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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nuclei of the lateral lemniscus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuclei_of_the_lateral_lemniscus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nuclei of the lateral lemniscus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nuclei_of_the_lateral_lemniscus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNLL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNLL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>DNLL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNLL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-INLL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#INLL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>INLL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-INLL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VNLL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VNLL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>VNLL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VNLL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inputs_and_outputs_to_nuclei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inputs_and_outputs_to_nuclei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inputs and outputs to nuclei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inputs_and_outputs_to_nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Lateral lemniscus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_lemniscus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/250px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/375px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lateral lemniscus in red, as it connects the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">cochlear nucleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior olivary nucleus">superior olivary nucleus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a>. Seen from behind.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>lemniscus lateralis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=609">609</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_976">birnlex_976</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.05.317%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.05.317</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.08.670%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.08.670</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.06.204%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.06.204</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5866">5866</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma72502">72502</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1817033" class="extiw" title="d:Q1817033">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>lateral lemniscus</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">tract</a> of <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> that carries information about sound from the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">cochlear nucleus</a> to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connections">Connections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three small nuclei on each of the lateral lemnisci: </p> <ul><li>the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL)</li> <li>the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL)</li> <li>the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL)</li></ul> <p>Fibers leaving these brainstem nuclei ascending to the inferior colliculus rejoin the lateral lemniscus. In that sense, this is not a '<a href="/wiki/Lemniscus_(anatomy)" title="Lemniscus (anatomy)">lemniscus</a>' in the true sense of the word (second order, decussated sensory axons), as there is third (and out of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">lateral superior olive</a>, fourth) order information coming out of some of these brainstem nuclei. </p><p>The lateral lemniscus is located where the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear nuclei</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_reticular_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontine reticular formation">pontine reticular formation</a> (PRF) crossover. The PRF descends the reticulospinal tract where it innervates motor neurons and spinal interneurons. It is the main auditory tract in the brainstem that connects the <a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">superior olivary complex</a> (SOC) with the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">inferior colliculus</a> (IC). The <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">dorsal cochlear nucleus</a> (DCN) has input from the LL and output to the contralateral LL via the ipsilateral and contralateral Dorsal Acoustic Stria. </p><p>The two lemnisci communicate via the commissural fibers of Probst. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclei_of_the_lateral_lemniscus">Nuclei of the lateral lemniscus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nuclei of the lateral lemniscus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The function of the complex of Nuclei of the lateral lemniscus is not known; however it has good temporal resolution compared to other cells higher than the cochlear nuclei and is sensitive to both timing and amplitude changes in sound. It is also involved in the acoustic startle reflex; the most likely region for this being the VNLL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNLL">DNLL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: DNLL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cells of the DNLL respond best to bilateral inputs, and have onset and complexity tuned sustained responses. The nucleus is primarily GABAergic,<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and projects bilaterally to the inferior colliculus, and contralaterally to the DNLL, with different populations of cells projecting to each IC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rat, the DNLL has a prominent columnar organization. Nearly all neurons are stained for GABA, especially in the central part of the nucleus, and the remaining GABA negative cells are interspersed with the positive, and often stain for glycine. Two populations of GABA+ cells are visible: larger, lightly stained cells that project to the contralateral IC, and smaller, darker stained cells that project ipsilaterally. GABAergic axon terminals form dense groups surrounded by GABA-lemniscal fibers throughout the nucleus, and synapse on both somata and in the neuropil. Glycinergic axon terminals, on the other hand, are more finely localized, with the majority of recipient neurons located laterally in the nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="INLL">INLL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: INLL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>INLL also has little spontaneous activity and broad tuning curves. The temporal responses are significantly different from cells of the VNLL. </p><p>This structure is greatly hypertrophied in the rat, forming a prominent bulge on the surface of the brainstem. GAD, GABA, and Glycine staining reveals several distinct regions that are not evident in standard cytoarchitectural preparations. A modest number of GABA-stained neurons are arranged in small groups, generally in the center of the nucleus, whereas glycine-stained neurons are more common and widely dispersed, with regional concentrations in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral portions of the nucleus. Most GABA+ cells are gly+ as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">[broken footnote]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VNLL">VNLL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: VNLL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sound in the contralateral ear leads to the strongest responses in the VNLL, which deals with some temporary processing. The VNLL may also be essential to the IC’s decoding of amplitude modulated sounds. </p><p>VNLL cells have little spontaneous activity, broad and moderately complex tuning curves; they have both phasic and tonic responses and are involved in temporal processing. </p><p>In rat, the VNLL is composed of two subdivisions, the ventral (columnar) and dorsal (non columnar) regions. The columnar region contains many glycine-positive (0 GABA+) neurons, whereas the dorsal region contains clusters of GABA+ neurons intermingled with gly+ cells, with some cells containing both.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inputs_and_outputs_to_nuclei">Inputs and outputs to nuclei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inputs and outputs to nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows that each of the nuclei have a complicated arrangement of ipsilateral and contralateral afferent inputs and outputs:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nucleus </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:47%">Input </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:47%">Output </th></tr> <tr> <th>  </th> <th>Contralateral </th> <th>Ipsilateral </th> <th>Contralateral </th> <th>Ipsilateral </th></tr> <tr> <td>VNLL </td> <td>Anterior and posterior ventral cochlear nuclei </td> <td>Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body </td> <td>  </td> <td>Inferior Colliculus<br />DNLL </td></tr> <tr> <td>INLL </td> <td>Anterior and posterior Ventral Cochlear Nucleus </td> <td>Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body </td> <td>  </td> <td>Medial Geniculate body<br />Inferior Colliculus </td></tr> <tr> <td>DNLL </td> <td>Anterior Ventral <br />Cochlear nucleus (and Bilateral) </td> <td>Medial superior Olivary Nucleus <br />Lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (and Bilateral) </td> <td>DNLL<br />Inferior Colliculus <br />Mid brain reticular formation <br />Superior Olivary Complex </td> <td>Inferior Colliculus<br /> Medial Geniculate Body <br />Mid brain reticular formation <br />Superior Olivary Complex </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray683.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view."><img alt="Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/120px-Gray683.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/180px-Gray683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/240px-Gray683.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray684.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view."><img alt="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/80px-Gray684.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/120px-Gray684.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/160px-Gray684.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray685.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view."><img alt="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray685.png/72px-Gray685.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray685.png/109px-Gray685.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray685.png/145px-Gray685.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray690.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view."><img alt="Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray690.png/84px-Gray690.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray690.png/127px-Gray690.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray690.png/169px-Gray690.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray691.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view."><img alt="Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/105px-Gray691.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/158px-Gray691.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/210px-Gray691.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray710.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronal section through mid-brain."><img alt="Coronal section through mid-brain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray710.png/106px-Gray710.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray710.png/159px-Gray710.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray710.png/212px-Gray710.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coronal section through mid-brain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray711.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Transverse section of mid-brain at level of inferior colliculi."><img alt="Transverse section of mid-brain at level of inferior colliculi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray711.png/120px-Gray711.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray711.png/180px-Gray711.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray711.png/240px-Gray711.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transverse section of mid-brain at level of inferior colliculi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray713.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus; medial lemniscus in blue, lateral in red."><img alt="Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus; medial lemniscus in blue, lateral in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray713.png/87px-Gray713.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray713.png/130px-Gray713.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray713.png/174px-Gray713.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus; medial lemniscus in blue, lateral in red.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/805/mode/2up">page 805</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, J. C. and E. Mugnaini (1984). "Dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: a nucleus of GABAergic projection neurons." Brain Res Bull 13(4): 585-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bajo, V. M., M. A. Merchan, et al. (1993). "Neuronal morphology and efferent projections of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the rat." J Comp Neurol 334(2): 241-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winer, J. A., D. T. Larue, et al. (1995). "GABA and glycine in the central auditory system of the mustache bat: structural substrates for inhibitory neuronal organization." J Comp Neurol 355(3): 317-53.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pons" title="Template talk:Pons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_pons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">tegmentum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Surface" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">Cerebellopontine angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_medullary_velum" title="Superior medullary velum">Superior medullary velum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">Sulcus limitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">Facial colliculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_trigeminal_tract" title="Dorsal trigeminal tract">Dorsal trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior trigeminothalamic tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li>Trigeminal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">Spinal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">Superior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">Trigeminal motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Abducens nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivary nucleus">Inferior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grey: Other nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">Pedunculopontine nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">Apneustic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">Pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">Parabrachial nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">Subparabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral parabrachial nucleus">Lateral parabrachial nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">base</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor/descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">Basilar sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other grey: Raphe/<br />reticular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">Caudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Oral pontine reticular nucleus">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus">Tegmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesencephalon" title="Template talk:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Tectum</a><br />(Dorsal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Corpora quadrigemina">Corpora quadrigemina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus#Input_and_output_connections_of_IC" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior brachium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus#Structure" title="Superior colliculus">Superior brachium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretectal_area" title="Pretectal area">Pretectal area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">Spinotectal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">Cerebral aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle" title="Cerebral peduncle">Peduncle</a><br />(Ventral)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tegmentum" title="Midbrain tegmentum">Tegmentum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lemnisci <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending MLF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_trigeminal_tract" title="Ventral trigeminal tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Descending MLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Mesencephalic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">Oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Trochlear nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">Ventral tegmental area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">Rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">Periaqueductal gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus">Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial area">Parabrachial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_nucleus" title="Interpeduncular nucleus">Interpeduncular nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_reticular_formation" title="Midbrain reticular formation">Midbrain reticular formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_tegmental_nucleus" title="Dorsal tegmental nucleus">Dorsal tegmental nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_raphe_nucleus" title="Dorsal raphe nucleus">dorsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulotegmental_nucleus" title="Reticulotegmental nucleus">Reticulotegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_crus" title="Cerebral crus">Cerebral crus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal tracts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontopontine_fibers" title="Frontopontine fibers">Frontopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporopontine_fibers" title="Temporopontine fibers">Temporopontine fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">Substantia nigra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pars_compacta" title="Pars compacta">Pars compacta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_reticulata" title="Pars reticulata">Pars reticulata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_superior_cerebellar_peduncles" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles">Decussation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_fossa" title="Interpeduncular fossa">Interpeduncular fossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_balance_and_hearing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physiology_of_hearing_and_balance" title="Template:Physiology of hearing and balance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physiology_of_hearing_and_balance" title="Template talk:Physiology of hearing and balance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physiology_of_hearing_and_balance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physiology of hearing and balance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_balance_and_hearing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiology of <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hearing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_conduction" title="Bone conduction">Bone conduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoacoustic_emission" title="Otoacoustic emission">Otoacoustic emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_phenomenon" title="Tullio phenomenon">Tullio phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">Pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cells</a> → <a href="/wiki/Spiral_ganglion" title="Spiral ganglion">Spiral ganglion</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">Cochlear nerve</a> <sup><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">VIII</a></sup> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nuclei</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lateral lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculi</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Medial_geniculate_nucleus" title="Medial geniculate nucleus">Medial geniculate nuclei</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_radiation" title="Acoustic radiation">Acoustic radiation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">Primary auditory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">Vestibular nerve</a> <sup><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">VIII</a></sup> →</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial vestibular nucleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral vestibular nucleus</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">Ventral posterolateral nucleus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_cranial_nerves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cranial_nerves" title="Template talk:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_cranial_nerves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terminal_nerve" title="Terminal nerve">Terminal</a> (CN 0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septal_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Septal nuclei">septal nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory</a> (CN I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_olfactory_nucleus" title="Anterior olfactory nucleus">anterior olfactory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tract" title="Olfactory tract">olfactory tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic</a> (CN II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_tract" title="Optic tract">optic tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor</a> (CN III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior branch of oculomotor nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_root_of_ciliary_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion">parasympathetic root</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion" title="Ciliary ganglion">ciliary ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear</a> (CN IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal</a> (CN V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">PSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">spinal trigeminal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">TMN</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_ganglion" title="Trigeminal ganglion">trigeminal ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve" title="Ophthalmic nerve">ophthalmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">maxillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">Abducens</a> (CN VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial</a> (CN VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_nerve" title="Intermediate nerve">Intermediate nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniculate_ganglion" title="Geniculate ganglion">Geniculate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Facial_canal" title="Facial canal">facial canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_petrosal_nerve" title="Greater petrosal nerve">Greater petrosal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion">pterygopalatine ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_the_stapedius" title="Nerve to the stapedius">Nerve to the stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorda_tympani" title="Chorda tympani">Chorda tympani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">lingual nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion" title="Submandibular ganglion">submandibular ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">At <a href="/wiki/Stylomastoid_foramen" title="Stylomastoid foramen">stylomastoid<br />foramen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_nerve" title="Posterior auricular nerve">Posterior auricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprahyoid_muscles" title="Suprahyoid muscles">Suprahyoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digastric_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Digastric branch of facial nerve">digastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve">stylohyoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_plexus" title="Parotid plexus">Parotid plexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Temporal branches of the facial nerve">temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve">zygomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal branch of the facial nerve">buccal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_mandibular_branch_of_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve">mandibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Cervical branch of the facial nerve">cervical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear</a> (CN VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">Cochlear nerve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striae_medullares" class="mw-redirect" title="Striae medullares">striae medullares</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lateral lemniscus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">Vestibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarpa%27s_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarpa's ganglion">Scarpa's ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal</a> (CN IX)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_nerve" title="Tympanic nerve">Tympanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_plexus" title="Tympanic plexus">tympanic plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_petrosal_nerve" title="Lesser petrosal nerve">lesser petrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otic_ganglion" title="Otic ganglion">otic ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylopharyngeal_branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve">Stylopharyngeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Pharyngeal branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Tonsillar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Tonsillar branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Lingual branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Lingual branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve_to_carotid_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinus">Carotid sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">Vagus</a> (CN X)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of vagus nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Meningeal branch of vagus nerve">Meningeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Auricular branch of vagus nerve">Auricular branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve">Pharyngeal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve">pharyngeal plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_nerve" title="Superior laryngeal nerve">Superior laryngeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="External laryngeal nerve">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal laryngeal nerve">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve">Recurrent laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cervical_cardiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve">Superior cervical cardiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cardiac_branches_of_the_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior cardiac branches of the vagus nerve">Inferior cardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve">Pulmonary</a></li> <li>Vagal trunks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior vagal trunk">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior vagal trunk">posterior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Celiac branches of vagus nerve">Celiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Renal branches of vagus nerve">Renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk">Hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_gastric_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk">Anterior gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_gastric_branches_of_posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk">Posterior gastric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve" title="Accessory nerve">Accessory</a> (CN XI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus" title="Spinal accessory nucleus">spinal accessory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_root_of_accessory_nerves" title="Cranial root of accessory nerves">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_root_of_accessory_nerve" title="Spinal root of accessory nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">Hypoglossal</a> (CN XII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_hypoglossal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual 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