtB3m74C&q=%22right-libertarianism%22&pg=PA811">p. 811</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011023214/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVIoCtB3m74C&q=%22right-libertarianism%22&pg=PA811">Archived</a> 11 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412958653" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412958653">978-1412958653</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Block_2010-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Block_2010_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block_2010_48-1">b</a> Block, Walter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_8.pdf">"Libertarianism Is Unique and Belongs Neither to the Right Nor the Left: A Critique of the Views of Long, Holcombe, and Baden on the Left, Hoppe, Feser, and Paul on the Right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513050938/http://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_8.pdf">Archived</a> 13 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a>. 22. pp. 127–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2011" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Corey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199793747/page/15">The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199793747/page/15">15–16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199793747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199793747"><bdi>978-0199793747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reactionary+Mind%3A+Conservatism+from+Edmund+Burke+to+Sarah+Palin&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199793747&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199793747%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmelGibson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Harmel, Robert; Gibson, Rachel K. (June 1995). "Right-Libertarian Parties and the "New Values": A Re-examination". Scandinavian Political Studies. 18 (July 1993): 97–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.1995.tb00157.x">10.1111/j.1467-9477.1995.tb00157.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Right-Libertarian+Parties+and+the+%22New+Values%22%3A+A+Re-examination&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=July+1993&rft.pages=97-118&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9477.1995.tb00157.x&rft.aulast=Harmel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Rachel+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_et_al.-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_et_al._51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_et_al._51-1">b</a> Robinson, Emily; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article/28/2/268/3061496">"Telling stories about post-war Britain: popular individualism and the 'crisis' of the 1970s"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093146/https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article/28/2/268/3061496">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Twentieth Century British History. 28 (2): 268–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_2008-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_52-3">d</a> Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/dward/newrightanarchocap.html">"The New Right and Anarcho-Capitalism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419011544/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/dward/newrightanarchocap.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Harper Perennial. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604860641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604860641">978-1604860641</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent_2009-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_2009_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_2009_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_2009_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2009" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Andrew (2009). Modern Political Ideologies (3rd ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444311051" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444311051"><bdi>978-1444311051</bdi></a>. <q>Whom to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory Ludwing von Mises and Hayek), extreme libertarianism (anarcho-capitalism) and crude populism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Ideologies&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1444311051&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> McManus, Matt (26 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merionwest.com/2019/05/26/conflating-classical-liberals-and-the-alt-right/">"Classical Liberals" and the Alt-Right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021160717/https://merionwest.com/2019/05/26/conflating-classical-liberals-and-the-alt-right/">Archived</a> 21 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Merion West. Retrieved 17 June 2020. "Nevertheless, it is worth examining why many who do adopt these labels do paradoxically seem to gravitate towards post-modern conservative reactionary positions. [...] The second way individuals tend to interpret classical liberalism and libertarianism is as an ideology that is strictly inegalitarian. They tend to support it because they see society as a competitive association, where superior individuals will rise to the top due to their merits and efforts. While they identify as classical liberals and libertarians, these individuals tend to limit themselves to desiring a capitalist marketplace to discriminate between the superior and inferior by allocating rewards and honors according to economic contributions. But if these individuals come to believe the system increasingly rewards the unworthy, they can be inspired to radicalize and move further to the extremes offered by alt-right doctrines." </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theadvocates.org/about-the-quiz/">"About the Quiz"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331115109/https://www.theadvocates.org/about-the-quiz/">Archived</a> 31 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Advocates for Self-Government. Retrieved 18 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicthell2007" class="citation book cs1">Micthell, Brian Patrick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0epWuFdRcC&q=Nolan&pg=PA7">Eight Ways to Run the Country: A New and Revealing Look at Left and Right</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275993580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275993580"><bdi>978-0275993580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152322/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0epWuFdRcC&q=Nolan&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Ways+to+Run+the+Country%3A+A+New+and+Revealing+Look+at+Left+and+Right&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0275993580&rft.aulast=Micthell&rft.aufirst=Brian+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHg0epWuFdRcC%26q%3DNolan%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuebert2010" class="citation book cs1">Huebert, Jacob H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libertarianismto00hueb">Libertarianism Today</a>. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libertarianismto00hueb/page/n30">22</a>–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313377556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313377556"><bdi>978-0313377556</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655885097">655885097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libertarianism+Today&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655885097&rft.isbn=978-0313377556&rft.aulast=Huebert&rft.aufirst=Jacob+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibertarianismto00hueb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Boaz, David (21 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5779">"Preface for the Japanese Edition of Libertarianism: A Primer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921073607/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5779">Archived</a> 21 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_2007-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_2007_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_2007_59-1">b</a> Gregory, Anthony (24 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory136.html">"Real World Politics and Radical Libertarianism"</a>. LewRockwell.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618072909/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory136.html">Archived</a> 18 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Teles_&_Kenney_2007-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teles_&_Kenney_2007_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teles_&_Kenney_2007_60-1">b</a> Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. "Spreading the Word: The Diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and Beyond". In Kopsten, Jeffrey; Steinmo, Sven, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the Twenty-First Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152321/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Archived</a> 7 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 136–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallentyne2007187–205-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallentyne2007187–205_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVallentyne2007">Vallentyne 2007</a>, pp. 187–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Boas, Taylor C.; Gans-Morse, Jordan (2009). "Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan". Studies in Comparative International Development. 44 (2): 151–152. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12116-009-9040-5">10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnappWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). The Government and Politics of France. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415357326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415357326"><bdi>978-0415357326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+France&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415357326&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Wright%2C+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2003" class="citation web cs1">John, David C. (21 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308173749/http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm">"The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm">the original</a> on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Modern+American+Conservative+Movement&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2003-11-21&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2FResearch%2FPoliticalPhilosophy%2FHL811.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Becker, Charlotte B.; Becker, Lawrence C. (2001). Encyclopedia of Ethics. 3. Taylor & Francis US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gL4Pa1TxP00C&q=libertarianism&pg=PA1336">p. 1562</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011023213/https://books.google.com/books?id=gL4Pa1TxP00C&q=libertarianism&pg=PA1336">Archived</a> 11 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415936750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415936750">978-0415936750</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html">"Smashing the State for Fun and Profit Since 1969: An Interview With the Libertarian Icon Samuel Edward Konkin III (a.k.a. SEK3)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907171634/http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Spaz.org. Retrieved 15 March 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> D'Amato, David S. (27 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarianism.org/columns/black-market-activism-samuel-edward-konkin-iii-agorism">"Black-Market Activism: Samuel Edward Konkin III and Agorism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075631/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/black-market-activism-samuel-edward-konkin-iii-agorism">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Libertarianism.org. Retrieved 21 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonkin_III" class="citation web cs1">Konkin III, Samuel Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kopubco.com/pdf/An_Agorist_Primer_by_SEK3.pdf">"An Agorist Primer"</a> (PDF). Kopubco.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311045911/https://www.kopubco.com/pdf/An_Agorist_Primer_by_SEK3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Agorist+Primer&rft.pub=Kopubco.com&rft.aulast=Konkin+III&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kopubco.com%2Fpdf%2FAn_Agorist_Primer_by_SEK3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Konkin III, Samuel Edward (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agorism.eu.org/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf">"New Libertarian Manifesto"</a>. Agorism.eu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427030909/https://agorism.eu.org/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf">Archived</a> April 27, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>  Retrieved May 4, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Gregory, Anthony (21 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/12/anthony-gregory/left-right-moderate-or-radical-libertarian/">"Left, Right, Moderate and Radical"</a>. LewRockwell.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225141516/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/12/anthony-gregory/left-right-moderate-or-radical-libertarian/">Archived</a> 25 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 25 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(political_theorist)" title="David Miller (political theorist)">Miller, David</a>, ed. (1991). Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631179445" title="Special:BookSources/0631179445"><bdi>0631179445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0631179445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard_2007-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_2007_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_2007_72-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/books/betrayal.pdf">Betrayal of the American Right</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016132627/https://mises.org/books/betrayal.pdf">Archived</a> 16 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Auburn, Alabama: <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. p. xi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479229512" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479229512">978-1479229512</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kauffman_2009-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffman_2009_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffman_2009_73-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kauffman" title="Bill Kauffman">Kauffman, Bill</a> (18 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/found-cause/">"Found Cause"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027221831/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/found-cause/">Archived</a> 27 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a>. 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Give Me Liberty. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Wilder Lane, Rose</a> (2007) [1943]. The Discovery of Freedom: Man's Struggle against Authority. Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken, H. L.</a> (1961). Letters of H. L. Mencken. Knofp. pp. xiii, 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock, Albert Jay</a> (1935). <a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a>. New York City: Morrow. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock, Albert Jay</a> (June 1936). "Isaiah’s Job". 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Auburn, Alabama: <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. p. 165. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479229512" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479229512">978-1479229512</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rockwell_&_Tucker_1990-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rockwell_&_Tucker_1990_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rockwell_&_Tucker_1990_94-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell, Lew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Tucker, Jeffrey</a> (28 May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephankinsella.com/wp-content/uploads/texts/rockwell_tucker_rand.pdf">"Ayn Rand Is Dead"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803032708/http://www.stephankinsella.com/wp-content/uploads/texts/rockwell_tucker_rand.pdf">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Review. pp. 35–36. Retrieved 16 March 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Comegna, Anthony; Gomez, Camillo (3 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">"Libertarianism, Then and Now"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022437/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Libertarianism. Cato Institute. "[...] Benjamin Tucker was the first American to really start using the term 'libertarian' as a self-identifier somewhere in the late 1870s or early 1880s." Retrieved 3 August 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2009" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Jennifer (2009). Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195324877" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195324877"><bdi>978-0195324877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+of+the+Market%3A+Ayn+Rand+and+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0195324877&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Raimondo" title="Justin Raimondo">Raimondo, Justin</a> (2000). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. "Beyond left and right". <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. 159. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573928090" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573928090">978-1573928090</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2007" class="citation web cs1">Rothbard, Murray (17 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/daily/2634">"Floyd Arthur 'Baldy' Harper, RIP"</a>. Mises Daily. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213004500/http://mises.org/daily/2634">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Daily&rft.atitle=Floyd+Arthur+%27Baldy%27+Harper%2C+RIP&rft.date=2007-08-17&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fdaily%2F2634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AgostinoGaus2012" class="citation book cs1">D'Agostino, Fred; Gaus, Gerald (2012). The Routledge Companion To Social And Political Philosophy. Routledge. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415874564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415874564"><bdi>978-0415874564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+To+Social+And+Political+Philosophy&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415874564&rft.aulast=D%27Agostino&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Gaus%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Casey, Gerard (2010). Murray Rothbard. A&C Black. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw5ZIOhlZj8C&q=anarcho-capitalism">p. ix</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011023216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw5ZIOhlZj8C&q=anarcho-capitalism">Archived</a> 11 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441142092" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441142092">978-1441142092</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block, Walter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell, Lew</a>, ed. (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Ch16.html">"Big Government Libertarianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516054826/http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Ch16.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Irrepressible Rothbard. <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Lew Rockwell.com">Lew Rockwell.com</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchezWeigel2008" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Julian; Weigel, David (16 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2008/01/16/who-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter/singlepage">"Who Wrote Ron Paul's Newsletters?"</a>. Reason. Reason Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002130521/http://reason.com/archives/2008/01/16/who-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter/singlepage">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Who+Wrote+Ron+Paul%27s+Newsletters%3F&rft.date=2008-01-16&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Weigel%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2008%2F01%2F16%2Fwho-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter%2Fsinglepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_103-1">b</a> Lester, J. C. (22 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/INDNLA">"New-Paradigm Libertarianism: a Very Brief Explanation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161710/https://philpapers.org/rec/INDNLA">Archived</a> 6 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PhilPapers. Retrieved 26 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conway_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conway_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Conway_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Conway (academic)">Conway, David</a> (2008). "Freedom of Speech". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Liberalism, Classical</a>. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 295–298 [296]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112">10.4135/9781412965811.n112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2018. <q>Depending on the context, libertarianism can be seen as either the contemporary name for classical liberalism, adopted to avoid confusion in those countries where liberalism is widely understood to denote advocacy of expansive government powers, or as a more radical version of classical liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberalism%2C+Classical&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=295-298+296&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lp.org/about/">"About the Libertarian Party"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114192002/https://www.lp.org/about/">Archived</a> 14 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>. Retrieved 27 June 2019. "Libertarians strongly oppose any government interference into their personal, family, and business decisions. Essentially, we believe all Americans should be free to live their lives and pursue their interests as they see fit as long as they do no harm to another". </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Newman" title="Saul Newman">Newman, Saul</a> (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism. Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748634959" title="Special:BookSources/0748634959">0748634959</a>. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)". </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Marshall, Peter (2008). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice, Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practicing voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the State, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists". </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNozick1974" class="citation book cs1">Nozick, Robert (1974). <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a>. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy%2C+State%2C+and+Utopia&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Nozick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaico2012" class="citation book cs1">Raico, Ralph (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/classical-liberalism-and-austrian-school-0">Classical Liberalism and the Austrian School</a>. Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610160032" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610160032"><bdi>978-1610160032</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930011956/http://mises.org/etexts/austrianliberalism.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Liberalism+and+the+Austrian+School&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1610160032&rft.aulast=Raico&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fclassical-liberalism-and-austrian-school-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> "National Questions" (30 June 1997). <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. 49 (12): 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Carson, Kevin (8 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/40929">"Are We All Mutualists?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142104/https://c4ss.org/content/40929">Archived</a> 28 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 23 March 2020. "This willingness to recognize the joint homesteading of land and natural resources (in such historical forms as village open-field systems, common pasture and waste, public rights of way and town commons, common fisheries, etc.) is a refreshing contrast to the all too many right-libertarians who insist that property can only be owned by individuals (most notably Ayn Rand’s claim that the theft of Native American tribal land by European settlers was justified because they didn’t believe in any “legitimate" form of property rights)." </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Long, Roderick T. (16 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/25173.html">"Francis Tandy Rides Again"</a>. History News Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905135118/http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/25173.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 8 July 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> McManus, Matt (26 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merionwest.com/2019/05/26/conflating-classical-liberals-and-the-alt-right/">"Classical Liberals" and the Alt-Right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021160717/https://merionwest.com/2019/05/26/conflating-classical-liberals-and-the-alt-right/">Archived</a> 21 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Merion West. Retrieved 17 June 2020. "In his great work Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Nozick hypothesizes about a future where a "minimal state" exists and individuals are free to experiment with as many different forms of life as they choose. This may even include communist or socialist communities, where individuals would willingly choose to share property in common and live according to more egalitarian principles of distributive justice. But no one form of life would be enforced by political authorities, which had no business telling free and equal individuals what the best way to live was." </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Mises, Ludwig; Kahane, J., trans. (1947) [1922]. <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(book)" title="Socialism (book)">Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226181502" title="Special:BookSources/0226181502">0226181502</a>. "The only certain fact about Russian affairs under the Soviet regime with regard to which all people agree is: that the standard of living of the Russian masses is much lower than that of the masses in the country which is universally considered as the paragon of capitalism, the United States of America. If we were to regard the Soviet regime as an experiment, we would have to say that the experiment has clearly demonstrated the superiority of capitalism and the inferiority of socialism". </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2013) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/theory-socialism-and-capitalism-0">A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010559/https://mises.org/library/theory-socialism-and-capitalism-0">Archived</a> 17 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2nd ed.). Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933550732" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933550732">978-1933550732</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Nozick, Robert (1974). <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465097203" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465097203">978-0465097203</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1927" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter (1927). Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486119861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486119861"><bdi>978-0486119861</bdi></a>. <q>It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Collection+of+Revolutionary+Writings&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=978-0486119861&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtero2003" class="citation book cs1">Otero, Carlos Peregrin (2003). "Introduction to Chomsky's Social Theory". In Otero, Carlos Peregrin (ed.). Radical Priorities. Chomsky, Noam Chomsky (3rd ed.). Oakland, California: AK Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902593693" title="Special:BookSources/1902593693"><bdi>1902593693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Chomsky%27s+Social+Theory&rft.btitle=Radical+Priorities&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1902593693&rft.aulast=Otero&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Peregrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2003). Carlos Peregrin Otero (ed.). Radical Priorities (3rd ed.). Oakland, California: AK Press. pp. 227–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902593693" title="Special:BookSources/1902593693"><bdi>1902593693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Priorities&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=227-228&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1902593693&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006">p. 1006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 7 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism". </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2011" class="citation web cs1">Metcalf, Stephen (24 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/the_dilettante/2011/06/the_liberty_scam.html">"The Liberty Scam: Why even Robert Nozick, the philosophical father of libertarianism, gave up on the movement he inspired"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009153316/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/the_dilettante/2011/06/the_liberty_scam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Liberty+Scam%3A+Why+even+Robert+Nozick%2C+the+philosophical+father+of+libertarianism%2C+gave+up+on+the+movement+he+inspired&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fthe_dilettante%2F2011%2F06%2Fthe_liberty_scam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Nozick, Robert (1989). "The Zigzag of Politics". The Examined Life: Philosophical Meditations. Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671725013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671725013">978-0671725013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggenbach2010" class="citation journal cs1">Riggenbach, Jeff (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/4862/Anarchy-State-and-Robert-Nozick">"Anarchy, State, and Robert Nozick"</a>. Mises Daily. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027213108/http://mises.org/daily/4862/Anarchy-State-and-Robert-Nozick">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2020. <q>[Nozick] identified voluntary cooperation as the 'core principle' of ethics, maintaining that the duty not to interfere with another person's 'domain of choice' is '[a]ll that any society should (coercively) demand'; higher levels of ethics, involving positive benevolence, represent instead a 'personal ideal' that should be left to 'a person's own individual choice and development.' And that certainly sounds like an attempt to embrace libertarianism all over again. My own view is that Nozick's thinking about these matters evolved over time and that what he wrote at any given time was an accurate reflection of what he was thinking at that time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Daily&rft.atitle=Anarchy%2C+State%2C+and+Robert+Nozick&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.aulast=Riggenbach&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fdaily%2F4862%2FAnarchy-State-and-Robert-Nozick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Sanchez, Julian (21 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/06/21/nozick-libertarianism-and-thought-experiments/">"Nozick, Libertarianism, and Thought Experiments"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617085427/http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/06/21/nozick-libertarianism-and-thought-experiments/">Archived</a> 17 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Julian Shanchez.com. Retrieved 19 March 2020. "Nozick always thought of himself as a libertarian in a broad sense, right up to his final days, even as his views became somewhat less 'hardcore.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lp.org/membership">"Join the Libertarian Party"</a>. Libertarian Party. 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116103006/https://www.lp.org/membership/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020. <q>I certify that I oppose the initiation of force to achieve political or social goals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Join+the+Libertarian+Party&rft.pub=Libertarian+Party&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fmembership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2003" class="citation web cs1">Block, Walter (17 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/block/block26.html">"The Non-Aggression Axiom of Libertarianism"</a>. Lew Rockwell.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160122021714/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/block/block26.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lew+Rockwell.com&rft.atitle=The+Non-Aggression+Axiom+of+Libertarianism&rft.date=2003-02-17&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2Fblock%2Fblock26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnet2011" class="citation web cs1">Barnet, Phred (14 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanlyyours.com/2011/04/14/the-non-aggression-principle/">"The Non-Aggression Principle"</a>. Americanly Yours. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117210653/http://americanlyyours.com/2011/04/14/the-non-aggression-principle/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Non-Aggression+Principle&rft.pub=Americanly+Yours&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.aulast=Barnet&rft.aufirst=Phred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanlyyours.com%2F2011%2F04%2F14%2Fthe-non-aggression-principle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2011" class="citation web cs1">Kinsella, Stephan (4 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/wire/relation-between-non-aggression-principle-and-property-rights-response-division-zer0">"The relation between the non-aggression principle and property rights: a response to Division by Zer0"</a>. Mises Wire. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204094339/https://mises.org/wire/relation-between-non-aggression-principle-and-property-rights-response-division-zer0">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Wire&rft.atitle=The+relation+between+the+non-aggression+principle+and+property+rights%3A+a+response+to+Division+by+Zer0&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fwire%2Frelation-between-non-aggression-principle-and-property-rights-response-division-zer0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2015" class="citation web cs1">Vance, Laurence M. Vance (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fff.org/explore-freedom/article/the-morality-of-libertarianism/">"The Morality of Libertarianism"</a>. The Future of Freedom Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123135824/http://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/the-morality-of-libertarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Morality+of+Libertarianism&rft.pub=The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.+Vance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffff.org%2Fexplore-freedom%2Farticle%2Fthe-morality-of-libertarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2009" class="citation web cs1">Kinsella, Stephan (21 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/what-libertarianism">"What Libertarianism Is"</a>. Mises Daily. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203032449/https://mises.org/library/what-libertarianism">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2022. 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802174510/http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/polin/polin044.pdf">"Taxation Is Theft"</a> (PDF). Libertarian Alliance Political Note (44). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/polin/polin044.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libertarian+Alliance+Political+Note&rft.atitle=Taxation+Is+Theft&rft.issue=44&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Tame&rft.aufirst=Chris+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarian.co.uk%2Flapubs%2Fpolin%2Fpolin044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodorov2007" class="citation news cs1">Chodorov, Frank (26 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/etexts/taxrob.asp">"Taxation Is Robbery"</a>. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028171904/http://mises.org/etexts/taxrob.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=Taxation+Is+Robbery&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.aulast=Chodorov&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fetexts%2Ftaxrob.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> Reprint from Chodorov, Frank (1962). Out of Step: The Autobiography of an Individualist. 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The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. 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Transaction Publishers. p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412805797" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412805797">978-1412805797</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannehillTannehill1993" class="citation book cs1">Tannehill, Linda; Tannehill, Morris (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/books/marketforliberty.pdf">The Market for Liberty</a> (PDF). San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0930073084" title="Special:BookSources/978-0930073084"><bdi>978-0930073084</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003011703/http://www.mises.org/books/marketforliberty.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Market+for+Liberty&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Fox+%26+Wilkes&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0930073084&rft.aulast=Tannehill&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Tannehill%2C+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fbooks%2Fmarketforliberty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-libertarianpapers.org-155"><a href="#cite_ref-libertarianpapers.org_155-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-3.pdf">"Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001010127/http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-3.pdf">Archived</a> 1 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2011). Libertarian Papers. 3 (3). </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoe_Baker2013" class="citation web cs1">Zoe Baker (29 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anarchopac.com/2013/08/29/but-wage-labour-is-voluntary-a-response/">"'But Wage Labour Is Voluntary!' – A Response"</a>. Radical theory and history. Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27But+Wage+Labour+Is+Voluntary%21%27+%E2%80%93+A+Response&rft.pub=Radical+theory+and+history&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.au=Zoe+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanarchopac.com%2F2013%2F08%2F29%2Fbut-wage-labour-is-voluntary-a-response%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Leeson2017" class="citation book cs1">Robert Leeson (2017). Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market. Springer. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319607085" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319607085"><bdi>978-3319607085</bdi></a>. <q>To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard coined the term) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek%3A+A+Collaborative+Biography%2C+Part+IX%3A+The+Divine+Right+of+the+%27Free%27+Market&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3319607085&rft.au=Robert+Leeson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann</a> (31 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html">"Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111070712/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/hoppe/hoppe5.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 5 July 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1987">Miller 1987</a>, p. 290. "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the nineteenth century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker". </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (1973). For a New Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/rothbard/newlibertywhole.asp">"The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028122904/http://mises.org/rothbard/newlibertywhole.asp">Archived</a> 28 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. Retrieved 26 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (Spring 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/rothbard/lawproperty.pdf">"Law, Property Rights, and Air Pollution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921104222/http://www.mises.org/rothbard/lawproperty.pdf">Archived</a> 21 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cato Journal. 2 (1): 55–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Tame, Chris R. (October 1983). The Chicago School: Lessons from the Thirties for the Eighties. Economic Affairs. p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Franks_20132-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Franks_20132_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2013" class="citation journal cs1">Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Anarchism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 385–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.pages=385-404&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0001&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-164"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2012" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). An Anarchist FAQ. Vol. II. Stirling: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849351225" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849351225"><bdi>978-1849351225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849351225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_2019-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2019_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2019_165-1">b</a> Davis, Laurence (2019). "Individual and Community". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham: Springer. pp. 47–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_3">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_3</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319756196">978-3319756196</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Are_Libertarians_'Anarchists'-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Are_Libertarians_'Anarchists'_166-0">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (1950s). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard167.html">"Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113130534/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard167.html">Archived</a> 13 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 1 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Crowder, George (1991). Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 85–86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198277446" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198277446">978-0198277446</a>. "The ownership [anarchists oppose] is basically that which is unearned [...] including such things as interest on loans and income from rent. This is contrasted with ownership rights in those goods either produced by the work of the owner or necessary for that work, for example, his dwelling-house, land, and tools. Proudhon initially refers to legitimate rights of ownership of these goods as 'possession,' and although in his later work he calls this 'property,' the conceptual distinction remains the same." </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Hargreaves, David H. London (2019). Beyond Schooling: An Anarchist Challenge. London: Routledge. pp. 90–91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429582363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429582363">978-0429582363</a>. "Ironically, Proudhon did not mean literally what he said. His boldness of expression was intended for emphasis, and by 'property' he wished to be understood what he later called 'the sum of its abuses'. He was denouncing the property of the man who uses it to exploit the labour of others without any effort on his own part, property distinguished by interest and rent, by the impositions of the non-producer on the producer. Towards property regarded as 'possession' the right of a man to control his dwelling and the land and tools he needs to live, Proudhon had no hostility; indeed, he regarded it as the cornerstone of liberty, and his main criticism of the communists was that they wished to destroy it." </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> McKay, Iain (2008). An Anarchist FAQ. I. "Why do anarchists oppose the current system?" "Why are anarchists against private property?" Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902593906" title="Special:BookSources/978-1902593906">978-1902593906</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> McKay, Iain (2008). An Anarchist FAQ. I. "Anarchism and 'anarcho'-capitalism" Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902593906" title="Special:BookSources/978-1902593906">978-1902593906</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennings_1993-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Jennings_1993_171-0">^</a> Jennings, Jeremy (1993). "Anarchism". In Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (eds.). Contemporary Political Ideologies. London: Pinter. pp. 127–146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861870967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861870967">978-0861870967</a>. "[...] anarchism does not stand for the untrammelled freedom of the individual (as the 'anarcho-capitalists' appear to believe) but, as we have already seen, for the extension of individuality and community" (p. 143). </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay_&_Gay_1999,_p._15-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Gay_&_Gay_1999,_p._15_172-0">^</a> Gay, Kathlyn; Gay, Martin (1999). Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874369823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874369823">978-0874369823</a>. "For many anarchists (of whatever persuasion), anarcho-capitalism is a contradictory term, since 'traditional' anarchists oppose capitalism". </li> <li id="cite_note-Morriss_2008-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Morriss_2008_173-0">^</a> Morriss, Andrew (2008). "Anarcho-capitalism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 13–14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n8">10.4135/9781412965811.n8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804">978-1412965804</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191924853">191924853</a>. "Social anarchists, those anarchists with communitarian leanings, are critical of anarcho-capitalism because it permits individuals to accumulate substantial power through markets and private property." </li> <li id="cite_note-Franks_2013-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Franks_2013_174-0">^</a> Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Anarchism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 385–404. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001</a>. "Individualisms that defend or reinforce hierarchical forms such as the economic-power relations of anarcho-capitalism [...] are incompatible with practices of social anarchism. [...] Increasingly, academic analysis has followed activist currents in rejecting the view that anarcho-capitalism has anything to do with social anarchism" (pp. 393–394). </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinna_2012-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinna_2012_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinna_2012_175-1">b</a> Kinna, Ruth, ed. (2012). The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 330–331. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441142702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441142702">978-1441142702</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Goodwin, Barbara (2007). Using Political Ideas. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470025529" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470025529">978-0470025529</a>. "[Anarcho-capitalists'] true place is in the group of right-wing libertarians described in Chapter 3." </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltzer2000" class="citation book cs1">Meltzer, Albert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe">Anarchism: Arguments for and Against</a>. London: AK Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873176573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873176573"><bdi>978-1873176573</bdi></a>. <q>The philosophy of 'anarcho-capitalism' dreamed up by the 'libertarian' New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+Arguments+for+and+Against&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1873176573&rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanarchism00albe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201537-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201537_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeywood2015">Heywood 2015</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Piper-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Piper_179-0">^</a> Piper, J. Richard (1997). Ideologies and Institutions: American Conservative and Liberal Governance Prescriptions Since 1933. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideologiesinstit0000pipe/page/110">pp. 110–111</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847684595" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847684595">978-0847684595</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/getting-libertarianism-right">"Getting Libertarianism Right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803053140/https://mises.org/library/getting-libertarianism-right">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610166904" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610166904">978-1610166904</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Dionne Jr., E. J. (1991). Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Meyer, Frank S. (1996). In Defense of Freedom and Other Essays. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2011). DemocracyThe God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy, and Natural Order. Transaction Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qARC56X5vxcC&pg=PA216E">pp. 216–218</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412815291" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412815291">978-1412815291</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe2005" class="citation news cs1">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (11 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police">"My Battle With The Thought Police"</a>. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926200243/https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=My+Battle+With+The+Thought+Police&rft.date=2005-04-11&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Hans-Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fmy-battle-thought-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheffield_2016-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheffield_2016_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheffield_2016_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheffield_2016_185-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2016" class="citation news cs1">Sheffield, Matthew (2 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/09/02/where-did-donald-trump-get-his-racialized-rhetoric-from-libertarians/">"Where did Donald Trump get his racialized rhetoric? From libertarians"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012131625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/09/02/where-did-donald-trump-get-his-racialized-rhetoric-from-libertarians/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Where+did+Donald+Trump+get+his+racialized+rhetoric%3F+From+libertarians&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2016%2F09%2F02%2Fwhere-did-donald-trump-get-his-racialized-rhetoric-from-libertarians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_2017-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2017_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2017_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2017_186-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Matt (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-insidious-libertarian-to-alt-right-pipeline">"The Insidious Libertarian-to-Alt-Right Pipeline"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217165109/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-insidious-libertarian-to-alt-right-pipeline">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Insidious+Libertarian-to-Alt-Right+Pipeline&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-insidious-libertarian-to-alt-right-pipeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganz_2017-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganz_2017_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganz_2017_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganz_2017_187-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanz2017" class="citation news cs1">Ganz, John (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/">"Libertarians have more in common with the alt-right than they want you to think"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807155429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Libertarians+have+more+in+common+with+the+alt-right+than+they+want+you+to+think&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Ganz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Flibertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Guenzl, Simon (23 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertarianpapers.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/article/2016/06/lp-8-1-7-2.pdf">"Public Property and the Libertarian Immigration Debate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002005536/http://libertarianpapers.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/article/2016/06/lp-8-1-7-2.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Libertarian Papers. 8 (1): 153–177. "I conclude that supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society." </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Konkin III, Samuel Edward (1980). <a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a>. p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownshend2000" class="citation book cs1">Townshend, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town/page/15">The Oxford History of Modern War</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192853732" title="Special:BookSources/0192853732"><bdi>0192853732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Modern+War&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0192853732&rft.aulast=Townshend&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofm00town%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Sawer, Marian (2003). The Ethical State?: Social Liberalism in Australia. Melbourne University Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TvKQ9TkiroC&q=night+watchman+state+Ferdinand+Lassalle&pg=PA87">p. 87</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011023215/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TvKQ9TkiroC&q=night+watchman+state+Ferdinand+Lassalle&pg=PA87">Archived</a> 11 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0522850826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0522850826">978-0522850826</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Mises, Ludwig (1927) [1922]. <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(book)" title="Liberalism (book)">Liberalism</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMkSpFYc_SEC&pg=PA37">p. 37</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152714/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMkSpFYc_SEC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 7 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Book_Awards_1975-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Book_Awards_1975_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Book_Awards_1975_193-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html">"National Book Awards – 1975"</a> (1975). National Book Foundation. Retrieved 8 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909065656/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Feser-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feser_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feser_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeser" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Feser, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/nozick/">"Robert Nozick (1938–2002)"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226230306/http://www.iep.utm.edu/nozick/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Nozick+%281938%E2%80%932002%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Feser&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fnozick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon_&_Hamowy_2008-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_&_Hamowy_2008_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_&_Hamowy_2008_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(economist)" title="David Gordon (economist)">Gordon, David</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Minimal State"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 332–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n204">10.4135/9781412965811.n204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. 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(2008). p. xxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronfenbrenner1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bronfenbrenner" title="Martin Bronfenbrenner">Bronfenbrenner, Martin</a> (1955). 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Dworetz (1994). The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt200354-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt200354_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunt2003">Hunt 2003</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Appleby" title="Joyce Appleby">Appleby, Joyce</a> (1992). Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination. p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Gaus, Gerald F.; <a href="/wiki/Chandran_Kukathas" title="Chandran Kukathas">Kukathas, Chandran</a> (2004). Handbook of Political Theory. p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinton_1995-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Quinton_1995_205-0">^</a> Quinton, A. (1995). "Conservativism". In Goodin, R. E.; Pettit, P. eds. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson200152-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson200152_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson2001">Richardson 2001</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2001" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, James L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&q=richardson+2001+neoliberalism&pg=PR7">Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555879396" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555879396"><bdi>978-1555879396</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152720/https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&q=richardson+2001+neoliberalism&pg=PR7#v=snippet&q=richardson%202001%20neoliberalism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contending+Liberalisms+in+World+Politics%3A+Ideology+and+Power&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555879396&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFM_tCJk51yQC%26q%3Drichardson%2B2001%2Bneoliberalism%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brennan_2012,_p._188-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan_2012,_p._188_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan_2012,_p._188_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan, Jason</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QuzSDXsKQQC&q=arizona+school+libertarianism&pg=PA188">Libertarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199933914" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199933914"><bdi>978-0199933914</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152716/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QuzSDXsKQQC&q=arizona+school+libertarianism&pg=PA188#v=snippet&q=arizona%20school%20libertarianism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libertarianism%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199933914&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QuzSDXsKQQC%26q%3Darizona%2Bschool%2Blibertarianism%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Tomasi, John; Zwolinski, Matt (2 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/04/02/matt-zwolinski-john-tomasi/bleeding-heart-history-libertarianism">"A Bleeding Heart History of Libertarianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115204931/https://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/04/02/matt-zwolinski-john-tomasi/bleeding-heart-history-libertarianism">Archived</a> 15 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Unbound" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato Unbound">Cato Unbound</a>. Cato Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-ClassicalLiberalism-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClassicalLiberalism_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClassicalLiberalism_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClassicalLiberalism_210-2">c</a> Goodman, John C. (20 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism">"What Is Classical Liberalism?"</a> National Center for Policy Analysis. Retrieved 26 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309151259/http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism">Archived</a> 9 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayne_1999_p._124-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayne_1999_p._124_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayne_1999_p._124_211-1">b</a> Mayne, Alan James (1999). 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"The best-known form of libertarianism—right-libertarianism—is a version of classical liberalism [...]." </li> <li id="cite_note-reason-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reason_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reason_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreund2005" class="citation web cs1">Freund, Charles Paul (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2005/04/01/you-know-youre-neolibertarian">"You Know You're Neolibertarian If..."</a> Reason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014510/http://reason.com/blog/2005/04/01/you-know-youre-neolibertarian">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=You+Know+You%27re+Neolibertarian+If...&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Charles+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fblog%2F2005%2F04%2F01%2Fyou-know-youre-neolibertarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Franks" title="Dale Franks">Franks, Dale</a> (10 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014534/http://www.qando.net/2012/11/10/bryan-picks-suggestions-for-the-gop/">"Bryan Pick's Suggestions for the GOP"</a>. QandO. 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Retrieved 12 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QandO&rft.atitle=Bryan+Pick%27s+Suggestions+for+the+GOP&rft.date=2012-11-10&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qando.net%2F2012%2F11%2F10%2Fbryan-picks-suggestions-for-the-gop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1990" class="citation journal cs1">Rockwell, Lew (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144559/http://www.pericles.press/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liberty_Magazine.pdf">"The Case for Paleo-libertarianism"</a> (PDF). Liberty: 34–38. 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Rothbard-Rockwell Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030205243/https://mises.org/library/strategy-right">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rothbard-Rockwell+Report&rft.atitle=A+Strategy+for+the+Right&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fstrategy-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reason_2008-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reason_2008_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reason_2008_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchezWeigel" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Julian; Weigel, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2008/01/16/who-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter">"Who Wrote Ron Paul's Newsletters?"</a>. Reason. Reason Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026184333/http://reason.com/archives/2008/01/16/who-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2013. <q>Rothbard pointed to David Duke and Joseph McCarthy as models for an "Outreach to the Rednecks," which would fashion a broad libertarian/paleoconservative coalition by targeting the disaffected working and middle classes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Who+Wrote+Ron+Paul%27s+Newsletters%3F&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Weigel%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2008%2F01%2F16%2Fwho-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyEkins2012" class="citation news cs1">Kirby, David; Ekins, Emily (6 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-roots-tea-party">"Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party"</a>. Policy Analysis. No. 705. Cato Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227090902/https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/libertarian-roots-tea-party">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Analysis&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Roots+of+the+Tea+Party&rft.issue=705&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ekins%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Flibertarian-roots-tea-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2017" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Edmund Berger (2017). "Looking Forward". 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Macmillan. pp. 32–36. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CLYF9">B0000CLYF9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524035726/https://www.google.co.jp/search?tbm=bks&q=word.such.as.propertrian&btnG=#hl=en&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=%22Since+their+use+of+the+word+liberty%22&oq=%22Since+their+use+of+the+word+liberty%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=7379l18818l0l18998l7l7l0l0l0l0l257l987l2.3.2l7l0&gs_l=serp.3...7379l18818l0l18998l7l7l0l0l0l0l257l987l2j3j2l7l0&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=ed30b13a85e567b2&biw=1280&bih=610">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. 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Thousand Oaks, California: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 442–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n271">10.4135/9781412965811.n271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. 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Retrieved 10 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+Libertarians+undermine+liberty&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Falexsingleton%2F4341751%2FHow_Libertarians_undermine_liberty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/03/24/today-on-the-israelections-program-moshe-feiglin/">"Feiglin: Palestinians in Gaza had more rights under Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a>. 24 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404173256/https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/03/24/today-on-the-israelections-program-moshe-feiglin/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Hayom&rft.atitle=Feiglin%3A+Palestinians+in+Gaza+had+more+rights+under+Israel&rft.date=2019-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2F2019%2F03%2F24%2Ftoday-on-the-israelections-program-moshe-feiglin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkov2019" class="citation web cs1">Harkov, Lahav (17 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-Feiglin-phenomenon-583567">"The Feiglin phenomenon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430175234/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-feiglin-phenomenon-583567">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2019. <q>The leader of the rising Zehut Party is attracting more than just young potheads to his libertarian platform.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+Feiglin+phenomenon&rft.date=2019-03-17&rft.aulast=Harkov&rft.aufirst=Lahav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOpinion%2FThe-Feiglin-phenomenon-583567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/zehut/">"Zehut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115235834/https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/zehut/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. <q>[...] and personal liberty. Its platform includes libertarian economic positions [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Democracy+Institute&rft.atitle=Zehut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.idi.org.il%2Fisraeli-elections-and-parties%2Fparties%2Fzehut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEglash2019" class="citation news cs1">Eglash, Ruth (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/a-pro-pot-party-could-tip-the-scales-in-israels-upcoming-election/2019/04/04/01060ec4-5617-11e9-aa83-504f086bf5d6_story.html">"A pro-pot party could tip the scales in Israel's upcoming election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117034736/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/a-pro-pot-party-could-tip-the-scales-in-israels-upcoming-election/2019/04/04/01060ec4-5617-11e9-aa83-504f086bf5d6_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2019. <q>Now you have two special-interest groups. 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Retrieved September 20, 2020.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905034710/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/11/obituaries/murray-n-rothbard-economist-and-free-market-exponent-68.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Cronin, Bruce C.; Lee, Frederic S. (2010). "Research Quality Rankings of Heterodox Economic Journals in a Contested Discipline." American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 69 (5): 1428. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2010.00751.x%2Fpdf">10.1111/j.1536-7150.2010.00751.x/pdf</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon, David</a> (26 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/about/3249">"The Essential Rothbard"</a>. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202054227/http://mises.org/about/3249">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Rothbard&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fabout%2F3249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2006" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Jason (7 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/apr/07/libertarianismleftbehind">"Libertarianism limited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213180109/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/apr/07/libertarianismleftbehind">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libertarianism+limited&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2006%2Fapr%2F07%2Flibertarianismleftbehind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Sean Gabb, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertarianalliance.wordpress.com/2009/06/17/review-by-sean-gabb-of-kevin-carsons-organization-theory/">Review by Sean Gabb of Kevin Carson's 'Organization Theory'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317170804/https://libertarianalliance.wordpress.com/2009/06/17/review-by-sean-gabb-of-kevin-carsons-organization-theory/">Archived</a> 17 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Libertarian Alliance: Blog (UK Libertarian Alliance, 17 June 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a>, Civil Peace and Sacred Order, Limits and Renewals 1 (Oxford: Clarendon-OUP 1989). </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> "Slaves and Citizens" and "Anarchists against the Revolution," The Political Animal: Biology, Ethics, and Politics (London: Routledge 1999). </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Sean Gabb, "In Defence of the British Empire," Libertarian Alliance: Blog (UK Libertarian Alliance, 3 August 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Gabb, "Review." </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Stephen R. L. Clark, The Moral Status of Animals (Oxford: Clarendon-OUP 1977). </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Stephen R. L. Clark, "Sexual Ontology and Group Marriage," Philosophy 58 (1983): 215–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Clark, "Aristotle's Woman," Animal. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Clark, Peace. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeppell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Heppell, Timothy (June 2002). "The ideological composition of the Parliamentary Conservative Party 1992–97". British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 4 (2): 299–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-856X.t01-1-00006">10.1111/1467-856X.t01-1-00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144304577">144304577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft.atitle=The+ideological+composition+of+the+Parliamentary+Conservative+Party+1992%E2%80%9397&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-324&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-856X.t01-1-00006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144304577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heppell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Raimondo, Enemy 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> See Raimondo, Enemy; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Brian Doherty</a>, Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement (New York: Public Affairs 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Raimondo, Enemy 372-83. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Doherty 565-569. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Murray N. Rothbard, "Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty," Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought 1.1 (Spring 1965): 4–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Roderick T. Long, "Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later" (Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Raimondo, Enemy 295–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Raimondo, Enemy 266–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Doherty 561-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Murray Rothbard, letter to David Bergland, 5 June 1986, qtd. Raimondo 263-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. "The Case for Paleo-libertarianism" in <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1987)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1987)">Liberty</a> magazine, January 1990, 34–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Kenny Johnsson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/liberal-post-interview.html">Do You Consider Yourself a Libertarian?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804094434/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2007/05/lew-rockwell/do-you-consider-yourself-a-libertarian/">Archived</a> 4 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, interview with Lew Rockwell, 25 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> (2 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/paleoism.html">"What I Learned from Paleoism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611091825/http://www.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/paleoism.html">Archived</a> 11 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 2 May 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 2001) 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/daily/1792">My Battle With The Thought Police</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028052720/http://mises.org/daily/1792">Archived</a> 28 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Mises Daily (Mises Institute, 12 April 2005). The quoted material in the text was intended as an elaboration of an earlier discussion in Democracy; Hoppe noted that "a few sentences" of Democracy: The God that Failed address that point and noted: "In its proper context these statements are hardly more offensive than saying that the Catholic Church should excommunicate those violating its fundamental precepts or that a nudist colony should expel those insisting on wearing bathing suits." In Democracy, he suggests that in a stateless society, it would make sense for people forming communities "for the purpose of protecting family and kin" to eschew "tolerance toward those habitually promoting lifestyles incompatible with this goal." He stated that "the advocates of alternative, non-family-centered lifestyles such as, for instance, individual hedonism, parasitism, nature-environment worship, homosexuality, or communism—will have to be physically removed from society, too, if one is to maintain a libertarian order." Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction 2001) 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Stephan Kinsella, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/hoppe-on-covenant-communities-and-advocates-of-alternative-lifestyles/">Hoppe on Covenant Communities and Advocates of Alternative Lifestyles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001203619/https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/hoppe-on-covenant-communities-and-advocates-of-alternative-lifestyles/">Archived</a> 1 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," LewRockwell.com (n.p, 26 May 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Walter Block, "A Libertarian Case for Free Immigration," Journal of Libertarian Studies 13.2 (Sum. 1998): 167–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "Natural Order, the State, and the Immigration Problem," Journal of Libertarian Studies 16.1 (Winter 2002): 75–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Hoppe, "Immigration" 93n23. Proponents of open borders, he maintained, "were initially drawn to libertarianism as juveniles because of its 'antiauthoritarianism' (trust no authority) and seeming 'tolerance,' in particular toward 'alternative'—nonbourgeois—lifestyles. As adults, they have been arrested in this phase of mental development They express special 'sensitivity' in every manner of discrimination and are not inhibited in using the power of the central state to impose non-discrimination or 'civil rights' statutes on society. Consequently, by prohibiting other property owners from discrimination as they see fit, they are allowed to live at others' expense. They can indulge in their 'alternative' lifestyle without having to pay the 'normal' price for such conduct, i.e., discrimination and exclusion. To legitimize this course of action, they insist that one lifestyle is as good and acceptable as another. This leads first to multiculturalism, then to cultural relativism, and finally to 'open borders.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Hoppe, Democracy. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Edward Feser, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/feser2.html">What Libertarianism Isn't</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513092018/http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/feser2.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," LewRockwell.com (n.p., 22 December 2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Klausner, Manuel (July 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1975/07/01/inside-ronald-reagan/">"Inside Ronald Reagan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065225/https://reason.com/1975/07/01/inside-ronald-reagan/">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved 2 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon">"The Reagan Phenomenon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143937/https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Free Life: The Journal of the Libertarian Alliance. Libertarian Alliance. '4 (1): 1–7. Retrieved 20 September 2020 – via the Mises Institute. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Riggenbach, Jeff (5 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-%E2%80%94-and-after">"The Reagan Fraud – and After"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143938/https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-and-after">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Weltch, Matt (9 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/">"Rothbard on Reagan in Reason"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001221800/https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/">Archived</a> 1 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reason. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 20 September 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols_1987-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_1987_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_1987_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_1987_284-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Bruce (15 March 1987). "Ron Paul Wants to Get Americans Thinking: Republican-Turned-Libertarian Seeks Presidency". <a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul+Wants+to+Get+Americans+Thinking%3A+Republican-Turned-Libertarian+Seeks+Presidency&rft.date=1987-03-15&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Kilborn, Peter T. (17 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/us-turns-into-debtor-nation.html">"U.S. Turns Into Debtor Nation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213151724/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/business/us-turns-into-debtor-nation.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York times. Retrieved 2 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Johnston, Oswald (17 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-17-mn-20088-story.html">"Big Trade Deficit Turns U.S. Into Debtor Nation: First Time Since 1914"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090052/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-17-mn-20088-story.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_1988-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_1988_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_1988_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1988" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Jerry (17 September 1988). "Libertarian Candidate Rolls Out His Values". San Francisco Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Candidate+Rolls+Out+His+Values&rft.date=1988-09-17&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_1988-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_1988_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_1988_288-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1988" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, J. Michael (10 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html">"Politics 88: Hopeless Presidential Race: Libertarian Plods On – Alone and Unheard"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143935/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Politics+88%3A+Hopeless+Presidential+Race%3A+Libertarian+Plods+On+%E2%80%93+Alone+and+Unheard&rft.date=1988-05-10&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kutzmann_1988_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kutzmann_1988_289-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kutzmann_1988_289-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutzmann1988" class="citation news cs1">Kutzmann, David M. (24 May 1988). "Small Party Battles Big Government Libertarian Candidate Opposes Intrusion into Private Lives". San Jose Mercury News. p. 12A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Small+Party+Battles+Big+Government+Libertarian+Candidate+Opposes+Intrusion+into+Private+Lives&rft.pages=12A&rft.date=1988-05-24&rft.aulast=Kutzmann&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> In 2008, Paul was reported to conclude his campaign stump "speeches with a three-part paean to individualism: 'I don't want to run your life,' 'I don't want to run the economy,' and 'I don't want to run the world.'" See <a href="/wiki/Julian_Sanchez_(writer)" title="Julian Sanchez (writer)">Julian Sanchez</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Weigel" title="David Weigel">David Weigel</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2008/01/16/who-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter">Who Wrote Ron Paul's Newsletters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026184333/http://reason.com/archives/2008/01/16/who-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter">Archived</a> 26 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Reason (Reason Foundation, 16 January 2008). The primary focus of the article is the ongoing controversy over the authorship of racially charged statements contained in newsletters published by Paul between around 1989 and 1994; the article cites various sources identifying <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> as the author, as well as Rockwell's denial of authorship and his characterization of attempts to raise the issue as "hysterical smears." </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul314.html">The Immigration Question</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512042636/http://www.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul314.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," LewRockwell.Com (n.p., 4 April 2006). For a critique, see Block, "Libertarianism" 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Justin Raimondo, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://original.antiwar.com/justin/2008/03/07/confessions-of-an-obama-cultist/">Confessions of an Obama Cultist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317170749/http://original.antiwar.com/justin/2008/03/07/confessions-of-an-obama-cultist/">Archived</a> 17 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," AntiWar.Com (Randolph Bourne Institute, 8 March 2008); Raimondo, Reclaiming. The openly gay Raimondo—see Justin Raimondo, In Praise of Outlaws: Rebuilding Gay Liberation (San Francisco: Students for a Libertarian Society 1979)—may be as dismissive of so-called "beltway libertarianism" as Rockwell, but he shows no signs of uncritically embracing the right-libertarianism of Hoppe and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsp.org/">"Liberty Lives in New Hampshire"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712132437/https://www.fsp.org/">Archived</a> 12 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Free State Project. Retrieved July 12, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://granitestateprogress.org/2017/04/24/media-memo-free-state-project-members-make-up-disproportionate-percentage-of-nh-freedom-caucus/">"Media Memo: Free State Project Members Make Up Disproportionate Percentage of NH Freedom Caucus"</a>. 24 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705023631/https://granitestateprogress.org/2017/04/24/media-memo-free-state-project-members-make-up-disproportionate-percentage-of-nh-freedom-caucus/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Memo%3A+Free+State+Project+Members+Make+Up+Disproportionate+Percentage+of+NH+Freedom+Caucus&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgranitestateprogress.org%2F2017%2F04%2F24%2Fmedia-memo-free-state-project-members-make-up-disproportionate-percentage-of-nh-freedom-caucus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhliberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_Liberty_Rating.pdf">"New Hampshire 2021 Liberty Ranking"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185641/https://www.nhliberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_Liberty_Rating.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Hampshire+2021+Liberty+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnhliberty.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2F2021_Liberty_Rating.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concordmonitor.com/Sununu-and-the-far-right-38171252">"My Turn: Sununu must stop enabling white nationalism, anti-government extremism"</a>. 10 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202135302/https://www.concordmonitor.com/Sununu-and-the-far-right-38171252">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Turn%3A+Sununu+must+stop+enabling+white+nationalism%2C+anti-government+extremism&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordmonitor.com%2FSununu-and-the-far-right-38171252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/young-americans-for-liberty-celebrates-victory-for-right-to-work-in-new-hampshire-301235070.html">"Young Americans for Liberty Celebrates Victory for Right to Work in New Hampshire!"</a> (Press release). 24 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525051312/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/young-americans-for-liberty-celebrates-victory-for-right-to-work-in-new-hampshire-301235070.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Americans+for+Liberty+Celebrates+Victory+for+Right+to+Work+in+New+Hampshire%21&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fyoung-americans-for-liberty-celebrates-victory-for-right-to-work-in-new-hampshire-301235070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmur.com/article/nh-primary-source-americans-for-prosperity-endorses-sununu-wheeler-6-house-candidates/33470334#">"NH Primary Source: Americans for Prosperity-NH endorses Sununu, Wheeler, 6 House candidates"</a>. 30 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NH+Primary+Source%3A+Americans+for+Prosperity-NH+endorses+Sununu%2C+Wheeler%2C+6+House+candidates&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmur.com%2Farticle%2Fnh-primary-source-americans-for-prosperity-endorses-sununu-wheeler-6-house-candidates%2F33470334%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_1993-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_1993_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_1993_299-1">b</a> Friedman, Jeffrey (1993). "What's Wrong with Libertarianism". Critical Review. 11 (3). p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sterba_1994-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sterba_1994_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sterba_1994_300-1">b</a> Sterba, James P. (October 1994). "From Liberty to Welfare". Ethics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell. 105 (1): 237–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-Patridge_2004-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patridge_2004_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patridge_2004_301-1">b</a> Partridge, Ernest (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gadfly.igc.org/papers/liberty.htm">"With Liberty and Justice for Some"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821162653/http://gadfly.igc.org/papers/liberty.htm">Archived</a> 21 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Zimmerman, Michael; Callicott, Baird; Warren, Karen; Klaver, Irene; Clark, John. Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology (4th ed.). Pearson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131126954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131126954">978-0131126954</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff_2006-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_2006_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_2006_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, Jonathan (22 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112210848/http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/92/1605.pdf">"Libertarianism, Utility, and Economic Competition"</a> (PDF). Virginia Law Review. 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Harvard University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674037304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674037304"><bdi>978-0674037304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Progressive+Assault+on+Laissez+Faire%3A+Robert+Hale+and+the+First+Law+and+Economics+Movement&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674037304&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruenig_October_2013-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruenig_October_2013_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruenig_October_2013_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082051/https://www.demos.org/blog/10/28/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion">"Libertarians Are Huge Fans of Economic Coercion"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians+Are+Huge+Fans+of+Economic+Coercion&rft.pub=Demos&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.org%2Fblog%2F10%2F28%2F13%2Flibertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruening_November_2013-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruening_November_2013_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruening_November_2013_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (17 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065938/https://www.demos.org/blog/11/17/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force">"Libertarians are Huge Fans of Initiating Force"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians+are+Huge+Fans+of+Initiating+Force&rft.pub=Demos&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.org%2Fblog%2F11%2F17%2F13%2Flibertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Liu, Eric; Hanauer, Nick (7 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evonomics.com/complexity-economics-shows-us-that-laissez-faire-fail-nickhanauer/">"Complexity Economics Shows Us Why Laissez-Faire Economics Always Fails"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426011950/http://evonomics.com/complexity-economics-shows-us-that-laissez-faire-fail-nickhanauer/">Archived</a> 26 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Evonomics. Retrieved 10 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2015" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, Schneider-Mayerson (2015). Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226285573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226285573"><bdi>978-0226285573</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922640625">922640625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Oil%3A+Apocalyptic+Environmentalism+and+Libertarian+Political+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922640625&rft.isbn=978-0226285573&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Schneider-Mayerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaradat2015" class="citation book cs1">Baradat, Leon P. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596915800" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596915800"><bdi>978-1596915800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckley%3A+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+and+the+Rise+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1596915800&rft.aulast=Bogus&rft.aufirst=Carl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckleywilliamfb0000bogu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Caplan, Bryan (2008). "Friedman, David (1945–)". 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Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; Cato Institute. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n117">10.4135/9781412965811.n117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friedman%2C+David+%281945%E2%80%93%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n117&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2012" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&q=right-libertarianism&pg=PA1006">"Libertarianism"</a>. In Miller, Wilburn R. (ed.). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications; Cato Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412988766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412988766"><bdi>978-1412988766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+Crime+and+Punishment+in+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1412988766&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYME6Z35nyAC%26q%3Dright-libertarianism%26pg%3DPA1006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Leon1978" class="citation book cs1">De Leon, David (1978). <a href="/wiki/The_American_as_Anarchist:_Reflections_on_Indigenous_Radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism">The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+as+Anarchist%3A+Reflections+on+Indigenous+Radicalism&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=De+Leon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickersonFlanaganO'Neill2009" class="citation book cs1">Dickerson, M. O.; Flanagan, Thomas; O'Neill, Brenda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontogo0000dick_h1m6">An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0176500429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0176500429"><bdi>978-0176500429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Government+and+Politics%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0176500429&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=M.+O.&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+Thomas&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontogo0000dick_h1m6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Doherty, Brian</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement</a>. London: Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786731886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786731886"><bdi>978-0786731886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicals+for+Capitalism%3A+A+Freewheeling+History+of+the+Modern+American+Libertarian+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0786731886&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodway2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodway, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&q=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA4">Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward</a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846310256" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846310256"><bdi>978-1846310256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Seeds+Beneath+the+Snow%3A+Left-Libertarian+Thought+and+British+Writers+from+William+Morris+to+Colin+Ward&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1846310256&rft.aulast=Goodway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgya85u7S-4C%26q%3Danarcho-capitalism%2Bright%2Blibertarian%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2004" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2004). Political Theory, Third Edition: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333961803" title="Special:BookSources/0333961803"><bdi>0333961803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Theory%2C+Third+Edition%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0333961803&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2015" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eslwriting.org/wp-content/chapter2-political-ideas-and-ideologies.pdf">"Political Ideas and Ideologies"</a> (PDF). Politics. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199264797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199264797"><bdi>978-0199264797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=libertarianism%2C+left-&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199264797&rft.aulast=Kymlicka&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongMachan2008" class="citation book cs1">Long, Roderick T.; Machan, Tibor R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUev30VZ04kC&q=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&pg=PR7">Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754660668" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754660668"><bdi>978-0754660668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%2FMinarchism%3A+Is+a+Government+Part+of+a+Free+Country%3F&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0754660668&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rft.au=Machan%2C+Tibor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUev30VZ04kC%26q%3Danarcho-capitalism%2Blibertarian%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1987" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (1987). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631179443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631179443"><bdi>978-0631179443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0631179443&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Andrew (2008). "Anarcho-Capitalism". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a>. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; Cato Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarcho-Capitalism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2010" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Saul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&q=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA43">The Politics of Postanarchism'</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748634958" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748634958"><bdi>978-0748634958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Postanarchism%27&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0748634958&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiqBiViUsOkC%26q%3Danarcho-capitalism%2Bright%2Blibertarian%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringham2007" class="citation book cs1">Stringham, Edward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&q=anarcho-capitalism+market+anarchism">Anarchy And the Law: The Political Economy of Choice</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412805797" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412805797"><bdi>978-1412805797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy+And+the+Law%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Choice&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1412805797&rft.aulast=Stringham&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnft4e62nicsC%26q%3Danarcho-capitalism%2Bmarket%2Banarchism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallentyne2007" class="citation book cs1">Vallentyne, Peter (2007). "Libertarianism and the State". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zeMtG8KxqA8C">Liberalism: Old and New: Volume 24</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521703055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521703055"><bdi>978-0521703055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism+and+the+State&rft.btitle=Liberalism%3A+Old+and+New%3A+Volume+24&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521703055&rft.aulast=Vallentyne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeMtG8KxqA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Haar2015" class="citation book cs1">Van de Haar, Edwin (2015). Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412855754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412855754"><bdi>978-1412855754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Degrees+of+Freedom%3A+Liberal+Political+Philosophy+and+Ideology&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1412855754&rft.aulast=Van+de+Haar&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWündisch2014" class="citation book cs1">Wündisch, Joachim (2014). Towards a Right-Libertarian Welfare State. Mentis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3897858442" title="Special:BookSources/978-3897858442"><bdi>978-3897858442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Right-Libertarian+Welfare+State&rft.pub=Mentis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3897858442&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCndisch&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-libertarianism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li>Right</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarian capitalism</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-libertarianism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a> (1973–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neoliberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoliberalism" title="Template:Neoliberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoliberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Neoliberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neoliberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago School (economics)">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&oldid=1258002048">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-libertarianism&oldid=1258002048</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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[\"CITEREFHolcombe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudelson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuebert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirbyEkins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnappWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonkin_III\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkin1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutzmann1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKymlicka2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongMachan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltzer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicthell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriss2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettlau1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNozick1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtero2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapierz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlauché2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaico2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggenbach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Leeson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockwell1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchezWeigel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchezWeigel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheffield2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingleton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStringham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTame1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTannehillTannehill1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownshend2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallentyne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_Haar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVance2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWündisch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoe_Baker2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Aspects of capitalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonscatinline\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 35,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Main articles\"] = 1,\n [\"Neoliberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Seealso\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 29,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 85,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","18.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","6.0"],["recursiveClone 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