CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nobi - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )mswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Mac","April","Mei","Jun","Julai","Ogos","September","Oktober","November","Disember"],"wgRequestId":"b27942f6-783c-49f3-9886-f65dd3a58e95","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nobi","wgTitle":"Nobi","wgCurRevisionId":4792006,"wgRevisionId":4792006,"wgArticleId":1005688,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)","Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Korea","Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes","CS1 maint: unrecognized language","CS1 menggunakan tulisan bahasa Korea (ko)","Sistem kasta Korea"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nobi","wgRelevantArticleId":1005688,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ms","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ms"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":9000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1146808","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.MenuKedaiKopi","ext.gadget.mySandbox","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nobi - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Perubahan_terkini&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nobi rootpage-Nobi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Nobi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Nobi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Nobi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Nobi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pengelasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengelasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pengelasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengelasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 9 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nobi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nobi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobi_(Cor%C3%A9e)" title="Nobi (Corée) – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nobi (Corée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84" title="노비 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB" title="Նոբի – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոբի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%A9%A2" title="奴婢 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奴婢" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nobi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ноби – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ноби" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%A9%A2" title="奴婢 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奴婢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1146808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Nobi&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nobi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nobi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Nobi" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Nobi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&oldid=4792006" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Nobi&id=4792006&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNobi"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNobi"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Nobi"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nobi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1146808" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption style="font-size:115%; background: #b0c4de;">Sistem kasta Joseon </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Darjat</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th> <th>Makna </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">Yangban</a></td> <td>양반</td> <td>兩班</td> <td>bangsawan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jung-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung-in">Jung-in</a></td> <td>중인</td> <td>中人</td> <td>kelas menengah </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangmin" title="Sangmin">Sangmin</a></td> <td>상민</td> <td>常民</td> <td>orang kebanyakan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheonmin" title="Cheonmin">Cheonmin</a></td> <td>천민</td> <td>賤民</td> <td>orang kebanyakan kasar </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Baekjeong" title="Baekjeong">Baekjeong</a></td> <td>백정</td> <td>白丁</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelas_jijik_(sistem_sosial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelas jijik (sistem sosial)">jijik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobi</a></td> <td>노비</td> <td>奴婢</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan">hamba</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Serf" title="Serf">abdi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sistem_kasta_Korea" title="Templat:Sistem kasta Korea"><sup>V</sup></a><sup>・</sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Sistem_kasta_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Sistem kasta Korea (laman tidak wujud)"><sup>T</sup></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above navbox-title"><i>Nobi</i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span title="Korea-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">노비</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ko is deprecated </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span title="Korea-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:奴">奴</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A9%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:婢">婢</a></span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ko is deprecated </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Perumian_Semakan_Bahasa_Korea" title="Perumian Semakan Bahasa Korea">Perumian Semakan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korea-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Nobi</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Perumian_McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="Perumian McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korea-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Nopi</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Nobi</b></i> ialah anggota kelas hamba semasa dinasti <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Goryeo" title="Dinasti Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> Korea. Secara sah, mereka beradai di kedudukan terendah dalam masyarakat Korea abad pertengahan. Seperti <a href="/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan">hamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serf" title="Serf">serf</a>, dan abdi di Hemisfera Barat, <i>nobi</i> dianggap sebagai harta dan dapat dibeli, dijual, atau dihadiahkan. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengelasan">Pengelasan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengelasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengelasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Golongan <i>nobi</i> secara sosial tidak berbeza dengan orang bebas kecuali kelas <i><a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a></i> yang berkuasa, dan mempunyai beberapa hak memiliki harta, undang-undang dan hak sivil. Oleh itu, sebilangan sarjana berpendapat bahawa tidak wajar memanggil mereka "hamba",<sup id="cite_ref-Rhee_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara sebilangan sarjana menggambarkan mereka sebagai <a href="/wiki/Serf" title="Serf">hamba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palais_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palais-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tambahan pula, perkataan Korea untuk hamba yang sebenarnya, dalam erti Eropah dan Amerika, adalah <i>noye</i>, bukan <i>nobi</i>. Beberapa <i>nobi</i> juga memiliki <i>Nobi</i> mereka sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa orang menjadi <i>nobi</i> akibat hukuman undang-undang kerana melakukan kejahatan atau gagal membayar hutang. Namun, beberapa orang secara sukarela menjadi <i>nobi</i> untuk melepaskan diri dari kemiskinan semasa tuaian yang tidak menjadi dan kebuluran.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhee_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nobi</i> isi rumah berfungsi sebagai pekerja simpanan dan pembantu rumah, dan kebanyakan menerima gaji bulanan yang dapat ditambah dengan pendapatan yang diperoleh di luar waktu kerja biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Seth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_p155_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_p155-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobi luar rumah tinggal yang jauh dan sedikit berbeza dengan petani sewa atau rakyat biasa. Mereka didaftarkan secara rasmi sebagai sebuah unit keluarga yang bebas dan memiliki rumah, keluarga, tanah, dan harta mereka sendiri. Nobi luar rumah lebih banyak daripada nobi isi rumah.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hubungan hierarki antara tuan <i>yangban</i> dan <i>nobi</i> dipercayai setara dengan hubungan hierarki Konfusianisme antara penguasa dan rakyat, atau ayah dan anak.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobi dianggap sebagai sambungan badan tuan pemilik itu sendiri, dan ideologi berdasarkan perlindungan dan kewajiban bersama turut dikembangkan. <i>Sejarah Raja Taejong</i> menyatakan: "<i>Nobi</i> juga manusia seperti kita; oleh itu, adalah wajar untuk memperlakukannya dengan murah hati" dan "Di negara kita, kita menyukai para <i>nobi</i> kita seperti bahagian tubuh kita."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam sistem <i>chakkae</i>, <i>nobi</i> diberi dua tanah pertanian, dengan hasil yang dihasilkan dari tanah pertama dibayar kepada tuan, dan hasil dari tanah kedua disimpan oleh <i>nobi</i> untuk dimakan atau dijual. Untuk mendapatkan kebebasan, <i>nobi</i> dapat membeli, memperolehnya melalui perkhidmatan ketenteraan, atau menerima sebagai kurnia daripada pemerintah.<sup id="cite_ref-Seth_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1426, <a href="/wiki/Sejong_Agung" title="Sejong Agung">Sejong Agung</a> mengeluarkan titah undang-undang yang <i>mengizinkan</i> wanita <i>nobi</i> cuti bersalin 100 hari setelah melahirkan, yang, pada tahun 1430, diperpanjang dengan satu bulan sebelum melahirkan. Pada tahun 1434, Sejong juga memberi suami cuti menjadi isteri bersalin selama 30 hari.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">Yangban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungin" title="Chungin">Chungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangmin" title="Sangmin">Sangmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheonmin" title="Cheonmin">Cheonmin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rhee-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhee_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRheeYang" class="citation web cs1">Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/snu/ioerwp/no26.html">"Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States"</a>. <i>Working Paper Series</i>. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Korean+Nobi+in+American+Mirror%3A+Yi+Dynasty+Coerced+Labor+in+Comparison+to+the+Slavery+in+the+Antebellum+Southern+United+States&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=Young-hoon&rft.au=Yang%2C+Donghyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fsnu%2Fioerwp%2Fno26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBok_Rae_Kim2004" class="citation book cs1">Bok Rae Kim (23 November 2004). "Nobi: A Korean System of Slavery". Dalam Gwyn Campbell (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0iRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153"><i>Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia</i></a>. Routledge. m/s. 153–157. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-135-75917-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-135-75917-9"><bdi>978-1-135-75917-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nobi%3A+A+Korean+System+of+Slavery&rft.btitle=Structure+of+Slavery+in+Indian+Ocean+Africa+and+Asia&rft.pages=153-157&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75917-9&rft.au=Bok+Rae+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0iRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palais-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palais_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPalais" class="citation book cs1">Palais, James B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Views_on_Korean_social_history.html?id=xxi5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Views on Korean social history</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University. m/s. 50. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9788971414415" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9788971414415"><bdi>9788971414415</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves (nobi) in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs (nongno) than true slaves (noye) in Europe and America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be allowed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+on+Korean+social+history&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Institute+for+Modern+Korean+Studies%2C+Yonsei+University&rft.isbn=9788971414415&rft.aulast=Palais&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FViews_on_Korean_social_history.html%3Fid%3Dxxi5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBok_Rae_Kim2004" class="citation book cs1">Bok Rae Kim (23 November 2004). "Nobi: A Korean System of Slavery". Dalam Gwyn Campbell (penyunting). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0iRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia</i></a>. Routledge. m/s. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-135-75917-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-135-75917-9"><bdi>978-1-135-75917-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nobi%3A+A+Korean+System+of+Slavery&rft.btitle=Structure+of+Slavery+in+Indian+Ocean+Africa+and+Asia&rft.pages=162-163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75917-9&rft.au=Bok+Rae+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0iRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seth_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seth_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSeth" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJtMGXyGlUEC&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. m/s. 168. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780742567177" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780742567177"><bdi>9780742567177</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.isbn=9780742567177&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJtMGXyGlUEC%26pg%3DPA168%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_p155-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_p155_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gwyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0iRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. m/s. 155. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781135759179" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781135759179"><bdi>9781135759179</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+of+Slavery+in+Indian+Ocean+Africa+and+Asia&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9781135759179&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0iRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gwyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0iRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. m/s. 154. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781135759179" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781135759179"><bdi>9781135759179</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>The serfdom thesis is based largely on the work of the North Korean scholar, <i>Kim Sok-hyong</i>, who divided <i>nobis</i> into 'resident' and 'non-resident' groups. The former lived under the same roof as their masters, for whom they performed domestic and the greater part of agricultural labour. The latter dwelt far from their masters' houses, cultivating land for which they paid rent to their masters, and possessed their own personal property. In reality, their situation was similar to that of tenant farmers. <i>Kim</i> therefore considered 'resident' <i>nobis</i> to be slaves, and 'non-resident' <i>nobis</i> to be serfs. As the latter group were far more numerous, he concluded that serfdom characterized <i>Chosun</i> society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+of+Slavery+in+Indian+Ocean+Africa+and+Asia&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9781135759179&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0iRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKimPettid" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwgUa6WWFBMC&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). SUNY Press. m/s. 140. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781438437774" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781438437774"><bdi>9781438437774</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Confucianism+in+Choson+Korea%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.isbn=9781438437774&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Youngmin&rft.au=Pettid%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwgUa6WWFBMC%26pg%3DPA140%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gwyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0iRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. m/s. 156. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781135759179" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781135759179"><bdi>9781135759179</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+of+Slavery+in+Indian+Ocean+Africa+and+Asia&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=9781135759179&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0iRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFYi2008" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Pae-yong (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3yW5MdzKnUC&pg=PA267#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Ewha Womans University Press. m/s. 267. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9788973007721" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9788973007721"><bdi>9788973007721</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Korean+History+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC+%EC%86%8D%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EB%93%A4&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788973007721&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Pae-yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3yW5MdzKnUC%26pg%3DPA267%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPalais1996" class="citation cs2">Palais, James B. (1996), "Chapter 6", <i>Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Kyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty</i>, Seattle: University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0295974552" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0295974552"><bdi>978-0295974552</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6&rft.btitle=Confucian+Statecraft+and+Korean+Institutions%3A+Yu+Ky%C5%8Fngw%C5%8Fn+and+the+Late+Chos%C5%8Fn+Dynasty&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0295974552&rft.aulast=Palais&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRheeYang" class="citation cs2">Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/snu/ioerwp/no26.html"><i>Korean </i>Nobi<i> in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Nobi+in+American+Mirror%3A+Yi+Dynasty+Coerced+Labor+in+Comparison+to+Slavery+in+the+Antebellum+Southern+United+States&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=Young-hoon&rft.au=Yang%2C+Donghyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fsnu%2Fioerwp%2Fno26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLee_In-Cheol2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lee In-Cheol (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/428465"><bdi lang="ko">한국 고대사회에서 노비와 노비노동의 역할</bdi></a> [Slave and the Role of Slave Labor in the Ancient Korea]. <i>The Journal of Korean Ancient History</i> (dalam bahasa Korean). Society for Korean Ancient History. <b>29</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Korean+Ancient+History&rft.atitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C+%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%99%80+%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AD%ED%95%A0&rft.volume=29&rft.date=2003-03&rft.au=Lee+In-Cheol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbpia.co.kr%2FJournal%2FArticleDetail%2F428465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ANobi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000930174516/http://www.aasianst.org/absts/2000abst/Korea/K-32.htm">Perhambaan di Korea Tradisional (James B. Palais, University of Washington; Theodore Kornweibel, San Diego University)</a> pada Abstrak Mesyuarat Tahunan AAS 2000 (melalui <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">archive.org</a> )</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818212100/http://www.aasianst.org/absts/2006abst/Korea/k-116.htm">Mengubah Aspek dalam Kehidupan Budak Korea (nobi) di Late Choson Korea (Kuen Tae Kim et al.)</a> Pada Abstrak Mesyuarat Tahunan AAS 2006</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobi&oldid=4792006">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobi&oldid=4792006</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sistem_kasta_Korea" title="Kategori:Sistem kasta Korea">Sistem kasta Korea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sumber_CS1_bahasa_Inggeris_(en)" title="Kategori:Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)">Sumber CS1 bahasa Inggeris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_yang_mengandungi_teks_bahasa_Korea" title="Kategori:Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Korea">Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lang_and_lang-xx_using_deprecated_ISO_639_codes" title="Kategori:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes">Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">CS1 maint: unrecognized language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_menggunakan_tulisan_bahasa_Korea_(ko)" title="Kategori:CS1 menggunakan tulisan bahasa Korea (ko)">CS1 menggunakan tulisan bahasa Korea (ko)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 04:55, 9 Mei 2020.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terma Penggunaan</a> untuk butiran lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Dasar privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Perihal Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_umum">Penafian</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kod Tatakelakuan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pembangun</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ms.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Kenyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Paparan mudah alih</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-28hnx","wgBackendResponseTime":133,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.281","walltime":"0.351","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1860,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":41268,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":470,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":42985,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 330.656 1 -total"," 56.81% 187.837 1 Templat:Infobox_Korean_name"," 54.27% 179.458 1 Templat:Infobox"," 36.46% 120.562 10 Templat:Infobox_Korean_name/Hangul_data"," 35.71% 118.086 2 Templat:Lang"," 34.93% 115.507 1 Templat:Reflist"," 19.30% 63.811 1 Templat:Cite_web"," 8.85% 29.265 9 Templat:Cite_book"," 2.43% 8.038 1 Templat:Cite_journal"," 2.30% 7.611 2 Templat:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.191","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21012753,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-67876799fc-phdhl","timestamp":"20241127211108","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nobi","url":"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nobi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1146808","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1146808","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Yayasan Wikimedia Bhd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2020-04-29T06:09:59Z","dateModified":"2020-05-09T04:55:54Z"}</script> </body> </html>