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Dynamic energy budget theory - Wikipedia

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of the standard model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions_of_the_standard_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_(and_applicability)_of_DEB_theory/models_with_other_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_(and_applicability)_of_DEB_theory/models_with_other_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Compatibility (and applicability) of DEB theory/models with other approaches</span> </div> </a> <button 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<p>The <b>dynamic energy budget</b> (<b>DEB</b>) <b>theory</b> is a formal <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_ecology" title="Metabolic ecology">metabolic theory</a> which provides a single quantitative framework to dynamically describe the aspects of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (energy and mass budgets) of all living organisms at the individual level, based on assumptions about energy uptake, storage, and utilization of various substances.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The DEB theory adheres to stringent thermodynamic principles, is motivated by universally observed patterns, is non-species specific, and links different levels of biological organization (<a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a>) as prescribed by the implications of energetics.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Models based on the DEB theory have been successfully applied to over 1000 species with real-life applications ranging from conservation, aquaculture, general ecology, and <a href="/wiki/Ecotoxicology" title="Ecotoxicology">ecotoxicology</a><sup id="cite_ref-:25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (see also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/species_list.html">Add-my-pet collection</a>). The theory is contributing to the theoretical underpinning of the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_ecology" title="Metabolic ecology">metabolic ecology</a>. </p><p>The explicitness of the assumptions and the resulting predictions enable testing against a wide variety of experimental results at the various levels of biological organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The theory explains many general observations, such as the body size scaling relationships of certain physiological traits, and provides a theoretical underpinning to the widely used method of indirect calorimetry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several popular empirical models are special cases of the DEB model, or very close numerical approximations.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_background">Theoretical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Theoretical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory presents simple mechanistic rules that describe the uptake and allocation of energy (and nutrients) and the consequences for physiological organization throughout an organism's life cycle, including the relationships of energetics with aging and effects of toxicants.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Assumptions of the DEB theory are delineated in an explicit way, the approach clearly distinguishes mechanisms associated with intra‐ and interspecific variation in metabolic rates, and equations for energy flows are mathematically derived following the principles of physics and simplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornerstones of the theory are: </p> <ul><li>conservation of <a href="/wiki/Mass_balance" title="Mass balance">mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_balance_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy balance (biology)">energy</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_balance&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Time balance (page does not exist)">time</a>,</li> <li>relationships between surface area and volume</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometric">stoichiometric</a> constraints on production</li> <li>organizational uncoupling of metabolic <a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">modules</a> (assimilation, dissipation, growth)</li> <li>strong and weak <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> (composition of compartments is constant; composition of the organism is constant when the food is constant)</li> <li>substrate(s) from the environment is/are first converted to reserve(s) before being used for further metabolism</li></ul> <p>The theory specifies that an organism is made up two main compartments: <b><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_reserve" title="Dynamic reserve">(energy) reserve</a></b> and <b>structure</b>. Assimilation of energy is proportional to surface area of the structure, and maintenance is proportional to its volume. Reserve does not require maintenance. Energy mobilization will depend on the relative amount of the energy reserve, and on the interface between reserve and structure. Once mobilized, the energy is split into two branches: </p> <ul><li>a fixed proportion (termed kappa, κ) is allocated to <a href="/wiki/Individual_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual growth">growth</a> (increase of structural mass) and maintenance of structure, while</li> <li>the remaining proportion (1- κ) is allocated to processes of maturation (increase in complexity, installation of regulation systems, preparation for reproduction) and maintaining the level of attained maturity (including, e.g., maintenance of defense systems).</li></ul> <p>The κ-rule therefore states that the processes of growth and maturation do not directly compete. <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_an_organism" title="Maintenance of an organism">Maintenance</a> needs to be paid before allocating energy to other processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of energy acquisition and allocation, the theory recognizes three main developmental stages: <b>embryo</b>, which does not feed or reproduce, <b>juvenile</b>, which feeds but does not reproduce, and <b>adult</b>, which both feeds and is allocating energy to reproduction. Transitions between these life stages occur at events specified as <b>birth</b> and <b>puberty</b>, which are reached when energy invested into maturation (tracked as 'level of <b>maturity</b>') reaches a certain threshold. Maturity does not increase in the adult stage, and maturity maintenance is proportional to maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biochemical composition of reserve and structure is considered to be that of <a href="/wiki/Generalised_compound" title="Generalised compound">generalised compounds</a>, and is constant (the assumption of strong homeostasis) but not necessarily identical. Biochemical transformation from food to reserve (assimilation), and from reserve to structure (growth) include overhead costs. These overheads, together with processes of somatic and maturity <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_an_organism" title="Maintenance of an organism">maintenance</a> and reproduction overheads (inefficiencies in transformation from reserve to reproductive material), all contribute to the consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DEB_models">DEB models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: DEB models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All dynamic energy budget models follow the energy budget of an individual organism throughout its life cycle; by contrast,"static" energy budget models describe a specific life stage or <a href="/wiki/Size" title="Size">size</a> of an organism.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The main advantage of the DEB-theory based model over most other models is its description of energy assimilation and utilization (<a href="/wiki/Dynamic_reserve" title="Dynamic reserve">reserve dynamics</a>) simultaneously with decoupled processes of growth, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">development/ maturation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_an_organism" title="Maintenance of an organism">maintenance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under constant environmental conditions (constant food and temperature) the standard DEB model can be simplified to the von Bertalanffy (or better, Putter's <sup id="cite_ref-:28_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) growth model, but its mechanistic process-based setup enables incorporating fluctuating environmental conditions, as well as studying reproduction and maturation in parallel to growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>DEB theory specifies <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_reserve" title="Dynamic reserve">reserves</a> as separate from structure: these are the two <a href="/wiki/State_variable" title="State variable">state variables</a> that contribute to physical volume, and (in combination with reproduction buffer of adults) fully define the size of an individual. Maturity (also a <a href="/wiki/State_variable" title="State variable">state variable</a> of the model) tracks how much energy has been invested into maturation, and therefore determines the life stage of the organism relative to maturity levels at which life stage transitions (birth and puberty) occur. Dynamics of the state variables are given by <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation" title="Ordinary differential equation">ordinary differential equations</a> which include the major processes of energy uptake and use: assimilation, mobilization, maintenance, growth, maturation, and reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Food is transformed into reserve, which fuels all other metabolic processes. The feeding rate is proportional to the surface area; food handling time and the transformation efficiency from food to reserve are independent of food density.</li> <li>A fixed fraction (kappa) of mobilized reserve is allocated to somatic maintenance plus growth (soma), the rest on maturity maintenance plus maturation or reproduction. Maintenance has priority over other processes. Somatic maintenance is proportional to structural body volume, and maturity maintenance to maturity. Heating costs for endotherms and osmotic work (for fresh water organisms) are somatic maintenance costs that are proportional to surface area.</li> <li>Stage transitions occur if the cumulated investment into <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">maturation</a> exceeds threshold values. Life stages typically are: embryo, juvenile, and adult. Reserve that is allocated to reproduction is first accumulated in a buffer. The rules for converting the buffer to gametes are species-specific (e.g. spawning can be once per season).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameters</a> of the model are individual specific, but similarities between individuals of the same species yield species-specific parameter estimations.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> DEB parameters are <a href="/wiki/Estimation" title="Estimation">estimated</a> from several types of data simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Routines for data entry and parameter estimation are available as free software package <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/debtool/DEBtool_M/manual/index.html">DEBtool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318180454/http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/debtool/DEBtool_M/manual/index.html">Archived</a> 2017-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> implemented in the <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> environment, with the process of model construction explained in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debtheory.org/wiki/index.php?title=Add-my-pet_Introduction">Wiki-style manual</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805183623/http://www.debtheory.org/wiki/index.php?title=Add-my-pet_Introduction">Archived</a> 2020-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Estimated parameters are collected in the online library called the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/index.html">Add-my-pet project</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_standard_DEB_model">The standard DEB model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: The standard DEB model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard model quantifies the metabolism of an <a href="/wiki/Isomorph" title="Isomorph">isomorph</a> (organism that does not change in shape during <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a>) that feeds on one type of food with a constant composition (therefore the weak <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> applies, i.e. the chemical composition of the body is constant). The state variables of the individual are 1 reserve, 1 structure, maturity, and (in the adult stage) the reproduction buffer. Parameter values are constant throughout life. The reserve density at birth equals that of the mother at egg formation. <a href="/wiki/Foetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Foetus">Foetuses</a> develop similarly, but receive unrestricted amount of reserve from the mother during development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions_of_the_standard_model">Extensions of the standard model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Extensions of the standard model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DEB theory has been extended into many directions, such as </p> <ul><li>effects of changes in shape during growth (e.g. <a href="/wiki/V1-morph" title="V1-morph">V1-morphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/V0-morph" title="V0-morph">V0-morphs</a>)</li> <li>non-standard embryo-&gt;juvenile-&gt;adult transitions, for example in holometabolic insects <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>inclusion of more types of food (substrate), which requires <a href="/wiki/Synthesizing_unit" title="Synthesizing unit">synthesizing units</a> to model</li> <li>inclusion of more reserves (which is necessary for organisms that do not feed on other organisms) and more structures (which is necessary to deal with plants), or a simplified version of the model (DEBkiss) applicable in ecotoxicology <sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>the formation and excretion of metabolic products (which is a basis for <a href="/wiki/Syntrophy" title="Syntrophy">syntrophic</a> relationships, and useful in <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>)</li> <li>the production of free radicals (linked to size and nutritional status) and their effect on survival (<a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>)</li> <li>the growth of body parts (including <a href="/wiki/Tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumour">tumours</a>)</li> <li>effects of chemical compounds (<a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxicants</a>) on parameter values and the hazard rate (which is useful to establish <a href="/wiki/No_effect_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="No effect concentration">no effect concentrations</a> for environmental <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a>): the <a href="/wiki/DEBtox" title="DEBtox">DEBtox</a> method</li> <li>processes of adaptation (gene expression) to the availability of substrates (important in <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a>)</li></ul> <p>A list and description of most common typified models can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debtheory.org/wiki/index.php?title=Typified_models">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025033758/http://www.debtheory.org/wiki/index.php?title=Typified_models">Archived</a> 2019-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main criticism is directed to the formal presentation of the theory (heavy mathematical jargon), number of listed parameters, the symbol heavy notation, and the fact that modeled (state) variables and parameters are abstract quantities which cannot be directly measured, all making it less likely to reach its intended audience (ecologists) and be an "efficient" theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, more recent publications aim to present the DEB theory in an "easier to digest" content to "bridge the ecology-mathematics gap".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:28_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> List of parameters is a direct result of list of processes which are of interest—if only growth under constant food and temperature is of interest, the standard DEB model can be simplified to the von Bertalanffy growth curve.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adding more processes into focus (such as reproduction and/or maturation), and forcing the model with fluctuating (dynamic) environmental conditions, needless to say, will result in more parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The general methodology of estimation of DEB parameters from data is described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/Meer2006.html">van der Meer 2006</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/KooySous2008.html">Kooijman et al 2008</a> shows which particular compound parameters can be estimated from a few simple observations at a single food density and how an increasing number of parameters can be estimated if more quantities are observed at several food densities. A natural sequence exists in which parameters can be known in principle. In addition, routines for data entry and scripts for parameter estimation are available as a free and documented software package <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/debtool/DEBtool_M/manual/index.html">DEBtool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318180454/http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/debtool/DEBtool_M/manual/index.html">Archived</a> 2017-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, aiming to provide a ready-to-use tool for users with less mathematical and programing background. Number of parameters, also pointed as relatively sparse for a bioenergetic model,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> vary depending on the main application and, because the whole life cycle of an organism is defined, the overall number of parameters per data-set ratio is relatively low.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Linking the DEB (abstract) and measured properties is done by simple mathematical operations which include auxiliary parameters (also defined by the DEB theory and included in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/debtool/DEBtool_M/manual/index.html">DEBtool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318180454/http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/debtool/DEBtool_M/manual/index.html">Archived</a> 2017-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> routines), and include also switching between energy-time and mass-time contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:27_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/index.html">Add my pet (AmP)</a> project explores parameter pattern values across taxa. The DEB notation is a result of combining the symbols from the main fields of science (<a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>) used in the theory, while trying to keep the symbols consistent.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As the symbols themselves contain a fair bit of information <sup id="cite_ref-:11_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/Kooy2010_n.pdf">DEB notation</a> document), they are kept in most of the DEB literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility_(and_applicability)_of_DEB_theory/models_with_other_approaches"><span id="Compatibility_.28and_applicability.29_of_DEB_theory.2Fmodels_with_other_approaches"></span>Compatibility (and applicability) of DEB theory/models with other approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Compatibility (and applicability) of DEB theory/models with other approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynamic energy budget theory presents a quantitative framework of metabolic organization common to all life forms, which could help to understand evolution of metabolic organization since the origin of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As such, it has a common aim with the other widely used metabolic theory: the <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" title="Metabolic theory of ecology">West-Brown-Enquist (WBE) metabolic theory of ecology</a>, which prompted side-by-side analysis of the two approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Though the two theories can be regarded as complementary to an extent,<sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> they were built on different assumptions and have different scope of applicability.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to a more general applicability, the DEB theory does not suffer from consistency issues pointed out for the WBE theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/index.html">Add my pet (AmP)</a> project is a collection of DEB models for over 1000 species, and explores patterns in parameter values across taxa. Routines for parameter exploration are available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/AmPtool.html">AmPtool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171430/https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/AmPtool.html">Archived</a> 2018-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Models based on DEB theory can be linked to more traditional bioenergetic models without deviating from the underlying assumptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:27_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This allows comparison and testing of model performance .</li> <li>A DEB-module (physiological model based on DEB theory) was successfully applied to reconstruct and predict physiological responses of individuals under environmental constraints <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>A DEB-module is also featured in the eco-toxicological mechanistic models (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debtox.info/software.html">DEBtox implementation</a>) for modeling the sublethal effects of toxicants (e.g., change in reproduction or growth rate) <sup id="cite_ref-:19_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Generality of the approach and applicability of the same mathematical framework to organisms of different species and life stages enables inter- and intra-species comparisons on the basis of parameter values,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and theoretical/empirical exploration of patterns in parameter values in the evolutionary context,<sup id="cite_ref-:18_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> focusing for example on <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">development</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> energy utilization in a specific environment,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> reproduction,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> comparative energetics,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and toxicological sensitivity linked to metabolic rates.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Studying patterns in <a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">body size scaling</a> relationships: The assumptions of the model quantify all energy and mass fluxes in an organism (including <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">dioxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>) while avoiding using the <a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">allometric relationships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition, same parameters describe same processes across species: for example, heating costs of <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endotherms</a> (proportional to surface area) are regarded separate to volume-linked metabolic costs of both <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectotherms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endotherms</a>, and cost of growth, even though they all contribute to <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rules for the co-variation of parameter values across species are implied by model assumptions, and the parameter values can be directly compared without dimensional inconsistencies which might be linked to allometric parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Any eco-physiological quantity that can be written as function of DEB parameters which co-vary with size can, for this reason, also be written as function of the maximum body size.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>DEB theory provides constraints on the metabolic organisation of sub-cellular processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Together with rules for interaction between individuals (competition, <a href="/wiki/Syntrophy" title="Syntrophy">syntrophy</a>, prey-predator relationships), it also provides a basis to understand population and ecosystem dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Many more examples of applications have been published in scientific literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_ecology" title="Metabolic ecology">Metabolic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_physiology" title="Comparative physiology">Comparative physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" title="Metabolic theory of ecology">Metabolic theory of ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">Power law</a> (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Scaling_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaling law">scaling law</a>), <a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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href="#cite_ref-:11_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSousaDomingosKooijman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sousa, Tânia; Domingos, Tiago; Kooijman, S. A. L. M. 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"Sensitivity of animals to chemical compounds links to metabolic rate". <i>Ecotoxicology</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">657–</span>663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10646-014-1413-5">10.1007/s10646-014-1413-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9292">0963-9292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25564013">25564013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11235066">11235066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecotoxicology&amp;rft.atitle=Sensitivity+of+animals+to+chemical+compounds+links+to+metabolic+rate&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E663&amp;rft.date=2015-04-01&amp;rft.issn=0963-9292&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11235066%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25564013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10646-014-1413-5&amp;rft.aulast=Baas&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.au=Kooijman%2C+Sebastiaan+A.+L.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamic+energy+budget+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooijman2014" class="citation book cs1">Kooijman, S.A.L.M. (2014-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXz1CAAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22Population+dynamics+on+basis+of+budgets%22&amp;pg=PA266">"Population dynamics on basis of budgets"</a>. In Metz, Johan A.; Diekmann, Odo (eds.). <i>The Dynamics of Physiologically Structured Populations</i>. Springer. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">266–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662131596" title="Special:BookSources/9783662131596"><bdi>9783662131596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+on+basis+of+budgets&amp;rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Physiologically+Structured+Populations&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2014-03-11&amp;rft.isbn=9783662131596&amp;rft.aulast=Kooijman&amp;rft.aufirst=S.A.L.M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXz1CAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Population%2Bdynamics%2Bon%2Bbasis%2Bof%2Bbudgets%2522%26pg%3DPA266&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamic+energy+budget+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/Kooy2010_i.pdf">Summary of concepts of Dynamic Energy Budget theory for metabolic organisation</a> (Kooijman 2010)</li> <li>A 16-page introduction to the DEB theory is presented in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/Kooy2012.html">Kooijman 2012</a>.</li> <li>Scientific articles including a general (aimed at ecologists) overview of the DEB theory: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/Meer2006.html">van der Meer 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/SousDomi2010.html">Sousa et al 2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571064516300902">Jusup et al 2017</a>, derivation and concepts by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23737867.2014.11414482">Ledder 2014</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maec.12106">Sara et al 2014</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/Kooy2001.html">concepts in Kooijman 2001</a>, formalisation by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/research/bib/SousDomi2008.html">Sousa et al 2008</a></li> <li>An introduction to modelling and statistics is given in the document <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/course/tb/tb.pdf">Basic methods for Theoretical Biology</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_energy_budget_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debtheory.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page">DEBwiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072801/http://www.debtheory.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page">Archived</a> 2019-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - main page with links to events, software tools, collections, research groups etc. linked to DEB theory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/index.html">Add my pet (AmP)</a> project portal - collection of species for which DEB model parameter values were estimated and implications, inter-species parameter patterns</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/500643/deb_library/items">Zotero DEB library</a> - collection of scientific literature on the DEB theory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/index.html">DEB Information</a> page</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐84b999ff94‐fn9kr Cached time: 20250204095755 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.636 seconds Real time usage: 0.695 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4009/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 144119/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 586/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 232063/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.403/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5533611/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 609.340 1 -total 77.22% 470.525 1 Template:Reflist 59.26% 361.114 45 Template:Cite_journal 12.23% 74.503 1 Template:Short_description 7.40% 45.086 2 Template:Pagetype 6.25% 38.095 6 Template:Cite_book 3.06% 18.667 3 Template:Main_other 2.85% 17.388 7 Template:Webarchive 2.75% 16.754 1 Template:SDcat 1.31% 7.952 1 Template:Cite_web --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:3368580:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250204095755 and revision id 1240157059. 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