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Notch signaling pathway - Wikipedia
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aria-controls="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pathway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pathway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligand_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligand_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ligand interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligand_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_Notch_signaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_Notch_signaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Synthetic Notch signaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_Notch_signaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_embryogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_embryogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role in embryogenesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_embryogenesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in embryogenesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_embryogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embryo_polarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embryo_polarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Embryo polarity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embryo_polarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_somitogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_somitogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Role in somitogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_somitogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_epidermal_differentiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_epidermal_differentiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Role in epidermal differentiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_epidermal_differentiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_central_nervous_system_development_and_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_central_nervous_system_development_and_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role in central nervous system development and function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_central_nervous_system_development_and_function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in central nervous system development and function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_central_nervous_system_development_and_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuron_cell_differentiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuron_cell_differentiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Neuron cell differentiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuron_cell_differentiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurite_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurite_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Neurite development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurite_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gliogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gliogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gliogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gliogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_brain_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_brain_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Adult brain function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_brain_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_cardiovascular_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_cardiovascular_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in cardiovascular development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_cardiovascular_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in cardiovascular development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_cardiovascular_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiac_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cardiac development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atrioventricular_(AV)_canal_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrioventricular_(AV)_canal_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Atrioventricular (AV) canal development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrioventricular_(AV)_canal_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ventricular_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ventricular_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Ventricular development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ventricular_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ventricular_outflow_tract_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ventricular_outflow_tract_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Ventricular outflow tract development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ventricular_outflow_tract_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angiogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angiogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Angiogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angiogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_endocrine_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_endocrine_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Role in endocrine development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_endocrine_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in endocrine development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_endocrine_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pancreatic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pancreatic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pancreatic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pancreatic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intestinal_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intestinal_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Intestinal development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intestinal_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bone development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Role in cancer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_cancer-sublist" class="cdx-button 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href="#Liver_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Liver cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notch_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notch_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notch inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notch_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Mathematical modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Notch signaling pathway</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_receptor" title="Notch receptor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Notch receptor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch-Signalweg" title="Notch-Signalweg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Notch-Signalweg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_de_se%C3%B1alizaci%C3%B3n_Notch" title="Ruta de señalización Notch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruta de señalización Notch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie_de_signalisation_Notch" title="Voie de signalisation Notch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voie de signalisation Notch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalur_persinyalan_Notch" title="Jalur persinyalan Notch – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalur persinyalan Notch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch" title="Notch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Notch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significans_iter_NOTCH" title="Significans iter NOTCH – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Significans iter NOTCH" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch-jelz%C5%91%C3%BAt" title="Notch-jelzőút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Notch-jelzőút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="Notchシグナリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Notchシグナリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_de_sinaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Notch" title="Via de sinalização Notch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Via de sinalização Notch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_Notch" title="Сигнальний шлях Notch – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сигнальний шлях Notch" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E9%80%9A%E8%B7%AF" title="Notch信号通路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Notch信号通路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_pathway&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch pathway">Notch pathway</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of molecular signals</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notchccr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Notchccr.svg/220px-Notchccr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Notchccr.svg/330px-Notchccr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Notchccr.svg/440px-Notchccr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Notch-mediated <a href="/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling" title="Juxtacrine signalling">juxtacrine signal</a> between adjacent cells</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notch_signaling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Notch_signaling.svg/220px-Notch_signaling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Notch_signaling.svg/330px-Notch_signaling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Notch_signaling.svg/440px-Notch_signaling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Notch signaling steps</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Notch signaling pathway</b> is a highly <a href="/wiki/Conserved_sequence" title="Conserved sequence">conserved</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a> system present in most <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10221902_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10221902-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals possess four different <a href="/wiki/Notch_proteins" title="Notch proteins">notch receptors</a>, referred to as <a href="/wiki/NOTCH1" class="mw-redirect" title="NOTCH1">NOTCH1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOTCH2" class="mw-redirect" title="NOTCH2">NOTCH2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notch_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch 3">NOTCH3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NOTCH4" class="mw-redirect" title="NOTCH4">NOTCH4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notch receptor is a single-pass <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">transmembrane receptor</a> protein. It is a <a href="/wiki/Hetero-oligomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetero-oligomer">hetero-oligomer</a> composed of a large <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> portion, which associates in a <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>-dependent, <a href="/wiki/Non-covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-covalent">non-covalent</a> interaction with a smaller piece of the notch protein composed of a short extracellular region, a single transmembrane-pass, and a small <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellular</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10882063_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10882063-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notch signaling promotes proliferative signaling during <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>, and its activity is inhibited by <a href="/wiki/NUMB_(gene)" title="NUMB (gene)">Numb</a> to promote neural differentiation. It plays a major role in the regulation of embryonic development. </p><p>Notch signaling is dysregulated in many cancers, and faulty notch signaling is implicated in many diseases, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (<a href="/wiki/Precursor_T_acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia/lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma">T-ALL</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17404512_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17404512-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with sub-cortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), multiple sclerosis, <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alagille_syndrome" title="Alagille syndrome">Alagille syndrome</a>. Inhibition of notch signaling inhibits the proliferation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in both cultured cells and a mouse model.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914, John S. Dexter noticed the appearance of a notch in the wings of the fruit fly <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Alleles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleles">alleles</a> of the gene were identified in 1917 by American evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan1917_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan1917-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its molecular analysis and sequencing was independently undertaken in the 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Spyros_Artavanis-Tsakonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spyros Artavanis-Tsakonas">Spyros Artavanis-Tsakonas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3935325_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3935325-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3097517_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3097517-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alleles of the two <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">C. elegans</a></i> <i>Notch</i> genes were identified based on developmental phenotypes: <i>lin-12</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>glp-1</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3677168_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3677168-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID3677169_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID3677169-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cloning and partial sequence of <i>lin-12</i> was reported at the same time as <i>Drosophila</i> <i>Notch</i> by Iva Greenwald.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID3000611_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID3000611-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Notch_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch protein">Notch protein</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Notch_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch protein">Notch protein</a> spans the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>, with part of it inside and part outside. <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand</a> proteins binding to the extracellular domain induce proteolytic cleavage and release of the intracellular domain, which enters the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a> to modify <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11604511_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11604511-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cleavage model was first proposed in 1993 based on work done with <i>Drosophila</i> <i>Notch</i> and <i>C. elegans</i> <i>lin-12</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8406001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8406001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID8343960_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8343960-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> informed by the first oncogenic mutation affecting a human <i>Notch</i> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID1831692_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID1831692-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compelling evidence for this model was provided in 1998 by in vivo analysis in <i>Drosophila</i> by Gary Struhl<sup id="cite_ref-PMID9604939_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID9604939-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in cell culture by Raphael Kopan.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID9620803_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID9620803-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this model was initially disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10221902_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10221902-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the evidence in favor of the model was irrefutable by 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID22785620_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID22785620-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID11134525_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID11134525-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The receptor is normally triggered via direct cell-to-cell contact, in which the transmembrane proteins of the cells in direct contact form the ligands that bind the notch receptor. The Notch binding allows groups of cells to organize themselves such that, if one cell expresses a given trait, this may be switched off in neighbouring cells by the intercellular notch signal. In this way, groups of cells influence one another to make large structures. Thus, lateral inhibition mechanisms are key to Notch signaling. <i>lin-12</i> and <i>Notch</i> mediate binary cell fate decisions, and lateral inhibition involves feedback mechanisms to amplify initial differences.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID22785620_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID22785620-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Notch cascade</b> consists of Notch and Notch <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>, as well as intracellular proteins transmitting the notch signal to the cell's nucleus. The Notch/Lin-12/Glp-1 receptor family<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7716513_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7716513-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was found to be involved in the specification of cell fates during development in <i>Drosophila</i> and <i>C. elegans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9546393_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9546393-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intracellular domain of Notch forms a complex with <a href="/wiki/RBPJ" title="RBPJ">CBF1</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAML1" title="MAML1">Mastermind</a> to activate transcription of target genes. The structure of the complex has been determined.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16530044_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16530044-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID16530045_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16530045-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathway">Pathway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maturation of the notch receptor involves cleavage at the prospective extracellular side during intracellular trafficking in the Golgi complex.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10899003_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10899003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in a bipartite protein, composed of a large extracellular domain linked to the smaller transmembrane and intracellular domain. Binding of ligand promotes two proteolytic processing events; as a result of proteolysis, the intracellular domain is liberated and can enter the nucleus to engage other DNA-binding proteins and regulate gene expression. </p><p>Notch and most of its ligands are transmembrane proteins, so the cells expressing the ligands typically must be adjacent to the notch expressing cell for signaling to occur.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The notch ligands are also single-pass transmembrane proteins and are members of the DSL (Delta/Serrate/LAG-2) family of proteins. In <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> (the fruit fly), there are two ligands named <a href="/wiki/Delta_(ligand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta (ligand)">Delta</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serrate_(ligand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serrate (ligand) (page does not exist)">Serrate</a>. In mammals, the corresponding names are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta-like&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta-like (page does not exist)">Delta-like</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagged_(ligand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagged (ligand)">Jagged</a>. In mammals there are multiple Delta-like and Jagged ligands, as well as possibly a variety of other ligands, such as F3/contactin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lai_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lai-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">C. elegans</a></i>, two genes encode homologous proteins, <i>glp-1</i> and <i>lin-12</i>. There has been at least one report that suggests that some cells can send out processes that allow signaling to occur between cells that are as much as four or five cell diameters apart.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The notch extracellular domain is composed primarily of small cystine-rich motifs called <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">EGF</a>-like repeats.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16973733_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16973733-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notch 1, for example, has 36 of these repeats. Each EGF-like repeat is composed of approximately 40 amino acids, and its structure is defined largely by six conserved cysteine residues that form three conserved disulfide bonds. Each EGF-like repeat can be modified by <a href="/wiki/Glycans" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycans"><i>O</i>-linked glycans</a> at specific sites.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12460944_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12460944-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><i>O</i>-glucose</a> sugar may be added between the first and second conserved cysteines, and an <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><i>O</i>-fucose</a> may be added between the second and third conserved cysteines. These sugars are added by an as-yet-unidentified <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><i>O</i>-glucosyltransferase</a> (except for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18243100">Rumi</a>), and <a href="/wiki/GDP-fucose_Protein_O-fucosyltransferase_1" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP-fucose Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1">GDP-fucose Protein <i>O</i>-fucosyltransferase 1</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDP-fucose_Protein_O-fucosyltransferase_1" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP-fucose Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1">POFUT1</a>), respectively. The addition of <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><i>O</i>-fucose</a> by <a href="/wiki/GDP-fucose_Protein_O-fucosyltransferase_1" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP-fucose Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1">POFUT1</a> is absolutely necessary for notch function, and, without the enzyme to add <i>O</i>-fucose, all notch proteins fail to function properly. As yet, the manner by which the glycosylation of notch affects function is not completely understood. </p><p>The <i>O</i>-glucose on notch can be further elongated to a trisaccharide with the addition of two <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a> sugars by <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylosyltransferases</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><i>O</i>-fucose</a> can be elongated to a tetrasaccharide by the ordered addition of an <a href="/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N-acetylglucosamine">N-acetylglucosamine</a> (GlcNAc) sugar by an <a href="/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N-acetylglucosamine">N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase</a> called <a href="/wiki/Fringe_Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe Genes">Fringe</a>, the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactosyltransferase</a>, and the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acid</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialyltransferase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17132502_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17132502-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To add another level of complexity, in mammals there are three Fringe GlcNAc-transferases, named lunatic fringe, manic fringe, and radical fringe. These enzymes are responsible for something called a "fringe effect" on notch signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17215308_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17215308-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Fringe adds a GlcNAc to the <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><i>O</i>-fucose</a> sugar then the subsequent addition of a galactose and sialic acid will occur. In the presence of this tetrasaccharide, notch signals strongly when it interacts with the Delta ligand, but has markedly inhibited signaling when interacting with the Jagged ligand.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12826675_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12826675-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The means by which this addition of sugar inhibits signaling through one ligand, and potentiates signaling through another is not clearly understood. </p><p>Once the notch extracellular domain interacts with a ligand, an ADAM-family <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotease" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloprotease">metalloprotease</a> called ADAM10, cleaves the notch protein just outside the membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19726682_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19726682-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This releases the extracellular portion of notch (NECD), which continues to interact with the ligand. The ligand plus the notch extracellular domain is then <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosed</a> by the ligand-expressing cell. There may be signaling effects in the ligand-expressing cell after endocytosis; this part of notch signaling is a topic of active research.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; Bogart was a famous actor, and his major biographies don't mention snooker. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After this first cleavage, an enzyme called <a href="/wiki/Gamma-secretase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-secretase">γ-secretase</a> (which is implicated in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>) cleaves the remaining part of the notch protein just inside the inner leaflet of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> of the notch-expressing cell. This releases the intracellular domain of the notch protein (NICD), which then moves to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, where it can regulate gene expression by activating the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> <a href="/wiki/RBPJ" title="RBPJ">CSL</a>. It was originally thought that these CSL proteins suppressed Notch target transcription. However, further research showed that, when the intracellular domain binds to the complex, it switches from a repressor to an activator of transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proteins also participate in the intracellular portion of the notch signaling cascade.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22223095_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22223095-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligand_interactions">Ligand interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ligand interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N1_dll4_cells.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/N1_dll4_cells.png/225px-N1_dll4_cells.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="455" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/N1_dll4_cells.png/337px-N1_dll4_cells.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/N1_dll4_cells.png/449px-N1_dll4_cells.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure of the Notch1-DLL4 complex depicted as the interaction is predicted to occur between two cells (PDB ID: 4XLW)</figcaption></figure> <p>Notch signaling is initiated when Notch receptors on the cell surface engage ligands presented <i>in trans</i> on opposing cells<i>.</i> Despite the expansive size of the Notch extracellular domain, it has been demonstrated that EGF domains 11 and 12 are the critical determinants for interactions with Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional studies have implicated regions outside of Notch EGF11-12 in ligand binding. For example, Notch EGF domain 8 plays a role in selective recognition of Serrate/Jagged<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and EGF domains 6-15 are required for maximal signaling upon ligand stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crystal structure of the interacting regions of Notch1 and Delta-like 4 (Dll4) provided a molecular-level visualization of Notch-ligand interactions, and revealed that the N-terminal MNNL (or C2) and DSL domains of ligands bind to Notch EGF domains 12 and 11, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Luca_2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luca_2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Notch1-Dll4 structure also illuminated a direct role for Notch O-linked fucose and glucose moieties in ligand recognition, and rationalized a structural mechanism for the glycan-mediated tuning of Notch signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-Luca_2015_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luca_2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_Notch_signaling">Synthetic Notch signaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synthetic Notch signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to engineer synthetic Notch receptors by replacing the extracellular receptor and intracellular transcriptional domains with other domains of choice. This allows researchers to select which ligands are detected, and which genes are upregulated in response. Using this technology, cells can report or change their behavior in response to contact with user-specified signals, facilitating new avenues of both basic and applied research into cell-cell signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmansa_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmansa-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, this system allows multiple synthetic pathways to be engineered into a cell in parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Notch signaling pathway is important for cell-cell communication, which involves gene regulation mechanisms that control multiple cell differentiation processes during embryonic and adult life. Notch signaling also has a role in the following processes: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> function and development<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12052917_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12052917-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17409286_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17409286-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20844536_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20844536-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11937492_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11937492-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>stabilization of arterial endothelial fate and <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12482957_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12482957-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>regulation of crucial cell communication events between <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a> during both the formation of the valve primordial and <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricular</a> development and differentiation<sup id="cite_ref-Grego-Bessa_2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grego-Bessa_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac valve">cardiac valve</a> <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, as well as implications in other human disorders involving the cardiovascular system<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>timely cell lineage specification of both <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine pancreas">endocrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine pancreas">exocrine pancreas</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14657333_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14657333-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>influencing of binary fate decisions of cells that must choose between the secretory and absorptive lineages in the gut<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15034002_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15034002-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">hematopoietic stem cell</a> compartment during bone development and participation in commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblastic</a> lineage, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for notch in bone regeneration and osteoporosis<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15695512_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15695512-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>expansion of the hemogenic endothelial cells along with signaling axis involving <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">Hedgehog signaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/TAL1" title="TAL1">Scl</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23236128_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23236128-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a> lineage commitment from common lymphoid precursor <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>regulation of cell-fate decision in <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> at several distinct development stages<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15535842_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15535842-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>possibly some non-nuclear mechanisms, such as control of the <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase" title="Tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinase</a> <a href="/wiki/Abl_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Abl gene">Abl</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lai_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lai-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Regulation of the mitotic/meiotic decision in the <i>C. elegans</i> germline<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3677168_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3677168-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>development of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>It has also been found that <a href="/wiki/Rex1" title="Rex1">Rex1</a> has inhibitory effects on the expression of notch in <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell" title="Mesenchymal stem cell">mesenchymal stem cells</a>, preventing differentiation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_embryogenesis">Role in embryogenesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in embryogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in cell-cell communication, and further regulates embryonic development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embryo_polarity">Embryo polarity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Embryo polarity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notch signaling is required in the regulation of polarity. For example, mutation experiments have shown that loss of Notch signaling causes abnormal anterior-posterior polarity in <a href="/wiki/Somites" class="mw-redirect" title="Somites">somites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Notch signaling is required during left-right asymmetry determination in vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early studies in the <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> model organism <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans"><i>C. elegans</i></a> indicate that Notch signaling has a major role in the induction of mesoderm and cell fate determination.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3677168_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3677168-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned previously, C. elegans has two genes that encode for partially functionally redundant Notch homologs, <i>glp-1</i> and <i>lin-12</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During C. elegans, GLP-1, the C. elegans Notch homolog, interacts with APX-1, the C. elegans Delta homolog. This signaling between particular blastomeres induces differentiation of cell fates and establishes the dorsal-ventral axis.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_somitogenesis">Role in somitogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in somitogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Segmentation"></span> </p><p>Notch signaling is central to <a href="/wiki/Somitogenesis" title="Somitogenesis">somitogenesis</a>. In 1995, Notch1 was shown to be important for coordinating the segmentation of somites in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-Conlon_RA,_Reaume_AG,_Rossant_J_1995_1533–45_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conlon_RA,_Reaume_AG,_Rossant_J_1995_1533–45-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further studies identified the role of Notch signaling in the segmentation clock. These studies hypothesized that the primary function of Notch signaling does not act on an individual cell, but coordinates cell clocks and keep them synchronized. This hypothesis explained the role of Notch signaling in the development of segmentation and has been supported by experiments in mice and zebrafish.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments with Delta1 mutant mice that show abnormal somitogenesis with loss of anterior/posterior polarity suggest that Notch signaling is also necessary for the maintenance of somite borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Conlon_RA,_Reaume_AG,_Rossant_J_1995_1533–45_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conlon_RA,_Reaume_AG,_Rossant_J_1995_1533–45-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Somitogenesis" title="Somitogenesis">somitogenesis</a>, a molecular oscillator in <a href="/wiki/Paraxial_mesoderm" title="Paraxial mesoderm">paraxial mesoderm</a> cells dictates the precise rate of somite formation. A <a href="/wiki/Clock_and_wavefront_model" title="Clock and wavefront model">clock and wavefront model</a> has been proposed in order to spatially determine the location and boundaries between <a href="/wiki/Somites" class="mw-redirect" title="Somites">somites</a>. This process is highly regulated as somites must have the correct size and spacing in order to avoid malformations within the axial skeleton that may potentially lead to <a href="/wiki/Spondylocostal_dysostosis" title="Spondylocostal dysostosis">spondylocostal dysostosis</a>. Several key components of the Notch signaling pathway help coordinate key steps in this process. In mice, mutations in Notch1, Dll1 or Dll3, Lfng, or Hes7 result in abnormal somite formation. Similarly, in humans, the following mutations have been seen to lead to development of spondylocostal dysostosis: DLL3, LFNG, or HES7.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_epidermal_differentiation">Role in epidermal differentiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Role in epidermal differentiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notch signaling is known to occur inside ciliated, differentiating cells found in the first epidermal layers during early skin development.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it has found that <a href="/wiki/PSEN2" class="mw-redirect" title="PSEN2">presenilin-2</a> works in conjunction with ARF4 to regulate Notch signaling during this development.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it remains to be determined whether gamma-secretase has a direct or indirect role in modulating Notch signaling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_central_nervous_system_development_and_function">Role in central nervous system development and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role in central nervous system development and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuro-Gliogenesis_via_Lateral_Inhibition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Neuro-Gliogenesis_via_Lateral_Inhibition.png/220px-Neuro-Gliogenesis_via_Lateral_Inhibition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Neuro-Gliogenesis_via_Lateral_Inhibition.png/330px-Neuro-Gliogenesis_via_Lateral_Inhibition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Neuro-Gliogenesis_via_Lateral_Inhibition.png/440px-Neuro-Gliogenesis_via_Lateral_Inhibition.png 2x" data-file-width="7084" data-file-height="2501" /></a><figcaption>Notch-Delta lateral inhibition in neural stem cells, resulting in the generation of neuronal and glial progenitors.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early findings on Notch signaling in <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) development were performed mainly in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Mutagenesis" title="Mutagenesis">mutagenesis</a> experiments. For example, the finding that an embryonic lethal phenotype in <i>Drosophila</i> was associated with Notch dysfunction<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicated that Notch mutations can lead to the failure of neural and <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">Epidermal</a> cell segregation in early <i>Drosophila</i> embryos. In the past decade, advances in mutation and knockout techniques allowed research on the Notch signaling pathway in mammalian models, especially rodents. </p><p>The Notch signaling pathway was found to be critical mainly for neural <a href="/wiki/Progenitor_cell" title="Progenitor cell">progenitor cell</a> (NPC) maintenance and self-renewal. In recent years, other functions of the Notch pathway have also been found, including <a href="/wiki/Glial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Glial cell">glial cell</a> specification,<sup id="cite_ref-dada_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dada-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baba_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baba-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neurites" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurites">neurites</a> development,<sup id="cite_ref-neurite_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neurite-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as learning and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-learning_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learning-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuron_cell_differentiation">Neuron cell differentiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neuron cell differentiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Notch pathway is essential for maintaining NPCs in the developing brain. Activation of the pathway is sufficient to maintain NPCs in a proliferating state, whereas loss-of-function mutations in the critical components of the pathway cause precocious neuronal differentiation and NPC depletion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17409286_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17409286-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modulators of the Notch signal, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/NUMB_(gene)" title="NUMB (gene)">Numb</a> protein are able to antagonize Notch effects, resulting in the halting of cell cycle and the differentiation of NPCs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">fibroblast growth factor</a> pathway promotes Notch signaling to keep <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> in the proliferative state, amounting to a mechanism regulating cortical surface area growth and, potentially, <a href="/wiki/Gyrification" title="Gyrification">gyrification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, Notch signaling controls NPC self-renewal as well as cell fate specification. </p><p>A non-canonical branch of the Notch signaling pathway that involves the phosphorylation of STAT3 on the serine residue at amino acid position 727 and subsequent Hes3 expression increase (<a href="/wiki/Hes3_signaling_axis" title="Hes3 signaling axis">STAT3-Ser/Hes3 Signaling Axis</a>) has been shown to regulate the number of NPCs in culture and in the adult rodent brain.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In adult rodents and in cell culture, Notch3 promotes neuronal differentiation, having a role opposite to Notch1/2.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates that individual Notch receptors can have divergent functions, depending on cellular context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurite_development">Neurite development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neurite development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>In vitro</i> studies show that Notch can influence <a href="/wiki/Neurite" title="Neurite">neurite</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-neurite_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neurite-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>In vivo</i>, deletion of the Notch signaling modulator, Numb, disrupts neuronal maturation in the developing cerebellum,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14729486_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14729486-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas deletion of Numb disrupts axonal arborization in sensory ganglia.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not clear, together these findings suggest Notch signaling might be crucial in neuronal maturation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gliogenesis">Gliogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gliogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gliogenesis" title="Gliogenesis">gliogenesis</a>, Notch appears to have an instructive role that can directly promote the differentiation of many <a href="/wiki/Glial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Glial cell">glial cell</a> subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-dada_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dada-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baba_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baba-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, activation of Notch signaling in the retina favors the generation of <a href="/wiki/Muller_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muller glia">Muller glia</a> cells at the expense of neurons, whereas reduced Notch signaling induces production of ganglion cells, causing a reduction in the number of Muller glia.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17409286_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17409286-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_brain_function">Adult brain function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adult brain function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from its role in development, evidence shows that Notch signaling is also involved in neuronal apoptosis, neurite retraction, and neurodegeneration of ischemic stroke in the brain<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to developmental functions, Notch proteins and ligands are expressed in cells of the adult nervous system,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting a role in CNS plasticity throughout life. Adult mice heterozygous for mutations in either Notch1 or Cbf1 have deficits in spatial learning and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-learning_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learning-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar results are seen in experiments with <a href="/wiki/Presenilin" title="Presenilin">presenilins</a>1 and 2, which mediate the Notch intramembranous cleavage. To be specific, conditional deletion of presenilins at 3 weeks after birth in excitatory neurons causes learning and memory deficits, neuronal dysfunction, and gradual neurodegeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15066262_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15066262-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Gamma_secretase" title="Gamma secretase">gamma secretase</a> inhibitors that underwent human clinical trials in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">MCI</a> patients resulted in statistically significant worsening of cognition relative to controls, which is thought to be due to its incidental effect on Notch signalling.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_cardiovascular_development">Role in cardiovascular development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role in cardiovascular development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Notch signaling pathway is a critical component of cardiovascular formation and <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a> in both development and disease. It is required for the selection of endothelial <a href="/wiki/Tip_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Tip cells">tip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalk_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalk cells">stalk cells</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sprouting_angiogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprouting angiogenesis">sprouting angiogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiac_development">Cardiac development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cardiac development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notch signal pathway plays a crucial role in at least three cardiac development processes: <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_canal" title="Atrioventricular canal">Atrioventricular canal</a> development, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial development">myocardial development</a>, and cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development.<sup id="cite_ref-haha_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haha-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atrioventricular_(AV)_canal_development"><span id="Atrioventricular_.28AV.29_canal_development"></span>Atrioventricular (AV) canal development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Atrioventricular (AV) canal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>AV boundary formation</dt> <dd>Notch signaling can regulate the atrioventricular boundary formation between the AV canal and the chamber myocardium.<br /> Studies have revealed that both loss- and gain-of-function of the Notch pathway results in defects in AV canal development.<sup id="cite_ref-haha_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haha-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Notch target genes <a href="/wiki/HEY1" title="HEY1">HEY1</a> and <a href="/wiki/HEY2" title="HEY2">HEY2</a> are involved in restricting the expression of two critical developmental regulator proteins, BMP2 and Tbx2, to the AV canal.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>AV epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)</dt> <dd>Notch signaling is also important for the process of AV <a href="/wiki/Epithelial-mesenchymal_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial-mesenchymal transition">EMT</a>, which is required for AV canal maturation. After the AV canal boundary formation, a subset of endocardial cells lining the AV canal are activated by signals emanating from the <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a> and by interendocardial signaling pathways to undergo EMT.<sup id="cite_ref-haha_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haha-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notch1 deficiency results in defective induction of EMT. Very few migrating cells are seen and these lack mesenchymal morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notch may regulate this process by activating matrix <a href="/wiki/Metalloproteinase" title="Metalloproteinase">metalloproteinase</a>2 (MMP2) expression, or by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/VE-cadherin" title="VE-cadherin">vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin</a> expression in the AV canal endocardium<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while suppressing the VEGF pathway via VEGFR2.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In RBPJk/CBF1-targeted mutants, the heart valve development is severely disrupted, presumably because of defective endocardial maturation and signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ventricular_development">Ventricular development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ventricular development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some studies in <a href="/wiki/Xenopus" title="Xenopus">Xenopus</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in mouse embryonic stem cells<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicate that cardiomyogenic commitment and differentiation require Notch signaling inhibition. Active Notch signaling is required in the ventricular <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a> for proper trabeculae development subsequent to myocardial specification by regulating <a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">BMP10</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRG1" class="mw-redirect" title="NRG1">NRG1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ephrin" title="Ephrin">Ephrin</a>B2 expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Grego-Bessa_2007_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grego-Bessa_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notch signaling sustains immature <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyocyte_proliferation" title="Cardiomyocyte proliferation">cardiomyocyte proliferation</a> in mammals <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and zebrafish.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A regulatory correspondence likely exists between Notch signaling and <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt signaling</a>, whereby upregulated Wnt expression downregulates Notch signaling, and a subsequent inhibition of ventricular cardiomyocyte proliferation results. This proliferative arrest can be rescued using Wnt inhibitors.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The downstream effector of Notch signaling, HEY2, was also demonstrated to be important in regulating ventricular development by its expression in the interventricular <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a> and the endocardial cells of the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_cushions" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrioventricular cushions">cardiac cushions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardiomyocyte and smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of HEY2 results in impaired cardiac contractility, malformed right ventricle, and ventricular septal defects.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ventricular_outflow_tract_development">Ventricular outflow tract development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ventricular outflow tract development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During development of the aortic arch and the aortic arch arteries, the Notch receptors, ligands, and target genes display a unique expression pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Notch pathway was blocked, the induction of vascular <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> cell marker expression failed to occur, suggesting that Notch is involved in the differentiation of cardiac neural crest cells into vascular cells during outflow tract development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angiogenesis">Angiogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Angiogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Endothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial">Endothelial</a> cells use the Notch signaling pathway to coordinate cellular behaviors during the blood vessel sprouting that occurs <a href="/wiki/Sprouting_angiogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprouting angiogenesis">sprouting angiogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17251261_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17251261-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17259972_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17259972-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activation of Notch takes place primarily in "connector" cells and cells that line patent stable blood vessels through direct interaction with the Notch ligand, <a href="/wiki/DLL4" title="DLL4">Delta-like ligand 4</a> (Dll4), which is expressed in the endothelial tip cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Siekmann_2007_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekmann_2007-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VEGF signaling, which is an important factor for migration and proliferation of endothelial cells,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11166270_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11166270-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be downregulated in cells with activated Notch signaling by lowering the levels of Vegf receptor transcript.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16219802_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16219802-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zebrafish embryos lacking Notch signaling exhibit ectopic and persistent expression of the zebrafish ortholog of VEGF3, flt4, within all endothelial cells, while Notch activation completely represses its expression.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notch signaling may be used to control the sprouting pattern of blood vessels during angiogenesis. When cells within a patent vessel are exposed to <a href="/wiki/VEGF" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGF">VEGF</a> signaling, only a restricted number of them initiate the angiogenic process. Vegf is able to induce <a href="/wiki/DLL4" title="DLL4">DLL4</a> expression. In turn, DLL4 expressing cells down-regulate Vegf receptors in neighboring cells through activation of Notch, thereby preventing their migration into the developing sprout. Likewise, during the sprouting process itself, the migratory behavior of connector cells must be limited to retain a patent connection to the original blood vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-Siekmann_2007_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siekmann_2007-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_endocrine_development">Role in endocrine development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Role in endocrine development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During development, definitive <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> differentiates into several gastrointestinal epithelial lineages, including endocrine cells. Many studies have indicated that Notch signaling has a major role in endocrine development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pancreatic_development">Pancreatic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pancreatic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation of the pancreas from endoderm begins in early development. The expression of elements of the Notch signaling pathway have been found in the developing pancreas, suggesting that Notch signaling is important in pancreatic development.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10476967_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10476967-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10842072_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10842072-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests Notch signaling regulates the progressive recruitment of endocrine cell types from a common precursor,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12941629_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12941629-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting through two possible mechanisms. One is the "lateral inhibition", which specifies some cells for a primary fate but others for a secondary fate among cells that have the potential to adopt the same fate. Lateral inhibition is required for many types of cell fate determination. Here, it could explain the dispersed distribution of endocrine cells within pancreatic epithelium.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10615124_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10615124-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second mechanism is "suppressive maintenance", which explains the role of Notch signaling in pancreas differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor10 is thought to be important in this activity, but the details are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14699589_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14699589-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14651921_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14651921-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intestinal_development">Intestinal development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Intestinal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of Notch signaling in the regulation of gut development has been indicated in several reports. Mutations in elements of the Notch signaling pathway affect the earliest intestinal cell fate decisions during zebrafish development.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosnier_2005_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosnier_2005-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcriptional analysis and gain of function experiments revealed that Notch signaling targets Hes1 in the intestine and regulates a binary cell fate decision between adsorptive and secretory cell fates.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosnier_2005_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosnier_2005-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_development">Bone development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bone development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <i>in vitro</i> studies have found the Notch signaling pathway functions as down-regulator in <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclastogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblastogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notch1 is expressed in the mesenchymal condensation area and subsequently in the hypertrophic <a href="/wiki/Chondrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondrocytes">chondrocytes</a> during chondrogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overexpression of Notch signaling inhibits bone morphogenetic protein2-induced osteoblast differentiation. Overall, Notch signaling has a major role in the commitment of mesenchymal cells to the osteoblastic lineage and provides a possible therapeutic approach to bone regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15695512_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15695512-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_cancer">Role in cancer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Role in cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leukemia">Leukemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Leukemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aberrant Notch signaling is a driver of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is mutated in at least 65% of all T-ALL cases.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notch signaling can be activated by mutations in Notch itself, inactivating mutations in <a href="/wiki/FBXW7" title="FBXW7">FBXW7</a> (a negative regulator of Notch1), or rarely by t(7;9)(q34;q34.3) translocation. In the context of T-ALL, Notch activity cooperates with additional oncogenic lesions such as <a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">c-MYC</a> to activate anabolic pathways such as ribosome and protein biosynthesis thereby promoting leukemia cell growth.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urothelial_bladder_cancer">Urothelial bladder cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Urothelial bladder cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loss of Notch activity is a driving event in urothelial cancer. A study identified inactivating mutations in components of the Notch pathway in over 40% of examined human bladder carcinomas. In mouse models, genetic inactivation of Notch signaling results in Erk1/2 phosphorylation leading to tumorigenesis in the urinary tract.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As not all NOTCH receptors are equally involved in the urothelial bladder cancer, 90% of samples in one study had some level of NOTCH3 expression, suggesting that NOTCH3 plays an important role in urothelial bladder cancer. A higher level of NOTCH3 expression was observed in high-grade tumors, and a higher level of positivity was associated with a higher mortality risk. NOTCH3 was identified as an independent predictor of poor outcome. Therefore, it is suggested that NOTCH3 could be used as a marker for urothelial bladder cancer-specific mortality risk. It was also shown that NOTCH3 expression could be a prognostic immunohistochemical marker for clinical follow-up of urothelial bladder cancer patients, contributing to a more individualized approach by selecting patients to undergo control cystoscopy after a shorter time interval.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver_cancer">Liver cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Liver cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a>, for instance, it was suggesting that <a href="/wiki/AXIN1" title="AXIN1">AXIN1</a> mutations would provoke Notch signaling pathway activation, fostering the cancer development, but a recent study demonstrated that such an effect cannot be detected.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the exact role of Notch signaling in the cancer process awaits further elucidation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notch_inhibitors">Notch inhibitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notch inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DAPT_(chemical)" title="DAPT (chemical)">DAPT (chemical)</a></div> <p>The involvement of Notch signaling in many cancers has led to investigation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_inhibitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notch inhibitor (page does not exist)">notch inhibitors</a> (especially <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-secretase_inhibitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-secretase inhibitor (page does not exist)">gamma-secretase inhibitors</a>) as cancer treatments which are in different phases of clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Purow2012_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purow2012-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> at least 7 notch inhibitors were in clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-EM2013_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EM2013-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-0752&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-0752 (page does not exist)">MK-0752</a> has given promising results in an early clinical trial for breast cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-MK_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MK-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preclinical studies showed beneficial effects of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-secretase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-secretase">gamma-secretase</a> inhibitors in <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a disease characterised by increased expression of notch pathway constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several notch inhibitors, including the gamma-secretase inhibitor <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY3056480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY3056480 (page does not exist)">LY3056480</a>, are being studied for their potential ability to regenerate <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">hair cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>, which could lead to treatments for <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erni_2021_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erni_2021-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samarajeewa_2019_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samarajeewa_2019-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_modeling">Mathematical modeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mathematical modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathematical modeling in Notch-Delta signaling has become a pivotal tool in understanding pattern formation driven by cell-cell interactions, particularly in the context of lateral-inhibition mechanisms. The Collier model,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cornerstone in this field, employs a system of coupled <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation" title="Ordinary differential equation">ordinary differential equations</a> to describe the feedback loop between adjacent cells. The model is defined by the equations:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dt}}n_{i}&=f(\langle d_{i}\rangle )-n_{i}\\{\frac {d}{dt}}d_{i}&=\nu (g(n_{i})-d_{i})\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dt}}n_{i}&=f(\langle d_{i}\rangle )-n_{i}\\{\frac {d}{dt}}d_{i}&=\nu (g(n_{i})-d_{i})\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6c7641d64823ea3b8f1fc30bf47ff333f89017d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.64ex; margin-bottom: -0.198ex; width:21.946ex; height:10.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dt}}n_{i}&=f(\langle d_{i}\rangle )-n_{i}\\{\frac {d}{dt}}d_{i}&=\nu (g(n_{i})-d_{i})\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57f87f905ba5a4d8c691ccaecd65fc47bd007ba4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.194ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{i}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/abe3154db7d4f92fb42dd1f80f52f528c6312e4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.009ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d_{i}}"></span> represent the levels of <a href="/wiki/Notch_proteins" title="Notch proteins">Notch</a> and Delta activity in cell <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>, respectively. Functions <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> are typically <a href="/wiki/Hill_equation_(biochemistry)" title="Hill equation (biochemistry)">Hill functions</a>, reflecting the regulatory dynamics of the signaling process. The term <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle d_{i}\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle d_{i}\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa4d49dac5633502af0ee720c2a189e30fe532c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.818ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle d_{i}\rangle }"></span> denotes the average level of Delta activity in the cells adjacent to cell <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>, integrating <a href="/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling" title="Juxtacrine signalling">juxtacrine signaling</a> effects. </p><p>Recent extensions of this model incorporate long-range signaling, acknowledging the role of cell protrusions like <a href="/wiki/Filopodia" title="Filopodia">filopodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cytoneme" title="Cytoneme">cytonemes</a>) that reach non-neighboring cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkemeier_2023_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkemeier_2023-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One extended model, often referred to as the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3837cad72483d97bcdde49c85d3b7b859fb3fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.944ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon }"></span>-Collier model,<sup id="cite_ref-Berkemeier_2023_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkemeier_2023-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduces a weighting parameter <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \in [0,1]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi> <mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \in [0,1]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2284041657a2d5f73d1fea4ac4af504d94382b5d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.437ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \in [0,1]}"></span> to balance juxtacrine and long-range signaling. The interaction term <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle d_{i}\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle d_{i}\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa4d49dac5633502af0ee720c2a189e30fe532c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.818ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle d_{i}\rangle }"></span> is modified to include these protrusions, creating a more complex, non-local signaling network. This model is instrumental in exploring pattern formation robustness and biological pattern refinement, considering the stochastic nature of filopodia dynamics and intrinsic noise. The application of mathematical modeling in Notch-Delta signaling has been particularly illuminating in understanding the patterning of sensory organ precursors (SOPs) in the <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a>'s notum and <a href="/wiki/Imaginal_disc" title="Imaginal disc">wing margin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27226324_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27226324-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mathematical modeling of Notch-Delta signaling thus provides significant insights into lateral inhibition mechanisms and pattern formation in biological systems. It enhances the understanding of cell-cell interaction variations leading to diverse tissue structures, contributing to developmental biology and offering potential therapeutic pathways in diseases related to Notch-Delta dysregulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagille_syndrome" title="Alagille syndrome">Alagille syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpath" class="mw-redirect" title="Netpath">Netpath</a> – A curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid10221902-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10221902_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10221902_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArtavanis-TsakonasRandLake1999" class="citation journal cs1">Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Rand MD, Lake RJ (April 1999). 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27226324">27226324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development&rft.atitle=Coordinated+control+of+Notch%2FDelta+signalling+and+cell+cycle+progression+drives+lateral+inhibition-mediated+tissue+patterning&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2305-2310&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4958321%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27226324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fdev.134213&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=GL&rft.au=Hadjivasiliou%2C+Z&rft.au=Bonin%2C+H&rft.au=He%2C+L&rft.au=Perrimon%2C+N&rft.au=Charras%2C+G&rft.au=Baum%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4958321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANotch+signaling+pathway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notch_signaling_pathway&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Diagram: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120458/http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/get_pathway?org_name=hsa&mapno=04330">notch signaling pathway in <i>Homo sapiens</i></a></li> <li>Diagram: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/dme/dme04330.html">Notch signaling in <i>Drosophila</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109152324/http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/dme/dme04330.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Notch+Receptors">Notch+Receptors</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Cell_signaling_/_Signal_transduction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signal transduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signaling pathways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">GPCR</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">RTK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">TGF beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway" title="MAPK/ERK pathway">MAPK/ERK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akt/PKB_signaling_pathway" title="Akt/PKB signaling pathway">Akt/PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Fas apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_signaling_pathway" title="Hippo signaling pathway">Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway" title="PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway">PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin#Signal_transduction" title="Integrin">Integrin receptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Receptor ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neurohormone" title="Neurohormone">Neurohormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Signaling molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">Intracellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">Second messenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway" title="CAMP-dependent pathway">cAMP-dependent pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_signaling" title="Calcium signaling">Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_signaling" title="Lipid signaling">Lipid signaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assistants:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">Signal transducing adaptor protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaffold_protein" title="Scaffold protein">Scaffold protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_preinitiation_complex" title="Transcription preinitiation complex">Transcription preinitiation complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_D" title="Transcription factor II D">TFIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling" title="Juxtacrine signalling">Juxtacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine signalling">Autocrine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">Paracrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracrine" title="Intracrine">Intracrine action</a></li> <li>Neurocrine signaling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic transmission">Synaptic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">Chemical synapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell" title="Neuroendocrine cell">Neuroendocrine signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">Exocrine signalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">Phototransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signaling_pathway:_notch_signaling_pathway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Template:Notch signaling pathway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Template talk:Notch signaling pathway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Notch signaling pathway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signaling_pathway:_notch_signaling_pathway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signaling pathway</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">notch signaling pathway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> on signaling cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Delta</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delta-like_1" title="Delta-like 1">DLL1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/DLL3" title="DLL3">DLL3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/DLL4" title="DLL4">DLL4</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Jagged</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/JAG1" title="JAG1">JAG1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JAG2" title="JAG2">JAG2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Receptor on receiving cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notch_1" title="Notch 1">Notch 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notch_2" title="Notch 2">Notch 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notch_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch 3">Notch 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenic_locus_notch_homolog_protein_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4">Notch 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_development_of_phenotype" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genarch" title="Template:Genarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genarch" title="Template talk:Genarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_development_of_phenotype" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype_distinction" title="Genotype–phenotype distinction">Genotype–phenotype distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_norm" title="Reaction norm">Reaction norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_interaction" title="Gene–environment interaction">Gene–environment interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_correlation" title="Gene–environment correlation">Gene–environment correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterochrony" title="Heterochrony">Heterochrony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">Neoteny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopy" title="Heterotopy">Heterotopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_architecture" title="Genetic architecture">Genetic architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_landscape" title="Evolutionary landscape">evolutionary landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">Pleiotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Plasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenic_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic inheritance">Polygenic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_segregation" title="Transgressive segregation">Transgressive segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_space_(evolution)" title="Sequence space (evolution)">Sequence space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-genetic influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_effect" title="Maternal effect">Maternal effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">Genomic imprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenism" title="Polyphenism">Polyphenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">Pattern formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">Segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolution of genetic systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">Evolvability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robustness_(evolution)" title="Robustness (evolution)">Robustness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_network_(evolution)" title="Neutral network (evolution)">Neutral networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_tinkering" title="Evolutionary tinkering">Tinkering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control of development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" title="Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo-devo_gene_toolkit" title="Evo-devo gene toolkit">Evo-devo gene toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox">Homeobox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">Hedgehog signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Notch signaling pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeotic_gene" title="Homeotic gene">Homeotic gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax genes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">eyeless gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">Distal-less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrailed_(gene)" title="Engrailed (gene)">Engrailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-regulatory_element" title="Cis-regulatory element">cis-regulatory element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogen" title="Morphogen">Morphogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Cell surface receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Waddington" title="C. H. Waddington">C. H. Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> + <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">Lac operon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McGinnis" title="William McGinnis">William McGinnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levine_(biologist)" title="Michael Levine (biologist)">Mike Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_B._Carroll" title="Sean B. Carroll">Sean B. Carroll</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Endless_Forms_Most_Beautiful_(book)" title="Endless Forms Most Beautiful (book)">Endless Forms Most Beautiful</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogenetic_field" title="Morphogenetic field">Morphogenetic field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index of evolutionary biology articles</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐5cxzh Cached time: 20241122144552 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.488 seconds Real time usage: 1.704 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8748/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 438787/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4387/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 606586/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.927/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6207180/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1428.369 1 -total 72.72% 1038.743 1 Template:Reflist 58.65% 837.782 130 Template:Cite_journal 6.69% 95.629 6 Template:Navbox 6.04% 86.315 1 Template:Cell_signaling 5.18% 74.015 1 Template:Short_description 4.99% 71.341 5 Template:Fix 3.99% 57.020 3 Template:Citation_needed 3.24% 46.318 2 Template:Pagetype 2.34% 33.401 10 Template:Category_handler --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1107334-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122144552 and revision id 1246542080. 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