CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Energy homeostasis - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fe2a490e-ccca-41d7-a348-dd20c7e75b1a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Energy_homeostasis","wgTitle":"Energy homeostasis","wgCurRevisionId":1269101274,"wgRevisionId":1269101274,"wgArticleId":23613099,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014","Nutrition","Metabolism","Biochemistry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Energy_homeostasis","wgRelevantArticleId":23613099,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Energy_balance_(biology)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Energy_homeostasis","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5377024","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Energy homeostasis - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_homeostasis"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_homeostasis"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Energy_homeostasis rootpage-Energy_homeostasis skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Energy+homeostasis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Energy+homeostasis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Energy+homeostasis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Energy+homeostasis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Expenditure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imbalance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imbalance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Imbalance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imbalance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Positive balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Negative balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Requirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy homeostasis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="توازن الطاقة (أحياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توازن الطاقة (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%C3%B2stasi_energ%C3%A8tica" title="Homeòstasi energètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homeòstasi energètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis_energ%C3%A9tica" title="Homeostasis energética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homeostasis energética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%ED%95%AD%EC%83%81%EC%84%B1" title="에너지 항상성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에너지 항상성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Енергетичний баланс організму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енергетичний баланс організму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2n_b%E1%BA%B1ng_n%E1%BB%99i_m%C3%B4i_n%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" title="Cân bằng nội môi năng lượng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cân bằng nội môi năng lượng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81" title="能量稳态 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="能量稳态" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5377024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Energy_homeostasis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Energy_homeostasis" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Energy_homeostasis"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Energy_homeostasis"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Energy_homeostasis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Energy_homeostasis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&oldid=1269101274" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Energy_homeostasis&id=1269101274&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEnergy_homeostasis"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEnergy_homeostasis"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Energy_homeostasis&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5377024" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_balance_(biology)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy balance (biology)">Energy balance (biology)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A biological process</div> <p>In biology, <b>energy homeostasis</b>, or the <b>homeostatic control of energy balance</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological process</a> that involves the coordinated <a href="/wiki/Homeostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic">homeostatic</a> regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and <a href="/wiki/Energy_expenditure" title="Energy expenditure">energy expenditure</a> (energy outflow).<sup id="cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaReg2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM-energy_balance_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-energy_balance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeostatic_control_of_energy_balance_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeostatic_control_of_energy_balance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human brain, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis and generating the sense of <a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">hunger</a> by integrating a number of biochemical signals that transmit information about energy balance.<sup id="cite_ref-NHM-energy_balance_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-energy_balance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeostatic_control_of_energy_balance_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeostatic_control_of_energy_balance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunger_-_CNS_energy_homeostasis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunger_-_CNS_energy_homeostasis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty percent of the energy from glucose metabolism is immediately converted to heat.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature2006KMSB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature2006KMSB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy homeostasis is an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">bioenergetics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, biological energy is expressed using the energy unit <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">Calorie</a> with a capital C (i.e. a kilocalorie), which equals the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C (about 4.18 k<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy balance, through <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthetic reactions</a>, can be measured with the following equation:<sup id="cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaReg2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Energy intake (from food and fluids) = Energy expended (through work and heat generated) + Change in stored energy (<a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">body fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> storage)</i></dd></dl> <p>The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. But energy can be converted from one form of energy to another. So, when a calorie of food energy is consumed, one of three particular effects occur within the body: a portion of that calorie may be stored as <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, transferred to cells and converted to chemical energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP – a <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">coenzyme</a>) or related compounds, or dissipated as <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaReg2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature2006KMSB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature2006KMSB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2645124_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2645124-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy">Energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intake">Intake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Energy intake is measured by the amount of calories consumed from food and fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaReg2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy intake is modulated by hunger, which is primarily regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaReg2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and choice, which is determined by the sets of brain structures that are responsible for <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">stimulus control</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control">cognitive control</a> of eating behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Cognitive_control_of_eating_behavior_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cognitive_control_of_eating_behavior-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stimulus_control_of_eating_behavior_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stimulus_control_of_eating_behavior-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunger is regulated in part by the action of certain <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">neuropeptides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">leptin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">ghrelin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">neuropeptide Y</a>, among others) in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaReg2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghrelin_and_Leptin_review_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghrelin_and_Leptin_review-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expenditure">Expenditure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Energy_expenditure" title="Energy expenditure">Energy expenditure</a></div> <p>Energy expenditure is mainly a sum of internal heat produced and external work. The internal heat produced is, in turn, mainly a sum of <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a> (BMR) and the <a href="/wiki/Thermic_effect_of_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermic effect of food">thermic effect of food</a>. External work may be estimated by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity_level" title="Physical activity level">physical activity level</a> (PAL).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imbalance">Imbalance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imbalance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition disorder">Nutrition disorder</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Set_point_theory" title="Set point theory">Set-Point Theory</a>, first introduced in 1953, postulated that each body has a preprogrammed fixed weight, with regulatory mechanisms to compensate. This theory was quickly adopted and used to explain failures in developing effective and sustained weight loss procedures. A 2019 systematic review of multiple weight change interventions on humans, including <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">dieting</a>, exercise and overeating, found systematic "energetic errors", the non-compensated loss or gain of calories, for all these procedures. This shows that the body cannot precisely compensate for errors in energy/calorie intake, contrary to what the Set-Point Theory hypothesizes, and potentially explaining both <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> and weight gain such as <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>. This review was conducted on short-term studies, therefore such a mechanism cannot be excluded in the long term, as evidence is currently lacking on this timeframe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_balance">Positive balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Positive balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A positive balance is a result of <i>energy intake</i> being <i>higher</i> than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main preventable causes are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overeating" title="Overeating">Overeating</a>, resulting in increased energy intake</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a>, resulting in decreased energy expenditure through external work</li></ul> <p>A positive balance results in energy being stored as <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>. In time, <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> may develop, with resultant complications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_balance">Negative balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Negative balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A negative balance or <a href="/wiki/Caloric_deficit" title="Caloric deficit">caloric deficit</a> is a result of energy intake being less than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure. </p><p>The main cause is <i>undereating</i> due to a medical condition such as <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">decreased appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestive_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive disease">digestive disease</a>, or due to some circumstance such as fasting or lack of access to food. <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</a> can also be a cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirement">Requirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Requirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normal energy requirement, and therefore normal energy intake, depends mainly on age, sex and <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity_level" title="Physical activity level">physical activity level</a> (PAL). The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has compiled a detailed report on human energy requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An older but commonly used and fairly accurate method is the <a href="/wiki/Harris-Benedict_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris-Benedict equation">Harris-Benedict equation</a>. </p><p>Yet, there are currently ongoing studies to show if <a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie restriction</a> to below normal values have beneficial effects, and even though they are showing positive indications in nonhuman primates<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson09_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson09-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19264119_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19264119-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is still not certain if calorie restriction has a positive effect on longevity for humans and other primates.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson09_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson09-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19264119_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19264119-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calorie restriction may be viewed as attaining energy balance at a lower intake and expenditure, and is, in this sense, not generally an energy imbalance, except for an initial imbalance where decreased expenditure hasn't yet matched the decreased intake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been controversy over energy-balance messages that downplay energy intake being promoted by food industry groups.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_energy_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic energy budget">Dynamic energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's energy balance">Earth's energy balance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MetaReg2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetaReg2013_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrayn2013" class="citation book cs1">Frayn KN (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdQ9NPIzMmsC&pg=394">"Chapter 11: Energy Balance and Body Weight Regulation"</a>. <i>Metabolic Regulation: A Human Perspective</i> (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">329–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118685334" title="Special:BookSources/9781118685334"><bdi>9781118685334</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+Energy+Balance+and+Body+Weight+Regulation&rft.btitle=Metabolic+Regulation%3A+A+Human+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781118685334&rft.aulast=Frayn&rft.aufirst=KN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdQ9NPIzMmsC%26pg%3D394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHM-energy_balance-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-energy_balance_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM-energy_balance_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (ed.). <i>Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience</i> (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 179, <span class="nowrap">262–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071481274" title="Special:BookSources/9780071481274"><bdi>9780071481274</bdi></a>. <q>Orexin neurons are regulated by peripheral mediators that carry information about energy balance, including glucose, leptin, and ghrelin. ... Accordingly, orexin plays a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, reward, and perhaps more generally in emotion. ... The regulation of energy balance involves the exquisite coordination of food intake and energy expenditure. Experiments in the 1940s and 1950s showed that lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) reduced food intake; hence, the normal role of this brain area is to stimulate feeding and decrease energy utilization. In contrast, lesions of the medial hypothalamus, especially the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) but also the PVN and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), increased food intake; hence, the normal role of these regions is to suppress feeding and increase energy utilization. Yet discovery of the complex networks of neuropeptides and other neurotransmitters acting within the hypothalamus and other brain regions to regulate food intake and energy expenditure began in earnest in 1994 with the cloning of the leptin (ob, for obesity) gene. Indeed, there is now explosive interest in basic feeding mechanisms given the epidemic proportions of obesity in our society, and the increased toll of the eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Unfortunately, despite dramatic advances in the basic neurobiology of feeding, our understanding of the etiology of these conditions and our ability to intervene clinically remain limited.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780071481274&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homeostatic_control_of_energy_balance-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homeostatic_control_of_energy_balance_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homeostatic_control_of_energy_balance_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonMeekSchwartz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Morton GJ, Meek TH, Schwartz MW (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4076116">"Neurobiology of food intake in health and disease"</a>. <i>Nat. Rev. Neurosci</i>. <b>15</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">367–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn3745">10.1038/nrn3745</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4076116">4076116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24840801">24840801</a>. <q>However, in normal individuals, body weight and body fat content are typically quite stable over time<sup>2,3</sup> owing to a biological process termed 'energy homeostasis' that matches energy intake to expenditure over long periods of time. The energy homeostasis system comprises neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus and other brain areas<sup>4</sup> that are a part of a neurocircuit that regulates food intake in response to input from humoral signals that circulate at concentrations proportionate to body fat content<sup>4-6</sup>. ... An emerging concept in the neurobiology of food intake is that neurocircuits exist that are normally inhibited, but when activated in response to emergent or stressful stimuli they can override the homeostatic control of energy balance. Understanding how these circuits interact with the energy homeostasis system is fundamental to understanding the control of food intake and may bear on the pathogenesis of disorders at both ends of the body weight spectrum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Neurobiology+of+food+intake+in+health+and+disease&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4076116%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24840801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn3745&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Meek%2C+TH&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4076116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunger_-_CNS_energy_homeostasis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunger_-_CNS_energy_homeostasis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrLiMantzoros2016" class="citation journal cs1">Farr OM, Li CS, Mantzoros CS (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4834455">"Central nervous system regulation of eating: Insights from human brain imaging"</a>. <i>Metab. Clin. Exp</i>. <b>65</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">699–</span>713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.metabol.2016.02.002">10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4834455">4834455</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27085777">27085777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metab.+Clin.+Exp.&rft.atitle=Central+nervous+system+regulation+of+eating%3A+Insights+from+human+brain+imaging&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E699-%3C%2Fspan%3E713&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4834455%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27085777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.metabol.2016.02.002&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=OM&rft.au=Li%2C+CS&rft.au=Mantzoros%2C+CS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4834455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature2006KMSB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature2006KMSB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature2006KMSB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_G._MurphyStephen_R._Bloom2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kevin G. Murphy & Stephen R. Bloom (December 14, 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis". <i>Nature</i>. <b>444</b> (7121): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>859. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.444..854M">2006Natur.444..854M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05484">10.1038/nature05484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17167473">17167473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1120344">1120344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Gut+hormones+and+the+regulation+of+energy+homeostasis&rft.volume=444&rft.issue=7121&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E854-%3C%2Fspan%3E859&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05484&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1120344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17167473&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.444..854M&rft.au=Kevin+G.+Murphy&rft.au=Stephen+R.+Bloom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of physics, 9th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011, p. 485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2645124-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2645124_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1989" class="citation journal cs1">Field JB (1989). "Exercise and deficient carbohydrate storage and intake as causes of hypoglycemia". <i>Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0889-8529%2818%2930394-3">10.1016/S0889-8529(18)30394-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2645124">2645124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinol.+Metab.+Clin.+North+Am.&rft.atitle=Exercise+and+deficient+carbohydrate+storage+and+intake+as+causes+of+hypoglycemia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0889-8529%2818%2930394-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2645124&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cognitive_control_of_eating_behavior-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cognitive_control_of_eating_behavior_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiauddeenAlonso-AlonsoHillKelley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ziauddeen H, Alonso-Alonso M, Hill JO, Kelley M, Khan NA (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496739">"Obesity and the neurocognitive basis of food reward and the control of intake"</a>. <i>Adv Nutr</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">474–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fan.115.008268">10.3945/an.115.008268</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496739">4496739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26178031">26178031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adv+Nutr&rft.atitle=Obesity+and+the+neurocognitive+basis+of+food+reward+and+the+control+of+intake&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E474-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4496739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26178031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fan.115.008268&rft.aulast=Ziauddeen&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Alonso-Alonso%2C+M&rft.au=Hill%2C+JO&rft.au=Kelley%2C+M&rft.au=Khan%2C+NA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4496739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stimulus_control_of_eating_behavior-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stimulus_control_of_eating_behavior_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingarten1985" class="citation journal cs1">Weingarten HP (1985). "Stimulus control of eating: implications for a two-factor theory of hunger". <i>Appetite</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0195-6663%2885%2980006-4">10.1016/S0195-6663(85)80006-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3911890">3911890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21137202">21137202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appetite&rft.atitle=Stimulus+control+of+eating%3A+implications+for+a+two-factor+theory+of+hunger&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21137202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3911890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0195-6663%2885%2980006-4&rft.aulast=Weingarten&rft.aufirst=HP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghrelin_and_Leptin_review-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghrelin_and_Leptin_review_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlokJakobsdottirDrent2007" class="citation journal cs1">Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-789X.2006.00270.x">"The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review"</a>. <i>Obes Rev</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-789X.2006.00270.x">10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17212793">17212793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24266123">24266123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obes+Rev&rft.atitle=The+role+of+leptin+and+ghrelin+in+the+regulation+of+food+intake+and+body+weight+in+humans%3A+a+review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24266123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17212793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-789X.2006.00270.x&rft.aulast=Klok&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Jakobsdottir%2C+S&rft.au=Drent%2C+ML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-789X.2006.00270.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskySewallZhongBarre2019" class="citation journal cs1">Levitsky, DA; Sewall, A; Zhong, Y; Barre, L; Shoen, S; Agaronnik, N; LeClair, JL; Zhuo, W; Pacanowski, C (1 February 2019). "Quantifying the imprecision of energy intake of humans to compensate for imposed energetic errors: A challenge to the physiological control of human food intake". <i>Appetite</i>. <b>133</b>: <span class="nowrap">337–</span>343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.appet.2018.11.017">10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30476522">30476522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53712116">53712116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appetite&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+imprecision+of+energy+intake+of+humans+to+compensate+for+imposed+energetic+errors%3A+A+challenge+to+the+physiological+control+of+human+food+intake.&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E343&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53712116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30476522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.appet.2018.11.017&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Sewall%2C+A&rft.au=Zhong%2C+Y&rft.au=Barre%2C+L&rft.au=Shoen%2C+S&rft.au=Agaronnik%2C+N&rft.au=LeClair%2C+JL&rft.au=Zhuo%2C+W&rft.au=Pacanowski%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1990" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, RB (December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.4.15.2253845">"Role of set-point theory in regulation of body weight"</a>. <i>FASEB Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">3310–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.4.15.2253845">10.1096/fasebj.4.15.2253845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2253845">2253845</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21297643">21297643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Role+of+set-point+theory+in+regulation+of+body+weight.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3310-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21297643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2253845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffasebj.4.15.2253845&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=RB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffasebj.4.15.2253845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e00.HTM">Human energy requirements (Rome, 17–24 October 2001)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson09-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson09_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson09_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonShanmuganayagamWeindruch2009" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson RM, Shanmuganayagam D, Weindruch R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734859">"Caloric restriction and aging: studies in mice and monkeys"</a>. <i>Toxicol Pathol</i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192623308329476">10.1177/0192623308329476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734859">3734859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19075044">19075044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicol+Pathol&rft.atitle=Caloric+restriction+and+aging%3A+studies+in+mice+and+monkeys&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3734859%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19075044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0192623308329476&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Shanmuganayagam%2C+D&rft.au=Weindruch%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3734859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19264119-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19264119_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19264119_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezziMartinShanmuganayagamColman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rezzi S, Martin FP, Shanmuganayagam D, Colman RJ, Nicholson JK, Weindruch R (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822382">"Metabolic shifts due to long-term caloric restriction revealed in nonhuman primates"</a>. <i>Exp. Gerontol</i>. <b>44</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">356–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.exger.2009.02.008">10.1016/j.exger.2009.02.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822382">2822382</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19264119">19264119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exp.+Gerontol.&rft.atitle=Metabolic+shifts+due+to+long-term+caloric+restriction+revealed+in+nonhuman+primates&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2822382%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19264119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.exger.2009.02.008&rft.aulast=Rezzi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Martin%2C+FP&rft.au=Shanmuganayagam%2C+D&rft.au=Colman%2C+RJ&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+JK&rft.au=Weindruch%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2822382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Connor2015" class="citation web cs1">O’Connor, Anahad (2015-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/coca-cola-funds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets/">"Coca-Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away From Bad Diets"</a>. <i>Well</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Well&rft.atitle=Coca-Cola+Funds+Scientists+Who+Shift+Blame+for+Obesity+Away+From+Bad+Diets&rft.date=2015-08-09&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Connor&rft.aufirst=Anahad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwell.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F09%2Fcoca-cola-funds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+homeostasis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Diagram of regulation of fat stores and hunger <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://img.medscape.com/article/746/807/746807-fig1.jpg">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711055711/http://www.futureself.com/calorie-calculator.aspx">Daily energy requirement calculator</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malnutrition190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nutritional_pathology" title="Template:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nutritional_pathology" title="Template talk:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nutritional_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malnutrition190" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93energy_malnutrition" title="Protein–energy malnutrition">Protein-energy<br />malnutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaciation" title="Emaciation">Emaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">Kwashiorkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolysis" title="Catabolysis">Catabolysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>B<sub>1</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">Beriberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin#Deficiency" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>3</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">Pellagra</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>6</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridoxine deficiency">Pyridoxine deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>7</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotin_deficiency" title="Biotin deficiency">Biotin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>9</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate_deficiency" title="Folate deficiency">Folate deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>12</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency" title="Vitamin A deficiency">Vitamin A deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitot%27s_spots" title="Bitot's spots">Bitot's spots</a></li></ul></li> <li>C: <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">Scurvy</a></li> <li>D: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">Vitamin D deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">Rickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">Osteomalacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_groove" title="Harrison's groove">Harrison's groove</a></li></ul></li> <li>E: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E_deficiency" title="Vitamin E deficiency">Vitamin E deficiency</a></li> <li>K: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency" title="Vitamin K deficiency">Vitamin K deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_deficiency" title="Mineral deficiency">Mineral deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">Electrolyte imbalance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochloremia" title="Hypochloremia">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium deficiency (medicine)">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphatemia" title="Hypophosphatemia">Phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">Sodium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)" title="Manganese deficiency (medicine)">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency" title="Molybdenum deficiency">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_deficiency" title="Selenium deficiency">Selenium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keshan_disease" title="Keshan disease">Keshan disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_deficiency" title="Fluorine deficiency">Fluorine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Growth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformity" title="Deformity">Deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_milestone" title="Delayed milestone">Delayed milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_short_stature" title="Idiopathic short stature">Idiopathic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">Cachexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficiency_(medicine)" title="Deficiency (medicine)">Deficiency (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition" title="Epidemiology of malnutrition">Epidemiology of malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Food fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation (crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_dehydration" title="Terminal dehydration">Terminal dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children" title="Undernutrition in children">Undernutrition in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377024#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=41168">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&oldid=1269101274">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&oldid=1269101274</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nutrition" title="Category:Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metabolism" title="Category:Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biochemistry" title="Category:Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 January 2025, at 01:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_homeostasis&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy homeostasis</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>7 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-cqgbd","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.334","walltime":"0.455","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1595,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":65188,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1564,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":77577,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 402.382 1 -total"," 36.76% 147.904 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.60% 78.847 1 Template:Nutritional_pathology"," 18.50% 74.440 2 Template:Navbox"," 18.20% 73.249 2 Template:Cite_book"," 15.03% 60.473 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.07% 48.575 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.12% 44.741 1 Template:Authority_control"," 9.78% 39.352 2 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.61% 34.631 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.218","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5768666,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-q7s5n","timestamp":"20250211205835","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Energy homeostasis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_homeostasis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5377024","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5377024","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-07-15T09:04:47Z","dateModified":"2025-01-13T01:34:15Z","headline":"biological process of regulation of food intake and energy expenditure"}</script> </body> </html>