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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-美國鐳企業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美國鐳企業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>美國鐳企業</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-美國鐳企業-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关美國鐳企業子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-美國鐳企業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-輻射暴露" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輻射暴露"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>輻射暴露</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輻射暴露-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輻射疾病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輻射疾病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>輻射疾病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輻射疾病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重要性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重要性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>重要性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-重要性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关重要性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-重要性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-訴訟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#訴訟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>訴訟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-訴訟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>歷史影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學上的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學上的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>科學上的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學上的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學與電影改編" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學與電影改編"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>文學與電影改編</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學與電影改編-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">鐳女郎</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。28种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فتيات الراديوم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فتيات الراديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1" title="Radium qızları – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radium qızları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_noies_del_radi" title="Les noies del radi – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Les noies del radi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiov%C3%A9_d%C3%ADvky" title="Radiové dívky – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radiové dívky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_chicas_del_radio" title="Las chicas del radio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Las chicas del radio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaren_neskak" title="Radioaren neskak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Radioaren neskak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="دختران رادیوم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دختران رادیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumtyt%C3%B6t" title="Radiumtytöt – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radiumtytöt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_mozas_do_radio" title="As mozas do radio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="As mozas do radio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="נערות הרדיום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נערות הרדיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռադիումի աղջիկներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիումի աղջիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadis-gadis_radium" title="Gadis-gadis radium – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gadis-gadis radium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragazze_del_radio" title="Ragazze del radio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ragazze del radio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="ラジウム・ガールズ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラジウム・ガールズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90_%EA%B1%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="라듐 걸스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라듐 걸스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radium Girls" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radowe_dziewczyny" title="Radowe dziewczyny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radowe dziewczyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garotas_do_Radium" title="Garotas do Radium – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Garotas do Radium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Радиевые девушки – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиевые девушки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_girls" title="Radium girls – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radium girls" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1diov%C3%A9_diev%C4%8Dat%C3%A1" title="Rádiové dievčatá – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádiové dievčatá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumflickor" title="Radiumflickor – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radiumflickor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ரேடியம் பெண்கள் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரேடியம் பெண்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyum_K%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1" title="Radyum Kızları – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyum Kızları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" 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title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USRadiumGirls-Argonne1,ca1922-23-150dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg/350px-USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg/525px-USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg/700px-USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>工廠中正在將手錶表面塗鐳的工人</figcaption></figure> <p><b>鐳女郎</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Radium Girls</span>）是指1917年左右，受雇於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B3%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="美國鐳企業">美國鐳企業</a>、替手錶的錶面塗上可以發亮顏料（也就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐳">鐳</a>）、最後導致<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87" title="急性辐射综合症">輻射中毒</a>的工廠女工。由於這些女工都被告知這項顏料是無害的，因此，她們會用舌尖舔拭筆尖，讓畫筆可以更精製地替表面上色，有些人甚至會用將發光的顏料塗在指甲或是牙齒上。這導致這些鐳女郎都吸收致命份量的<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐳">鐳</a>。 </p><p>之後，有五位鐳女郎對她們的雇主提起了訴訟，要求美國鐳企業對她們造成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="職業傷害">職業傷害</a>作出賠償。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="美國鐳企業"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9C.8B.E9.90.B3.E4.BC.81.E6.A5.AD"></span>美國鐳企業</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：美國鐳企業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B3%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="美國鐳企業">美國鐳企業</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undark_(Radium_Girls)_advertisement,_1921,_retouched.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png/250px-Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png/376px-Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png/500px-Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1921%2C_retouched.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption>1921年Undark塗料的廣告</figcaption></figure> <p>從1917年到1926年間，美國鐳企業（<span lang="en">United States Radium Corporation</span>，最初叫做鐳發光材料有限公司），主要從事從<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A9%E9%89%80%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" title="釩鉀鈾礦">釩鉀鈾礦</a>中進行提取和純化的事業，並以「Undark」為品牌名稱，生產發光顏料。身為一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="國防工業">國防工業</a>，美國鐳企業是美國陸軍輻射發光手錶的主要供應商。它們在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%9E" title="伊利诺伊州">伊利诺伊州</a>渥太華的工廠雇用了百名以上的工人（多半是女性），將手錶的錶面塗上亮光漆，並誤導說顏料是安全的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輻射暴露"><span id=".E8.BC.BB.E5.B0.84.E6.9A.B4.E9.9C.B2"></span>輻射暴露</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：輻射暴露"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美國鐳企業雇用了約70名的女工，進行包含鐳的處理等多項工作。然而，由於雇主與企業的科學家深知鐳的負面影響，小心翼翼地避免自己暴露在輻射環境之下；工廠內的化學家，亦使用鉛防、面罩、鉗子等工具減少直接接觸。<sup id="cite_ref-interesting_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interesting-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在美加地區，估計有4000名工人被雇用來替錶面上鐳。他們需要混合黏著劑、水、以及鐳粉，並用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="驼毛刷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Camel-hair brush"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%BC%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驼毛刷（页面不存在）">驼毛刷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel-hair_brush" class="extiw" title="en:Camel-hair brush"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Camel-hair brush</span></a></span>）</span></span>將顏料塗在錶面上。而以當時的工資來計算，一天需要塗250個錶面，平均一個錶面只有1.5美分的收入（在2015年，相當於$0.277美元）。這些畫筆，在幾筆畫之後會開始變形，所以當時美國鐳企業的主管鼓勵員工用嘴唇、舌頭舔一下畫筆，以保持筆尖的細緻度。而為了好玩，也有些鐳女郎會在指甲、牙齒、或是臉上塗上這些致命的顏料。<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1998-10-06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1998-10-06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有非常多的工人因此生病，不過也無法確定而因暴露在輻射環境之下死去的人數。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輻射疾病"><span id=".E8.BC.BB.E5.B0.84.E7.96.BE.E7.97.85"></span>輻射疾病</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：輻射疾病"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1922年1月，鐳女郎之一莫莉·瑪吉亞（Mollie Maggia）感到<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E7%97%9B" title="牙痛">牙痛</a>，她去看牙醫，牙醫表示她可能需要拔掉臼齒。幾周後她又因牙痛而回到牙醫診所，牙醫看到當時拔牙的傷口沒有一絲癒合，還在滲出鮮血和膿液。而且還有幾隻臨近的牙齒自然脫落。5月份，牙醫發現莫莉下巴處有一個快速增長的<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BF%E8%85%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="膿腫">膿腫</a>，他認爲需要做手術切除。當他打開牙齦時，骨頭看上去灰白灰白的，不太對勁，於是他用手指輕輕地碰了一下——讓他震驚和恐懼的是，整個骨頭像是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E7%88%90" title="壁爐">壁爐</a>中的灰燼一樣在指尖下粉碎。 </p><p>牙醫沒有清除<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="腫瘤">腫瘤</a>，而是把莫莉那粉碎了的左顎清除乾淨。他當時並不知道，鐳已經刺穿了骨細胞並剝奪了鈣質，它像是一把小機關槍一樣，把骨頭內的膠原蛋白切碎，只剩下一堆骨頭碎片。那個夏天，莫莉剩下的下巴也都沒了，接着是她的內耳。 </p><p>到了1922年9月，即第一次牙痛的8個月後，可憐的莫莉·瑪吉亞逝世了。腫瘤切入了她的頸靜脈，並用鮮血浸潤了她的喉嚨，使她在牀上窒息死亡。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>不久之後，很多在女工開始<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80" title="贫血">贫血</a>，下顎開始鬆脫<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="壞死">壞死</a>，現在被称作<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD%E6%AF%92%E9%A2%8C%E7%82%8E" title="镭毒颌炎">镭毒颌炎</a>。當時認為，醫療人員使用的X光機可能讓這些身體欠佳的工人受到額外的輻射線，讓他們的健康惡化。但事後發現，這項檢查只是美國鐳企業試圖混淆視聽的詭計<sup id="cite_ref-interesting_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interesting-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而美國鐳企業和其他的手錶公司也拒絕承認這些工人的疾病是肇因於暴露在輻射之下。而很多醫生、牙醫以及研究人員也依照企業的要求，不願公布病人檢查的資料。在公司的極力主張之下，這些工人的死亡，被醫療人員引導到其他原因：如當時惡名昭彰的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性傳染病">性傳染病</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%AF%92" title="梅毒">梅毒</a>，也時常被用來誹謗婦女的名聲。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重要性"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E6.80.A7"></span>重要性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：重要性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="訴訟"><span id=".E8.A8.B4.E8.A8.9F"></span>訴訟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：訴訟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div>當時，有位叫做格蕾絲·福萊爾（Grace Fryer）的女工想要提起訴訟，不過她花了兩年的時間才尋獲一名肯為她打官司的律師。而在找到律師之後，法庭也拖拉了好幾個月。直到1928年1月第一次開庭，兩位女性都久病臥床不起，甚至無法舉起手臂宣讀誓言。之後，有四名女工也加入了訴訟，包括：奎因達·麥當勞（Quinta MacDonald）、阿爾比娜·拉里斯（Albina Larice）、埃德娜·胡斯曼（Edna Hussman）和凱特琳·肖布（Katherine Schaub），她們也被稱為「鐳女郎」。因為這個案件引起的訴訟和媒體轟動創下了司法<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B" title="判決先例">判決先例</a>，也促使了勞動<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="職業安全">職業安全</a>標準等規範的建立等等。 </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歷史影響"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>歷史影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：歷史影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鐳女孩的故事對於<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保健物理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="health physics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保健物理學（页面不存在）">保健物理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/health_physics" class="extiw" title="en:health physics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">health physics</span></a></span>）</span></span>及勞工權益領域來說，都有相當的重要性。個體勞動者起訴企業，要求虐待勞工之損害賠償的權利，也被認為是鐳女孩事件的結果。而在該事件之後，工業安全的標準大幅增進了十幾前的品質。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>這項訴訟在1928年的秋天結案，在陪審團進行商議之前。結果是每位鐳女孩可以獲得$10,000美金的賠償金（相當於2015年的$138,000美金），以及每年$600美金（相當於2015年的$8300美金)的年金，直到她們死亡，同時，所有的醫療和法律訴訟支出都是由美國鐳公司支付。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>這場爭訟以及引起的公眾關注，是往後建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="職業傷害">職業傷害</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95" title="勞工法">勞工法</a>的因素之一。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>要幫錶面上鐳塗料的工人都是在有進行安全預防措施的指示，並配備了防護裝備。而鐳錶面一直到1960年後其還有在繼續使用。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg/220px-Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg/330px-Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg/440px-Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>工廠的舊址</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學上的影響"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>科學上的影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：科學上的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文學與電影改編"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E8.88.87.E9.9B.BB.E5.BD.B1.E6.94.B9.E7.B7.A8"></span>文學與電影改編</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：文學與電影改編"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">職業傷害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95" title="勞工法">勞工法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="放射性污染">放射性污染</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-interesting-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interesting_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interesting_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724103909/https://www.damninteresting.com/undark-and-the-radium-girls/">Undark and the Radium Girls</a>. Damn Interesting. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.damninteresting.com/undark-and-the-radium-girls/">原始内容</a>存档于2009-07-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=Undark+and+the+Radium+Girls&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Damn+Interesting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.damninteresting.com%2Fundark-and-the-radium-girls%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_1998-10-06-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1998-10-06_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Grady, Denise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211220037/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/06/science/a-glow-in-the-dark-and-a-lesson-in-scientific-peril.html?pagewanted=all">A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 6, 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2009]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/06/science/a-glow-in-the-dark-and-a-lesson-in-scientific-peril.html?pagewanted=all">原始内容</a>存档于2021-02-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=A+Glow+in+the+Dark%2C+and+a+Lesson+in+Scientific+Peril&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.aulast=Grady&rft.date=1998-10-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F06%2Fscience%2Fa-glow-in-the-dark-and-a-lesson-in-scientific-peril.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215041630/https://thats.cc/posts/24020996591001a93a80a5ecf7b56877">“鐳女郎”真實的悲劇故事</a>. 互動頭條. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thats.cc/posts/24020996591001a93a80a5ecf7b56877">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E%E2%80%9D%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthats.cc%2Fposts%2F24020996591001a93a80a5ecf7b56877&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mullner, Ross M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43420772">Deadly glow : the radium dial worker tragedy</a>. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-87553-245-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-87553-245-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-87553-245-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43420772"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 43420772</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.au=Mullner%2C+Ross+M.&rft.btitle=Deadly+glow+%3A+the+radium+dial+worker+tragedy&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87553-245-4&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Public+Health+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43420772&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43420772&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kovarik, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050105021031/http://www.rst2.edu/ties/radon/ramfordu/pdffiles/The%20Radium%20Girls.pdf">The Radium Girls</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. (originally published as chapter eight of <i>Mass Media and Environmental Conflict</i>). RUNet.edu. 2002 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-07-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rst2.edu/ties/radon/ramfordu/pdffiles/The%20Radium%20Girls.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2005年1月5日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=The+Radium+Girls&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Kovarik&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28originally+published+as+chapter+eight+of+%27%27Mass+Media+and+Environmental+Conflict%27%27%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rst2.edu%2Fties%2Fradon%2Framfordu%2Fpdffiles%2FThe%2520Radium%2520Girls.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410173330/https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl">CPI Inflation Calculator</a>. data.bls.gov. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl">原始内容</a>存档于2018-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.atitle=CPI+Inflation+Calculator&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.bls.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bls.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcpicalc.pl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721113733/http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html">Mass Media & Environmental Conflict - Radium Girls</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-08-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.btitle=Mass+Media+%26+Environmental+Conflict+-+Radium+Girls&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radford.edu%2F~wkovarik%2Fenvhist%2Fradium.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215041808/https://books.google.es/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA1192&hl=zh-CN">The Elements</a>. PediaPress. : 1192 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-10-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA1192&hl=zh-CN">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&rft.btitle=The+Elements&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1192&rft.pub=PediaPress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.es%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ90PQpnE5l4C%26pg%3DPA1192%26hl%3Dzh-CN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050329084342/http://www.umdnj.edu/librweb/speccoll/USRadiumCorp.html">University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey</a> - 'University Libraries Special Collections: U.S. Radium Corporation, East Orange, NJ', Records, Catalog 1917-1940 (Revised, June, 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660">Undark and the Radium Girls</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080917101512/http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Alan Bellows, December 28, 2006, <i>Damn Interesting</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070927203422/http://www.unco.edu/colopoets/poets/swanson_eleanor/radium.html">Radium Girls</a>, Eleanor Swanson. <small>copy of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unco.edu/colopoets/poets/swanson_eleanor/radium.html">original</a></small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731868,00.html">Poison Paintbrush</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130721201424/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731868,00.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="時代 (雜誌)">Time</a></i>, June 4, 1928. "That the world may see streaks of light through the long hours of darkness, Orange, N. J., women hired themselves to the U. S. Radium Corporation."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740056,00.html">Radium Women</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130827213009/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740056,00.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="時代 (雜誌)">Time</a></i>, August 11, 1930. "Five young New Jersey women who were poisoned while painting luminous watch dials for U. S. Radium Corp., two years ago heard doctors pronounce their doom: one year to live."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/2014/12/28/373510029/saved-by-a-bad-taste-the-last-radium-girl-dies-at-107">Mae Keane, The Last 'Radium Girl,' Dies At 107</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150114061708/http://www.npr.org/2014/12/28/373510029/saved-by-a-bad-taste-the-last-radium-girl-dies-at-107">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="全国公共广播电台">NPR</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template talk:公共卫生"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="公共卫生" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">通科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3" title="生物性危害">生物性危害</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="首席医疗官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chief medical officer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="首席医疗官（页面不存在）">首席医疗官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_medical_officer" class="extiw" title="en:Chief medical officer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chief medical officer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫療縮寫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of medical abbreviations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫療縮寫（页面不存在）">醫療縮寫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations" class="extiw" title="en:List of medical abbreviations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of medical abbreviations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="人体解剖学">人体解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="性教育">性教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%BD%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="越轨社会学">越轨社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="环境健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环境健康（页面不存在）">环境健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A2%83%E5%AD%B8" title="優境學">優境學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="全民健康保險">全民健康保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%85%A7%E8%AD%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="長期照護">長期照護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">风险管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">醫用微生物及免疫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="医学社会学">医学社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康影響評估" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health impact assessment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康影響評估（页面不存在）">健康影響評估</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" class="extiw" title="en:Health impact assessment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health impact assessment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="健康素養">健康素養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="衛生政策">衛生政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="心理健康">心理健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="全球化與疾病">全球化與疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="生殖健康">生殖健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社会心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康与疾病社会学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sociology of health and illness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%8E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康与疾病社会学（页面不存在）">健康与疾病社会学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" class="extiw" title="en:Sociology of health and illness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sociology of health and illness</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境衛生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境衛生（页面不存在）">環境衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">預防醫學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%83%E8%BF%9B" title="健康促进">健康促进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0" title="风险评估">风险评估</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="卫生学">卫生学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">食品安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E6%89%8B" title="洗手">洗手</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染预防与控制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infection prevention and control"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染预防与控制（页面不存在）">感染预防与控制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" class="extiw" title="en:Infection prevention and control"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infection prevention and control</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="口腔衛生">口腔衛生</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="毒理學測試" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toxicology testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毒理學測試（页面不存在）">毒理學測試</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Toxicology testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toxicology testing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="職業安全健康">職業安全健康</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">职业病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业卫生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational hygiene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="職業衛生">职业卫生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational hygiene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational hygiene</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="职业医学">职业医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业健康护理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health nursing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业健康护理（页面不存在）">职业健康护理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health nursing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health nursing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="病人安全">病人安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="安全性行為">安全性行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="卫生设施">卫生设施</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84" title="粪口路径">粪口路径</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="露天排便">露天排便</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E5%A1%AB" title="堆填">垃圾掩埋場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">風險溝通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E7%83%9F" title="戒烟">戒烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="病媒控制">病媒控制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人口健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人口健康（页面不存在）">人口健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health" class="extiw" title="en:Population health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population health</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="儿童死亡率">儿童死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="社區衛生">社區衛生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球健康（页面不存在）">全球健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_health" class="extiw" title="en:Global health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="醫療系統">醫療系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="婴儿死亡率">婴儿死亡率</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开源健康软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of open-source health software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开源健康软件列表（页面不存在）">开源健康软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of open-source health software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of open-source health software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="健康的社会决定因素">健康的社会决定因素</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康平等" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health equity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康平等（页面不存在）">健康平等</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity" class="extiw" title="en:Health equity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health equity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="种族与健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Race and health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种族与健康（页面不存在）">种族与健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health" class="extiw" title="en:Race and health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Race and health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康不平等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="人口老化">人口老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="少子化">少子化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學">優生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会医学（页面不存在）">社会医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Social medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生物&<br />流行病統計</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">統計學假說</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析(ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="ROC曲线">ROC曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生<i>t</i>检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z检验</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="临床流行病学">临床流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相對風險">相對風險</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="統計軟體列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of statistical software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統計軟體列表（页面不存在）">統計軟體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of statistical software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of statistical software</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="統計分析系統">SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">傳染病流行病<br />的疾病防治</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="帶原者">帶原者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性傳染病">性傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗管制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="法定傳染病">法定傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85" title="流行病">流行病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="流行病列表">列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">疫情監測</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB" title="檢疫">檢疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="健康经济学">醫療經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="保持社交距離">保持社交距離</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tropical disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶病（页面不存在）">熱帶病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tropical disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="食品卫生">食品卫生</a><br />及安全管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>食品 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="食品添加劑">添加劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食品微生物学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Food microbiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物学（页面不存在）">微生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Food microbiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BB%91%E5%BF%83%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="Category:黑心食品">食品安全丑闻</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="食品加工">食品加工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%84%AA%E8%89%AF%E8%BE%B2%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E6%A8%99%E7%AB%A0" title="台灣優良農產品證明標章">CAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好生产规范">良好生产规范</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E9%BB%9E" title="危害分析重要管制點">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好农业规范">良好农业规范</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" class="mw-redirect" title="Halal">Halal</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F" title="清真">清真認證</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="轉基因">基因改造</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="基因改造食品">基因改造食品</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康行為科學</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="創新擴散理論">創新擴散理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康信念模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health belief model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康信念模式（页面不存在）">健康信念模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_belief_model" class="extiw" title="en:Health belief model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health belief model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性行為模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性行為模式（页面不存在）">理性行為模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rational emotive behavior therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計畫行為理論">計畫行為理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="階段變化模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transtheoretical model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階段變化模式（页面不存在）">階段變化模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheoretical model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transtheoretical model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會認知理論">社會認知理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會支持理論">社會支持理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="健康传播">健康传播</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="precede porceed模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precede_porceed%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precede porceed模式（页面不存在）">precede porceed模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECEDE-PROCEED" class="extiw" title="en:PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PRECEDE-PROCEED</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社區健康營造" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社區健康營造（页面不存在）">社區健康營造</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_health" class="extiw" title="en:Community health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態模式（页面不存在）">生態模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織，<br />教育，<br />和歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%BB%81%E6%89%80%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="世界廁所組織">世界廁所組織</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加勒比公共卫生局" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比公共卫生局（页面不存在）">加勒比公共卫生局</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" class="extiw" title="en:Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caribbean Public Health Agency</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>中华人民共和国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B1%80" title="国家疾病预防控制局">国家疾病预防控制局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="中国疾病预防控制中心">中国疾病预防控制中心（CCDC）</a></li></ul></li> <li>歐洲 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="歐洲疾病預防控制中心">歐洲疾病預防控制中心（ECDC）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会（页面不存在）">欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" class="extiw" title="en:European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>美国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国疾病控制与预防中心">美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80" title="美國公共衛生局">美國公共衛生局</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生教育委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Council on Education for Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生教育委员会（页面不存在）">公共卫生教育委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Council on Education for Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Council on Education for Public Health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>印度<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卫生和家庭福利部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卫生和家庭福利部（页面不存在）">卫生和家庭福利部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" class="extiw" title="en:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="健康教育">健康教育</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生理学学士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生理学学士（页面不存在）">公共卫生理学学士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="公共卫生博士">公共卫生博士</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">约瑟夫·李斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%8D" title="瑪格麗特·山額">山額夫人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">约翰·斯诺</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sara Josephine Baker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克（页面不存在）">薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" class="extiw" title="en:Sara Josephine Baker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sara Josephine Baker</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%BE%8D" title="瑪莉·馬龍">傷寒瑪莉</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">鐳女郎</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疾病的細菌理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germ theory of disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病的細菌理論（页面不存在）">疾病的細菌理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Germ theory of disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germ theory of disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會衛生運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social hygiene movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會衛生運動（页面不存在）">社會衛生運動</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Social hygiene movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social hygiene movement</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> 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