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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Up_to_the_civil_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Up_to_the_civil_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Up to the civil wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Up_to_the_civil_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_civil_wars_to_the_end_of_the_14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_civil_wars_to_the_end_of_the_14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>From the civil wars to the end of the 14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_civil_wars_to_the_end_of_the_14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Empire of Trebizond</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_Trapezunt" title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="إمبراطورية طربزون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية طربزون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Trabzon imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trabzon imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="ترابزون ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترابزون ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Трапезундская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трапезундская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Трапэзундзкая імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трапэзундзкая імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трапезундска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трапезундска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsko_Carstvo" title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_de_Trebisonda" title="Imperi de Trebisonda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Trapezuntské císařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trapezuntské císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Trebizond" title="Ymerodraeth Trebizond – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_Trapezunt" title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserreich Trapezunt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundi_keisririik" title="Trapezundi keisririik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trapezundi keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_de_Trebisonda" title="Imperio de Trebisonda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizonda_imperio" title="Trebizonda imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trebizonda imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizondako_Inperioa" title="Trebizondako Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trebizondako Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتوری ترابوزان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری ترابوزان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_de_Tr%C3%A9bizonde" title="Empire de Trébizonde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire de Trébizonde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_de_Trebisonda" title="Imperio de Trebisonda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%8E%98%EC%A4%80%ED%83%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="트라페준타 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라페준타 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրապիզոնի կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրապիզոնի կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Trapezuntske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsko_Carstvo" title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Trebizond" title="Kekaisaran Trebizond – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_di_Trebisonda" title="Impero di Trebisonda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero di Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A1" title="האימפריה של טרפזונטס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה של טרפזונטס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრაპიზონის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრაპიზონის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Trebzon%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Trebzonê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Trebzonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Trapezuntinum" title="Imperium Trapezuntinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Trapezuntinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundo_imperija" title="Trapezundo imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trapezundo imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezunti_Cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rs%C3%A1g" title="Trapezunti Császárság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trapezunti Császárság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Трапезунтско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трапезунтско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ട്രെബിസോണ്ഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രെബിസോണ്ഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრაპიზონიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრაპიზონიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ترابوزان امپراتوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترابوزان امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Trebizond" title="Empayar Trebizond – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerrijk_Trebizonde" title="Keizerrijk Trebizonde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizerrijk Trebizonde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="トレビゾンド帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トレビゾンド帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezunt-riket" title="Trapezunt-riket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trapezunt-riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezunt" title="Trapezunt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trapezunt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_de_Trebizonda" title="Empèri de Trebizonda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri de Trebizonda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezund_imperiyasi" title="Trapezund imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trapezund imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Trapezuntu" title="Cesarstwo Trapezuntu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Trapezuntu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_de_Trebizonda" title="Império de Trebizonda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império de Trebizonda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Trapezuntului" title="Imperiul Trapezuntului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Trapezuntului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трапезундская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трапезундская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Empire of Trebizond" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsk%C3%A9_cis%C3%A1rstvo" title="Trapezuntské cisárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trapezuntské cisárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundsko_cesarstvo" title="Trapezundsko cesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trapezundsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Трапезунтско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трапезунтско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezuntsko_Carstvo" title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trapezuntsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizondin_keisarikunta" title="Trebizondin keisarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trebizondin keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Trabzon" title="Kejsardömet Trabzon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsardömet Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Trabzon İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trabzon İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трапезундська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трапезундська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلطنت طربزون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت طربزون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Trapezous" title="Đế quốc Trapezous – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Trapezous" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezundi_keisririik" title="Trapezundi keisririik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Trapezundi keisririik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="特拉比松帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特拉比松帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Trabzoni" title="İmperatoriya Trabzoni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Trabzoni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Empire of Trebizond</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1204–1461<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger-1949_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-1949-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Trebizond"><img alt="Flag of Trebizond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/125px-Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/188px-Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/250px-Banner_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">Double-headed eagle</a> flag as depicted in Western <a href="/wiki/Portolans" class="mw-redirect" title="Portolans">portolans</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Empire of Trebizond shortly after the foundation of the Latin Empire in 1204, featuring the short-lived conquests in western Anatolia by David Komnenos (later reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea) and Sinope (later conquered by the Sultanate of Rum)."><img alt="Map of the Empire of Trebizond shortly after the foundation of the Latin Empire in 1204, featuring the short-lived conquests in western Anatolia by David Komnenos (later reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea) and Sinope (later conquered by the Sultanate of Rum)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Empire_of_Trebizond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="565" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Empire of Trebizond shortly after the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> in 1204, featuring the short-lived conquests in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a> (later reconquered by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> (later conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Successor of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> (1204–1227)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (1243–1336)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish">Old Anatolian Turkish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-shukurov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shukurov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodoxy">Greek Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Notable emperors</a><sup>1</sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1204–1222 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1238–1263 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel I of Trebizond">Manuel I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1280–1297 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1349–1390 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1459–1461 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">David</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia" title="Georgian expedition to Chaldia">Establishment</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen47_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen47-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1204</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Constantinople (1204)">Fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1204</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Submission to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1243</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Permanent loss of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1265</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Trapezuntine_treaty_of_1282" title="Byzantine–Trapezuntine treaty of 1282">John II renounces Imperial claims</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1282</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapezuntine_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trapezuntine Civil War (page does not exist)">Trapezuntine Civil Wars</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1340–1349</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Trebizond" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Trebizond">Fall of Trebizond</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1461<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger-1949_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-1949-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Byzantine Empire<br /><small>(Angelos dynasty)</small></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Genoese_Gazaria" title="Genoese Gazaria">Genoese Gazaria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><sup>1</sup> the full title of the Trapezuntine emperors after 1282 was "the faithful <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></i> of All the East, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Iberians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perateia" title="Perateia">Perateia</a>"</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The<b> Empire of Trebizond</b> or the <b>Trapezuntine Empire</b> was one of the three successor <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> that existed during the 13th through to the 15th century. The empire consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, or far northeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and portions of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Crimea">southern Crimea</a>. </p><p>The Trapezuntine Empire was formed in 1204 with the help of <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar of Georgia</a> after the Georgian expedition in <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia_(theme)" title="Paphlagonia (theme)">Paphlagonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios Komnenos</a> a few weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a>. Alexios later declared himself <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">emperor</a> and established himself in Trebizond (now <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> in Turkey). </p><p>Alexios and <a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a>, grandsons and last male descendants of the deposed emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a>, pressed their claims as Roman emperors against <a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a>. While the rulers of Trebizond bore the title of emperor until the end of their state in 1461, their rivals, the Laskarids in Nikaia and the Palaiologoi in Constantinople contested their claim to the imperial title until the later fourteenth century. In the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/George_Pachymeres" title="George Pachymeres">George Pachymeres</a> would call them the princes of the Laz, while <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Kydones" title="Demetrios Kydones">Demetrios Kydones</a> in the mid fourteenth century would claim that the emperors at Constantinople had given the rulers of Trebizond their state. For the rulers in Constantinople, Trebizond was often viewed as a rebellious former vassal or barbarian who had broken loose and proclaimed themselves as emperors but the emperors in Trebizond never renounced their imperial claim.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the crusaders of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> overthrew Alexios V and established the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, the Empire of Trebizond became one of three Byzantine successor states to claim the imperial throne alongside the Empire of Nicaea under the Laskaris family and the Despotate of Epirus under a branch of the Angelos family.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing wars saw the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a>, the imperial government that sprang from Epirus, collapse following conflicts with Nicaea and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> and the final recapture of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by the Nicaeans in 1261. </p><p>Despite the Nicaean reconquest, the Emperors of Trebizond continued to style themselves as Roman emperor for two decades and to press their claim on the imperial throne. Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II of Trebizond</a> officially gave up the Trapezuntine claim to the Roman imperial title and Constantinople itself 21 years after the Nicaeans recaptured the city, altering his imperial title from "<a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autocrat</a> of the Romans" to "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Iberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perateia" title="Perateia">Perateia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trapezuntine monarchy survived the longest among the Byzantine successor states. The Despotate of Epirus had ceased to contest the Byzantine throne even before the Nicaean reconquest and was briefly occupied by the restored Byzantine Empire <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1340</span>, thereafter becoming a <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Imperial</a> dependency later inherited by Italians, ultimately falling to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1479. </p><p>The restored empire ended in 1453 with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquest of Constantinople</a> by the Ottomans. Trebizond lasted until 1461, when the Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> conquered it after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">a month-long siege</a> and took <a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">its ruler</a> and his family into captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crimean <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a>, an offshoot of Trebizond, lasted another 14 years, falling to the Ottomans in 1475. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trebizond already had a long history of autonomous rule before it became the center of a small empire in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. Due to its natural harbours, defensible topography and access to silver and copper mines, Trebizond became the pre-eminent Greek colony on the eastern Black Sea shore soon after its founding. Its remoteness from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> capitals gave local rulers the opportunity to advance their own interest. In the centuries before the founding of the empire the city had been under control of the local <a href="/wiki/Gabras" title="Gabras">Gabras</a> family, which – while officially still remaining part of the Byzantine Empire – minted its own coin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rulers of Trebizond called themselves <i>Megas Komnenos</i> ("Great Comnenus") and – like their counterparts in the other two Byzantine successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> – initially claimed supremacy as "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans". However, after <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople in 1261, the Komnenian use of the style "Emperor" became a sore point. In 1282, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II Komnenos</a> stripped off his imperial regalia before the walls of Constantinople before entering to marry Michael's daughter, accepting his legal title of <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his successors used a version of his title, "Emperor and Autocrat of the entire East, of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Iberians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perateia" title="Perateia">Perateia</a>" until the Empire's end in 1461.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png/220px-Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png/330px-Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png/440px-Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="4211" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>The path of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and the political situation of what once was the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1204 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Geographically, the Empire of Trebizond consisted of the narrow strip along the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the western half of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Gazarian_Perateia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazarian Perateia">Gazarian Perateia</a>, or southern Crimea (soon losing to the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Gazaria" title="Genoese Gazaria">Genoese Gazaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodorite Gazaria</a>). </p><p>The core of the empire was the southern Black Sea coast from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C4%B1rmak_(river)" title="Yeşilırmak (river)">Yeşilırmak</a>, a region known to the Trapezuntines as <a href="/wiki/Limnia_(Pontus)" title="Limnia (Pontus)">Limnia</a>, possibly as far east as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87oruh" title="Çoruh">Akampsis</a>, a region then known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazia_(Pontus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazia (Pontus) (page does not exist)">Lazia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bryer" title="Anthony Bryer">Anthony Bryer</a> has argued that six of the seven <i><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">banda</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> "district" of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a> were maintained in working order by the rulers of Trebizond until the end of the empire, helped by geography. </p><p>Geography also defined the southern border of this state: the Pontic Alps served as a barrier first to <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, whose predations were reduced to a volume that the emperors could cope with.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This territory corresponds to an area comprising all or parts of the current <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Turkish provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a>, and coastal parts of <a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a>. </p><p>In the 13th century, some experts believe the empire controlled the Gazarian Perateia, which included <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a> on the Crimean peninsula. <a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a>, the younger brother of the first Emperor, expanded rapidly to the west, occupying first Sinope, then coastal parts of <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a> (the modern-day coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a> (the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Ere%C4%9Fli" title="Karadeniz Ereğli">Karadeniz Ereğli</a>), until his territory bordered the Empire of Nicaea. The expansion was, however, short-lived: the territories west of Sinope were lost to <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> by 1214, and Sinope itself fell to the Seljuks that same year, although the emperors of Trebizond continued to fight for its control over the rest of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Trebizond_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Medieval_Trebizond_2.png/220px-Medieval_Trebizond_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Medieval_Trebizond_2.png/330px-Medieval_Trebizond_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Medieval_Trebizond_2.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Fortification plan of Trebizond</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Trebizond was the capital of the theme of Chaldia, which according to the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abulfeda</a> was regarded as being largely a <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazican</a> port. Chaldia had already shown its separatist tendencies in the 10th and 11th centuries when it came under the control of a local leader named <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gabras" title="Theodore Gabras">Theodore Gabras</a>, who according to <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> regarded Trebizond and its hinterlands "as a prize which had fallen to his own lot" and conducted himself as an independent prince. The Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> confirmed him as governor of Chaldia but kept his son at Constantinople as a <a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">hostage for his good conduct</a>. </p><p>Nevertheless, Gabras proved himself a worthy guardian by repelling a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a> attack on Trebizond.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his successors, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Taronites_(governor_of_Chaldia)" title="Gregory Taronites (governor of Chaldia)">Gregory Taronites</a>, also rebelled with the aid of the sultan of Cappadocia, but he was defeated and imprisoned, only to be made governor once more.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another successor to Theodore was <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Gabras" title="Constantine Gabras">Constantine Gabras</a>, whom Niketas describes as ruling Trebizond as a tyrant, and whose actions led Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> in 1139 to lead an expedition against him. Although that effort came to nothing, this was the last rebel governor known to record history before the events of 1204.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The empire traces its foundation to April 1204, when <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios Komnenos</a> and his brother David took advantage of the preoccupation of the central Byzantine government with the encampment of the soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> outside their walls (June 1203 – mid-April 1204) and seized the city of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> and the surrounding province of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a> with troops provided by their relative, <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen47_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen47-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henceforth, the links between Trebizond and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> remained close, but their nature and extent have been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some scholars believe that the new state was subject to Georgia, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon,_Hagia_Sophia_%E1%BC%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_(39484827385).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Trabzon%2C_Hagia_Sophia_%E1%BC%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%2839484827385%29.jpg/260px-Trabzon%2C_Hagia_Sophia_%E1%BC%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%2839484827385%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Trabzon%2C_Hagia_Sophia_%E1%BC%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%2839484827385%29.jpg/390px-Trabzon%2C_Hagia_Sophia_%E1%BC%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%2839484827385%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Trabzon%2C_Hagia_Sophia_%E1%BC%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%2839484827385%29.jpg/520px-Trabzon%2C_Hagia_Sophia_%E1%BC%89%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%2839484827385%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4795" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia church</a> of Trebizond, which was converted from a museum to mosque in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both men were the grandsons of the last <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenian</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a>, by his son <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="Manuel Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">Manuel Komnenos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusudan,_daughter_of_George_III_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusudan, daughter of George III of Georgia">Rusudan</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III of Georgia</a>. Andronikos I had been deposed by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a>, while Manuel was blinded (a traditional Byzantine punishment for treason) and died not long after. Alexios and his brother, David, ended up at the court of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who gave them military support to return to Byzantine territory. Vasiliev explains that she had been motivated to do so after the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a> stole the gifts Tamar had given to a group of visiting monks as they passed through Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Michel Kurskanskis has argued in support of Vasiliev's interpretation, he disagrees with Vasiliev over the intent of Tamar's intervention: Vasiliev has argued that the Queen intended to create a buffer state to protect the Georgian Kingdom, while Kurskanskis believes she supported the brothers in their attempt to reclaim the Byzantine throne in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After marching from Georgia, and with the help of their paternal aunt Queen Tamar, Alexios and David occupied Trebizond in April 1204.<sup id="cite_ref-Panaretos-4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panaretos-4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month Alexios was proclaimed emperor at the age of 22, an act considered by later writers as the moment the Empire of Trebizond was founded. Alexios ruled his new empire for the next twenty-two years, until his death in February 1222. The throne then passed to his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_of_Trebizond" title="Andronikos I of Trebizond">Andronikos I Gidos Komnenos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Up_to_the_civil_wars">Up to the civil wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Up to the civil wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos,_Trebizond..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg/290px-Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg/435px-Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg/580px-Fresco_of_Comneni_at_Agia_Theotokos%2C_Trebizond..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Copy of a destroyed fresco depicting <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a>, his mother Eirene and his wife Theodora, <a href="/wiki/Panagia_Theoskepastos_Monastery" title="Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery">Panagia Theoskepastos Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG/150px-Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Alexios_III_Megas_Komnenos.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Alexios III, from the <a href="/wiki/Chrysobull" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysobull">chrysobull</a> he granted to the <a href="/wiki/Dionysiou_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysiou monastery">Dionysiou monastery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The date Alexios entered Trebizond may be narrowed down even further. <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Karpov" title="Sergey Karpov">Sergey Karpov</a> has identified a lead seal of Alexios, on one side "the image of a <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> in the peaked helmet led by hand by St. George" with the inscriptions Ἀλέξιος ὁ Κομνηνός [Alexios Komnenos] and Ὁ Ἅ(γιος) Γεώργιος [Saint George] on either side; on the obverse is a scene of Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀνάστασις [The Holy Resurrection] with the corresponding inscription. Karpov interprets the significance of this image and the inscription as portraying the most important achievement of his life, St. George inviting the victorious prince to enter Trebizond and opening the gates of the city with his left hand. The importance of St. George was that Easter—the date of the Resurrection—in 1204 fell on 25 April, while the memorial date of St. George was 23 April. "So I dared to assume," writes Karpov, "that the seal points out the date of the capture of Trebizond."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasiliev points out that the brothers occupied Trebizond too early to have done so in response to the Crusaders capturing Constantinople; Alexios and David began their march on Trebizond before news of the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> on 13 April 1204 could reach either Trebizond or Georgia. According to Vasiliev, however, their original intention was not to seize a base from which they could recover the capital of the Byzantine Empire, but rather to carve out of the Byzantine Empire a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> to protect Georgia from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuršanskis, while agreeing with Vasiliev that Tamar was motivated by revenge for Alexios Angelos's insult, proposed a more obvious motivation for the brother's return to Byzantine territory: they had decided to raise the banner of revolt, depose Alexios Angelos, and return the imperial throne to the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> dynasty. However, not long after they had gained control of Trebizond and the neighboring territories, news of the Latin conquest of Constantinople reached them, and the brothers entered the competition for recovery of the imperial city against <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> in western Anatolia (ruler of the "<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael Komnenos Doukas</a> in mainland Greece (ruler of the "<a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the 13th century Trebizond was in continual conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm</a> and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Constantinople and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. It was an empire more in title than in fact, surviving by playing its rivals against each other, and offering the daughters of its rulers, who were famed for their beauty, for <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_state" title="Marriage of state">marriage</a> with generous <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowries</a>, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> rulers of inland <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The common view is that the Empire of Trebizond relied heavily upon wealth gained from its trade with Genoese and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> merchants to secure for itself the resources necessary to maintain independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second son of Alexios I, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel I of Trebizond">Manuel I</a> (1238–1263), preserved internal security and acquired the reputation of a great commander. His accomplishments included capturing <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> in 1254.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first ruler to issue silver coins, which were known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aspron" title="Aspron">aspers</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baghdad (1258)">destruction of Baghdad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> in 1258 diverted the western terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> north to the Black Sea, and due to its link with their local capital at <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, Trebizond accumulated tremendous wealth under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western travelers used Trebizond as their starting point for journeys into Asia; these travelers included <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who returned to Europe in 1295 by way of Trebizond. The troubled reign of Manuel's youngest son <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II</a> (1280–1297) included a reconciliation with the restored Byzantine Empire and the end of Trapezuntine claims to Constantinople. Trebizond enjoyed a period of wealth<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and influence during the long reign of John's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios II of Trebizond">Alexios II</a> (1297–1330). During his reign, the city of <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> was also under Trebizond Empire occupation for a while around the 1310s.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_civil_wars_to_the_end_of_the_14th_century">From the civil wars to the end of the 14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: From the civil wars to the end of the 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of Alexios II, Trebizond suffered a period of repeated imperial depositions and assassinations, despite a short period of stability under his youngest son <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Trebizond" title="Basil of Trebizond">Basil</a> (1332–1340). Two groups struggled for ascendency: the <i>Scholaroi</i>, who have been identified as being pro-Byzantine, and the <i>Amytzantarantes</i>, who were identified as representing the interests of the native <i><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archontes</a></i>. The years 1347–1348 marked the apex of this lawless period. The Turks took advantage of the weakness of the empire, conquering <a href="/wiki/Oinaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinaion">Oinaion</a> and besieging Trebizond, while the Genoese seized <a href="/wiki/Kerasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerasus">Kerasus</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> spread from <a href="/wiki/Caffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffa">Caffa</a> to ravage Trebizond and other Pontic cities. Bending under the weight of the disasters that accumulated on his states, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Trebizond" title="Michael of Trebizond">Michael</a> abdicated in 1349 in favor of his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a>, who gradually brought the partisans of both factions under control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the rule of Alexios III, Trebizond was considered an important trade center and was renowned for its great wealth and artistic accomplishment. It was at this point that their famous diplomatic strategy of marrying the princesses of the Grand Komnenos to neighboring Turkish dynasts began. However, Anthony Bryers has argued against thinking this empire was a wealthy polity, stating that while the income from taxes levied on this trade was "by Byzantine standards" substantial, as much as three quarters of the income of the Emperor came from land "either directly from the imperial estates or indirectly from taxes and tithes from other lands."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebizond1400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trebizond1400.png/300px-Trebizond1400.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trebizond1400.png/450px-Trebizond1400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trebizond1400.png/600px-Trebizond1400.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>A reduced Trebizond with surrounding states by 1400</figcaption></figure> <p>The last years of the fourteenth century were characterized by the increasing Turkish threat. This threat was not from the small Turkmen emirates that bordered Trebizond, but from the dynasty of the Osmanli, a new Turkish power emerging from western Anatolia that would soon consolidate the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Although their expansion was temporarily checked by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a> in 1402, by the 1430s the Ottomans had recovered their fortunes, seizing large segments of Greece and finally capturing Constantinople itself <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">on 29 May 1453</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_III_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel III of Trebizond">Manuel III</a> (1390–1417), the second son and successor of Alexios III, had allied himself with Tamerlane, but the mighty conqueror soon left Anatolia, and the empire he had built crumbled with his death. Manuel's son <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV</a> (1417–1429) continued the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Political_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Political marriage">political marriages</a> by marrying two of his daughters to rulers of two neighboring Muslim empires: <a href="/wiki/Jihan_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihan Shah">Jihan Shah</a>, khan of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_Qara_Yoluq_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali bin Qara Yoluq Osman">Ali Beg</a>, khan of the <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a>. His eldest daughter Maria became the third wife of the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alexios IV's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Trebizond" title="John IV of Trebizond">John IV</a> (1429–1459), could not help but see that his Empire would soon share the fate of Constantinople. The Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> first attempted to take the capital by the sea in 1442, but high surf made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Murad's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a>, was away laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> in 1456, the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a> attacked Trebizond, and although defeated, he took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Genoese document records the seizure of one of their ships at that port in 1437 by a military Galley on the orders of Emperor John IV.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John IV prepared for the eventual assault by forging alliances. He sent an envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> in 1439, the humanist <a href="/wiki/George_Amiroutzes" title="George Amiroutzes">George Amiroutzes</a>, which resulted in the proclamation of the Union of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, but this proclamation brought little help. He gave his daughter <a href="/wiki/Despina_Khatun" title="Despina Khatun">Theodora</a> (also known by the name of Despina Khatun) to the son of his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hasan</a>, khan of the <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a>, in return for his promise to defend Trebizond. He also secured promises of help from the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karamanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamanid">Karamania</a>, and from the king and princes of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol-407_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol-407-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Theodora and the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV of Trebizond</a> (also named Theodora), the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> that succeeded the Ak Koyunlu, would be of direct partial <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greek</a> ethnicity from its very beginning, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid dynasty family tree">grandson of Theodora</a>. </p><p>After John's death in 1459, his brother <a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">David</a> came to power. David intrigued with various European powers for help against the Ottomans, speaking of wild schemes that included the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Mehmed II eventually heard of these intrigues and was further provoked to action by David's demand that Mehmed remit the tribute imposed on his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol-407_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol-407-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mehmed's response came in the summer of 1461. He collected a sizable army at <a href="/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa, Turkey">Bursa</a>, and in a surprise move marched on Sinope, whose emir quickly surrendered. Then the sultan moved south across eastern Anatolia to neutralize Uzun Hasan. Having isolated Trebizond, Mehmed swept down upon it before the inhabitants knew he was coming, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">placed it under siege</a>. The city held out for a month before David surrendered on 15 August 1461. With the fall of Trebizond, the last independent remnant of the Byzantine Empire, as well as the Roman Empire from which the Byzantine Empire sprang, was the Empire of Trebizond's offshoot, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a>. On December 30, 1475, it would also fall to Ottoman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A contemporary depiction of the fall of Trebizond by Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png/700px-Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png/1050px-Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png/1400px-Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassone_Conquest_of_Trebizond_Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso.png" title="File:Cassone Conquest of Trebizond Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso.png"> </a></div>A contemporary depiction of the fall of Trebizond by <a href="/wiki/Apollonio_di_Giovanni_di_Tomaso" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso">Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christianity strongly influenced society in the Empire of Trebizond. According to the <a href="/wiki/Vazelon_Monastery#The_Acts_of_Vazelon" title="Vazelon Monastery">Acts of Vazelon</a>, which were written by contemporary monks, most peasants in the Matzouka region of the Empire had first names relating to Christian religious figures. Last names often referred to Christian saints, trades, and place names.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the relatively limited territory of the kingdom of the Grand Komnenoi (known as the "Empire of Trebizond") there was enough room for three dioceses: <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>, which was the only <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> established far in the past, <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Cerasous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rizaion</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazia_(Pontus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazia (Pontus) (page does not exist)">Lazika</a>, both formed as upgraded bishoprics. All three dioceses survived the Ottoman conquest (1461) and generally operated until the 17th century, when the dioceses of Cerasous and Rizaion were abolished. The diocese of Rizaion and the bishopric of <a href="/wiki/Of,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Of, Turkey">Of</a> were abolished at the time due to the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a> and of the region respectively. Possibly the diocese of Cerasous was deactivated for the same reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Empire of Trebizond acquired a reputation in Western Europe for being "enriched by the trade from Persia and the East that passed through its capital," according to <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>, "and by the silver-mines in the hills behind, and famed for the beauty of its princesses."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald Nicol echoes Runciman's observations: "Most of the emperors were blessed with a progeny of marriageable daughters, and the beauty of the ladies of Trebizond was as legendary as the wealth of their dowries."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its wealth and exotic location endowed a lingering fame on the polity. <a href="/wiki/Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes">Cervantes</a> described the eponymous hero of his <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> as "imagining himself for the valour of his arm already crowned at least Emperor of Trebizond." <a href="/wiki/Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a> had his character Picrochole, the ruler of Piedmont, declare: "I want also to be Emperor of Trebizond." Other allusions and works set in Trebizond continue into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, there exists the expression "to lose the Trebizond" (<i>perdere la Trebisonda</i>) which means "to be bewildered". Trebizond was a port reachable by all the routes that crossed the Black Sea, and therefore a safe shelter in case of storms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">List of Trapezuntine emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos dynasty and related family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia, Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sumela Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dunnett" title="Dorothy Dunnett">Dorothy Dunnett</a>, a Scottish historical novelist, much of whose book <i>The Spring of the Ram</i> is set in Trebizond at the time of its fall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schoonover" title="Lawrence Schoonover">Lawrence Schoonover</a>, an American historical novelist, much of whose book <i>The Burnished Blade</i> is set in Trebizond at its height.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Towers_of_Trebizond" title="The Towers of Trebizond">The Towers of Trebizond</a>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Rose_Macaulay" title="Rose Macaulay">Rose Macaulay</a> (1881–1958)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Some scholars believe that the new state was subject to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century."<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Babinger-1949-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Babinger-1949_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1949_num_7_1_1014">"La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)"</a>, <i>Revue des études byzantines</i>, <b>7</b> (1949), pp. 205–207 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1949.1014">10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndroudis2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Androudis, Pascal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histsociety.web.auth.gr/7.%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82-2017.pdf">"Présence de l'aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Byzantiaka</i> (in French). <b>34</b>: 179–218. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1012-0513">1012-0513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantiaka&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9sence+de+l%27aigle+bic%C3%A9phale+en+Trebizonde+et+dans+la+principaut%C3%A9+grecque+de+Th%C3%A9odoro+en+Crim%C3%A9e+%28XIVe-XVe+si%C3%A8cles%29&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=179-218&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1012-0513&rft.aulast=Androudis&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistsociety.web.auth.gr%2F7.%25CE%2591%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B4%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev,_A._A.1936" class="citation journal cs1">Vasiliev, A. A. (1936). "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond 1204–1222". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 3–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2846872">10.2307/2846872</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846872">2846872</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162791512">162791512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Foundation+of+the+Empire+of+Trebizond+1204%E2%80%931222&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-37&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162791512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2846872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2846872&rft.au=Vasiliev%2C+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostrogorsky, G., Ιστορία του Βυζαντινού κράτους 3 (Athens 1997), pp. 102, 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/laz">Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Laz</a> "Though Greek in higher culture, the rural areas of Trebizond empire appear to have been predominantly <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a> in ethnic composition."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shukurov-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shukurov_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustam_Shukurov2016" class="citation book cs1">Rustam Shukurov (2016). <i>The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461</i>. p. 289. <q>A remarkable feature of the Pontic situation in that some groups of nomad apparently wandered Trapezuntine territories as subjects of the Grand Komnenoi. According to Brendemoen, by the 14th century, a group of Pontic nomads was bilingual and spoke both Turkic and Greek. In addition to the case of the Christian Çepni, this is substantiated by linguistic data. Moreover, the earliest Turkic dialect of the Pontos was based on the Aqqoyunlu Turkic dialect under the influence of Pontic Greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Turks%2C+1204-1461&rft.pages=289&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Rustam+Shukurov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewsen47-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen47_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen47_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). <i>Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities</i>. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 47, 37–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-155-1"><bdi>978-1-56859-155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenians+on+the+Black+Sea%3A+The+Province+of+Trebizond&rft.btitle=Armenian+Pontus%3A+The+Trebizond-Black+Sea+Communities&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+CA&rft.pages=47%2C+37-66&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-155-1&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Kennedy(2019) Michael Panaretos in Context in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 904-5, 928-9. The emperors of Trebizond did pride themselves on their Laz origins to some degree. Bessarion's history of Trebizond during the sixth century only works if you identify the Laz with Trapezuntines. He does also proclaim that they legitimately rule over Lazike. See Kennedy, Two Works, 183, 264-5. This reading of history seems to have been somewhat widespread, as the Soumela history of Trebizond from the 18th century does also identify the Laz with the Trapezuntines making them the predecessors of the Grand Komnenoi. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander A. Vasiliev (1958), <i>History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol 2. 324–1453</i>, second edition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 506: "... on the territory of the disintegrated eastern empire, three independent Greek centers were formed; The empire of Nicaea and the empire of Trebizond in Asia Minor and the Despotat of Epirus in Northern Greece."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBody.aspx?lemmaId=8823">"Establishment of the Empire of Trebizond by the Grand Komnenoi, 1204"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor</i>. Foundation of the Hellenic World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Establishment+of+the+Empire+of+Trebizond+by+the+Grand+Komnenoi%2C+1204&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hellenic+World%2C+Asia+Minor&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiaminor.ehw.gr%2FForms%2FfLemmaBody.aspx%3FlemmaId%3D8823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Miller, <i>Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461</i>, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), pp. 100–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=180899">"Very Rare Issue of Interest to Both Byzantine & Crusader Collectors"</a>. <i>CNGcoins.com</i>. Classical Numismatics Group. February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNGcoins.com&rft.atitle=Very+Rare+Issue+of+Interest+to+Both+Byzantine+%26+Crusader+Collectors&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D180899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald M. Nicol, <i>The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453</i>, second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the discussion in N. Oikonomides, "The Chancery of the Grand Komnenoi: Imperial Tradition and Political Reality", <i>Archeion Pontou</i> <b>35</b> (1979), pp. 299–332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291371">"Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception"</a>, <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>, <b>29</b> (1975), pp. 117ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As documented by Charitopoulos Evangelos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=8828">"Diocese of Cerasous. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-12-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller-12_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some authorities identify Taronites with the known son of Theodore Gabras, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Gabras" title="Gregory Gabras">Gregory Gabras</a>. See Anthony Bryer, "A Byzantine Family: The Gabrades, c. 979 – c. 1653", <i>University of Birmingham Historical Journal</i>, <b>12</b> (1970), p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eastmond, Antony. "Narratives of the Fall: Structure and Meaning in the Genesis Frieze at Hagia Sophia, Trebizond". <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i> 53 (1999), 219–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Kuršanskis, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1977_num_35_1_2073">L'Empire de Trébizonde et la Géorgie"</a>, <i>Revue des études byzantines</i>, <b>35</b> (1977). pp. 243–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panaretos-4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panaretos-4_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Panaretos, Chronicle, ch. 1. Greek text in <i>Original-Fragmente, Chroniken, Inschiften und anderes Materiale zur Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt</i>, part 2; in <i>Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der königlich bayerischen Akademie</i> 4 (1844), abth. 1, pp. 11; German translation, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2019" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Scott (2019). <i>Two Works on Trebizond</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674986626" title="Special:BookSources/9780674986626"><bdi>9780674986626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Works+on+Trebizond&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780674986626&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karpov, "New Archival Discoveries of Documents concerning the Empire of Trebizond", <i>Gamer</i>, <b>1</b> (2012), pp. 75f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasiliev, "Foundation", p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuršanskis, "Trébizonde et la Géorgie", pp. 243–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewsen-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hewsen, "Armenians on the Black Sea", p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Nystazooulou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1964_num_22_1_1329">"La dernière reconquête de Sinope par les Grecs de Trébizonde (1254–1265)"</a>, <i>Revue des études byzantines</i>, <b>22</b> (1964), pp. 241–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.S. Georganteli, "Trapezuntine Money in the Balkans, Anatolia and the Black Sea, 13th–15th centuries", in T. Kyriakides (ed.), <i>Trebizond and the Black Sea</i> (Thessaloniki, 2010), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zehiroğlu, A.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29570856/Astronomy_in_the_Trebizond_Empire">"Astronomy in the Trebizond Empire"</a>, (2016), pp. 2–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M. ; "Trabzon Imparatorluğu 2" 2016, Trabzon, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4567-52-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4567-52-2">978-605-4567-52-2</a>) ; pp.133–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryer, "The Estates of the Empire of Trebizond. Evidence for their Resources, Products, Agriculture, Ownership and Location", <i>Archeion Pontou</i> <b>35</b> (1979), p. 371. He also includes revenue from such typical medieval sources as "the profits of justice, imperial trade and mining, confiscations and even piracy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, pp. 87f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. P. Karpov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291707">"New Documents on the Relations between the Latins and the Local Populations in the Black Sea Area (1392–1462)</a>", <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers: Symposium on Byzantium and the Italians, 13th–15th centuries</i>, <b>49</b> (1995), p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicol-407-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol-407_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicol-407_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, <i>Last Centuries</i>, p. 407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, <i>Last Centuries</i>, p. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1986" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/260168166"><i>Continuity and Change in Late Byzantine and Early Ottoman Society: Papers Given at a Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks in May 1982</i></a>. University of Birmingham. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780704407480" title="Special:BookSources/9780704407480"><bdi>9780704407480</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260168166">260168166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+Late+Byzantine+and+Early+Ottoman+Society%3A+Papers+Given+at+a+Symposium+at+Dumbarton+Oaks+in+May+1982&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260168166&rft.isbn=9780704407480&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F260168166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As documented by Charitopoulos Evangelos, "Diocese of Cerasous. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor", (3/7/2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, <i>A History of the Crusades – the Kingdom of Arce and the Later Crusades</i> (Cambridge: University Press, 1975), p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, <i>Last Centuries</i>, pp. 402f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, pp. 117ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.it/popoli-culture/2015/04/03/news/perche_si_dice_perdere_la_trebisonda_sapevatelo-2554866/">Perché si dice perdere la Trebisonda</a>, <i>nationalgeographic.it</i>. Retrieved October 19, 2019.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_research">Sources and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilios Bessarion">Basilios Bessarion</a>, <i>The praise of Trebizond</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Panaretos" title="Michael Panaretos">Michael Panaretos</a>, <i>Chronicle</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anthony Bryer & David Winfield, <i>The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos</i> (DOS. XX), vol. 1–2, Washington, 1985.</li> <li>Anthony Bryer, <i>Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800–1900</i>, Variorum collected studies series, London, 1988.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1980" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, Anthony (1980). <i>The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos</i>. London: Variorum Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-062-5"><bdi>978-0-86078-062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Trebizond+and+the+Pontos&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-062-5&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Philipp_Fallmerayer" title="Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer">Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer</a>, <i>Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt</i> (Munich, 1827–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Finlay" title="George Finlay">George Finlay</a>, <i>The History of Greece, from Its Conquest by the Crusaders to Its Conquest by the Turks, and of the Empire of Trebizond: 1204–1461</i>. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1851.</li> <li>Émile Janssens. <i>Trébizonde en Colchide</i>. Bruxelles: Presses universitaires de Bruxelles, 1969,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Karpov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Karpov">Sergei Karpov</a>, <i>L' impero di Trebisonda, Venezia, Genova e Roma, 1204–1461</i>. Rapporti politici, diplomatici e commerciali. Roma, 1986.</li> <li>Sergei Karpov, <i>Трапезундская империя и западноевропейские государства, 1204–1461</i>. ("The Empire of Trebizond and the nations of Western Europe, 1204–1461".) Moscow, 1981.</li> <li>Sergei Karpov, <i>История Трапезундской империи</i> ("A history of the empire of Trebizond"). Saint Petersburg, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">William Miller</a>, <i>Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire,</i> (1926; repr. Chicago: Argonaut Publishers, 1968)</li> <li>Donald Queller, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Thomas F. Madden</a>, <i>The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2nd ed., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3387-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3387-5">0-8122-3387-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavvides2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Savvides, Alexios G. K. (2009). <bdi lang="el">Ιστορία της Αυτοκρατορίας των Μεγάλων Κομνηνών της Τραπεζούντας (1204–1461). 2η Έκδοση με προσθήκες</bdi> [<i>History of the Empire of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond (1204–1461). 2nd Edition with additions</i>] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Brothers S.A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-467-121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-467-121-2"><bdi>978-960-467-121-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82+%281204%E2%80%931461%29.+2%CE%B7+%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%BC%CE%B5+%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pub=Kyriakidis+Brothers+S.A.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-960-467-121-2&rft.aulast=Savvides&rft.aufirst=Alexios+G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rustam Shukurov, <i>Великие Комнины и Восток (1204—1461)</i> ("The Megas Komnenos and the Orient (1204–1461)"). Saint Petersburg, 2001, 446 pp (in Russian), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89329-337-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-89329-337-1">5-89329-337-1</a></li> <li>Levan Urushadze, <i>The Comnenus of Trabizond and the Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia.</i> — J. "Tsiskari", Tbilisi, No 4, 1991, pp. 144–148: in Georgian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Uspensky" title="Fyodor Uspensky">Fyodor Uspensky</a>, From the history of the Empire of Trabizond (<i>Ocherki iz istorii Trapezuntskoy Imperii</i>), Leningrad, 1929 (in Russian).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZehiroğlu2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M. (2016). <i>Trabzon İmparatorluğu 2</i> [<i>The Empire of Trebizond (Vol.2) (1222–1382)</i>] (in Turkish). Istanbul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6054567522" title="Special:BookSources/978-6054567522"><bdi>978-6054567522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trabzon+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu+2&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-6054567522&rft.aulast=Zehiro%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Ahmet+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZehiroğlu2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M. (2018). <i>Trabzon İmparatorluğu 3</i> [<i>The Empire of Trebizond (Vol.3) (1382-1451)</i>] (in Turkish). Istanbul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6058103207" title="Special:BookSources/978-6058103207"><bdi>978-6058103207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trabzon+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu+3&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-6058103207&rft.aulast=Zehiro%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Ahmet+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2004" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony (2004). <i>Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754635759" title="Special:BookSources/0754635759"><bdi>0754635759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Identity+in+Thirteenth-Century+Byzantium%3A+Hagia+Sophia+and+the+Empire+of+Trebizond&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0754635759&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastmond,_Antony2016" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony, ed. (2016). <i>Byzantium's Other Empire: Trebizond</i>. Ege Yayinlari. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6059388009" title="Special:BookSources/978-6059388009"><bdi>978-6059388009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%27s+Other+Empire%3A+Trebizond&rft.pub=Ege+Yayinlari&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-6059388009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Trebizond" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Empire_of_Trebizond" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Trabzon" title="Template:Trabzon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trabzon" title="Template talk:Trabzon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trabzon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trabzon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trabzon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boztepe_Hill,_Trabzon" title="Boztepe Hill, Trabzon">Boztepe Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Trabzon" title="Fatih Mosque, Trabzon">Fatih Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Trabzon" title="Hagia Sophia, Trabzon">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Friday_Mosque" title="New Friday Mosque">New Friday Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne_Church,_Trabzon" title="Saint Anne Church, Trabzon">Saint Anne Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Museum" title="Trabzon Museum">Trabzon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Trabzon" title="Walls of Trabzon">Walls of Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Trabzon" title="World Trade Center Trabzon">World Trade Center Trabzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Airport" title="Trabzon Airport">Trabzon Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Technical_University" title="Karadeniz Technical University">Karadeniz Technical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1205%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Trebizond (1205–06)">Siege of Trebizond (1205–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1222%E2%80%9323)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Trebizond (1222–23)">Siege of Trebizond (1222–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1282)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1282)">Siege of Trebizond (1282)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Siege of Trebizond (1461)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Trebizond" title="Armenian genocide in Trebizond">Trebizond during the Armenian Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">Trebizond Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond Peace Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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title="Frankokratia">Latin</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> <small>(1204)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thessalonica" title="Kingdom of Thessalonica">Kingdom of Thessalonica</a> <small>(1205)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a> <small>(1205)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> <small>(1205)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triarchy_of_Negroponte" title="Triarchy of Negroponte">Triarchy of Negroponte</a> <small>(1205)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a> <small>(1207)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_states_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval states in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_in_late_medieval_Anatolia_(after_1071)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_in_late_medieval_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="States in late medieval Anatolia">States in late medieval Anatolia</a> (after 1071)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muslim states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahis" title="Ahis">Ahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaiye" title="Alaiye">Alaiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aydinids" title="Aydinids">Aydinids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candar_dynasty" title="Candar dynasty">Candaroğulları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyliks_of_Canik" title="Beyliks of Canik">Canik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids_(beylik)" title="Chobanids (beylik)">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_%C3%87ubuko%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1" title="Beylik of Çubukoğulları">Çubukoğulları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danishmendids" title="Danishmendids">Danishmendids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Dilma%C3%A7" title="Beylik of Dilmaç">Dilmachids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulkadirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulkadirids">Dulkadirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretnid_dynasty" title="Eretnid dynasty">Eretnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Erzincan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Erzincan">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshrefids" title="Eshrefids">Eshrefids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germiyanids" title="Germiyanids">Germiyanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Chalybia" title="Emirate of Chalybia">Hacıemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidids" title="Hamidids">Hamidids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalids" title="Inalids">Inalids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din" title="Kadi Burhan al-Din">Kadi Burhan al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanids" title="Karamanids">Karamanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasid_dynasty" title="Karasid dynasty">Karasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanjids" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanjids">Ladik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Meng%C3%BCjek" title="House of Mengüjek">Mengüjekids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menteshe" title="Menteshe">Menteshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perv%C3%A2neo%C4%9Flu" title="Pervâneoğlu">Pervâneoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadanid_Emirate" title="Ramadanid Emirate">Ramadanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah-Armens" title="Shah-Armens">Shah-Armens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_Ataids" title="Sahib Ataids">Sahib Ataids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltukids" title="Saltukids">Saltukids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarukhanids" title="Sarukhanids">Sarukhanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Limnia" title="Emirate of Limnia">Tacettinids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tanr%C4%B1bermi%C5%9F" title="Beylik of Tanrıbermiş">Tanrıbermiş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Teke" title="Beylik of Teke">Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzachas" title="Tzachas">Tzachas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaretos_Brachamios" title="Philaretos Brachamios">Philaretos Brachamios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaccaria" title="Zaccaria">Zaccaria family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_Trebizond" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emperors_of_Trebizond" title="Template:Emperors of Trebizond"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emperors_of_Trebizond" title="Template talk:Emperors of Trebizond"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emperors_of_Trebizond" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emperors of Trebizond"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_Trebizond" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Emperors of Trebizond</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_of_Trebizond" title="Andronikos I of Trebizond">Andronikos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Trebizond" title="John I of Trebizond">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel I of Trebizond">Manuel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_of_Trebizond" title="Andronikos II of Trebizond">Andronikos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Emperor_of_Trebizond" title="George, Emperor of Trebizond">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Trebizond" title="Theodora of Trebizond">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios II of Trebizond">Alexios II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_of_Trebizond" title="Andronikos III of Trebizond">Andronikos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel II of Trebizond">Manuel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Trebizond" title="Basil of Trebizond">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_of_Trebizond" title="Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Anachoutlou" title="Anna Anachoutlou">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Trebizond" title="John III of Trebizond">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Trebizond" title="Michael of Trebizond">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_III_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel III of Trebizond">Manuel III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Trebizond" title="John IV of Trebizond">John IV</a> <span class="nowrap">(w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Trebizond" title="Alexander of Trebizond">Alexander</a></i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios V of Trebizond">Alexios V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">David</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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