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</a> <ul id="toc-Chief_of_Army_Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_withdrawal_and_Afghan_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_withdrawal_and_Afghan_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Soviet withdrawal and Afghan war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_withdrawal_and_Afghan_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_in_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_in_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Gulf War in Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_in_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Post-military career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-military_career-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Awards and decorations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and decorations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature subsection </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mirza Aslam Beg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mirza Aslam Beg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="مرزا اسلم بیگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مرزا اسلم بیگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%90%DA%AF" title="مرزا اسلم بېگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مرزا اسلم بېگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бек, Аслам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бек, Аслам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AF" title="مرزا اسلم بيگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مرزا اسلم بيگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mirza Aslam Beg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="مرزا اسلم بیگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرزا اسلم بیگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Pakistan Army general (born 1928)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mirza Aslam Beg</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz" title="Nishan-e-Imtiaz">NI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat" title="Sitara-e-Basalat">Sbt</a> <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">LoM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirza_Aslam_Beg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Mirza_Aslam_Beg.png/190px-Mirza_Aslam_Beg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Mirza_Aslam_Beg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 August 1988 – 16 August 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz_Janjua" title="Asif Nawaz Janjua">Asif Nawaz Janjua</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Vice Chief of Army Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 29 March 1987 – 17 August 1988</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mirza Aslam Beg</div> (1928-02-15) 15 February 1928 (age 96) <a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh district</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (Now <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shibli_National_College,_Azamgarh" title="Shibli National College, Azamgarh">Shibli National College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan"> National Defence University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">General Baig</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1949–1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg/10px-OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg/15px-OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg/20px-OF-9_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:General_of_Armies_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/General_of_Armies_insignia.svg/30px-General_of_Armies_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/General_of_Armies_insignia.svg/45px-General_of_Armies_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/General_of_Armies_insignia.svg/60px-General_of_Armies_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a> <a href="/wiki/General_(Pakistan)" title="General (Pakistan)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Baloch_1h1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baloch_1h1.jpg/15px-Baloch_1h1.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baloch_1h1.jpg/23px-Baloch_1h1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baloch_1h1.jpg/30px-Baloch_1h1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="547" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">Baloch Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General">Adjutant General</a> at <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan Army)">Army GHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff (CGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XI Corps (Pakistan)">XI Corps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior professor">Chief Instructor</a> (CI) at <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University,_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defense University, Islamabad">NDU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Structure of the Pakistan Army">14th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okara_Cantonment" title="Okara Cantonment">Okara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">First Afghan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1989)" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1989)">Battle of Jalalabad</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png/30px-Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png/45px-Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png/60px-Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a><a href="/wiki/Nishan-i-Imtiaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishan-i-Imtiaz">Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png/30px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png/45px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png/60px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sitara-e-Basalat.png/30px-Sitara-e-Basalat.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sitara-e-Basalat.png/45px-Sitara-e-Basalat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sitara-e-Basalat.png/60px-Sitara-e-Basalat.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a><a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat" title="Sitara-e-Basalat">Sitara-e-Basalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/30px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/45px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/60px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/30px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/45px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/60px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a><a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit" title="Order of National Security Merit">Tong-il Security Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_King_Abdulaziz,_1st_Class_(Saudi_Arabia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/30px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/45px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/60px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a><a href="/wiki/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz" title="Order of King Abdulaziz">Order of King Abdulaziz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mirza Aslam Beg (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: مرزا اسلم بیگ; born 15 February 1928) <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz" title="Nishan-e-Imtiaz">NI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">HI(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat" title="Sitara-e-Basalat">SBt</a> <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">LoM</a>, also known as M. A. Beg, is a retired <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/Four-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star rank">four-star</a> general who served as the third <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> from 1988 until his retirement in 1991. His appointment as chief of army staff came when his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">died in an air crash</a> on 17 August 1988. Beg's tenure witnessed <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> being elected <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> in November 1988, and the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan" title="Democracy in Pakistan">democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control of the military</a> in the country. Controversial accusations were leveled against him of financing the <a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islamic Democracy Alliance</a> (IDA), the conservative and right-wing opposition alliance against <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a>, and rigging subsequent <a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan-2">[2]</a> As a result of general elections, <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> was elected Prime Minister in 1990, but fell out with Beg when the latter recommended support for <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Beg was denied an extension from President <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> soon after in 1991, and replaced by General <a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif Nawaz">Asif Nawaz</a> as chief of army staff.<a href="#cite_note-Faruqui-4">[4]</a> Apart from his military career, Beg briefly tenured as professor of <a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">security studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence University, Islamabad">National Defence University</a> (NDU) and regularly writes columns in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Pakistan)" title="The Nation (Pakistan)">The Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-THe_Nation-5">[5]</a> Beg's post-retirement has been characterized by controversies: first, Beg was accused of playing an internal role in the airplane crash that killed President Zia,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and, second, he was summoned to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> in 2012 for his alleged role in releasing the <a href="/wiki/Mehran_Bank_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehran Bank scandal">financial funding</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Democratic_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Democratic Alliance">conservative politicians</a> as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a>'s politicians during the <a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> held in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_in_India_and_education">Early life in India and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life in India and education">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Royal Family">Mughal Royal Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> Mirza Aslam Beg was born in the small village, Muslimpatti,<a href="#cite_note-Twocicles.net-10">[10]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu speaking">Urdu-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahajir_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajir (Pakistan)">Muhajir</a> family that was well known for its <a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_nobility" title="Category:Mughal nobility">Mughal nobility</a>, on 15 February 1928.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a> His father, Mirza Murtaza Beg, was an <a href="/wiki/Advocate" title="Advocate">advocate</a> and practicing lawyer who had held a well known prestige and respected name in the law circles of the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-One_Pakistan-13">[13]</a> The Baig's family had traced a long ancestral roots of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Royal Family">Mughal royal family</a> who once were emperors of India from the early 15th century to the early 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Azamgarh" title="Azamgarh">Azamgarh</a> where he graduated from a local high school and enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Shibli_National_College,_Azamgarh" title="Shibli National College, Azamgarh">Shibli National College</a> for his undergraduate studies, in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> Subsequently, he earned <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (BA) degree in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Arts">Liberal Arts</a> from Shibli National College in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> During his college years, Mirza played collegiate <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> and was vital member of his hockey team which consisted mainly Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> According to his memories, Beg sought revenge on a Hindu politician belonging to <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> after the politician had beaten up a member of his hockey team.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> Egged on by a mob of students, Beg used his hockey stick to beat up the politician at a public meeting.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> This incident came after his graduation from college in 1949, and Beg's family decided to move to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in 1949 after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian partition</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March71.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/March71.PNG/250px-March71.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/March71.PNG/375px-March71.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/March71.PNG/500px-March71.PNG 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI's Map</a> of East Pakistan in 1971. Beg, then-<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">Lt-Col.</a>, had been very critical of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Eastern Command">Eastern Command</a>'s interference in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Pakistan" title="Government of East Pakistan">Govt. of East Pakistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Beg family set sailed for <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> via <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pakistan_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Pakistan Navy">Royal Pakistan Navy</a> ship in 1949. His elder brother was already a <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and encouraged young Beg to follow his path to seek a career in the army.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> Beg recalled his memoirs to his Indian interviewer and called Pakistan as "my dream country".<a href="#cite_note-Outlook_India-15">[15]</a> In 1950, Beg was accepted at the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Military_Academy" title="Pakistan Military Academy">Pakistan Military Academy</a> (PMA) in <a href="/wiki/Kakul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakul">Kakul</a>, graduating from a class of 6th PMA Long Course in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-Defence_Journal_Pakistan-16">[16]</a> In 1952, he gained a commission as <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">2Lt.</a> in the 6 <a href="/wiki/Baloch_Regiment" title="Baloch Regiment">Baloch Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and initially assisted the command of an infantry <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a> From 1952 to 1958, he progressed well toward the military ranks, having been promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">army lieutenant</a> in 1956; and <a href="/wiki/Army_captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Army captain">army captain</a> in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a> He received recommendations from his field commanding officer for the selection by the special branch to join the special forces, and departed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1958 to complete the special forces training with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">Special Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bragg">Fort Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a> In 1960, Major Beg returned to Pakistan and joined the elite <a href="/wiki/Special_Services_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Services Group">Army Special Service Group</a> (SSG), initially commanding a <a href="/wiki/Company_commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Company commander">company</a> that specialized in military infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-Defence_Journal_Pakistan-16">[16]</a> Major Beg was deployed in <a href="/wiki/FATA" class="mw-redirect" title="FATA">Western Pakistan</a>, in areas adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where his first combat experience took place when he led his company in removing the <a href="/wiki/Dir_District" title="Dir District">Nawab of Dir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North-West Frontier Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Defence_Journal_Pakistan-16">[16]</a> In 1965, Major Beg served well in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">second war</a> with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and led the Special Forces team against the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia_and_professorship">Academia and professorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academia and professorship">edit</a>]</div> In 1967, Major Beg was promoted as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">Lieutenant-Colonel</a>, eventually sent to attend the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a> (NDU) to continue his higher education, alongside then-<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Zahid Ali Akbar</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Engineering_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering officer">engineering officer</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-National_Defence_University_(NDU);_Armed_Forces_War_College-17">[17]</a> After attending the Armed Forces War College and graduated with <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic studies</a> in 1971, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">Lt.Col.</a> Beg was stationed in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East-Pakistan</a> to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Military_adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Military adviser">military adviser</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Eastern Command">Eastern Command</a> led by its <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding-in-Chief">GOC-in-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">A.A.K. Niazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">[18]</a> Upon arriving and <a href="/wiki/Military_observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military observer">observing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">military deployments and actions</a>, Lt.Col. Beg became very critical of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Gen. Niazi</a>'s strategy and eventually became involved in acrimonious argument with his <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">Gen. Niazi</a>'s staff in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dacca</a>, having been very critical of armed forces interference in the political events in East.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">[18]</a> His open mindedness and arguments with his senior officer eventually led his transfer back to Pakistan and was threatened with facing the <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">[18]</a> In 1971, he commanded an infantry regiment in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">third war</a> with India but was sent back to attend the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a> where he became even more involved with his studies.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">[18]</a> In 1971–72, he earned his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a> in <a href="/wiki/War_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="War Studies">War Studies</a>, defending and publishing his thesis, entitled: "A journey of pain and fear" which provide critical analysis of <a href="/wiki/State_sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="State sponsored terrorism">state sponsored terrorism</a> and its effects on geo-military positions of the countries.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Lt. Col. Beg left the <a href="/wiki/Special_Services_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Services Group">special forces</a>, and accepted the professorship on war studies at the NDU in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-''National_Defence_University,_Islamabad''-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brig.</a> Beg tenured as the professor on the <a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">war studies</a> and remained Chief Instructor of Armed Forces War College at the then <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence University, Islamabad">National Defence University</a> until January 1978.<a href="#cite_note-''National_Defence_University,_Islamabad''-20">[20]</a> About the 1971 war, Beg maintained that the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> "learned a valuable strategic lesson", and that quoted that the government also learned that "there is no point in going to war unless you are absolutely certain you have the capability to win".<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_2009-21">[21]</a> From 1994 to 1999, Beg continued his teaching at NDU and published his two books on national security, nuclear weapons development, defence diplomacy and international relations.<a href="#cite_note-FRIENDS_Publication-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_for_Research_and_National_Development_and_Security,_FRIENDS-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_Command_appointments">War and Command appointments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War and Command appointments">edit</a>]</div> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brig.</a> Beg left the professorship at the university and was promoted into the two-star command appointment in the army.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_1978-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> Beg was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding">GOC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Structure of the Pakistan Army">14th Army Division</a>, stationed at the <a href="/wiki/Okara_Cantonment" title="Okara Cantonment">Okara Military District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab Province</a> in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_1978-24">[24]</a> In March 1979, chief of army staff, General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>, directed the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="II Corps (Pakistan)">II Strike Corps</a>' "to ascertain the likely reaction of the Pakistan Armed Forces officers if Bhutto was hanged", in accordance to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a>'s verdict.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_1978-24">[24]</a> During this meeting, Major-General Beg objected to the hanging of Bhutto and maintained to his senior commanders that: "The hanging of Bhutto would be an unwise act, as it could cause very serious "political aberrations" that will be difficult to correct.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_1978-24">[24]</a> In 1979, Major-General Beg was moved at <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan Army)">Army GHQ</a>, taking over the staff appointment as an <a href="/wiki/Adjutant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant-General">Adjutant-General</a>, which he served until 1980.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_1978-24">[24]</a> He was later elevated as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff (CGS)</a>, remained in charge of operational planning of the counter-offensive to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Indian invasion of Siachen</a> marking the beginnings of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1985, Major-General Beg was elevated to three-star promotion and was appointed as Corp's Commander of the <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XI Corps (Pakistan)">XI Corps</a>, that stationed in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, which had role in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">indirect war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> in Afghanistan, since 1980.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to the military authors and Pakistani historians' accounts, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> Beg was extremely distrusted by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>, mainly due to his open-mindedness and his <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan" title="Democracy in Pakistan">pro-democracy</a> views, at one point, advising President Zia to "rendezvous with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Pakistan" title="History of East Pakistan">nation's history</a> and democratize the country."<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">[18]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> Beg was in the race for the promotion of four-star appointment, along with Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Zahid Ali Akbar</a>, but was overlooked by President Zia who wanted to <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Lt.Gen. Akbar</a> for the four-star appointment as chief of army staff.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">[18]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Khan Junejo">M.K. Junejo</a> eventually used his prerogative to appoint <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> Mirza Aslam Beg as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">vice-army chief</a> on merit, despite President Zia wanting Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Zahid Ali Akbar</a> who was sent to <a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Science and Technology Organization">DESTO</a>.: 73 <a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_of_Army_Staff">Chief of Army Staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief of Army Staff">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_Mirza_Aslam_Beg_visiting_Pakistan_Army_Unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gen_Mirza_Aslam_Beg_visiting_Pakistan_Army_Unit.jpg/300px-Gen_Mirza_Aslam_Beg_visiting_Pakistan_Army_Unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gen_Mirza_Aslam_Beg_visiting_Pakistan_Army_Unit.jpg/450px-Gen_Mirza_Aslam_Beg_visiting_Pakistan_Army_Unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gen_Mirza_Aslam_Beg_visiting_Pakistan_Army_Unit.jpg/600px-Gen_Mirza_Aslam_Beg_visiting_Pakistan_Army_Unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">COAS</a>, visiting <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> formation in 1991.</figcaption></figure> In March 1987, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Khan Junejo">Mohammad Junejo</a> announced in the <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">news media</a> of appointing <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> Beg as a <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Vice Chief of Army Staff</a>, promoting him as the <a href="/wiki/Four-star_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star general">four-star</a> rank general in the army.: 278 <a href="#cite_note-Sang-i_Meel_Publications,_Akhtar-27">[27]</a> Though, General Beg did not supersede anyone and was the most senior, the promotion was notable due to the opposition shown by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> who wanted Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Zahid Ali Akbar</a>, an engineer, as vice army chief.: 278 <a href="#cite_note-Sang-i_Meel_Publications,_Akhtar-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_2009-21">[21]</a> Despite his four-star command assignment, General Beg had to report his duties and decisions to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">President Zia</a> who had been army chief since 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Ashgate-28">[28]</a> Eventually, General Beg succeeded President Zia as the new army chief and the command of the army when the latter <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">died in an accidental plane crash</a> on 17 August 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Special_to_the_New_York_Times-29">[29]</a> American military authors regarded Beg as "mild but bookish general" keen to drive the country towards the tracks of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-SecretHistory-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a> regarded Beg as an "Unpredictable General"<a href="#cite_note-Special_to_the_New_York_Times-29">[29]</a> could not be counted on to continue close <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">military cooperation</a> with the United States as Zia did in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Special_to_the_New_York_Times-29">[29]</a> The Pentagon had commented on Beg as "a professional soldier" with no political ambitions, but independent-minded and unpredictable.<a href="#cite_note-Special_to_the_New_York_Times-29">[29]</a> In 1988, one <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> military official added that "Beg is hard to figure out and difficult to read his mindset unlike other Pakistan army generals, he hasn't been particularly friendly with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Special_to_the_New_York_Times-29">[29]</a> Against the popular perception to take over, Beg endorsed <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> as president and ultimately called for new <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> which resulted in a peaceful democratic transfer of government to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) with <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Publ.-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superintendent_of_Documents,_U.S._Gov._Print._Off.-32">[32]</a> Beg did not consult any of his corps commanders or principal staff officers (PSOs) and called on the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Ahmed_Sirohey" title="Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey">Iftikhar Sirohey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a> Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hakimullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimullah">Hakimullah</a>, to discuss the matter briefly and within three hours of General Zia-ul-Haq's death, restored the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> and handed over power to <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_June_19,_2011-33">[33]</a> It was an unprecedented decision in favour of democracy and the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_June_19,_2011-33">[33]</a> Mirza Aslam Beg was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> who confirmed his four-star appointment as chief of army staff until 1991, when he was replaced by General <a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif Nawaz">Asif Nawaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Superintendent_of_Documents,_U.S._Gov._Print._Off.-32">[32]</a> Unlike General Zia, Beg initiated a massive re-evaluation and education training program for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">inter-services</a> officers.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-34">[34]</a> In 1988, Beg's personal initiatives led to sending of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">inter-services</a> officers to Western universities for advanced degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-34">[34]</a> By 1991, several of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">inter-services</a> officers had gained <a href="/wiki/Post_graduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Post graduate">post-graduate</a> degree in operational and technical training.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-34">[34]</a> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> conferred Beg with a specially designated civil award for Mirza Aslam Beg for restoring democracy in Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Civil_decorations_of_Pakistan" title="Civil decorations of Pakistan">Tamgha-e-Jamhuriat</a> (lit. Medal of Democracy).<a href="#cite_note-The_News_International-35">[35]</a> In fact, Beg is the only one in Pakistan, and yet the only four-star army general to have been decorated with such an honour.<a href="#cite_note-The_News_International-35">[35]</a> Although Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was criticized for decorating a four-star general with a civilian award, she used to justify her decision, saying that Beg deserved this honour because he refrained from indulging in yet another military adventure like Zia and instead helped Pakistan to a <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> through general elections.<a href="#cite_note-The_News_International-35">[35]</a> On 16 August 1991, General Beg retired from his military serving, completing 41 years of service, and handing over command to General <a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz_Janjua" title="Asif Nawaz Janjua">Asif Nawaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Faruqui-4">[4]</a> As an <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">army chief</a>, General Beg is credited by an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> expert for encouraging "wider thinking about tactics" within the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>, particularly for establishing a much improved logistics chain and "contributed immensely to the army's warfighting capabilities".<a href="#cite_note-Faruqui-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_withdrawal_and_Afghan_war">Soviet withdrawal and Afghan war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet withdrawal and Afghan war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1989%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)">Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-Soviet_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-Soviet Union relations">Pakistan-Soviet Union relations</a></div> As chief of army staff, Beg determinately retained the military's control over the policies regarding the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Council of Pakistan">national security of Pakistan</a>, and dictated Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>'s role in formulating the national security policies.<a href="#cite_note-SecretHistory-30">[30]</a> Beg testified that the "real causes behind the '<a href="/wiki/Pressler_amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressler amendment">Pressler amendment</a>' was significant as long as Pakistan was considered an important entity of weakening <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s influence in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-State_Univ._of_New_York_Press-36">[36]</a> Various writers greatly questioned his idea of "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">strategic depth</a>", which aim to transfer of Pakistan's military science command in dense Afghanistan, against the war with India.<a href="#cite_note-Burlington,_VT-37">[37]</a> Beg endorsed the role of his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gul" title="Hamid Gul">Hamid Gul</a> in Afghanistan war who masterminded the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1989%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)">Jalalabad operation</a> which failed brutally; Gul was deposed by Prime Minister Bhutto soon after this action.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Beg's role remained vital during and after the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">troop withdrawal</a> from Afghanistan and showed no intention to coordinate joint efforts with the U.S. to end the war in the country.<a href="#cite_note-PublicAffairs-39">[39]</a> In late 1989, Pakistan and U.S. propagated the message of departing of communist government in order to bring the clerical government instead.<a href="#cite_note-PublicAffairs-39">[39]</a> Authors and media reporters maintained that Beg controversially proposed an intelligence contingency plan between the agencies of <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Intelligence Service">Iran</a> that would grow into the "core of the Muslim world".<a href="#cite_note-PublicAffairs-39">[39]</a> Such idea was met with hostility in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Pakistan">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yacob Khan</a> and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto were the ones who objected and opposed to this idea.<a href="#cite_note-PublicAffairs-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War_in_Iraq">Gulf War in Iraq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gulf War in Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Storm_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Desert_Storm_Map.svg/250px-Desert_Storm_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Desert_Storm_Map.svg/375px-Desert_Storm_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Desert_Storm_Map.svg/500px-Desert_Storm_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Contingency map of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Iraq War in 1990</a>. Gen. Mirza was instrument in deploying and leading the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> against <a href="/wiki/Baathist_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Baathist Iraq">Iraq</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">U.N. Coalition</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1989, Beg drafted a contingency plan and organized a massive <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarb-e-Momin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarb-e-Momin">Exercise Zarb-e-Momin</a>, to prove the military solidarity contentions. One of the notable events as a stint as a chief of army staff during the end of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> took place in 1990, when Iraq <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> amidst political tensions between two Arab countries. Beg fully endorsed the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">military campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. In a briefing given to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a>, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> was joined, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively defeat and repel the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">American Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frankfort,_IL-40">[40]</a> Ironically, Beg accused the Western countries for encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, though he kept his armed forces fighting against Iraq in support to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Authors_Choice_Press-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Ghareeb-42">[42]</a> In 1990, he held state dinner for <a href="/wiki/USCENTCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="USCENTCOM">United States Central Command</a> (SCENTCOM) commander General <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a> where, together with <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Ahmed_Sirohey" title="Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey">Iftikhar Sirohey</a>, brief the USCENTCOM on <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> battle preparations and military operational capabilities of Pakistan armed forces in Saudi contingent.<a href="#cite_note-Bantam_Books-43">[43]</a> The Iraq war with Kuwait was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan and Beg carefully commanded and deployed the Pakistan Armed Forces' contingent forces during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Ghareeb-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Beg calculated that the popular opinion would be in favor of Iraq, as the anti-American sentiment in the Middle East began to grow at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Frankfort,_IL-40">[40]</a> But neither did Beg's strategic prediction come true nor did he get an extension.<a href="#cite_note-Frankfort,_IL-40">[40]</a> Soon after the end of Gulf war, Beg proceeded towards his retirement on 18 August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Frankfort,_IL-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-military_career">Post-military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-military career">edit</a>]</div> After failing to persuade the government for his extension, Beg's later political ambitions forced then-president <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> to nominate General <a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif Nawaz">Asif Nawaz</a> as the designated chief of army staff three months prior to his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan-2">[2]</a> After Beg's retirement he continued the professorship at <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a> in Islamabad, and remained active in country's political and military affairs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_of_conservative_politicians">Funding of conservative politicians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Funding of conservative politicians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mehran_Bank_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehran Bank scandal">Mehran Bank scandal</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Sharif_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sharif ministry">First Sharif administration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Democratic_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Democratic Alliance">Islamic Democratic Alliance</a></div> Soon after retiring from his military service in 1991, Beg earned the public criticism when the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a>'s politicians went on aired on several <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">news channels</a> of being charged on personally authorizing the intelligence funds <a href="/wiki/Mehran_Bank_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehran Bank scandal">to be released</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">conservative politicians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan-2">[2]</a> A lawsuit was filed by <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Khan" title="Asghar Khan">Asghar Khan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> against him, the former <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Director ISI</a> <a href="/wiki/Asad_Durrani" title="Asad Durrani">Asad Durrani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Younis_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Younis Habib">Younis Habib</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">accountant</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)">Ministry of Defence</a> in 1992, and official court inquiries began when the local Pakistani newspaper, alleging that the conservatives had received as much as ₨. 140 million to win over the "for-sale" leftists politicians.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan-2">[2]</a> In 1994, the official government investigations pursued further when <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Interior minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Naseerullah_Babar" title="Naseerullah Babar">Naseerullah Babar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bainazir_Bhuttoo_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Bainazir Bhuttoo Government">Benazir administration</a> disclosed this matter at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> while maintaining that "it was the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a> that had disbursed funds to purchase the loyalty of conservative mass and nationalist public figures to manipulate the <a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> held in 1990 and to bring the conservatives in race to compete with left-wing politicians in the country."<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan-2">[2]</a> It was reported that Gen. Beg had the <a href="/wiki/Younis_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Younis Habib">Younis Habib</a> released and deposited around ₨. 140 million in the Survey Section 202 account of <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence of Pakistan">Military Intelligence</a> (MI), with ₨. 6 million were channeled to accounts of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> including the bureaucracts: Syed Refaqat Hussain, <a href="/wiki/Roedad_Khan" title="Roedad Khan">Roedad Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ijlal_Haider_Zaidi" title="Ijlal Haider Zaidi">Ijlal Zaidi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers_case" title="Panama Papers case">second lawsuit</a> filed against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has connected him when <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Just.</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulzar_Ahmed" title="Gulzar Ahmed">Gulzar</a>, in his final verdict, reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Late] <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a>, the then-<a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, General Aslam Beg and General Asad Durrani acted in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> by facilitating a group of politicians and political parties, etc., to ensure their success against the rival candidates in the general election of 1990, for which they secured funds from Mr. Yunus Habib. Their acts have brought a bad name to Pakistan and professionality of the Armed Forces as well as intelligence agencies in the eyes of the nation, therefore, notwithstanding that they may have retired from service, the [Federal] Government shall take necessary steps under the Constitution and Law against them.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_proliferation_controversy">Nuclear proliferation controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclear proliferation controversy">edit</a>]</div> Internationally, Beg was widely criticised for his alleged involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Program_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Program of Iran">nuclear program of Iran</a>. A report in <a href="/wiki/The_Friday_Times" title="The Friday Times">The Friday Times</a> contends that after taking over as Chief of Army Staff, General Aslam Beg began lobbying about "such cooperation with Iran" on nuclear technology as a part of his "strategy of defiance" of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. As chief of army staff, Beg had initiated lectureship programs on physics, chemistry, mathematics and engineering for <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">inter-services officers</a>, by the Pakistani scientists serving their professors, to have better understanding on nuclear policy matters and policy development.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-34">[34]</a> Earlier, Beg had calculated that such cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> was popular and that, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf Arabs</a> were less popular as American clients in the region.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> General Beg had encouraged dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan to proliferate technology to Iran and North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> The speed with which he maintained the "new nuclear policy" leads one to speculate whether he simply wanted the "obstacle" of General Zia to disappear from the scene.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> General Zia did not know or received any payments of such agreement; in fact, Zia did not know if Beg was in act with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> Zia was deeply committed to the Arabs, especially to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, to create a restraint to contain the Iranian influence.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> According to Ahmad, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> was shocked that Beg had signed a secret nuclear deal with Iran without telling him; therefore, the Prime minister abrogated the cooperation and tightened the security watch on A.Q. Khan.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> However, in 2004 interview to <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, Beg clearly denied of his involvement with Iranian program and quoted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If [Benazir] government wasn't aware, how was I aware? I was army chief from 1988 to 1991. If we were never told what was happening beneath the surface when the Americans knew, when the British agencies knew, when they have claimed they have penetrated the entire system including Pakistan— so are they not guilty?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mirza Aslam Beg, 2004, source<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Frontline-49">[49]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In 2005 interview to <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, Beg defended his and A.Q. Khan's ground and maintained to the NBC that "Nuclear Proliferators can't be stopped." Beg added that the <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> have been engaged in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> as part of a concept, called "outsourcing nuclear capability", to friendly countries as a measure of defense against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spacewar-50">[50]</a> Beg pointed out that the "<a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">nuclear non-proliferation regime</a>, therefore, is dying its natural death at the hands of those who are the exponents of the nuclear non-proliferation regime".<a href="#cite_note-spacewar-50">[50]</a> Beg also theorized that "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrent">nuclear deterrent</a> is what holds the strategic balance between the two or more belligerents".<a href="#cite_note-spacewar-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusation_of_role_in_Zia's_death">Accusation of role in Zia's death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accusation of role in Zia's death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Zia-ul-Haq">Death of Zia-ul-Haq</a></div> According to an article in the <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">Express Tribune</a>, Beg was in contact with senior scientist, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a>, about bringing <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> into the fold of "nuclear prowess" much to the annoyance of his superior and senior officer, General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> At this point, without a green signal from President Zia-ul-Haq, Beg got acquainted with Dr. A.Q. Khan to secretly proliferate the technology crucial to master the nuclear fuel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 1 December 2012, President Zia's son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ijaz-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq">Ijaz-ul-Haq</a> maintained that it was Beg who was conspired behind the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">his father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">[48]</a> Earlier in 1988, the Shafiur Rehman Commission that was to establish the cause of the crash of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>'s plane concluded that because of Army's obstruction in the investigation, the real perpetrators behind the attack cannot be brought forward.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political activism">edit</a>]</div> Upon returning to civilian life, General Beg founded and established a policy <a href="/wiki/Think-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Think-tank">think-tank</a> institute in Islamabad, known as Foundation for Research on International Environment National Development and Security (Friends).<a href="#cite_note-Friends_NGO-53">[53]</a> He is the current founding chairman of the Friends think-tank since its foundations.<a href="#cite_note-Friends_NGO-53">[53]</a> Beg later founded the nationalist political party, the Awami Qaiyadat Party (lit. National Leadership Party) which continued to be a part of right-wing sphere.<a href="#cite_note-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan-54">[54]</a> Though his party gained no political prominence and failed to compete in national general elections, his party remains registered in the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">Election Commission</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a> as its election symbol.<a href="#cite_note-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musharraf_on_Beg">Musharraf on Beg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Musharraf on Beg">edit</a>]</div> General Beg was one of many professor under whom Musharraf had studied at <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan" title="National Defence University, Pakistan">National Defence University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a> Musharraf had high regards for Beg as one of his "significant professor" in his university years, but after <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">11 September 2001</a> they became estranged.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a> Beg was labelled as one of many professors at NDU who were called "pseudo-intellectuals" by Musharraf.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald_Magazine-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations">edit</a>]</div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png/130px-Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png/195px-Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png/260px-Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png/130px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png/195px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png/260px-Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sitara-e-Basalat.png/130px-Sitara-e-Basalat.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sitara-e-Basalat.png/195px-Sitara-e-Basalat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sitara-e-Basalat.png/260px-Sitara-e-Basalat.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tamgha-e-Diffa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tamgha-e-Diffa.png/130px-Tamgha-e-Diffa.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tamgha-e-Diffa.png/195px-Tamgha-e-Diffa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tamgha-e-Diffa.png/260px-Tamgha-e-Diffa.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/130px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/195px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png/260px-Sitara-e-Harb_1965_War_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/130px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/195px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png/260px-Sitara-e-Harb_1971_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:War_Medal_1965(Tamgha-e-Jang,_A.H.1385).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/130px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/195px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png/260px-War_Medal_1965%28Tamgha-e-Jang%2C_A.H.1385%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/130px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/195px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png/260px-Tamgha-e-Jang_1971_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:10_years_Service_Medal_(Pakistan_Armed_Forces).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/10_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/130px-10_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/10_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/195px-10_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/10_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/260px-10_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:20_years_Service_Medal_(Pakistan_Armed_Forces).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/130px-20_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/195px-20_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/20_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/260px-20_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:30_years_Service_Medal_(Pakistan_Armed_Forces).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/30_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/130px-30_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/30_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/195px-30_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/30_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/260px-30_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:40_years_Service_Medal_(Pakistan_Armed_Forces).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/40_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/130px-40_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/40_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/195px-40_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/40_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png/260px-40_years_Service_Medal_%28Pakistan_Armed_Forces%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png/130px-Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png/195px-Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png/260px-Tamgha-e-Sad_Saala_Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_Medal_1956_(Pakistan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/130px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/195px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png/260px-Republic_Medal_1956_%28Pakistan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hijri_Tamgha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hijri_Tamgha.png/130px-Hijri_Tamgha.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hijri_Tamgha.png/195px-Hijri_Tamgha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hijri_Tamgha.png/260px-Hijri_Tamgha.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jamhuriat_Tamgha_1988.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Jamhuriat_Tamgha_1988.png/130px-Jamhuriat_Tamgha_1988.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Jamhuriat_Tamgha_1988.png/195px-Jamhuriat_Tamgha_1988.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Jamhuriat_Tamgha_1988.png/260px-Jamhuriat_Tamgha_1988.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Qarardad-e-Pakistan_Tamgha_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Qarardad-e-Pakistan_Tamgha_Pakistan.svg/130px-Qarardad-e-Pakistan_Tamgha_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Qarardad-e-Pakistan_Tamgha_Pakistan.svg/195px-Qarardad-e-Pakistan_Tamgha_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Qarardad-e-Pakistan_Tamgha_Pakistan.svg/260px-Qarardad-e-Pakistan_Tamgha_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/130px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/195px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/260px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/130px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/195px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/260px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_King_Abdulaziz,_1st_Class_(Saudi_Arabia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/130px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/195px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/260px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz" title="Nishan-e-Imtiaz">Nishan-e-Imtiaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz" title="Nishan-e-Imtiaz">(Military)</a> (Order of Excellence) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">Hilal-e-Imtiaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">(Military)</a> (Crescent of Excellence) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat" title="Sitara-e-Basalat">Sitara-e-Basalat</a> (Star of Good Conduct) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Diffa</a> (General Service Medal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War</a> (War Star 1965) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War</a> (War Star 1971) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War</a> (War Medal 1965) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Campaign_/_war_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War</a> (War Medal 1971) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Long_service_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">10 Years Service Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Long_service_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">20 Years Service Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Long_service_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">30 Years Service Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Long_service_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">40 Years Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-</a> <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam</a> (100th Birth Anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>) 1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Tamgha-e-Jamhuria</a> (Republic Commemoration Medal) 1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Hijri Tamgha</a> (Hijri Medal) 1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Jamhuriat Tamgha</a> (Democracy Medal) 1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces#Commemorative_medals" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha</a> (Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit" title="Order of National Security Merit">Tong il</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit" title="Order of National Security Merit">Order of National Security Merit</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">The Legion of Merit</a> <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">(Degree of Commander)</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Dept_of_Army-56">[56]</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Abdulaziz_al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Abdulaziz al Saud">Order of King Abdul Aziz</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Abdulaziz_al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Abdulaziz al Saud">(1st Class)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_decorations">Foreign decorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign decorations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center">Foreign Awards </th></tr> <tr> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit" title="Order of National Security Merit">Tong il</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit" title="Order of National Security Merit">Order of National Security Merit</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/130px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/195px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg/260px-Tong-il_Security_Medal_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">The Legion of Merit (Degree of Commander)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/130px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/195px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/260px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Abdulaziz_al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Abdulaziz al Saud">Order of King Abdul Aziz - Class I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_King_Abdulaziz,_1st_Class_(Saudi_Arabia).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/130px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/195px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png/260px-Order_of_King_Abdulaziz%2C_1st_Class_%28Saudi_Arabia%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_authored_by_Beg">Books authored by Beg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books authored by Beg">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeg1999" class="citation book cs1">Beg, Mirzā Aslam (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/BookDetail.aspx?id=47637">National security: diplomacy and defence</a>. Rawalpindi: FRIENDS Publication. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8199-13-6" title="Special:BookSources/969-8199-13-6"><bdi>969-8199-13-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+security%3A+diplomacy+and+defence&rft.place=Rawalpindi&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=FRIENDS+Publication&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=969-8199-13-6&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirz%C4%81+Aslam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F111.68.99.107%2Flibmax%2Fopac%2FBookDetail.aspx%3Fid%3D47637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg1994" class="citation book cs1">Beg, Mirza Aslam (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/BookDetail.aspx?id=33344">Development and security: thoughts and reflections</a>. Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Foundation for Research and National Development and Security, FRIENDS. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8199-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/969-8199-01-2"><bdi>969-8199-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+security%3A+thoughts+and+reflections&rft.place=Rawalpindi%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Research+and+National+Development+and+Security%2C+FRIENDS&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=969-8199-01-2&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza+Aslam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F111.68.99.107%2Flibmax%2Fopac%2FBookDetail.aspx%3Fid%3D33344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_works_by_Beg">Articles and works by Beg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Articles and works by Beg">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Beg, Mirza Aslam (28 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/gen-mirza-aslam-beg/203595">"Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg - From UP's Azamgarh, he called democratic polls after Zia's death; yet retains a sense of dissatisfaction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outlook_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlook India">Outlook India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=Gen.+Mirza+Aslam+Beg+-+From+UP%27s+Azamgarh%2C+he+called+democratic+polls+after+Zia%27s+death%3B+yet+retains+a+sense+of+dissatisfaction&rft.date=1997-05-28&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza+Aslam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.outlookindia.com%2Fstory%2Fgen-mirza-aslam-beg%2F203595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg2011" class="citation news cs1">Beg, Mirza A. (10 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/10-Jul-2011/the-superpower-under-siege">"The superpower under siege"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217035559/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/10-Jul-2011/The-superpower-under-siege">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+superpower+under+siege&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F10-Jul-2011%2Fthe-superpower-under-siege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg2011" class="citation news cs1">Beg, Mirza A. (21 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/21-Aug-2011/pakus-relations-terms-of-engagement">"Pak-US relations: Terms of engagement"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217035250/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/21-Aug-2011/PakUS-relations-Terms-of-engagement">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Pak-US+relations%3A+Terms+of+engagement&rft.date=2011-08-21&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F21-Aug-2011%2Fpakus-relations-terms-of-engagement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParacha2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Farooq_Paracha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadeem Farooq Paracha">Paracha, Nadeem F.</a> (5 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/818071/the-rise-and-steep-fall-of-mirza-aslam-baig-pakistans-general-glasnost">"The rise and steep fall of Mirza Aslam Baig, Pakistan's 'General Glasnost'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+steep+fall+of+Mirza+Aslam+Baig%2C+Pakistan%27s+%27General+Glasnost%27&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Paracha&rft.aufirst=Nadeem+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F818071%2Fthe-rise-and-steep-fall-of-mirza-aslam-baig-pakistans-general-glasnost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRsU76LEJNM">Battle of Jalalabad - Operation Jalalabad - Pak-Afg war, 1989</a>, 13 October 2021, retrieved 6 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Jalalabad+-+Operation+Jalalabad+-+Pak-Afg+war%2C+1989&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwRsU76LEJNM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Times,_Pakistan_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2008" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\02\01\story_1-2-2008_pg3_1">"What the generals must apologise for"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206002515/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C02%5C01%5Cstory_1-2-2008_pg3_1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2012. 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The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Columnist/mirza-aslam-beg">the original</a> on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+columns+of+Mirza+Aslam+Beg&rft.au=The+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2Fpakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online%2FColumnist%2Fmirza-aslam-beg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dunyanews.tv/index.php?key=Q2F0SUQ9MiNOaWQ9MTA4ODU1">Dunya News- Gen Beg responsible for Bahawalpur crash: Ijaz</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191215/http://www.onlinenews.com.pk/details.php?newsid=206567">"ONLINE - International News Network"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinenews.com.pk/details.php?newsid=206567">the original</a> on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ONLINE+-+International+News+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinenews.com.pk%2Fdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D206567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030171552/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20121214&page=2">"Khaled Ahmed, 'Closing in on Aslam Beg'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Friday_Times" title="The Friday Times">The Friday Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20121214&page=2">the original</a> on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times&rft.atitle=Khaled+Ahmed%2C+%27Closing+in+on+Aslam+Beg%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2Fbeta3%2Ftft%2Farticle.php%3Fissue%3D20121214%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13050-Givers-and-takers-of-money-both-responsible-CJ">"Givers and takers of money both responsible: Chief Justice –"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a>. 10 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428182003/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13050-Givers-and-takers-of-money-both-responsible-CJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Givers+and+takers+of+money+both+responsible%3A+Chief+Justice+%E2%80%93&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-13-13050-Givers-and-takers-of-money-both-responsible-CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twocicles.net-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Twocicles.net_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Muslim_Press2011" class="citation web cs1">Indian Muslim Press (21 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twocircles.net/2011dec21/milestone_girls_uttar_pradesh_village.html">"A milestone for girls in Azamgarh village"</a>. Twocicles.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160744/http://twocircles.net/2011dec21/milestone_girls_uttar_pradesh_village.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twocicles.net&rft.atitle=A+milestone+for+girls+in+Azamgarh+village&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.au=Indian+Muslim+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwocircles.net%2F2011dec21%2Fmilestone_girls_uttar_pradesh_village.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChellaney1999" class="citation book cs1">Chellaney, Brahma, ed. (1999). Securing India's future in the new millennium. 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Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Mirza+Aslam+Baig&rft.au=Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.onepakistan.com.pk%2Fgen-r-mirza-aslam-baig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2009" class="citation book cs1">Coll, Steve (2009). On the grand trunk road a journey into South Asia ([New] ed.). 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Mirza Aslam Baig memoirs. Outlook India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613011000/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203595">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mirza+Aslam+Baig+memoirs&rft.atitle=My+life+fifty+years+ago&rft.aulast=Baig&rft.aufirst=General+%28retired%29+Mirza+Aslam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Farticle.aspx%3F203595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defence_Journal_Pakistan-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Defence_Journal_Pakistan_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defence_Journal_Pakistan_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defence_Journal_Pakistan_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin2002" class="citation web cs1">Amin, A.H. (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm">"Remembering Our Warriors: Brig. Shamim Yasin Manto"</a>. www.defencejournal.com. Karachi: Defence Journal Shamim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043659/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/manto.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.defencejournal.com&rft.atitle=Remembering+Our+Warriors%3A+Brig.+Shamim+Yasin+Manto&rft.date=2002-02&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2F2002%2Ffebruary%2Fmanto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Defence_University_(NDU);_Armed_Forces_War_College-17"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Defence_University_(NDU);_Armed_Forces_War_College_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNDU" class="citation web cs1">NDU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307031406/http://www.ndu.edu.pk/afwc/alumni_war71.php">"1971 AFWC alumni"</a>. National Defence University (NDU); Armed Forces War College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndu.edu.pk/afwc/alumni_war71.php">the original</a> on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1971+AFWC+alumni&rft.pub=National+Defence+University+%28NDU%29%3B+Armed+Forces+War+College&rft.au=NDU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndu.edu.pk%2Fafwc%2Falumni_war71.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Kiessling_18-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiessling2016" class="citation book cs1">Kiessling, Hein (2016). "§Domestic Politics: General Beg". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_cgDgAAQBAJ&q=zahid+ali+akbar+military+academy&pg=PT71">Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan</a> (google books). London, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-863-7"><bdi>978-1-84904-863-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B%22%3E%C2%A7Domestic+Politics%3A+General+Beg%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Unity%2C+Discipline%3A+The+Inter-Service-Intelligence+%28ISI%29+of+Pakistan&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-863-7&rft.aulast=Kiessling&rft.aufirst=Hein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_cgDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dzahid%2Bali%2Bakbar%2Bmilitary%2Bacademy%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg1971" class="citation journal cs1">Beg, Mirza Aslam (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105235514/http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8472">"A journey of pain and fear"</a>. Criterion Quarterly. 1 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8472">the original</a> on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criterion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+journey+of+pain+and+fear&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza+Aslam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F111.68.99.107%2Flibmax%2Fopac%2FArticleDetail.aspx%3Fid%3D8472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-''National_Defence_University,_Islamabad''-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-''National_Defence_University,_Islamabad''_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-''National_Defence_University,_Islamabad''_20-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndu.edu.pk/wings_war_cigallery.htm">"Chief Instructor's Gallery"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217051531/http://www.ndu.edu.pk/wings_war_cigallery.htm">Archived</a> 17 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Defence University, Islamabad accessed 6 October 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_News,_2009-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News,_2009_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News,_2009_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_FaruiqiBrian_Cloughley2009" class="citation news cs1">Ahmad Faruiqi; Brian Cloughley (12 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/archives/26709">"The army today"</a>. Dawn News. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News&rft.atitle=The+army+today&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft.au=Ahmad+Faruiqi&rft.au=Brian+Cloughley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dawn.com%2Farchives%2F26709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRIENDS_Publication-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FRIENDS_Publication_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg1999" class="citation book cs1">Beg, Mirzā Aslam (1999). National security: diplomacy and defence. Rawalpindi: FRIENDS Publication. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8199-13-6" title="Special:BookSources/969-8199-13-6"><bdi>969-8199-13-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+security%3A+diplomacy+and+defence&rft.place=Rawalpindi&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=FRIENDS+Publication&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=969-8199-13-6&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirz%C4%81+Aslam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foundation_for_Research_and_National_Development_and_Security,_FRIENDS-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_for_Research_and_National_Development_and_Security,_FRIENDS_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg1994" class="citation book cs1">Beg, Mirza Aslam (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/BookDetail.aspx?id=33344">Development and security: thoughts and reflections</a>. Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Foundation for Research and National Development and Security, FRIENDS. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8199-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/969-8199-01-2"><bdi>969-8199-01-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040429/http://111.68.99.107/libmax/opac/BookDetail.aspx?id=33344">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+security%3A+thoughts+and+reflections&rft.place=Rawalpindi%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Research+and+National+Development+and+Security%2C+FRIENDS&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=969-8199-01-2&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza+Aslam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F111.68.99.107%2Flibmax%2Fopac%2FBookDetail.aspx%3Fid%3D33344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation,_1978-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_1978_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_1978_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_1978_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_1978_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_1978_24-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirza2012" class="citation news cs1">Mirza, Beg (22 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/22-Jul-2012/political-aberrations">"Political aberrations"</a>. The Nation, 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326200118/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/22-Jul-2012/political-aberrations">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation%2C+1978&rft.atitle=Political+aberrations&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft.aulast=Mirza&rft.aufirst=Beg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F22-Jul-2012%2Fpolitical-aberrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Maj Gen (r) Shafiq Ahmed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/showthread.php?s=f5c2001bb072f2aadf39d1eb37ecf762&t=2863">"Army's inquiry commissions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211609/http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/showthread.php?s=f5c2001bb072f2aadf39d1eb37ecf762&t=2863">Archived</a> 12 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Nation, 5 August 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Rahimullah Yusufzai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2001/may/may10n2001.html">"Change of Guard at Peshawar's 11th Corps"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212124257/http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2001/may/may10n2001.html">Archived</a> 12 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The News, 10 May 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sang-i_Meel_Publications,_Akhtar-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sang-i_Meel_Publications,_Akhtar_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sang-i_Meel_Publications,_Akhtar_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2007" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar, Haq Nawaz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-NtAAAAMAAJ&q=zahid+ali+akbar+khan+born">If truth be told: an alternative history of Pakistan</a>. Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan: Sang-i Meel Publications. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-1951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-35-1951-8"><bdi>978-969-35-1951-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+truth+be+told%3A+an+alternative+history+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Sindh%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Sang-i+Meel+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-969-35-1951-8&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Haq+Nawaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-NtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzahid%2Bali%2Bakbar%2Bkhan%2Bborn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashgate-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashgate_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2005" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Rizwan (2005). Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4434-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4434-0"><bdi>0-7546-4434-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+and+the+emergence+of+Islamic+militancy+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-4434-0&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Special_to_the_New_York_Times-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Special_to_the_New_York_Times_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Special_to_the_New_York_Times_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Special_to_the_New_York_Times_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Special_to_the_New_York_Times_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Special_to_the_New_York_Times_29-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciolino1988" class="citation news cs1">Sciolino, Elaine (22 August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/22/world/pakistan-after-zia-washington-regrets-death-solid-ally-but-holds-hope-for.html">"Pakistan After Zia; Washington Regrets Death of a Solid Ally But Holds Out Hope for Democratic Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182509/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/22/world/pakistan-after-zia-washington-regrets-death-solid-ally-but-holds-hope-for.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan+After+Zia%3B+Washington+Regrets+Death+of+a+Solid+Ally+But+Holds+Out+Hope+for+Democratic+Change&rft.date=1988-08-22&rft.aulast=Sciolino&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F08%2F22%2Fworld%2Fpakistan-after-zia-washington-regrets-death-solid-ally-but-holds-hope-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SecretHistory-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SecretHistory_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SecretHistory_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2005" class="citation book cs1">Coll, Steve (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808">Ghost wars: the secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001</a> ([Updated ed.]. ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-3034-66-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-3034-66-7"><bdi>978-0-14-3034-66-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 October 2016. <q>soviet war and Mirza Aslam Beg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+wars%3A+the+secret+history+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.place=London&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=%5BUpdated+ed.%5D.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-3034-66-7&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780141020808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_Publ.-31"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_Publ._31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdle2005" class="citation book cs1">Adle, president: Chahryar (2005). Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century. Paris: UNESCO Publ. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-10-3985-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-10-3985-7"><bdi>92-3-10-3985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+the+contemporary+period%3A+from+the+mid-nineteenth+to+the+end+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publ.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=92-3-10-3985-7&rft.aulast=Adle&rft.aufirst=president%3A+Chahryar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Superintendent_of_Documents,_U.S._Gov._Print._Off.-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Superintendent_of_Documents,_U.S._Gov._Print._Off._32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Superintendent_of_Documents,_U.S._Gov._Print._Off._32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1995" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R., ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistancountrys00bloo">Pakistan: a country study</a> (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0834-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0834-4"><bdi>0-8444-0834-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8444-0834-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistancountrys00bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation,_June_19,_2011-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_June_19,_2011_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_June_19,_2011_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg2011" class="citation news cs1">Beg, Mirza (19 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/19-Jun-2011/waiting-for-the-command-decision">"Waiting for the command decision"</a>. The Nation, 19 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217035144/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/19-Jun-2011/Waiting-for-the-command-decision">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation%2C+19+June+2011&rft.atitle=Waiting+for+the+command+decision&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F19-Jun-2011%2Fwaiting-for-the-command-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=Pakistan%27s+Foreign+Policy+Sattar&pg=PA473">Eating grass: the making of the Pakistani bomb</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7601-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627041554/http://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&pg=PA473&dq=Pakistan%27s+Foreign+Policy+Sattar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PuaJUcTsEce5igKdtICwBw&ved=0CD4QuwUwAw#v=onepage&q=Pakistan%27s%20Foreign%20Policy%20Sattar&f=true">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+grass%3A+the+making+of+the+Pakistani+bomb&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7601-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGgrNAsKZjEC%26q%3DPakistan%2527s%2BForeign%2BPolicy%2BSattar%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_News_International-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2012" class="citation news cs1">Mir, Amir (21 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-138659-Gen-Beg-may-be-stripped-of-Democracy-Medal-given-by-BB">"Gen Beg may be stripped of Democracy Medal given by BB"</a>. The News International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102183735/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-138659-Gen-Beg-may-be-stripped-of-Democracy-Medal-given-by-BB">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Gen+Beg+may+be+stripped+of+Democracy+Medal+given+by+BB&rft.date=2012-10-21&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-6-138659-Gen-Beg-may-be-stripped-of-Democracy-Medal-given-by-BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Univ._of_New_York_Press-36"><a href="#cite_ref-State_Univ._of_New_York_Press_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayeed1995" class="citation book cs1">Sayeed, Khalid Bin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerndominance00saye_0">Western dominance and political Islam: challenge and response</a>. Albany, N.Y.: State Univ. of New York Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerndominance00saye_0/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2265-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2265-8"><bdi>0-7914-2265-8</bdi></a>. <q>soviet war and Mirza Aslam Beg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+dominance+and+political+Islam%3A+challenge+and+response&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=State+Univ.+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7914-2265-8&rft.aulast=Sayeed&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Bin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterndominance00saye_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burlington,_VT-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Burlington,_VT_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQassem2009" class="citation book cs1">Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq (2009). Afghanistan's political stability: a dream unrealised ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Farnham, Surrey: Burlington, VT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7940-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-7940-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+political+stability%3A+a+dream+unrealised&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7940-0&rft.aulast=Qassem&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Shayeq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatti" class="citation book cs1">Satti, Jehangir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fustp5GGqHIC&q=Afghan+war+and+Mirza+Aslam+Beg&pg=PA75">The Ruling Enemy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619203419/https://books.google.com/books?id=fustp5GGqHIC&pg=PA75&dq=Afghan+war+and+Mirza+Aslam+Beg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uNdTUYr5MsrjiwKEroBY&ved=0CDcQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q=Afghan%20war%20and%20Mirza%20Aslam%20Beg&f=true">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruling+Enemy&rft.aulast=Satti&rft.aufirst=Jehangir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfustp5GGqHIC%26q%3DAfghan%2Bwar%2Band%2BMirza%2BAslam%2BBeg%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PublicAffairs-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PublicAffairs_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PublicAffairs_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PublicAffairs_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PublicAffairs_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Tomsen, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zz9_Ve29eL0C&q=Afghan+war+and+Mirza+Aslam+Beg&pg=PA344">The Wars of Afghanistan Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers</a> (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-781-2"><bdi>978-1-58648-781-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209073222/http://books.google.com/books?id=zz9_Ve29eL0C&pg=PA344&dq=Afghan+war+and+Mirza+Aslam+Beg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uNdTUYr5MsrjiwKEroBY&ved=0CDEQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=Afghan%20war%20and%20Mirza%20Aslam%20Beg&f=true">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Afghanistan+Messianic+Terrorism%2C+Tribal+Conflicts%2C+and+the+Failures+of+Great+Powers.&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-781-2&rft.aulast=Tomsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzz9_Ve29eL0C%26q%3DAfghan%2Bwar%2Band%2BMirza%2BAslam%2BBeg%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankfort,_IL-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfort,_IL_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfort,_IL_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfort,_IL_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankfort,_IL_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, R.S.N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=mirza+aslam+beg+retirement&pg=PA84">"Nawaz Sharif and Military"</a>. The military factor in Pakistan. New Delhi: Frankfort, IL. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815378-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9815378-9-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628025944/http://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&pg=PA84&dq=mirza+aslam+beg+retirement&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wzlRUc-BJKauiALPtIHQCA&ved=0CFUQuwUwBg#v=onepage&q=mirza%20aslam%20beg%20retirement&f=true">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nawaz+Sharif+and+Military&rft.btitle=The+military+factor+in+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Frankfort%2C+IL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCm2DFZblOYC%26q%3Dmirza%2Baslam%2Bbeg%2Bretirement%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Authors_Choice_Press-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Authors_Choice_Press_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2003" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2003). Desert shield to desert storm: the second Gulf war. New York: Authors Choice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-26904-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-26904-4"><bdi>0-595-26904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+shield+to+desert+storm%3A+the+second+Gulf+war&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Authors+Choice+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-595-26904-4&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Ghareeb-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Ghareeb_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Ghareeb_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_GhareebMajid_Khadduri2001" class="citation book cs1">Edmund Ghareeb; Majid Khadduri (2001). War in the Gulf, 1990–91: the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press, Ghareeb. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514979-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514979-3"><bdi>0-19-514979-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Gulf%2C+1990%E2%80%9391%3A+the+Iraq-Kuwait+conflict+and+its+implications&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Ghareeb&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-514979-3&rft.au=Edmund+Ghareeb&rft.au=Majid+Khadduri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bantam_Books-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Bantam_Books_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Norman_SchwarzkopfPeter_Petre1993" class="citation book cs1">H. Norman Schwarzkopf; Peter Petre (1993). It doesn't take a hero: the autobiography. New York: Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-56338-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-56338-6"><bdi>0-553-56338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+doesn%27t+take+a+hero%3A+the+autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-553-56338-6&rft.au=H.+Norman+Schwarzkopf&rft.au=Peter+Petre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossette1990" class="citation news cs1">Crossette, Barbara (14 August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/14/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-pakistanis-agree-to-join-defense-of-saudi-arabia.html">"Confrontation in the Gulf – Pakistanis Agree to Join Defense of Saudi Arabia"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530073343/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/14/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-pakistanis-agree-to-join-defense-of-saudi-arabia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Confrontation+in+the+Gulf+%E2%80%93+Pakistanis+Agree+to+Join+Defense+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=1990-08-14&rft.aulast=Crossette&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F08%2F14%2Fworld%2Fconfrontation-in-the-gulf-pakistanis-agree-to-join-defense-of-saudi-arabia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrick_van_LinschotenKuehn2012" class="citation book cs1">Strick van Linschoten, Alex; Kuehn, Felix (2012). "Biographies". An enemy we created: the myth of the Taliban-al Qaeda merger in Afghanistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992731-9"><bdi>978-0-19-992731-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biographies&rft.btitle=An+enemy+we+created%3A+the+myth+of+the+Taliban-al+Qaeda+merger+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992731-9&rft.aulast=Strick+van+Linschoten&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Kuehn%2C+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Cowasjee, Ardeshir <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20070819.htm">We never learn from history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024000214/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20070819.htm">Archived</a> 24 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dawn Newspaper, 19 August 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/199752-Full-text-of-Panama-case-verdict">"Full text of Panama case verdict"</a>. www.thenews.com.pk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420124032/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/199752-Full-text-of-Panama-case-verdict">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+Panama+case+verdict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Flatest%2F199752-Full-text-of-Panama-case-verdict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Express_Tribune,_2012-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune,_2012_48-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2012" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Khaled (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/476508/who-killed-general-zia/">"Who killed General Zia?"</a>. The Express Tribune, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130223081336/http://tribune.com.pk/story/476508/who-killed-general-zia/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Who+killed+General+Zia%3F&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F476508%2Fwho-killed-general-zia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS_Frontline-49"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Frontline_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPBS2004" class="citation news cs1">PBS (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/e.html">"General Mirza Aslam Beg: Former Army Foe of Musharraf"</a>. PBS Frontline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110073047/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=General+Mirza+Aslam+Beg%3A+Former+Army+Foe+of+Musharraf&rft.date=2004-03&rft.au=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Fpakistan%2Fe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spacewar-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spacewar_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spacewar_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spacewar_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg2005" class="citation news cs1">Beg, Mirza (7 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacewar.com/news/nuclear-blackmarket-05l.html">"Outside View: Nuke Proliferators Can't Be Stopped"</a>. spacewar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228221450/http://www.spacewar.com/news/nuclear-blackmarket-05l.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=spacewar&rft.atitle=Outside+View%3A+Nuke+Proliferators+Can%27t+Be+Stopped&rft.date=2005-03-07&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacewar.com%2Fnews%2Fnuclear-blackmarket-05l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorera2006" class="citation book cs1">Corera, Gordon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shoppingforbombs00core/page/59">Shopping for bombs: nuclear proliferation, global insecurity, and the rise and fall of A.Q. Khan network</a> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shoppingforbombs00core/page/59">59–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530495-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530495-0"><bdi>0-19-530495-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shopping+for+bombs%3A+nuclear+proliferation%2C+global+insecurity%2C+and+the+rise+and+fall+of+A.Q.+Khan+network&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=59-60&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-530495-0&rft.aulast=Corera&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshoppingforbombs00core%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Khaled Ahmed. "The Death of Zia-ul-Haq" Criterion Quarterly, April–June 2007 Issue — Vol. 2 No. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Friends_NGO-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friends_NGO_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friends_NGO_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg" class="citation web cs1">Beg, Mirza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729000351/http://ngos.pk/friends">"Foundation for Research on International Environment National Development and Security"</a>. Friends NGO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngos.pk/friends">the original</a> on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foundation+for+Research+on+International+Environment+National+Development+and+Security&rft.pub=Friends+NGO&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Mirza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngos.pk%2Ffriends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_Pakistan_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElection_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="citation web cs1">Election Commission of Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407234526/http://elections.com.pk/partydetails.php?id=2">"Awami Qiadat Party"</a>. Election Commission of Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.com.pk/partydetails.php?id=2">the original</a> on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Commission+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Awami+Qiadat+Party&rft.au=Election+Commission+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.com.pk%2Fpartydetails.php%3Fid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2008/01/23/nat2.htm">Retired generals, officers of other ranks urge Musharraf to step down</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206195831/http://www.dawn.com/2008/01/23/nat2.htm">Archived</a> 6 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dawn Newspaper, 23 January 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Dept_of_Army-56"><a href="#cite_ref-US_Dept_of_Army_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apd.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/go9006.pdf">"Recipients of Legion of Merit"</a> (PDF). www.apd.army.mil. The Pentagon: Department of the Army. 30 March 1990. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143412/http://www.apd.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/go9006.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.apd.army.mil&rft.atitle=Recipients+of+Legion+of+Merit&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1990-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apd.army.mil%2Fepubs%2FDR_pubs%2FDR_a%2Fpdf%2Fweb%2Fgo9006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Zahid Hussain. Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2021" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Ashfaq (2021). Iqtidar Ki Majbooriyan (اقتدار کی مجبوریاں) [The compulsions of power].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqtidar+Ki+Majbooriyan+%28%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%DA%A9%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA%29&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Ashfaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Aslam+Beg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Aslam_Beg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824194024/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=151">Official profile at Pakistan Army website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.outlookindia.com/author/mirza-aslam-beg/8283">Articles by Mirza Aslam Beg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Outlook_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlook India">Outlook India</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sirdar Farooq Shaukat Khan Lodi</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of General Staff</a> 1980–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Safdar" title="Muhammad Safdar">Muhammad Safdar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Khalid Mahmud Arif</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Vice Chief of Army Staff</a> 1987–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">post abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> 1988–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif Nawaz">Asif Nawaz</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Army_Staff_Chief" title="Template:Pakistan Army Staff Chief"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Army_Staff_Chief" title="Template talk:Pakistan Army Staff Chief"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Army_Staff_Chief" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Army Staff Chief"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chiefs_of_the_Staff_of_the_Pakistan_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chiefs of the Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/C-in-C_of_the_Pakistan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="C-in-C of the Pakistan Army">Commander-in-Chief</a> (1947-1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Messervy" title="Frank Messervy">Messervy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gracey" title="Douglas Gracey">Gracey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">A. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Khan (general)">M. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Y. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Hassan_Khan" title="Gul Hassan Khan">G. H. Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/100px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/150px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png/200px-Pakistan_Army_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chiefs of Army Staff</a> (1972-present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">T. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz_Janjua" title="Asif Nawaz Janjua">Janjua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Waheed_Kakar" title="Abdul Waheed Kakar">Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Karamat" title="Jehangir Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Kayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamar_Javed_Bajwa" title="Qamar Javed Bajwa">Bajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Munir_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Munir (general)">Munir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Vice Chief of Army Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">A.H. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawar_Khan" title="Sawar Khan">S. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">Arif</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusaf_Khan_(general)" title="Yusaf Khan (general)">M.Y. Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Saleem_Hayat" title="Ahsan Saleem Hayat">Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Kayani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Cane_(Pakistan)" title="Malacca Cane (Pakistan)">Malacca Cane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029694481">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68099312">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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