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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Satellite and payload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_and_payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development,_launch_and_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development,_launch_and_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development, launch and operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development,_launch_and_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hipparcos_Input_Catalogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hipparcos_Input_Catalogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hipparcos Input Catalogue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hipparcos_Input_Catalogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_reductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_reductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Data reductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_reductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_and_multiple_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_and_multiple_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Double and multiple stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_and_multiple_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photometric_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photometric_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Photometric observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photometric_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radial_velocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radial_velocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Radial velocities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radial_velocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_catalogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_catalogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Published catalogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_catalogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Scientific results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Pleiades_distance_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pleiades_distance_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>The Pleiades distance controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pleiades_distance_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polaris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polaris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Polaris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polaris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hipparcos-Gaia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hipparcos-Gaia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Hipparcos-Gaia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hipparcos-Gaia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Hipparcos</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هيباركوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيباركوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Хипаркос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипаркос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_katalog" title="Tycho katalog – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tycho katalog" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="هیپارکوس (ماهواره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیپارکوس (ماهواره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1)" title="히파르코스 (인공위성) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히파르코스 (인공위성)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1_(%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F)" title="היפרכוס (לוויין) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפרכוס (לוויין)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Хипаркос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипаркос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹിപ്പർകോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിപ്പർകോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F)" title="ヒッパルコス (人工衛星) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒッパルコス (人工衛星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA" title="ดาวเทียมฮิปปาร์โคส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเทียมฮิปปาร์โคส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Гіппаркос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіппаркос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hipparcos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%B7%B4%E8%B0%B7%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="依巴谷卫星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="依巴谷卫星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European Space Agency scientific satellite</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the satellite/catalogue. For the Greek astronomer, see <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hipparchus (disambiguation)">Hipparchus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Hipparcos</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hipparcos testing at ESTEC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg/300px-Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg/450px-Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg/600px-Hipparcos-testing-estec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1390" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hipparcos satellite in the Large Solar Simulator, ESTEC, February 1988</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">HIPPARCOS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometric</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">observatory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-062B">1989-062B</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555846#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">20169</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sci.esa.int/hipparcos/">http://sci.esa.int/hipparcos/</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 years (planned)<br />4 years (achieved)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data">HIPPARCOS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alenia_Spazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alenia Spazio">Alenia Spazio</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Matra_Marconi_Space" title="Matra Marconi Space">Matra Marconi Space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,140 kg (2,510 lb) <sup id="cite_ref-rssdPdf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rssdPdf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">635 kg (1,400 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">210 kg (460 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">295 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">8 August 1989, 23:25:53 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">Ariane 44LP H10</a> (V33)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Centre Spatial Guyanais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELA-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ELA-2">ELA-2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entered service</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1989</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">decommissioned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1993</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a><sup id="cite_ref-n2yo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2yo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">Geostationary transfer orbit</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">Geostationary orbit</a> (planned)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500.3 km (310.9 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,797.5 km (22,243.5 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.84°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">636.9 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Revolution <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data">17830</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Main telescope</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt telescope">Schmidt telescope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">29 cm (11 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal length</th><td class="infobox-data">1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wavelengths</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Transponders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Band</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-Band</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bandwidth</th><td class="infobox-data">2-23 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hipparcos legacy mission insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Hipparcos_insignia.png/200px-Hipparcos_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Hipparcos_insignia.png/300px-Hipparcos_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Hipparcos_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="297" /></a></span><br />Legacy ESA insignia for the <i>Hipparcos</i> mission <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Hipparcos</b></i> was a scientific <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993. It was the first space experiment devoted to precision <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a>, the accurate measurement of the positions and distances of celestial objects on the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This permitted the first high-precision measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">intrinsic brightnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallaxes</a> of stars, enabling better calculations of their distance and <a href="/wiki/Tangential_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangential velocity">tangential velocity</a>. When combined with <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocity</a> measurements from <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, astrophysicists were able to finally measure all six quantities needed to determine the motion of stars. The resulting <i><b>Hipparcos Catalogue</b></i>, a high-precision catalogue of more than 118,200 stars, was published in 1997. The lower-precision <i>Tycho Catalogue</i> of more than a million stars was published at the same time, while the enhanced <a href="/wiki/Tycho-2_Catalogue" title="Tycho-2 Catalogue">Tycho-2 Catalogue</a> of 2.5 million stars was published in 2000. <i>Hipparcos</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> follow-up mission, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></i>, was launched in 2013. </p><p>The word "Hipparcos" is an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for <b>HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite</b> and also a reference to the ancient Greek astronomer <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> of Nicaea, who is noted for applications of <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> to astronomy and his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession of the equinoxes">precession of the equinoxes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the second half of the 20th century, the accurate measurement of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> positions from the ground was running into essentially insurmountable barriers to improvements in accuracy, especially for large-angle measurements and systematic terms. Problems were dominated by the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, but were compounded by complex optical terms, thermal and <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational</a> instrument flexures, and the absence of all-sky visibility. A formal proposal to make these exacting observations from space was first put forward in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission was originally proposed to the French space agency <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>, which considered it too complex and expensive for a single national programme and recommended that it be proposed in a multinational context. Its acceptance within the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s scientific programme, in 1980, was the result of a lengthy process of study and <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>. The underlying scientific motivation was to determine the physical properties of the stars through the measurement of their distances and space motions, and thus to place theoretical studies of stellar structure and evolution, and studies of <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galactic</a> structure and kinematics, on a more secure empirical basis. Observationally, the objective was to provide the positions, <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallaxes</a>, and annual <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motions</a> for some 100,000 stars with an unprecedented accuracy of 0.002 <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a>, a target in practice eventually surpassed by a factor of two. The name of the space telescope, "Hipparcos", was an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for <i>High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite</i>, and it also reflected the name of the ancient Greek astronomer <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>, who is considered the founder of <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> and the discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Precession_of_the_equinoxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession of the equinoxes">precession of the equinoxes</a> (due to the Earth wobbling on its axis). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_and_payload">Satellite and payload</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Satellite and payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos-grid.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hipparcos-grid.gif/220px-Hipparcos-grid.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hipparcos-grid.gif/330px-Hipparcos-grid.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hipparcos-grid.gif/440px-Hipparcos-grid.gif 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Optical micrograph of part of the main modulating grid (top) and the star mapper grid (bottom). The period of the main grid is 8.2 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The spacecraft carried a single all-reflective, eccentric <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt telescope">Schmidt telescope</a>, with an aperture of 29 cm (11 in). A special beam-combining mirror superimposed two fields of view, 58° apart, into the common focal plane. This complex mirror consisted of two mirrors tilted in opposite directions, each occupying half of the rectangular entrance pupil, and providing an <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">unvignetted</a> field of view of about 1° × 1°. The telescope used a system of grids, at the focal surface, composed of 2688 alternate opaque and transparent bands, with a period of 1.208 arc-sec (8.2 micrometre). Behind this grid system, an <a href="/wiki/Image_dissector" title="Image dissector">image dissector</a> tube (<a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> type detector) with a sensitive field of view of about 38-arc-sec diameter converted the modulated light into a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> counts (with a sampling frequency of 1200 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>) from which the phase of the entire pulse train from a star could be derived. The apparent angle between two stars in the combined fields of view, modulo the grid period, was obtained from the phase difference of the two star pulse trains. Originally targeting the observation of some 100,000 stars, with an astrometric accuracy of about 0.002 arc-sec, the final <i>Hipparcos Catalogue</i> comprised nearly 120,000 stars<sup id="cite_ref-cat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiii">: xiii </span></sup> with a median accuracy of slightly better than 0.001 arc-sec (1 milliarc-sec).<sup id="cite_ref-cat_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>An additional <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> system viewed a beam splitter in the optical path and was used as a star mapper. Its purpose was to monitor and determine the satellite attitude, and in the process, to gather photometric and <a href="/wiki/Astrometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrometric">astrometric</a> data of all stars down to about 11th magnitude. These measurements were made in two broad bands approximately corresponding to B and V in the (Johnson) <a href="/wiki/UBV_photometric_system" title="UBV photometric system">UBV photometric system</a>. The positions of these latter stars were to be determined to a precision of 0.03 arc-sec, which is a factor of 25 less than the main mission stars. Originally targeting the observation of around 400,000 stars, the resulting <i>Tycho Catalogue</i> comprised just over 1 million stars, with a subsequent analysis extending this to the <a href="/wiki/Tycho-2_Catalogue" title="Tycho-2 Catalogue">Tycho-2 Catalogue</a> of about 2.5 million stars. </p><p>The attitude of the spacecraft about its center of gravity was controlled to scan the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a> in a regular precessional motion maintaining a constant inclination between the spin axis and the direction to the Sun. The spacecraft spun around its <a href="/wiki/Z-axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-axis">Z-axis</a> at the rate of 11.25 revolutions/day (168.75 arc-sec/s) at an angle of 43° to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. The Z-axis rotated about the Sun-satellite line at 6.4 revolutions/year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft consisted of two platforms and six vertical panels, all made of aluminum honeycomb. The solar array consisted of three deployable sections, generating around 300 W in total. Two <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-band</a> antennas were located on the top and bottom of the spacecraft, providing an omni-directional downlink data rate of 24 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>. An attitude and orbit-control subsystem (comprising 5-<a href="/wiki/Newton_(units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton (units)">newton</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> thrusters for course manoeuvres, 20-millinewton cold gas thrusters for attitude control, and <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> for attitude determination) ensured correct dynamic attitude control and determination during the operational lifetime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some key features of the observations were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-perryman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perryman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>through observations from space, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_seeing" title="Astronomical seeing">astronomical seeing</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, instrumental gravitational flexure and thermal distortions could be obviated or minimised;</li> <li>all-sky visibility permitted a direct linking of the stars observed all over the celestial sphere;</li> <li>the two viewing directions of the satellite, separated by a large and suitable angle (58°), resulted in a rigid connection between quasi-instantaneous one-dimensional observations in different parts of the sky. In turn, this led to <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> determinations which are absolute (rather than relative, with respect to some unknown zero-point);</li> <li>the continuous <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>-based scanning of the satellite resulted in an optimum use of the available observing time, with a resulting catalogue providing reasonably homogeneous sky density and uniform astrometric accuracy over the entire celestial sphere;</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos-principles.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hipparcos-principles.gif/220px-Hipparcos-principles.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hipparcos-principles.gif/330px-Hipparcos-principles.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hipparcos-principles.gif/440px-Hipparcos-principles.gif 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Principles of the astrometric measurements. Filled circles and solid lines show three objects from one field of view (about 1° in size), and open circles and dashed lines show three objects from a distinct sky region superimposed by virtue of the large basic angle. Left: object positions at one reference epoch. Middle: their space motions over about four years, with arbitrary proper motion vectors and scale factors; triangles show their positions at a fixed epoch near the end of the interval. Right: the total positional changes including the additional apparent motions due to annual parallax, the four loops corresponding to four Earth orbits around the sun. The parallax-induced motions are in phase for all stars in the same region of sky, so that relative measurements within one field can provide only relative parallaxes. Although the relative separations between the stars change continuously over the measurement period, they are described by just five numerical parameters per star (two components of position, two of proper motion, and the parallax).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>the various geometrical scan configurations for each star, at multiple epochs throughout the 3-year observation programme, resulted in a dense network of one-dimensional positions from which the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">barycentric</a> coordinate direction, the <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>, and the object's <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a>, could be solved for in what was effectively a global <a href="/wiki/Least_squares" title="Least squares">least squares</a> reduction of the totality of observations. The astrometric parameters as well as their <a href="/wiki/Standard_error_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard error (statistics)">standard errors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation coefficients</a> were derived in the process;</li> <li>since the number of independent geometrical observations per object was large (typically of order 30) compared with the number of unknowns for the standard model (five astrometric unknowns per star), astrometric solutions not complying with this simple five-parameter model could be expanded to take into account the effects of <a href="/wiki/Double_star" title="Double star">double or multiple stars</a>, or non-linear photocentric motions ascribed to unresolved <a href="/wiki/Astrometric_binaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrometric binaries">astrometric binaries</a>;</li> <li>a somewhat larger number of actual observations per object, of order 110, provided accurate and homogeneous photometric information for each star, from which mean magnitudes, variability amplitudes, and in many cases period and variability type classification could be undertaken.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos-star-path.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hipparcos-star-path.gif/220px-Hipparcos-star-path.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hipparcos-star-path.gif/330px-Hipparcos-star-path.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hipparcos-star-path.gif/440px-Hipparcos-star-path.gif 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The path on the sky of one of the Hipparcos Catalogue objects, over a period of three years. Each straight line indicates the observed position of the star at a particular epoch: because the measurement is one-dimensional, the precise location along this position line is undetermined by the observation. The curve is the modelled stellar path fitted to all the measurements. The inferred position at each epoch is indicated by a dot, and the residual by a short line joining the dot to the corresponding position line. The amplitude of the oscillatory motion gives the star's parallax, with the linear component representing the star's proper motion.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development,_launch_and_operations"><span id="Development.2C_launch_and_operations"></span>Development, launch and operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development, launch and operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hipparcos" title="Special:EditPage/Hipparcos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>Hipparcos</i> satellite was financed and managed under the overall authority of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA). The main industrial contractors were <a href="/wiki/Matra_Marconi_Space" title="Matra Marconi Space">Matra Marconi Space</a> (now <a href="/wiki/EADS_Astrium" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS Astrium">EADS Astrium</a>) and Alenia Spazio (now <a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a>). </p><p>Other hardware components were supplied as follows: </p> <ul><li>the beam-combining mirror by REOSC in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-du-Perray" title="Saint-Pierre-du-Perray">Saint-Pierre-du-Perray</a>, France</li> <li>the spherical, folding, and relay mirrors by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oberkochen" title="Oberkochen">Oberkochen</a>, Germany</li> <li>the external straylight baffles by <a href="/wiki/EADS_CASA" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS CASA">CASA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li> <li>the modulating grid by CSEM in <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>the mechanism control system and the thermal control electronics by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dornier_Satellite_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dornier Satellite Systems (page does not exist)">Dornier Satellite Systems</a> in <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a>, Germany</li> <li>the optical filters, the experiment structures and the attitude and orbit control system by <a href="/wiki/Matra_Marconi_Space" title="Matra Marconi Space">Matra Marconi Space</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lizy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vélizy">Vélizy</a>, France</li> <li>the instrument switching mechanisms by <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon-Contraves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oerlikon-Contraves">Oerlikon-Contraves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>the image dissector tube and photomultiplier detectors by the Dutch Space Research Organisation (<a href="/wiki/SRON" class="mw-redirect" title="SRON">SRON</a>) in the Netherlands</li> <li>the refocusing assembly mechanism by TNO-TPD in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, Netherlands</li> <li>the electrical power subsystem by <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li>the structure and reaction control system by Daimler-Benz Aerospace in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany</li> <li>the solar arrays and thermal control system by Fokker Space System in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands</li> <li>the data handling and telecommunications system by <a href="/wiki/Saab_Ericsson_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Ericsson Space">Saab Ericsson Space</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Apogee_kick_motor" title="Apogee kick motor">apogee kick motor</a> by SEP in France</li></ul> <p>Groups from the Institut d'Astrophysique in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium and the Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France, contributed optical performance, calibration, and alignment test procedures; Captec in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, and Logica in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> contributed to the on-board software and calibration. </p><p>The <i>Hipparcos</i> satellite was launched (with the direct broadcast satellite <a href="/wiki/TV-Sat_2" title="TV-Sat 2">TV-Sat 2</a> as co-passenger) on an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">Ariane 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>, flight V33, from <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Centre Spatial Guyanais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, French Guiana, on 8 August 1989. It was launched into a <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a> (GTO), but the Mage-2 apogee kick motor failed to fire, and the intended <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> was never achieved. However, with the addition of further ground stations, in addition to ESA operations control centre at <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> (ESOC) in Germany, the satellite was successfully operated in GTO for almost 3.5 years. All of the original mission goals were, eventually, exceeded. </p><p>Including an estimate for the scientific activities related to the satellite observations and data processing, the <i>Hipparcos</i> mission cost about €600 million (in year 2000 economic conditions), and its execution involved some 200 European scientists and more than 2,000 individuals in European industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hipparcos_Input_Catalogue">Hipparcos Input Catalogue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hipparcos Input Catalogue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The satellite observations relied on a pre-defined list of target stars. Stars were observed as the satellite rotated, by a sensitive region of the image dissector tube detector. This pre-defined star list formed the <i>Hipparcos Input Catalogue</i> (HIC): each star in the final <i>Hipparcos Catalogue</i> was contained in the Input Catalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Input Catalogue was compiled by the INCA Consortium over the period 1982–1989, finalised pre-launch, and published both digitally and in printed form.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although fully superseded by the satellite results, it nevertheless includes supplemental information on multiple system components as well as compilations of radial velocities and spectral types which, not observed by the satellite, were not included in the published <i>Hipparcos Catalogue</i>. </p><p>Constraints on total observing time, and on the uniformity of stars across the celestial sphere for satellite operations and data analysis, led to an Input Catalogue of some 118,000 stars. It merged two components: first, a survey of around 58,000 objects as complete as possible to the following limiting magnitudes: V<7.9 + 1.1sin|b| for <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral types</a> earlier than G5, and V<7.3 + 1.1sin|b| for <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral types</a> later than G5 (b is the Galactic latitude). Stars constituting this survey are flagged in the <i>Hipparcos Catalogue</i>. </p><p>The second component comprised additional stars selected according to their scientific interest, with none fainter than about magnitude V=13 mag. These were selected from around 200 scientific proposals submitted on the basis of an Invitation for Proposals issued by ESA in 1982, and prioritised by the Scientific Proposal Selection Committee in consultation with the Input Catalogue Consortium. This selection had to balance 'a priori' scientific interest, and the observing programme's limiting magnitude, total observing time, and sky uniformity constraints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_reductions">Data reductions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data reductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hipparcos" title="Special:EditPage/Hipparcos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the main mission results, the data analysis was carried out by two independent scientific teams, NDAC and FAST, together comprising some 100 astronomers and scientists, mostly from European (ESA-member state) institutes. The analyses, proceeding from nearly 1000 Gbit of satellite data acquired over 3.5 years, incorporated a comprehensive system of cross-checking and validation, and is described in detail in the published catalogue. </p><p>A detailed optical calibration model was included to map the transformation from sky to instrumental coordinates. Its adequacy could be verified by the detailed measurement residuals. The Earth's orbit, and the satellite's orbit with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, were essential for describing the location of the observer at each epoch of observation, and were supplied by an appropriate Earth ephemeris combined with accurate satellite ranging. Corrections due to <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aberration_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration of light">stellar aberration</a>) made use of the corresponding satellite velocity. Modifications due to <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativistic</a> light bending were significant (4 milliarc-sec at 90° to the ecliptic) and corrected for deterministically assuming γ=1 in the <a href="/wiki/PPN_formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="PPN formalism">PPN formalism</a>. Residuals were examined to establish limits on any deviations from this general relativistic value, and no significant discrepancies were found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_frame">Reference frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reference frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The satellite observations essentially yielded highly accurate relative positions of stars with respect to each other, throughout the measurement period (1989–1993). In the absence of direct observations of extragalactic sources (apart from marginal observations of quasar <a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a>) the resulting rigid reference frame was transformed to an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">inertial frame of reference</a> linked to extragalactic sources. This allows surveys at different wavelengths to be directly correlated with the <i>Hipparcos</i> stars, and ensures that the catalogue proper motions are, as far as possible, kinematically non-rotating. The determination of the relevant three solid-body rotation angles, and the three time-dependent rotation rates, was conducted and completed in advance of the catalogue publication. This resulted in an accurate but indirect link to an inertial, extragalactic, reference frame.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos-accuracies.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hipparcos-accuracies.gif/220px-Hipparcos-accuracies.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hipparcos-accuracies.gif/330px-Hipparcos-accuracies.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hipparcos-accuracies.gif/440px-Hipparcos-accuracies.gif 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Typical accuracies of the FK5, <i>Hipparcos</i>, Tycho-1, and Tycho-2 Catalogues as a function of time. Tycho-1 dependencies are shown for two representative magnitudes. For Tycho-2, a typical proper motion error of 2.5 milliarc-sec applies to both bright stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 7 milliarc-sec) and faint stars (positional error at J1991.25 of 60 milliarc-sec).</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of methods to establish this reference frame link before catalogue publication were included and appropriately weighted: interferometric observations of radio stars by <a href="/wiki/VLBI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLBI">VLBI</a> networks, <a href="/wiki/MERLIN" title="MERLIN">MERLIN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a> (VLA); observations of <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a> relative to <i>Hipparcos</i> stars using <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD), photographic plates, and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>; photographic programmes to determine stellar proper motions with respect to extragalactic objects (Bonn, Kiev, Lick, Potsdam, Yale/San Juan); and comparison of <a href="/wiki/Earth_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth rotation">Earth rotation</a> parameters obtained by <a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">Very-long-baseline interferometry</a> (VLBI) and by ground-based optical observations of <i>Hipparcos</i> stars. Although very different in terms of instruments, observational methods and objects involved, the various techniques generally agreed to within 10 milliarc-sec in the orientation and 1 milliarc-sec/year in the rotation of the system. From appropriate weighting, the coordinate axes defined by the published catalogue are believed to be aligned with the extragalactic radio frame to within ±0.6 milliarc-sec at the epoch J1991.25, and non-rotating with respect to distant extragalactic objects to within ±0.25 milliarc-sec/yr.<sup id="cite_ref-perryman_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perryman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>The <i>Hipparcos</i> and Tycho Catalogues were then constructed such that the resulting <b><i>Hipparcos</i> celestial reference frame</b> (HCRF) coincides, to within observational uncertainties, with the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_Frame" class="mw-redirect" title="International Celestial Reference Frame">International Celestial Reference Frame</a></i> (ICRF), and representing the best estimates at the time of the catalogue completion (in 1996). The HCRF is thus a materialisation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Celestial Reference System">International Celestial Reference System</a> (ICRS) in the optical domain. It extends and improves the <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/FK5" class="mw-redirect" title="FK5">FK5</a>) system, retaining approximately the global orientation of that system but without its regional errors.<sup id="cite_ref-perryman_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perryman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Double_and_multiple_stars">Double and multiple stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Double and multiple stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hipparcos" title="Special:EditPage/Hipparcos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Whilst of enormous astronomical importance, <a href="/wiki/Double_star" title="Double star">double stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple star">multiple stars</a> provided considerable complications to the observations (due to the finite size and profile of the detector's sensitive field of view) and to the data analysis. The data processing classified the astrometric solutions as follows: </p> <ul><li>single-star solutions: 100,038 entries, of which 6,763 were flagged as suspected double</li> <li>component solutions (Annex C): 13,211 entries, comprising 24,588 components in 12,195 solutions</li> <li>acceleration solutions (Annex G): 2,622 solutions</li> <li>orbital solutions (Annex O): 235 entries</li> <li>variability-induced movers (Annex V): 288 entries</li> <li>stochastic solutions (Annex X): 1,561 entries</li> <li>no valid astrometric solution: 263 entries (of which 218 were flagged as suspected double)</li></ul> <p>If a binary star has a long orbital period such that non-linear motions of the photocentre were insignificant over the short (3-year) measurement duration, the binary nature of the star would pass unrecognised by <i>Hipparcos</i>, but could show as a <i>Hipparcos</i> proper motion discrepant compared to those established from long temporal baseline proper motion programmes on ground. Higher-order photocentric motions could be represented by a 7-parameter, or even 9-parameter model fit (compared to the standard 5-parameter model), and typically such models could be enhanced in complexity until suitable fits were obtained. A complete orbit, requiring 7 elements, was determined for 45 systems. Orbital periods close to one year can become degenerate with the parallax, resulting in unreliable solutions for both. Triple or higher-order systems provided further challenges to the data processing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photometric_observations"><span class="anchor" id="Hipparcos_passband"></span> Photometric observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Photometric observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hipparcos" title="Special:EditPage/Hipparcos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The highest accuracy photometric data were provided as a by-product of the main mission astrometric observations. They were made in a broad-band visible light <a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passband</a>, specific to <i>Hipparcos</i>, and designated H<sub>p</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median photometric precision, for H<sub>p</sub><9 magnitude, was 0.0015 <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitude</a>, with typically 110 distinct observations per star throughout the 3.5-year observation period. As part of the data reduction and catalogue production, new variables were identified and designated with appropriate <a href="/wiki/Variable_star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable star designation">variable star designations</a>. Variable stars were classified as periodic or unsolved variables; the former were published with estimates of their period, variability amplitude, and variability type. In total some 11,597 variable objects were detected, of which 8,237 were newly classified as variable. There are, for example, 273 <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variables</a>, 186 <a href="/wiki/RR_Lyrae_variable" title="RR Lyrae variable">RR Lyrae variables</a>, 108 <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti variables</a>, and 917 <a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary star">eclipsing binary stars</a>. The star mapper observations, constituting the Tycho (and Tycho-2) Catalogue, provided two colours, roughly B and V in the Johnson <a href="/wiki/UBV_photometric_system" title="UBV photometric system">UBV photometric system</a>, important for <a href="/wiki/Spectral_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral classification">spectral classification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a> determination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radial_velocities">Radial velocities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Radial velocities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hipparcos" title="Special:EditPage/Hipparcos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Classical astrometry concerns only motions in the plane of the sky and ignores the star's <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocity</a>, i.e. its space motion along the line-of-sight. Whilst critical for an understanding of stellar kinematics, and hence population dynamics, its effect is generally imperceptible to astrometric measurements (in the plane of the sky), and therefore it is generally ignored in large-scale astrometric surveys. In practice, it can be measured as a <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler shift</a> of the spectral lines. More strictly, however, the radial velocity does enter a rigorous astrometric formulation. Specifically, a space velocity along the line-of-sight means that the transformation from tangential linear velocity to (angular) <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> is a function of time. The resulting effect of secular or perspective acceleration is the interpretation of a transverse acceleration actually arising from a purely linear space velocity with a significant radial component, with the positional effect proportional to the product of the parallax, the proper motion, and the radial velocity. At the accuracy levels of <i>Hipparcos</i> it is of (marginal) importance only for the nearest stars with the largest radial velocities and proper motions, but was accounted for in the 21 cases for which the accumulated positional effect over two years exceeds 0.1 milliarc-sec. Radial velocities for <i>Hipparcos Catalogue</i> stars, to the extent that they are presently known from independent ground-based surveys, can be found from the astronomical database of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a>. </p><p>The absence of reliable distances for the majority of stars means that the angular measurements made, astrometrically, in the plane of the sky, cannot generally be converted into true space velocities in the plane of the sky. For this reason, astrometry characterises the transverse motions of stars in angular measure (e.g. arcsec per year) rather than in km/s or equivalent. Similarly, the typical absence of reliable radial velocities means that the transverse space motion (when known) is, in any case, only a component of the complete, three-dimensional, space velocity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_catalogues">Published catalogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Published catalogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" border="" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1cm; font-size:80%"> <caption>Principal observational characteristics of the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues. ICRS is the International Celestial Reference System. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Property</th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Common: </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Measurement period</td> <td>1989.8–1993.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Catalogue epoch</td> <td>J1991.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Reference system</td> <td>ICRS </td></tr> <tr> <td>     • coincidence with ICRS (3 axes)</td> <td>±0.6 mas </td></tr> <tr> <td>     • deviation from inertial (3 axes)</td> <td>±0.25 mas/yr </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Hipparcos Catalogue: </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Number of entries</td> <td>118,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>     • with associated astrometry    </td> <td>117,955 </td></tr> <tr> <td>     • with associated photometry    </td> <td>118,204 </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Mean sky density</td> <td>≈3 per sq deg </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Limiting magnitude</td> <td>V≈12.4 mag </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Completeness</td> <td>V=7.3–9.0 mag </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Tycho Catalogue: </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Number of entries</td> <td>1,058,332 </td></tr> <tr> <td>     • based on Tycho data    </td> <td>1,052,031 </td></tr> <tr> <td>     • with only Hipparcos data    </td> <td>6301 </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Mean sky density</td> <td>25 per sq deg </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Limiting magnitude</td> <td>V≈11.5 mag </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Completeness to 90 per cent</td> <td>V≈10.5 mag </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Completeness to 99.9 per cent</td> <td>V≈10.0 mag </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Tycho 2 Catalogue: </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Number of entries</td> <td>2,539,913 </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Mean sky density:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>      • at b=0°</td> <td>≈150 per sq deg </td></tr> <tr> <td>      • at b=±30°</td> <td>≈50 per sq deg </td></tr> <tr> <td>      • at b=±90°</td> <td>≈25 per sq deg </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Completeness to 90 per cent</td> <td>V≈11.5 mag </td></tr> <tr> <td>   Completeness to 99 per cent</td> <td>V≈11.0 mag </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg/220px-Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg/330px-Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg/440px-Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the Hipparcos Catalogue, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the ecliptic</figcaption></figure> <p>The final <i>Hipparcos Catalogue</i> was the result of the critical comparison and merging of the two (NDAC and FAST consortia) analyses, and contains 118,218 entries (stars or multiple stars), corresponding to an average of some three stars per square degree over the entire sky.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Median precision of the five astrometric parameters (Hp<9 magnitude) exceeded the original mission goals, and are between 0.6 and 1.0 mas. Some 20,000 distances were determined to better than 10%, and 50,000 to better than 20%. The inferred ratio of external to standard errors is ≈1.0–1.2, and estimated systematic errors are below 0.1 mas. The number of solved or suspected double or multiple stars is 23,882.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photometric observations yielded multi-epoch photometry with a mean number of 110 observations per star, and a median photometric precision (Hp<9 magnitude) of 0.0015 magnitude, with 11,597 entries were identified as variable or possibly-variable.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the star mapper results, the data analysis was carried out by the Tycho Data Analysis Consortium (TDAC). The Tycho Catalogue comprises more than one million stars with 20–30 milliarc-sec astrometry and two-colour (B and V band) photometry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final <i>Hipparcos</i> and <i>Tycho Catalogues</i> were completed in August 1996. The catalogues were published by <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) on behalf of the scientific teams in June 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more extensive analysis of the star mapper (Tycho) data extracted additional faint stars from the data stream. Combined with old photographic plate observations made several decades earlier as part of the <a href="/wiki/Astrographic_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrographic Catalogue">Astrographic Catalogue</a> programme, the <a href="/wiki/Tycho-2_Catalogue" title="Tycho-2 Catalogue">Tycho-2 Catalogue</a> of more than 2.5 million stars (and fully superseding the original Tycho Catalogue) was published in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Hipparcos</i> and <i>Tycho-1 Catalogues</i> were used to create the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Star_Atlas" title="Millennium Star Atlas">Millennium Star Atlas</a>: an all-sky atlas of one million stars to <a href="/wiki/Visual_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual magnitude">visual magnitude</a> 11. Some 10,000 nonstellar objects are also included to complement the catalogue data.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1997 and 2007, investigations into subtle effects in the satellite attitude and instrument calibration continued. A number of effects in the data that had not been fully accounted for were studied, such as scan-phase discontinuities and micrometeoroid-induced attitude jumps. A re-reduction of the associated steps of the analysis was eventually undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FVL_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FVL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This has led to improved astrometric accuracies for stars brighter than Hp=9.0 magnitude, reaching a factor of about three for the brightest stars (Hp<4.5 magnitude), while also underlining the conclusion that the <i>Hipparcos Catalogue</i> as originally published is generally reliable within the quoted accuracies. </p><p>All catalogue data are available online from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_results">Scientific results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milky_Way_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Milky_Way_2005.jpg/220px-Milky_Way_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Milky_Way_2005.jpg/330px-Milky_Way_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Milky_Way_2005.jpg/440px-Milky_Way_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy, showing two prominent spiral arms attached to the ends of a thick central bar. <i>Hipparcos</i> mapped many stars in the solar neighbourhood with great accuracy, though this represents only a small fraction of stars in the galaxy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Hipparcos</i> results have affected a very broad range of astronomical research, which can be classified into three major themes: </p> <ul><li>the provision of an accurate reference frame: this has allowed the consistent and rigorous re-reduction of historical astrometric measurements, including those from Schmidt plates, meridian circles, the 100-year-old <a href="/wiki/Astrographic_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrographic Catalogue">Astrographic Catalogue</a>, and 150 years of Earth-orientation measurements. These, in turn, have yielded a dense reference framework with high-accuracy, long-term proper motions (the <a href="/wiki/Tycho-2_Catalogue" title="Tycho-2 Catalogue">Tycho-2 Catalogue</a>). Reduction of current state-of-the-art survey data has yielded the dense UCAC2 Catalogue of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> on the same reference system, and improved astrometric data from recent surveys such as the <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey</a> and <a href="/wiki/2MASS" title="2MASS">2MASS</a>. Implicit in the high-accuracy reference frame is the measurement of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lensing</a> and the detection and characterisation of double and multiple stars;</li> <li>constraints on <a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">stellar structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a>: the accurate distances and luminosities of 100,000 stars has provided the most comprehensive and accurate data set of fundamental stellar parameters to date, placing constraints on internal rotation, element diffusion, convective motions, and <a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">asteroseismology</a>. Combined with theoretical models and other data it yields evolutionary masses, radii, and ages for large numbers of stars covering a wide range of evolutionary states;</li> <li>Galactic kinematics and dynamics: the uniform and accurate distances and proper motions have provided a substantial advance in understanding of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">stellar kinematics</a> and the dynamical structure of the solar neighbourhood, ranging from the presence and evolution of clusters, associations and moving groups, the presence of resonance motions due to the Galaxy's central bar and <a href="/wiki/Spiral_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral arms">spiral arms</a>, determination of the parameters describing <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve" title="Galaxy rotation curve">galactic rotation</a>, discrimination of the disk and halo populations, evidence for halo accretion, and the measurement of space motions of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">runaway stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globular_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Globular clusters">globular clusters</a>, and many other types of star.</li></ul> <p>Associated with these major themes, <i>Hipparcos</i> has provided results in topics as diverse as Solar System science, including mass determinations of asteroids, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandler_wobble" title="Chandler wobble">Chandler wobble</a>; the internal structure of <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>; the masses of <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown dwarfs">brown dwarfs</a>; the characterisation of <a href="/wiki/Extra-solar_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-solar planets">extra-solar planets</a> and their host stars; the height of the Sun above the Galactic mid-plane; the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Universe">age of the Universe</a>; the stellar <a href="/wiki/Initial_mass_function" title="Initial mass function">initial mass function</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> rates; and strategies for the <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a>. The high-precision multi-epoch photometry has been used to measure variability and stellar pulsations in many classes of objects. The <i>Hipparcos</i> and <i>Tycho</i> catalogues are now routinely used to point ground-based telescopes, navigate space missions, and drive public planetaria. </p><p>Since 1997, several thousand scientific papers have been published making use of the <i>Hipparcos</i> and <i>Tycho</i> catalogues. A detailed review of the <i>Hipparcos</i> scientific literature between 1997 and 2007 was published in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a popular account of the project in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of notable results include (listed chronologically): </p> <ul><li>studies of Galactic rotation from <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variables</a> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the nature of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti variables</a> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>studies of local <a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">stellar kinematics</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>testing the <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> mass–radius relation <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the structure and dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades cluster</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>kinematics of <a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet stars</a> and O-type <a href="/wiki/Runaway_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway star">runaway stars</a> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">subdwarf</a> parallaxes: metal-rich clusters and the thick disk <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>fine structure of the <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> clump and associated distance determinations <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>confirming the <a href="/wiki/Lutz%E2%80%93Kelker_bias" title="Lutz–Kelker bias">Lutz–Kelker bias</a> of parallax measurement <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>refining the <a href="/wiki/Oort_constants" title="Oort constants">Oort</a> and Galactic constants <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Galactic disk dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>vertical motion and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>the use of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray bursts</a> as direction and time markers in <a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI">SETI</a> strategies <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>evidence of a galaxy merger in the early formation history of the Milky Way <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>study of nearby <a href="/wiki/Stellar_association" title="Stellar association">OB associations</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>close approaches of stars to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>studies of <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> orbits and masses <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/HD_209458" title="HD 209458">HD 209458</a> planetary transits <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>formation of the stellar <a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">Galactic halo</a> and thick disk <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>the local density of matter in the Galaxy and the <a href="/wiki/Oort_limit" title="Oort limit">Oort limit</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> epochs and the Sun's path through the Galaxy <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>local kinematics of K and M giants and the concept of superclusters <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>an improved reference frame for long-term Earth rotation studies <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the local stellar velocity field in the Galaxy <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Identification of two possible "siblings" of the Sun (HIP 87382 and HIP 47399), to be studied for evidence of exoplanets<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pleiades_distance_controversy">The Pleiades distance controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Pleiades distance controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One controversial result has been the derived proximity, at about 120 parsecs, of the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> cluster, established both from the original catalogue<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as from the revised analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FVL_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FVL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been contested by various other recent work, placing the mean cluster distance at around 130 parsecs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 paper, the anomaly was due to the use of a weighted mean when there is a correlation between distances and distance errors for stars in clusters. It is resolved by using an unweighted mean. There is no systematic bias in the Hipparcos data when it comes to star clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, the discrepancy between the cluster distance of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002120200000000000♠"></span>120.2<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1.5 parsecs (pc)</span> as measured by <i>Hipparcos</i> and the distance of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7018411937957125870♠"></span>133.5<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1.2 pc</span> derived with other techniques was confirmed by parallax measurements made using <a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">VLBI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gave <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7018420269286595831♠"></span>136.2<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1.2 pc</span>, the most accurate and precise distance yet presented for the cluster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polaris">Polaris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Polaris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a></div> <p>Another distance debate set-off by Hipparcos is for the distance to the star Polaris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hipparcos-Gaia">Hipparcos-Gaia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hipparcos-Gaia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hipparcos data is recently being used together with <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> data. Especially the comparison of the <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> of stars from both spacecraft is being used to search for hidden binary companions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipparcos-Gaia data is also used to measure the dynamical mass of known binaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">substellar</a> companions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipparcos-Gaia data was used to measure the mass of the exoplanet <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_b" title="Beta Pictoris b">Beta Pictoris b</a> and is sometimes used to study other long-period <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/HR_5183_b" title="HR 5183 b">HR 5183 b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hipparcos" title="Special:EditPage/Hipparcos">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lacroute" title="Pierre Lacroute">Pierre Lacroute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Observatory_of_Strasbourg" title="Observatory of Strasbourg">Observatory of Strasbourg</a>): proposer of space astrometry in 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Perryman" title="Michael Perryman">Michael Perryman</a>: ESA project scientist (1981–1997), and project manager during satellite operations (1989–1993)</li> <li>Catherine Turon (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon): leader of Input Catalogue Consortium</li> <li>Erik Høg: leader of the TDAC Consortium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Lindegren" title="Lennart Lindegren">Lennart Lindegren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lund_Observatory" title="Lund Observatory">Lund Observatory</a>): leader of the NDAC Consortium</li> <li>Jean Kovalevsky: leader of the FAST Consortium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Blaauw" title="Adriaan Blaauw">Adriaan Blaauw</a>: chair of the observing programme selection committee</li> <li>Hipparcos Science Team: Uli Bastian, Pierluigi Bernacca, Michel Crézé, Francesco Donati, Michel Grenon, Michael Grewing, Erik Høg, Jean Kovalevsky, Floor van Leeuwen, Lennart Lindegren, Hans van der Marel, <a href="/wiki/Francois_Mignard" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Mignard">Francois Mignard</a>, Andrew Murray, Michael Perryman (chair), Rudolf Le Poole, Hans Schrijver, Catherine Turon</li> <li>Franco Emiliani: ESA project manager (1981–1985)</li> <li>Hamid Hassan: ESA project manager (1985–1989)</li> <li>Dietmar Heger: ESA/ESOC spacecraft operations manager</li> <li>Michel Bouffard: Matra Marconi Space project manager</li> <li>Bruno Strim: Alenia Spazio project manager</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616012158/http://www.rssd.esa.int/SA/HIPPARCOS/docs/vol2_all.pdf">"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ESA. June 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rssd.esa.int/SA/HIPPARCOS/docs/vol2_all.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab04a8">"Precise Dynamical Masses of Directly Imaged Companions from Relative Astrometry, Radial Velocities, and Hipparcos-Gaia DR2 Accelerations"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>158</b> (4): 140. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07285">1811.07285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AJ....158..140B">2019AJ....158..140B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab04a8">10.3847/1538-3881/ab04a8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119437089">119437089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Precise+Dynamical+Masses+of+Directly+Imaged+Companions+from+Relative+Astrometry%2C+Radial+Velocities%2C+and+Hipparcos-Gaia+DR2+Accelerations&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119437089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AJ....158..140B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1811.07285&rft.issn=0004-6256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab04a8&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+Trent+J.&rft.au=Bowler%2C+Brendan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Fab04a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipparcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnellenBrown2018" class="citation journal cs1">Snellen, I. A. G.; Brown, A. G. A. (1 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatAs...2..883S">"The mass of the young planet Beta Pictoris b through the astrometric motion of its host star"</a>. <i>Nature Astronomy</i>. <b>2</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">883–</span>886. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.06257">1808.06257</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatAs...2..883S">2018NatAs...2..883S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-018-0561-6">10.1038/s41550-018-0561-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-3366">2397-3366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256718410">256718410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+mass+of+the+young+planet+Beta+Pictoris+b+through+the+astrometric+motion+of+its+host+star&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E883-%3C%2Fspan%3E886&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256718410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatAs...2..883S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1808.06257&rft.issn=2397-3366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41550-018-0561-6&rft.aulast=Snellen&rft.aufirst=I.+A.+G.&rft.au=Brown%2C+A.+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2018NatAs...2..883S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipparcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVennerPearceVanderburg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Venner, Alexander; Pearce, Logan A.; Vanderburg, Andrew (1 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac2430">"An edge-on orbit for the eccentric long-period planet HR 5183 b"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>516</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">3431–</span>3446. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03676">2111.03676</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.516.3431V">2022MNRAS.516.3431V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac2430">10.1093/mnras/stac2430</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=An+edge-on+orbit+for+the+eccentric+long-period+planet+HR+5183+b&rft.volume=516&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3431-%3C%2Fspan%3E3446&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2111.03676&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac2430&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022MNRAS.516.3431V&rft.aulast=Venner&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Logan+A.&rft.au=Vanderburg%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstac2430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHipparcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/Hipparcos/hipparcos.html">The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission at ESA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casu.ast.cam.ac.uk/casuadc">Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues at the CASU Astronomical Data Centre, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/I/239/">Hipparcos Main Catalogue and Tycho-1 Catalogue at the CDS in Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/konivat/hipparcos-star-catalog">Hipparcos Astrometry Catalogue as CSV file</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_observatories" title="Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_observatories" title="Template talk:Space observatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_observatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_telescopes301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio and Microwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Science_payloads" title="Chang'e 4">NCLE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stars-AO" title="Stars-AO">Aoi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRITE" title="BRITE">BRITE</a> constellation <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibari (satellite)">Hibari</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra (AXAF)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT (Insight)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXPE" title="IXPE">IXPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Valier_(satellite)" title="Max Valier (satellite)">Max Valier Sat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">LEIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (particle<br />or unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment#ISS-CREAM" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">Mini-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PETREL" title="PETREL">PETREL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">K-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26#Scientific_payload" title="Luna 26">LORD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASMINE_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="JASMINE (satellite)">JASMINE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-C_EUVST" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-C EUVST">Solar-C EUVST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVEX" title="UVEX">UVEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030+)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2032)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiji_Program_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiji Program in Space">Taiji</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2033)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed space observatories">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astro-1_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astro-1 Telescope (page does not exist)">Astro-1 Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel Imager">Fresnel Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(spacecraft)" title="FOCAL (spacecraft)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST-PMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanets_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanets Observatory">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory">HWO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertelescope">Hypertelescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_experiment)#iWF-MAXI" title="MAXI (ISS experiment)">iWF-MAXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">JEM-EUSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ultraviolet_Cosmic_Imager" title="Lunar Ultraviolet Cosmic Imager">LUCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">Nano-JASMINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_National_Reconnaissance_Office_space_telescope_donation_to_NASA" title="2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA">NRO donation to NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Binary_Black_Hole_Investigation_Satellite" title="Orbiting Binary Black Hole Investigation Satellite">ORBIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXSI_Sounding_Rocket" title="FOXSI Sounding Rocket">PhoENiX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar-D (page does not exist)">Solar-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" title="Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy">THEIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari (Astro-F)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors" title="Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors">ALEXIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_1" title="Ariel 1">Ariel 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962, 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_2" title="Ariel 2">Ariel 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_3" title="Ariel 3">Ariel 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_4" title="Ariel 4">Ariel 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_5" title="Ariel 5">Ariel 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel 6">Ariel 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">ATM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA (Astro-D)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">Astro-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Band_X-ray_Telescope" title="Broad Band X-ray Telescope">BBXRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">Astro-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Netherlands_Satellite" title="Astronomical Netherlands Satellite">ANS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton (CGRO)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN-2" title="CXBN-2">CXBN-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-54#Mission_highlights" title="STS-54">DXS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI#EPOCh" title="EPOXI">EPOCh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">Explorer 11</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">EUVE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">FUSE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–2007)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1992)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga (Astro-C)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho (CORSA-b)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA (MUSES-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_1" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1">HEAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki (SPRINT-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_3" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3">HEAO-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000–2008)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hipparcos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">IRTS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IXAE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGRI" title="LEGRI">LEGRI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment">MSX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019?)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-3_(Copernicus)" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-3 (Copernicus)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicSat" title="PicSat">PicSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1984)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">R/HESSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">RXTE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">SAMPEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">SAS-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">SAS-C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku (Astro-EII)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma (Astro-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_3" title="Vanguard 3">Vanguard 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001–2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yokoh (Solar-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2001)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hibernating <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Mission completed)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">SWAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost/Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-1" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-B" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN" title="CXBN">CXBN</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">WIRE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)#ASTRO-E" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Astro-E</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSUBAME_(satellite)" title="TSUBAME (satellite)">Tsubame</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi (Astro-H)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelita_(spacecraft)" title="Aelita (spacecraft)">Aelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation-X_Observatory" title="Constellation-X Observatory">Constellation-X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Energy Space Telescope">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-sky_Astrometric_Mapping_Explorer" title="Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer">FAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism">GEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Origins_Probe" title="Hubble Origins Probe">HOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_X-ray_Observatory" title="International X-ray Observatory">IXO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Dark_Energy_Mission" title="Joint Dark Energy Mission">JDEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_J" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO J">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_K" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO K">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">SIM & SIMlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">SNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Polarization_Observatory" title="Sky Polarization Observatory">SPOrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAUVEX" title="TAUVEX">TAUVEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">TPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS">XEUS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIPE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XIPE (page does not exist)">XIPE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_telescopes" title="List of proposed space telescopes">List of proposed space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetariums" title="List of planetariums">List of planetariums</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown:_Cosmic_Time_Machine" title="Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine">Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine</a></i> (2023 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Category:Space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-1C (page does not exist)">1C</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li>ɸ-Sat (<a href="/wiki/Phi-Sat-1" title="Phi-Sat-1">1</a> (2020) <a href="/wiki/Phi-Sat-2" title="Phi-Sat-2">2</a> (2024))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a> (2024–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1988Orbital_launches_in_19891990_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1989" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1989"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1989" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1989"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1989" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1989"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1988Orbital_launches_in_19891990_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1988_in_spaceflight" title="1988 in spaceflight">← 1988</a></div><a href="/wiki/1989_in_spaceflight" title="1989 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1989</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1990_in_spaceflight" title="1990 in spaceflight">1990 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1987&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1987 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1987</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1988 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1988</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1989 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1990 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1991 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.29L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.29L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.29L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1992 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_VA_F-15" title="Intelsat VA F-15">Intelsat VA F-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1993 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_40" title="Progress 40">Progress 40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1994 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1994</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1995 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1995</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1996 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1996</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1997 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1997</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1998 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1998</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1999 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2000 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2001" title="Kosmos 2001">Kosmos 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2002&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2002 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-35" title="USA-35">USA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.84 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.84</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2003 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akebono_(satellite)" title="Akebono (satellite)">Akebono</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2004 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.22 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2005 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-1" title="JCSAT-1">JCSAT-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteosat_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteosat 4 (page does not exist)">Meteosat 4</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-29" title="STS-29">STS-29</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/TDRS-4" title="TDRS-4">TDRS-4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2006 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_41" title="Progress 41">Progress 41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2007 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2008 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2008</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2009 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2009</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2010 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2010</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2011 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2011</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2012&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2012 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2012</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2013 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2013</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2014 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2014</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2015 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-36 (page does not exist)">USA-36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tele-X" title="Tele-X">Tele-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2016 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2017 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.33L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.33L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.33L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2018 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton_No.5L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton No.5L (page does not exist)">Foton No.5L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-30" title="STS-30">STS-30</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2019 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-37 (page does not exist)">USA-37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2020 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2021&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2021 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.45 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.45</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pion 1 (page does not exist)">Pion 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pion 2 (page does not exist)">Pion 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2022 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2022</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2023 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2023</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2024 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2025&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2025 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-A" title="Superbird-A">Superbird-A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DFS_Kopernikus_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DFS Kopernikus 1 (page does not exist)">DFS Kopernikus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2026&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2026 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2026</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.45 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.45</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okean-O1_No.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okean-O1 No.4 (page does not exist)">Okean-O1 No.4</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-38" title="USA-38">USA-38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2027&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2027 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2027</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-39 (page does not exist)">USA-39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2028 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globus_No.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globus No.11 (page does not exist)">Globus No.11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.46 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.46</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_No.403&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadezhda No.403 (page does not exist)">Nadezhda No.403</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2029&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2029 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2029</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.27L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.27L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.27L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympus F1">Olympus F1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2030&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2030 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2030</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.47 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.47</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pion 3 (page does not exist)">Pion 3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pion_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pion 4 (page does not exist)">Pion 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2031&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2031 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2031</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2032&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2032 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2032</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2033&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2033 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2033</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2034 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2034</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2035&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2035 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2035</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-40 (page does not exist)">USA-40</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-41 (page does not exist)">USA-41</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TV-SAT_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TV-SAT 2 (page does not exist)">TV-SAT 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipparcos (satellite) (page does not exist)">Hipparcos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F2_No.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F2 No.4 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F2 No.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-42" title="USA-42">USA-42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2036&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2036 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-1" title="Progress M-1">Progress M-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius 1">Marco Polo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2037&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2037 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2037</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-43&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-43 (page does not exist)">USA-43</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-44 (page does not exist)">USA-44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himawari_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himawari 4 (page does not exist)">Himawari 4</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-8" title="Soyuz TM-8">Soyuz TM-8</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-45 (page does not exist)">USA-45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.48 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2038&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2038 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2038</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2039&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2039 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2039</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2040 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2040</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2041&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2041 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2041</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2042 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2042</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2043&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2043 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2044" title="Kosmos 2044">Kosmos 2044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2045&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2045 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2045</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-46 (page does not exist)">USA-46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.69 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.69</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2046&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2046 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2046</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 24 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 24</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magion_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magion 2 (page does not exist)">Magion 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.31L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.31L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.31L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2047 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2047</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2048&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2048 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2048</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-47" title="USA-47">USA-47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-3_No.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-3 No.4 (page does not exist)">Meteor-3 No.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_602" title="Intelsat 602">Intelsat VI F-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2049&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2049 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2049</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-33" title="STS-33">STS-33</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-48 (page does not exist)">USA-48</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2050" title="Kosmos 2050">Kosmos 2050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2051 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2051</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvant 2 (page does not exist)">Kvant 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.46 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2052&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2052 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2052</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-49" title="USA-49">USA-49</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.36L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.36L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.36L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-2" title="Progress M-2">Progress M-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2053 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2053</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2054&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2054 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2054</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&oldid=1279275705#Published_catalogues">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&oldid=1279275705#Published_catalogues</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hipparcos" title="Category:Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_astrometry_missions" title="Category:Space astrometry missions">Space astrometry missions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parallax" title="Category:Parallax">Parallax</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency_satellites" title="Category:European Space Agency satellites">European Space Agency satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Space telescopes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites_orbiting_Earth" title="Category:Satellites orbiting Earth">Satellites orbiting Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1989" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1989">Spacecraft launched in 1989</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2012">Articles needing additional references from September 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2019">Use dmy dates from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use British English from January 2014">Use British English from January 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 March 2025, at 15:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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