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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bessemer_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bessemer_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bessemer process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bessemer_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bessemer process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bessemer_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other inventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_inventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other inventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continuous_casting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_casting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Continuous casting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_casting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Bessemer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هنري بسمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري بسمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bessemer" title="Henri Bessemer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henri Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хенри Бесемер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри Бесемер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Χένρι Μπέσσεμερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χένρι Μπέσσεμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هنری بسمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری بسمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B2%A0%EC%84%9C%EB%A8%B8" title="헨리 베서머 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 베서머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հենրի Բեսեմեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի Բեսեմեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="הנרי בסמר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי בסמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಬೆಸ್ಸೆಮರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಬೆಸ್ಸೆಮರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrijs_Besemers" title="Henrijs Besemers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Henrijs Besemers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ヘンリー・ベッセマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・ベッセマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_Genri" title="Bessemer Genri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bessemer Genri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бессемер, Генри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бессемер, Генри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry Bessemer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="என்றி பெசிமர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்றி பெசிமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Генри Бессемер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Генри Бессемер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Генрі Бессемер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрі 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English inventor (1813–1898)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Sir</div><div class="fn">Henry Bessemer</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Bessemer_1890s2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Henry_Bessemer_1890s2.jpg/220px-Henry_Bessemer_1890s2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Henry_Bessemer_1890s2.jpg/330px-Henry_Bessemer_1890s2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Henry_Bessemer_1890s2.jpg/440px-Henry_Bessemer_1890s2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="873" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bessemer <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890s</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Henry Bessemer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1813-01-19</span>)</span>19 January 1813<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Hertfordshire" title="Charlton, Hertfordshire">Charlton, Hertfordshire</a>, England<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1898<span style="display:none">(1898-03-15)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Engineer and inventor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Development of the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a> for the manufacture of steel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1872)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Bessemer_signature.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry_Bessemer_signature.PNG/150px-Henry_Bessemer_signature.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry_Bessemer_signature.PNG/225px-Henry_Bessemer_signature.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry_Bessemer_signature.PNG/300px-Henry_Bessemer_signature.PNG 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Henry Bessemer</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"></span></span> (19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898) was an English inventor, whose <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">steel-making process</a> would become the most important technique for making <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> in the nineteenth century for almost one hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisa1995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisa1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also played a significant role in establishing the town of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, nicknamed ‘Steel City’, as a major industrial centre.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bessemer had been trying to reduce the cost of steel-making for military ordnance, and developed his system for blowing air through molten pig iron to remove the impurities. This made steel easier, quicker and cheaper to manufacture, and revolutionised structural engineering. One of the most significant inventors of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>, Bessemer also made at least 128 other inventions in the fields of iron, steel and glass. Unlike many inventors, he managed to bring his own projects to fruition and profited financially from their success. He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> for his contribution to science in 1879, and in the same year was made a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Father:_Anthony_Bessemer">Father: Anthony Bessemer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Father: Anthony Bessemer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bessemer's father, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bessemer" title="Anthony Bessemer">Anthony</a>, was born in London into a <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> family, but moved to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> when he was about 21 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-JPHS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPHS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an inventor who, while engaged by the Paris Mint, made a machine for making medallions that could produce steel dies from a larger model. He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy of Science">French Academy of Science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeans188412–13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeans188412–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his improvements to the optical microscope when he was 26. He was forced to leave Paris by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and returned to Britain. There he invented a process for making gold chains, which was successful, and enabled him to buy a small estate in the village of <a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Hertfordshire" title="Charlton, Hertfordshire">Charlton</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, where Henry was born.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bessemer he was given his name by his godfather <a href="/wiki/Caslon_Type_Foundry" title="Caslon Type Foundry">Henry Caslon</a>, who employed his father as a <a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">punchcutter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer19056_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer19056-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1880_Printing_Times_and_Lithographer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1880_Printing_Times_and_Lithographer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_inventions">Early inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invention from which Bessemer made his first fortune was a series of six steam-powered machines for making <a href="/wiki/Bronze_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze powder">bronze powder</a>, used in the manufacture of gold paint. As he relates in his autobiography,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he examined the bronze powder made in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> which was the only place where it was made at the time. He then copied and improved the product and made it capable of being made on a simple production line. It was an early example of <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> where a product is analysed, and then reproduced. </p><p>The process was kept secret, with only members of his immediate family having access to the factory. The Nuremberg powder, which was made by hand, retailed in London for £5 12<a href="/wiki/%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">s</a> per pound and he eventually reduced the price to <a href="/wiki/Half_crown_(British_coin)" title="Half crown (British coin)">half a crown</a> <span class="nowrap">£ – 2 / 6</span>, or about 1/40th.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The profits from sale of the paint allowed him to pursue his other inventions. </p><p>Bessemer patented a method for making a continuous ribbon of <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass" title="Plate glass">plate glass</a> in 1848, but it was not commercially successful (<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, chapter 8). He gained experience in designing furnaces, which was to be of great use for his new steel-making process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bessemer_process">Bessemer process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bessemer process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConverterB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ConverterB.jpg/300px-ConverterB.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ConverterB.jpg/450px-ConverterB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ConverterB.jpg/600px-ConverterB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Bessemer converter</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry Bessemer worked on the problem of manufacturing cheap <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> for ordnance production from 1850 to 1855 when he patented his method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936213_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936213-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_(inventor)" title="William Kelly (inventor)">William Kelly</a>, an American inventor in Kentucky, received a <a href="/wiki/Priority_right" title="Priority right">priority patent</a> in 1857, effectively nullifying Bessemer's 1855 US patent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 August 1856 Bessemer first described the process to a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a> in Cheltenham which he titled "The Manufacture of Malleable Iron and Steel without Fuel." It was published in full in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a> involved using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936218–219_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936218–219-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Nasmyth" title="James Nasmyth">James Nasmyth</a> had been working on a similar idea for some time prior to this. A reluctant patentor, and in this instance still working through some problems in his method, Nasmyth abandoned the project after hearing Bessemer at the meeting. Bessemer acknowledged the efforts of Nasmyth by offering him a one-third share of the value of his patent. Nasmyth turned it down as he was about to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord1945_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord1945-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bessemer_5180.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bessemer_5180.JPG/220px-Bessemer_5180.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bessemer_5180.JPG/330px-Bessemer_5180.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bessemer_5180.JPG/440px-Bessemer_5180.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bessemer converter, <a href="/wiki/Kelham_Island_Museum" title="Kelham Island Museum">Kelham Island Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Many industries were constrained by the lack of steel, being reliant on <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> alone. Examples include railway structures such as bridges and tracks, where the treacherous nature of cast iron was keenly felt by many engineers and designers. There had been many accidents when cast iron beams collapsed suddenly, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Bridge_disaster" title="Dee Bridge disaster">Dee Bridge disaster</a> of May 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Wootton_bridge_collapse" title="Wootton bridge collapse">Wootton bridge collapse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bull_bridge_accident" title="Bull bridge accident">Bull bridge accident</a> of 1860. The problem recurred at the <a href="/wiki/Tay_Bridge_disaster" title="Tay Bridge disaster">Tay Bridge disaster</a> of 1879, and failures continued until all cast iron under-bridges were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> structures. Wrought iron structures were much more reliable with very few failures. </p><p>Though this process is no longer commercially used, at the time of its invention it was of enormous industrial importance because it lowered the cost of production steel, leading to steel being widely substituted for <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>. Bessemer's attention was drawn to the problem of steel manufacture in the course of an attempt to improve the construction of guns.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation">Implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bessemer licensed the patent for his process to five <a href="/wiki/Ironmaster" title="Ironmaster">ironmasters</a>, but from the outset, the companies had great difficulty producing good-quality steel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905172_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905172-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mr <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Fredrik_G%C3%B6ransson" title="Göran Fredrik Göransson">Göran Fredrik Göransson</a>, a Swedish ironmaster, using the purer charcoal <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> of that country, was the first to make good steel by the process, but only after many attempts. His results prompted Bessemer to try a purer iron obtained from <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>, but even with this he had only limited success<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the quantity of carbon was difficult to control. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Forester_Mushet" title="Robert Forester Mushet">Robert Forester Mushet</a> had carried out thousands of experiments at <a href="/wiki/Darkhill_Ironworks" title="Darkhill Ironworks">Darkhill Ironworks</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">Forest of Dean</a>, and had shown that the quantity of carbon could be controlled by removing almost all of it from the iron and then adding an exact amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Spiegeleisen" title="Spiegeleisen">spiegeleisen</a>. This improved the quality of the finished product and increased its malleability.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fweb.org.uk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fweb.org.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnstis1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnstis1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Bessemer tried to induce makers to take up his improved system, he met with general rebuffs and was eventually driven to undertake the exploitation of the process himself. He erected steelworks in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> in a business partnership with others, such as <a href="/wiki/W_%26_J_Galloway_%26_Sons" title="W & J Galloway & Sons">W & J Galloway & Sons</a>, and began to manufacture steel. At first the output was insignificant, but gradually the magnitude of the operations was enlarged until the competition became effective, and steel traders generally became aware that the firm of Henry Bessemer & Co. was underselling them to the extent of UK£10–£15 a ton. This argument to the pocket quickly had its effect, and licences were applied for in such numbers that, in royalties for the use of his process, Bessemer received a sum in all considerably exceeding a million pounds sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However Mushet received nothing and by 1866 was destitute and in ill health. In that year his 16-year-old daughter, Mary, travelled to London alone, to confront Bessemer at his offices, arguing that his success was based on the results of her father's work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bessemer decided to pay Mushet an annual pension of £300, a very considerable sum, which he paid for over 20 years, possibly with a view to keeping the Mushets from legal action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bessemer also had works in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, London, adjacent to the River Thames, from about 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills-Aug2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-Aug2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>W. M. Lord has said with regard to this success that "Sir Henry Bessemer was somewhat exceptional. He had developed his process from an idea to a practical reality in his own lifetime and he was sufficiently of a businessman to have profited by it. In so many cases, inventions were not developed quickly and the plums went to other persons than the inventors."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord1945_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord1945-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_inventions">Other inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_%27Steel%27_(4671260).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Portrait_of_%27Steel%27_%284671260%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_%27Steel%27_%284671260%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Portrait_of_%27Steel%27_%284671260%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_%27Steel%27_%284671260%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Portrait_of_%27Steel%27_%284671260%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_%27Steel%27_%284671260%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Captioned "Steel", caricature of Bessemer by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Leslie Ward</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 6 November 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>Bessemer was a prolific inventor and held at least 129 patents, spanning from 1838 to 1883. These included military ordnance, movable dies for embossed postage stamps, a screw extruder to extract sugar from sugar cane, and others in the fields of iron, steel and glass. These are described in some detail in his autobiography. </p><p>After suffering from seasickness in 1868, he designed the <a href="/wiki/SS_Bessemer" title="SS Bessemer">SS <i>Bessemer</i></a> (also called the "Bessemer Saloon"), a passenger steamship with a cabin on <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbals</a> designed to stay level, however rough the sea, to save her passengers from seasickness. The mechanism – hydraulics controlled by a steersman watching a spirit level – worked in model form and in a trial version built in his garden in Denmark Hill, London. However, it never received a proper seagoing test as, when the ship demolished part of the Calais pier on her maiden voyage, investor confidence was lost and the ship was scrapped.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_casting">Continuous casting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Continuous casting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bessemer also obtained a patent in 1857 for the casting of metal between contrarotating rollers – a forerunner of today's <a href="/wiki/Continuous_casting" title="Continuous casting">continuous casting</a> processes and remarkably, Bessemer's original idea has been implemented in the direct continuous casting of steel strip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Henry_Bessemer_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Grave_of_Henry_Bessemer_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Henry_Bessemer_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Grave_of_Henry_Bessemer_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Henry_Bessemer_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Grave_of_Henry_Bessemer_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Henry_Bessemer_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>Headstone of Sir Henry Bessemer, West Norwood cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Bessemer died in March 1898 at <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Hill" title="Denmark Hill">Denmark Hill</a>, London. He is buried in <a href="/wiki/West_Norwood_Cemetery" title="West Norwood Cemetery">West Norwood cemetery</a>, London SE27. Other influential Victorians such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tate" title="Henry Tate">Sir Henry Tate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Doulton" title="Henry Doulton">Sir Henry Doulton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reuter" title="Paul Reuter">Baron de Reuters</a> are buried in the same cemetery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_legacy">Honours and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bessemer was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> for his contribution to science on 26 June 1879, and in the same year was made a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An honorary membership was conferred on Bessemer by the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_and_Shipbuilders_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland">Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</a> in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheffield's Kelham Island Industrial Heritage Museum maintains an early example of a Bessemer converter for public viewing. </p><p>A school was named after him in the town of <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a>, and when the school was demolished in the 1980s the new road built in its place was named Bessemer Close in 1995. Bessemer Way in <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a> is also named in his honour. In 2009, the public house "The Fountain" in Sheffield city centre was renamed "The Bessemer" in homage to Henry Bessemer, who had a huge impact on the <a href="/wiki/Steel_City" title="Steel City">Steel City</a>'s development. In Workington, Cumbria, the local Wetherspoons pub is now named after him. </p><p>In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Materials,_Minerals_and_Mining" title="Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining">Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining</a> (IOM3) was established from mergers encompassing historical organisations including the <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_Steel_Institute" title="Iron and Steel Institute">Iron and Steel Institute</a>, of which Bessemer was president from 1871 to 1873; the latter organisation instituted the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Materials,_Minerals_and_Mining#Awards" title="Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining">Bessemer Gold Medal</a> under his tenure. IOM3 still recognises Bessemer's legacy with an annual award of the medal for outstanding services to the steel industry; recent recipients include <a href="/wiki/Indira_Samarasekera" title="Indira Samarasekera">Indira Samarasekera</a>. </p><p>That a man who did so much for industrial development did not receive higher recognition from his own government was a source of deep regret for English engineers, who alluded to the fact that in the United States, where the Bessemer process found much use, eight cities or towns bore his name.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coincidentally, on the same page of the London Gazette there is the knighting of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bouch" title="Thomas Bouch">Thomas Bouch</a> who the following December became infamous worldwide as the designer and railway engineer of the Tay Bridge.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jan/bessemer.html">Sir Henry Bessemer Inventor & Engineer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119102918/http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jan/bessemer.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lucidcafe.com (24 November 2014). Retrieved on 1 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisa1995-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisa1995_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisa1995">Misa 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton, David E. Chemistry of New Materials. New York: Facts on File, 2007. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sheffield-England">"Sheffield"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britnannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britnannica&rft.atitle=Sheffield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSheffield-England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks">"Made in Great Britain, Series 1, Steel"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328125550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Made+in+Great+Britain%2C+Series+1%2C+Steel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb0bpz4ks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPHS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPHS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"A. Bessemer's Specimen of Printing Types, 1830". <i>Journal of the Printing Historical Society</i>. <b>5</b>. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Printing+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=A.+Bessemer%27s+Specimen+of+Printing+Types%2C+1830&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeans188412–13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeans188412–13_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeans1884">Jeans 1884</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130065456/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/periodproperty/9821880/Homes-for-sale-with-blue-plaques.html?frame=2460183">"Charlton House in England, Hitchin"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/periodproperty/9821880/Homes-for-sale-with-blue-plaques.html?frame=2460183">the original</a> on 30 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Charlton+House+in+England%2C+Hitchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fproperty%2Fperiodproperty%2F9821880%2FHomes-for-sale-with-blue-plaques.html%3Fframe%3D2460183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhVAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Chartered Mechanical Engineer: The Journal of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Volume 12</i></a>. 1954. p. 519<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chartered+Mechanical+Engineer%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Institution+of+Mechanical+Engineers%2C+Volume+12&rft.pages=519&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVhVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer19056-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer19056_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBessemer1905">Bessemer 1905</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1880_Printing_Times_and_Lithographer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1880_Printing_Times_and_Lithographer_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3ZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA226">"Sir Henry Bessemer's Connection with Printing"</a>. <i>The Printing Times and Lithographer</i>: 226–7. 1880<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Printing+Times+and+Lithographer&rft.atitle=Sir+Henry+Bessemer%27s+Connection+with+Printing&rft.pages=226-7&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3ZQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBessemer1905">Bessemer 1905</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Famous Inventors – Sir Henry Bessemer". <i>The Meccano Magazine</i>. April 1942. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Meccano+Magazine&rft.atitle=Famous+Inventors+%E2%80%93+Sir+Henry+Bessemer&rft.pages=130&rft.date=1942-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936213-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936213_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoylston1936">Boylston 1936</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/kelly-iron.html">"Kelly Pneumatic Iron Process"</a>. <i>American Chemical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Kelly+Pneumatic+Iron+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Fkelly-iron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936218–219-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoylston1936218–219_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoylston1936">Boylston 1936</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELord1945-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord1945_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord1945_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLord1945">Lord 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bessemer,_Sir_Henry" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bessemer, Sir Henry">Bessemer, Sir Henry</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 823.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bessemer%2C+Sir+Henry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=823&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905172-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessemer1905172_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBessemer1905">Bessemer 1905</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mushet, Robert Forester"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mushet,_Robert_Forester">"Mushet, Robert Forester" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mushet%2C+Robert+Forester&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fweb.org.uk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fweb.org.uk_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fweb.org.uk/Dean/towns/colefordproject/people/mushet.html">Coleford, Towns in the Forest Of Dean ForestWeb (fweb) – Virtual guide to the Royal Forest Of Dean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822112307/http://www.fweb.org.uk/Dean/towns/colefordproject/people/mushet.html">Archived</a> 22 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. fweb. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnstis1997-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnstis1997_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnstis1997">Anstis 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-Aug2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mills-Aug2009_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2009" class="citation news cs1">Mills, Mary (8 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greenwichindustrialhistory.blogspot.com/2009/08/bessemer-in-greenwich.html">"Bessemer in Greenwich"</a>. <i>Greenwich Industrial History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greenwich+Industrial+History&rft.atitle=Bessemer+in+Greenwich&rft.date=2009-08-08&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreenwichindustrialhistory.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F08%2Fbessemer-in-greenwich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.rochester.edu/ehp-book/shb/hb20.htm">The Bessemer Saloon Steam-Ship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227134724/http://www.history.rochester.edu/ehp-book/shb/hb20.htm">Archived</a> 27 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter XX, <i>Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. An Autobiography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.rochester.edu/ehp-book/shb/">online at University of Rochester</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051003224130/http://www.history.rochester.edu/ehp-book/shb/">Archived</a> 3 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette24739" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24739/page/2406">"No. 24739"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 1 July 1879. p. 2406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+24739&rft.pages=2406&rft.date=1879-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F24739%2Fpage%2F2406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html">IESIS Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</a>. Iesis.org. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Henry+Bessemer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DHenry%2BBessemer%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085806/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Bessemer, Henry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Bessemer,_Henry">"Bessemer, Henry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bessemer%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnstis1997" class="citation book cs1">Anstis, Ralph (1997). <i>Man of Iron, Man of Steel: Lives of David and Robert Mushet</i>. Albion House. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0951137147" title="Special:BookSources/978-0951137147"><bdi>978-0951137147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+of+Iron%2C+Man+of+Steel%3A+Lives+of+David+and+Robert+Mushet&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Albion+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0951137147&rft.aulast=Anstis&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessemer1905" class="citation book cs1">Bessemer, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirhenrybessemer00bessuoft"><i>Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S.: an autobiography; with a concluding chapter</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Engineering_(magazine)" title="Engineering (magazine)">Engineering</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Bessemer%2C+F.R.S.%3A+an+autobiography%3B+with+a+concluding+chapter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Engineering&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Bessemer&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirhenrybessemer00bessuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoylston1936" class="citation book cs1">Boylston, Herbert Melville (1936). <i>An introduction to the metallurgy of iron and steel</i>. Wiley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+metallurgy+of+iron+and+steel&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Boylston&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Melville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeans1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Tulloch_Jeans" title="William Tulloch Jeans">Jeans, William T.</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creatorsagestee00tgoog/page/n22"><i>The creators of the age of steel</i></a>. Chapman and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+creators+of+the+age+of+steel&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Jeans&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreatorsagestee00tgoog%2Fpage%2Fn22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord1945" class="citation journal cs1">Lord, W. M. (1945). "The Development of the Bessemer Process in Lancashire, 1856–1900". <i>Transactions of the Newcomen Society</i>. <b>25</b>: 163–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftns.1945.017">10.1179/tns.1945.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Newcomen+Society&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Bessemer+Process+in+Lancashire%2C+1856%E2%80%931900&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=163-180&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftns.1945.017&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisa1995" class="citation book cs1">Misa, Thomas J. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationofsteelmak00misa"><i>A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America: 1865-1925</i></a></span>. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801849671" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801849671"><bdi>978-0801849671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+of+Steel%3A+The+Making+of+Modern+America%3A+1865-1925&rft.place=Baltimore+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+UP&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0801849671&rft.aulast=Misa&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationofsteelmak00misa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Bessemer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bessemer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_Bessemer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry Bessemer">Sir Henry Bessemer</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1002073A">Works by Henry Bessemer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310201#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bessemer%2C%20Henry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20Bessemer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bessemer%2C%20Henry%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20Bessemer%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20Bessemer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bessemer%2C%20Henry%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20Bessemer%22%29%20OR%20%28%221813-1898%22%20AND%20Bessemer%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Henry Bessemer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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