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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Performance characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_hard_drives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_hard_drives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mechanical hard drives</span> </div> </a> <ul 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title="Input/Output operations Per Second – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Input/Output operations Per Second" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="آی‌آپس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌آپس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%B5%EC%8A%A4" title="아이옵스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이옵스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_wej%C5%9Bcia_wyj%C5%9Bcia_na_sekund%C4%99" title="Operacja wejścia wyjścia na sekundę – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja wejścia wyjścia na sekundę" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IOPS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS##" title="Talk:IOPS">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Input/output operations per second</b> (<b>IOPS</b>, pronounced <i>eye-ops</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> performance measurement used to characterize <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">computer storage</a> devices like <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a> (HDD), <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state drives">solid state drives</a> (SSD), and <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">storage area networks</a> (SAN). Like <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarks</a>, IOPS numbers published by storage device manufacturers do not directly relate to real-world application performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Lowe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_Lowe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Symantec_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symantec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To meaningfully describe the performance characteristics of any storage device, it is necessary to specify a minimum of three metrics simultaneously: IOPS, response time, and (application) workload. Absent simultaneous specifications of response-time and workload, IOPS are essentially meaningless. In isolation, IOPS can be considered analogous to "revolutions per minute" of an automobile engine i.e. an engine capable of spinning at 10,000 RPMs with its transmission in neutral does not convey anything of value, however an engine capable of developing specified torque and horsepower at a given number of RPMs fully describes the capabilities of the engine. </p><p>The specific number of IOPS possible in any system configuration will vary greatly, depending upon the variables the tester enters into the program, including the balance of read and write operations, the mix of <a href="/wiki/Sequential_access" title="Sequential access">sequential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random</a> access patterns, the number of worker <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a> and queue depth, as well as the data block sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Lowe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_Lowe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other factors which can also affect the IOPS results including the system setup, storage drivers, OS background operations etc. Also, when testing SSDs in particular, there are preconditioning considerations that must be taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_Smith_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_Smith-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_characteristics">Performance characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Performance characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_vs_sequential_access.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Random_vs_sequential_access.svg/220px-Random_vs_sequential_access.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Random_vs_sequential_access.svg/330px-Random_vs_sequential_access.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Random_vs_sequential_access.svg/440px-Random_vs_sequential_access.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Random access compared to sequential access.</figcaption></figure><p>The most common performance characteristics measured are sequential and random operations. Sequential operations access locations on the storage device in a <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Contiguous data storage">contiguous manner</a> and are generally associated with large data transfer sizes, e.g. ≥ 128 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kB</a>. Random operations access locations on the storage device in a non-contiguous manner and are generally associated with small data transfer sizes, e.g. 4 kB. </p><p>The most common performance characteristics are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Measurement </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total IOPS </th> <td>Total number of I/O operations per second (when performing a mix of read and write tests) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Random Read IOPS </th> <td>Average number of random read I/O operations per second </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Random Write IOPS </th> <td>Average number of random write I/O operations per second </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sequential Read IOPS </th> <td>Average number of sequential read I/O operations per second </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sequential Write IOPS </th> <td>Average number of sequential write I/O operations per second </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For HDDs and similar electromechanical storage devices, the random IOPS numbers are primarily dependent upon the storage device's random <a href="/wiki/Seek_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Seek time">seek time</a>, whereas, for SSDs and similar solid state storage devices, the random IOPS numbers are primarily dependent upon the storage device's internal controller and memory interface speeds. On both types of storage devices, the sequential IOPS numbers (especially when using a large block size) typically indicate the maximum sustained bandwidth that the storage device can handle.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Lowe_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_Lowe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often sequential IOPS are reported as a simple <a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Megabyte_per_second" title="Data-rate units">Megabytes per second</a> number as follows: </p> <blockquote><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{IOPS}}\times {\text{TransferSizeInBytes}}={\text{BytesPerSec}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>IOPS</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>TransferSizeInBytes</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>BytesPerSec</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{IOPS}}\times {\text{TransferSizeInBytes}}={\text{BytesPerSec}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32cdb61f1802ba42dd52a32a1b693563793043bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:44.552ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{IOPS}}\times {\text{TransferSizeInBytes}}={\text{BytesPerSec}}}"></span> (then converted to <a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units#Megabyte_per_second" title="Data-rate units">MB/s</a>) </p></blockquote> <p>Some HDDs/SSDs will improve in performance as the number of outstanding IOs (i.e. queue depth) increases. This is usually the result of more advanced controller logic on the drive performing command queuing and reordering commonly called either <a href="/wiki/Tagged_Command_Queuing" title="Tagged Command Queuing">Tagged Command Queuing</a> (TCQ) or <a href="/wiki/Native_Command_Queuing" title="Native Command Queuing">Native Command Queuing</a> (NCQ). Many consumer <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> HDDs either cannot do this, or their implementation is so poor that no performance benefit can be seen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Enterprise class SATA HDDs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital_Raptor" title="Western Digital Raptor">Western Digital Raptor</a> and Seagate Barracuda NL will improve by nearly 100% with deep queues.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-end <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> drives more commonly found in servers, generally show much greater improvement, with the <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> Savvio exceeding 400 IOPS—more than doubling its performance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While traditional HDDs have about the same IOPS for read and write operations, many <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">NAND flash-based</a> SSDs and USB sticks are much slower writing than reading due to the inability to rewrite directly into a previously written location forcing a procedure called <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">garbage collection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_WA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_WA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCZ_WA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCZ_WA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has caused hardware test sites to start to provide independently measured results when testing IOPS performance. </p><p>Flash SSDs, such as the Intel X25-E (released 2010), have much higher IOPS than traditional HDD. In a test done by Xssist, using <a href="/wiki/Iometer" title="Iometer">Iometer</a>, 4 KB random transfers, 70/30 read/write ratio, queue depth 4, the IOPS delivered by the Intel X25-E 64 GB G1 started around 10000 IOPs, and dropped sharply after 8 minutes to 4000 IOPS, and continued to decrease gradually for the next 42 minutes. IOPS vary between 3000 and 4000 from approximately 50 minutes and onwards, for the rest of the 8+ hours the test ran.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with the drop in random IOPS after the 50th minute, the X25-E still has much higher IOPS compared to traditional hard disk drives. Some SSDs, including the <a href="/wiki/OCZ" title="OCZ">OCZ</a> RevoDrive 3 x2 PCIe using the <a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a> controller, have shown much higher sustained write performance that more closely matches the read speed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a typical operating system has many small files (such as DLLs ≤ 128 kB), so SSD is more suitable for system drive.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_hard_drives">Mechanical hard drives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanical hard drives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Block size used when testing significantly affects the number of IOPS performed by a given drive. See below for some typical performance figures:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Drive (Type / RPM) </th> <th scope="col">IOPS <p>(4 KB block, random) </p> </th> <th scope="col">IOPS <p>(64 KB block, random) </p> </th> <th scope="col">MB/s (64KB block, random) </th> <th scope="col">IOPS <p>(512 KB block, random) </p> </th> <th>MB/s (512 KB block, random) </th> <th>MB/s (large block, sequential) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a> / 15K </td> <td>188 - 203 </td> <td>175 - 192 </td> <td>11.2 – 12.3 </td> <td>115 – 135 </td> <td>58.9 – 68.9 </td> <td>91.5 – 126.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">FC</a> / 15K </td> <td>163 - 178 </td> <td>151 - 169 </td> <td>9.7 – 10.8 </td> <td>97 – 123 </td> <td>49.7 – 63.1 </td> <td>73.5 – 127.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">FC</a> / 10K </td> <td>142 - 151 </td> <td>130 – 143 </td> <td>8.3 – 9.2 </td> <td>80 – 104 </td> <td>40.9 – 53.1 </td> <td>58.1 – 107.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a> / 10K </td> <td>142 - 151 </td> <td>130 – 143 </td> <td>8.3 – 9.2 </td> <td>80 – 104 </td> <td>40.9 – 53.1 </td> <td>58.1 – 107.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">SATA</a> / 7200 </td> <td>73 - 79 </td> <td>69 - 76 </td> <td>4.4 – 4.9 </td> <td>47 – 63 </td> <td>24.3 – 32.1 </td> <td>43.4 – 97.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">SATA</a> / 5400 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid-state_devices">Solid-state devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solid-state devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Device </th> <th scope="col">Type </th> <th scope="col">IOPS </th> <th scope="col">Interface </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intel#Solid-state_drives_(SSD)" title="Intel">Intel X25-M G2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">MLC</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> </td> <td>~8,600 IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>SATA 3 Gbit/s </td> <td>Intel's data sheet<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims 6,600/8,600 IOPS (80 GB/160 GB version) and 35,000 IOPS for random 4 KB writes and reads, respectively. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intel#Solid-state_drives_(SSD)" title="Intel">Intel X25-E</a> (SLC) </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>~5,000 IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>SATA 3 Gbit/s </td> <td>Intel's data sheet<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims 3,300 IOPS and 35,000 IOPS for writes and reads, respectively. 5,000 IOPS are measured for a mix. Intel X25-E G1 has around 3 times higher IOPS compared to the Intel X25-M G2.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G.Skill" title="G.Skill">G.Skill</a> Phoenix Pro </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>~20,000 IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-tweakpc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tweakpc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>SATA 3 Gbit/s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a>-1200 based SSD drives with enhanced firmware, states up to 50,000 IOPS, but benchmarking shows for this particular drive ~25,000 IOPS for random read and ~15,000 IOPS for random write.<sup id="cite_ref-tweakpc_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tweakpc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> SSD 850 PRO </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 100,000 read IOPS<br />Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 90,000 write IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-Samsung-SSD850PRO_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsung-SSD850PRO-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>SATA 6 Gbit/s </td> <td>4 KB aligned random I/O at QD32<br />10,000 read IOPS, 36,000 write IOPS at QD1<br />550 MB/s sequential read, 520 MB/s sequential write on 256 GB and larger models<br />550 MB/s sequential read, 470 MB/s sequential write on 128 GB model<sup id="cite_ref-Samsung-SSD850PRO_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsung-SSD850PRO-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virident_Systems" title="Virident Systems">Virident Systems</a> tachIOn </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 320,000 sustained READ IOPS using 4 kB blocks, and up to 200,000 sustained WRITE IOPS using 4kB blocks<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>PCIe </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>OCZ RevoDrive 3 X2 </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 200,000 Random Write 4k IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>PCIe </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=DDRdrive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DDRdrive (page does not exist)">DDRdrive</a> X1 </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 300,000+ (512B Random Read IOPS) and 200,000+ (512B Random Write IOPS)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>PCIe </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> SSD 960 EVO </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 380,000 read IOPS<br />Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 360,000 write IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsung-SSD960-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> over PCIe 3.0 x4, <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> </td> <td>4 kB aligned random I/O with four workers at QD4 (effectively QD16),<sup id="cite_ref-TomsHardware-SamsungSSD960PRO_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomsHardware-SamsungSSD960PRO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 TB model<br />14,000 read IOPS, 50,000 write IOPS at QD1<br />330,000 read IOPS, 330,000 write IOPS on 500 GB model<br />300,000 read IOPS, 330,000 write IOPS on 250 GB model<br />Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 3.2 GB/s sequential read, 1.9 GB/s sequential write<sup id="cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsung-SSD960-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> SSD 960 PRO </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 440,000 read IOPS<br />Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 360,000 write IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsung-SSD960-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> over PCIe 3.0 x4, <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> </td> <td>4kB aligned random I/O with four workers at QD4 (effectively QD16),<sup id="cite_ref-TomsHardware-SamsungSSD960PRO_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomsHardware-SamsungSSD960PRO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 TB and 2 TB models<br />14,000 read IOPS, 50,000 write IOPS at QD1<br />330,000 read IOPS, 330,000 write IOPS on 512 GB model<br />Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 3.5 GB/s sequential read, 2.1 GB/s sequential write<sup id="cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsung-SSD960-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaminario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminario">Kaminario</a> K2 </td> <td>SSD </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 2,000,000 IOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-Storage_Review_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storage_Review-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,200,000 IOPS in SPC-1 benchmark simulating business applications<sup id="cite_ref-The_Register_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Register-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Storage_Performance_Council_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storage_Performance_Council-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">FC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">MLC Flash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a> FAS6240 cluster </td> <td>Flash/Disk </td> <td>1,261,145 SPECsfs2008 nfsv3 IOPs using 1,440 15k disks, across 60 shelves, with virtual storage tiering.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>NFS, SMB, FC, FCoE, iSCSI </td> <td>SPECsfs2008 is the latest version of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation benchmark suite measuring file server throughput and response time, providing a standardized method for comparing performance across different vendor platforms. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/EMC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="EMC Corporation">EMC</a> DSSD D5 </td> <td>Flash </td> <td>Up to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (January 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:IOPS" title="Talk:IOPS">disputed</a></i>]</sup> 10 million IOPS<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>PCIe Out of Box, up to 48 clients with <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a>. </td> <td>PCIe Rack Scale Flash Appliance. Product discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IOPS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Scott_Lowe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Lowe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Lowe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Lowe_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLowe2010" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, Scott (2010-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/datacenter/calculate-iops-in-a-storage-array/2182">"Calculate IOPS in a storage array"</a>. techrepublic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.intel.com/design/flash/nand/mainstream/322296.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+X18-M%2FX25-M+SATA+Solid+State+Drive+%E2%80%94+34+nm+Product+Line&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.intel.com%2Fdesign%2Fflash%2Fnand%2Fmainstream%2F322296.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidRoos2009" class="citation web cs1">Schmid, Patrick; Roos, Achim (27 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/intel-x25-e-ssd,2158.html">"Intel's X25-E SSD Walks All Over The Competition: They Did It Again: X25-E For Servers Takes Off"</a>. <i>TomsHardware.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.intel.com/design/flash/nand/extreme/extreme-sata-ssd-datasheet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.intel.com%2Fdesign%2Fflash%2Fnand%2Fextreme%2Fextreme-sata-ssd-datasheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xssist.com/blog/%5BSSD%5D_Comparison_of_Intel_X25-E_G1_vs_Intel_X25-M_G2.htm">"Intel X25-E G1 vs Intel X25-M G2 Random 4 KB IOPS, iometer"</a>. May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tweakpc.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.Skill+Phoenix+Pro+120+GB+Test+-+SandForce+SF-1200+SSD+mit+50K+IOPS+-+HD+Tune+Access+Time+IOPS+%28Diagramme%29+%285%2F12%29&rft.pub=Tweakpc.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tweakpc.de%2Fhardware%2Ftests%2Fssd%2Fgskill_phoenix_pro%2Fs05.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samsung-SSD850PRO-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samsung-SSD850PRO_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samsung-SSD850PRO_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsung.com/semiconductor/minisite/ssd/product/consumer/850pro.html">"Samsung SSD 850 PRO Specifications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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StorageReview.com. 2011-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OCZ+RevoDrive+3+X2+480GB+Review+%26%23124%3B+StorageReview.com+-+Storage+Reviews&rft.pub=StorageReview.com&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagereview.com%2Focz_revodrive_3_x2_480gb_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ddrdrive.com/ddrdrive_press.pdf">http://www.ddrdrive.com/ddrdrive_press.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520234015/http://www.ddrdrive.com/ddrdrive_brief.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddrdrive.com/ddrdrive_brief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddrdrive.com%2Fddrdrive_brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520235817/http://www.ddrdrive.com/ddrdrive_bench.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddrdrive.com/ddrdrive_bench.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddrdrive.com%2Fddrdrive_bench.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllyn_Malventano2009" class="citation web cs1">Allyn Malventano (2009-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714005308/http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Storage/DDRdrive-hits-ground-running-PCI-E-RAM-based-SSD">"DDRdrive hits the ground running - PCI-E RAM-based SSD | PC Perspective"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDRdrive+hits+the+ground+running+-+PCI-E+RAM-based+SSD+%26%23124%3B+PC+Perspective&rft.pub=Pcper.com&rft.date=2009-05-04&rft.au=Allyn+Malventano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcper.com%2Freviews%2FStorage%2FDDRdrive-hits-ground-running-PCI-E-RAM-based-SSD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samsung-SSD960-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samsung-SSD960_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamsung_Electronics" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsung.com/semiconductor/minisite/ssd/product/consumer/ssd960.html">"NVMe SSD 960 PRO/EVO"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>Samsung tests NVMe products with four workers at QD4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.atitle=Samsung+960+Pro+SSD+Review&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.aulast=Ramseyer&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Freviews%2Fsamsung-960-pro-ssd-review%2C4774.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storage_Review-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Storage_Review_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyle_Smith" class="citation web cs1">Lyle Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422215020/http://www.storagereview.com/kaminario_boasts_over_2_million_iops_and_20_gb_s_throughput_on_a_single_allflash_k2_storage_system">"Kaminario Boasts Over 2 Million IOPS and 20 GB/s Throughput on a Single All-Flash K2 Storage System"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storageperformance.org/results/benchmark_results_spc1/#kaminario_spc1">the original</a> on 2014-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storageperformance.org&rft.atitle=Storage+Performance+Council%3A+Active+SPC-1+Results&rft.au=Storage+Performance+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storageperformance.org%2Fresults%2Fbenchmark_results_spc1%2F%23kaminario_spc1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spec.org/sfs2008/results/res2011q4/sfs2008-20111017-00199.html">"SpecSFS2008"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpecSFS2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spec.org%2Fsfs2008%2Fresults%2Fres2011q4%2Fsfs2008-20111017-00199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIOPS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emc.com/en-us/storage/flash/dssd/dssd-d5/index.htm">"Rack-Scale Flash Appliance - DSSD D5 EMC"</a>. EMC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Flash memory controller">Flash memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">MB/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Memory_wear" title="Flash memory">Memory wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_SSD" title="Open-channel SSD">Open-channel SSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Over-provisioning" title="Write amplification">Over-provisioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Read_disturb" title="Flash memory">Read disturb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Secure_erase" title="Write amplification">Secure erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">Trim command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flash manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li>Flash Forward (joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies" title="Yangtze Memory Technologies">YMTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XMC_(company)" title="XMC (company)">XMC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">Controllers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STec" title="STec">sTec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCZ" title="OCZ">OCZ</a> (bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indilinx" title="Indilinx">Indilinx</a> (bought by OCZ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FADU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FADU (page does not exist)">FADU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenliant_Systems" title="Greenliant Systems">Greenliant Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goke_Microelectronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goke Microelectronics (page does not exist)">Goke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMicron" title="JMicron">Maxiotek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phison" title="Phison">Phison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC-Sierra" title="PMC-Sierra">PMC-Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Motion" title="Silicon Motion">SMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SSD manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">List of solid-state drive manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">Serial attached SCSI</a> (SAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Configurations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#Form_factors" title="Hard disk drive">HDD form factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB Type-C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.3" class="mw-redirect" title="U.3">U.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSFF" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSFF">EDSFF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">INCITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group" title="Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group">ONFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express#History" title="NVM Express">NVMHCI Work Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB-IF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA_International_Organization" title="Serial ATA International Organization">SATA-IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association" title="Storage Networking Industry Association">SNIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_state_storage_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state storage initiative">SSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">T10/SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">T11/FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">T13/ATA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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