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<li id="toc-Agathon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agathon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Agathon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agathon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents_of_the_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_of_the_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contents of the library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents_of_the_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_destruction_of_the_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_destruction_of_the_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The destruction of the library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_destruction_of_the_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existence_of_a_single_Library_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existence_of_a_single_Library_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Existence of a single Library of Constantinople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existence_of_a_single_Library_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتبة القسطنطينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة القسطنطينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Імператарская бібліятэка ў Канстанцінопалі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імператарская бібліятэка ў Канстанцінопалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Imperial_de_Constantinoble" title="Biblioteca Imperial de Constantinoble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca Imperial de Constantinoble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Bibliothek_von_Konstantinopel" title="Kaiserliche Bibliothek von Konstantinopel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserliche Bibliothek von Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορική βιβλιοθήκη της Κωνσταντινούπολης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορική βιβλιοθήκη της Κωνσταντινούπολης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Imperial_de_Constantinopla" title="Biblioteca Imperial de Constantinopla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca Imperial de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_imp%C3%A9riale_de_Constantinople" title="Bibliothèque impériale de Constantinople – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque impériale de Constantinople" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_di_Costantinopoli" title="Biblioteca di Costantinopoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca di Costantinopoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Цариградска библиотека – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цариградска библиотека" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerlijke_Bibliotheek_van_Constantinopel" title="Keizerlijke Bibliotheek van Constantinopel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizerlijke Bibliotheek van Constantinopel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Imperial_de_Constantinopla" title="Biblioteca Imperial de Constantinopla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca Imperial de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Imperial%C4%83_din_Constantinopol" title="Biblioteca Imperială din Constantinopol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biblioteca Imperială din Constantinopol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Императорская библиотека в Константинополе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Императорская библиотека в Константинополе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Цариградска библиотека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цариградска библиотека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carska_biblioteka_Konstantinopola" title="Carska biblioteka Konstantinopola – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carska biblioteka Konstantinopola" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopolis_%C4%B0mparatorluk_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Konstantinopolis İmparatorluk Kütüphanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konstantinopolis İmparatorluk Kütüphanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Імператорська бібліотека в Константинополі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імператорська бібліотека в Константинополі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شاہی کتب خانہ قسطنطنیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاہی کتب خانہ قسطنطنیہ" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient library</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople#Disputed" title="Talk:Imperial Library of Constantinople">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Imperial Library of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></b>, in the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, was the last of the <a href="/wiki/Great_libraries_of_the_ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Great libraries of the ancient world">great libraries of the ancient world</a>. Long after the destruction of the Great <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> and the other ancient libraries, it preserved the knowledge of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> for almost 1,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of unintentional fires over the years and wartime damage, including the raids of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, impacted the building and its contents. While there were many reports of texts surviving into the Ottoman era, no substantive portion of the library has ever been recovered. The library was founded by <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> (reigned 337–361 AD), who established a <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a> so that the surviving works of Greek literature could be copied for preservation. The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> in 372 employed four Greek and three Latin scribes. The majority of Greek classics known today are known through Byzantine copies originating from the Imperial Library of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_p._75_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_p._75-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Greece, the written word and most literature was transcribed onto <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>. As the papyrus began to deteriorate, there was a movement to transfer the reading material from papyrus to <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, as did <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> around the 4th century, but his movement specifically concerned <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a>. Constantine's successor, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, continued this movement. It was his work that culminated in the first Imperial Library of Constantinople. The library is estimated to have contained well over 100,000 volumes of ancient text. The movement was headed by one <a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a>, who commanded a group of <a href="/wiki/Calligrapher" class="mw-redirect" title="Calligrapher">calligraphers</a> and librarians.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agathon">Agathon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Agathon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agathon the Reader was the first Reader, then the Librarian at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>: in 680 AD, during his Readership, he was Notary or Reporter at the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_General_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth General Council">Sixth General Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which condemned the <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">monothelite heresy</a>. He sent copies of the acts, written by himself, to the five <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a>. In 712 AD he wrote a short treatise, still extant in Greek, on the attempts of <a href="/wiki/Philippikos_Bardanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippikos Bardanes">Philippicus Bardanes</a> to revive <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">monothelitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_of_the_library">Contents of the library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents of the library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those working on the transfer of the ancient papyrus texts to parchment dedicated a great deal of time and attention to prioritizing what warranted being preserved. Older works like <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> history were given priority over Latin works.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantinople’s imperial collection was said to have a scroll of Homer’s works one hundred and twenty feet long, written in gold ink.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also prioritized were older works, like the works of the <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> period. Works like <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and other authors, whose works focused on grammar and text, were chosen over less used or contemporary works. Due to this form of selective preservation, many works which were known to Themistios, and that he mentions like the triad of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> philosophers, are now lost. Some fragments of these lost works have been found at archaeological excavations in <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For papyrus texts that were not translatable, the group attempted to preserve them from decay by encasing them in parchment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_destruction_of_the_library">The destruction of the library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The destruction of the library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the centuries, several fires in the Library of Constantinople destroyed much of the collection. The library was burnt in the year 473 and about 120,000 volumes were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199972–73_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199972–73-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the attempts of Themistios and Constantius were not fruitless, as some works were saved and recopied and circulated through other texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199972_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199972-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, modern knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a> is greater than would be the case if not for their efforts. </p><p>After the fall of Constantinople on 12 April 1204, the library was allegedly destroyed by the Franks and Venetians of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">sacking of the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald Queller notes that while some manuscripts were probably lost in the three fires that ravaged the city during the attack by the crusaders, there is no indication of the continued existence of a formal imperial library at the time and no source mentions lost manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there were many reports of texts surviving into the Ottoman era, no substantive portion of the library has ever been recovered. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dacre_Carlyle" title="Joseph Dacre Carlyle">Joseph Dacre Carlyle</a> was provided access in 1800 to the Seraglio, the supposed repository of post-Ottoman conquest surviving texts, but no texts from the Imperial Library were located.<sup id="cite_ref-for_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-for-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable exception is the <a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a>, which surfaced in 1840, was translated in 1915 and was unaccountably found in a private collection and sold in 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existence_of_a_single_Library_of_Constantinople">Existence of a single Library of Constantinople</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Existence of a single Library of Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether there was a single Imperial Library of Constantinople, resembling those of classical Rome and Alexandria, remains questionable. Historians note that no public libraries existed in Constantinople after the 5th century, although there were numerous church and monastical ones.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is probable that scholars were given access to at least some of these, their content would have been mainly theological. The Byzantine Empire was a highly literate society by medieval standards but the lay libraries that remained in existence were privately owned collections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnaura" title="Magnaura">Magnaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of libraries">Destruction of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Monastery of Stoudios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Nigel G. (2003-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/11321">"The Libraries of the Byzantine World"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 53–80. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-3159">2159-3159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Libraries+of+the+Byzantine+World&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-80&rft.date=2003-03-03&rft.issn=2159-3159&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_p._75-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_p._75_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1999">Harris 1999</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/bellagio/bellag1.html">"Preserving The Intellectual Heritage – Preface"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preserving+The+Intellectual+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Preface&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clir.org%2Fpubs%2Freports%2Fbellagio%2Fbellag1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a> v. 1, page 66 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0075.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514055411/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0075.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conciliorum Nova Collectio a Mansi</i>, vol. xii. p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian1867" class="citation cs2">Christian, Albany James (1867), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514055411/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0075.html">"Agathon (4)"</a>, in Smith, William (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, vol. 1, Boston, p. 66, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0075.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agathon+%284%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=Albany+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F0075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/bellagio/bellag1.html">"Preserving The Intellectual Heritage—Preface – Council on Library and Information Resources"</a>. <i>www.clir.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clir.org&rft.atitle=Preserving+The+Intellectual+Heritage%E2%80%94Preface+%E2%80%93+Council+on+Library+and+Information+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clir.org%2Fpubs%2Freports%2Fbellagio%2Fbellag1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library: an Illustrated History</i>. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing Company. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1510733329" title="Special:BookSources/978-1510733329"><bdi>978-1510733329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+an+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1510733329&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199972–73-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199972–73_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1999">Harris 1999</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199972-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199972_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1999">Harris 1999</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FCP9kHegLOcC&q=Crusaders+Burn+the+Library+of+constantinople&pg=PA53"><i>The Library</i></a>. Skyhorse Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602397064" title="Special:BookSources/9781602397064"><bdi>9781602397064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781602397064&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFCP9kHegLOcC%26q%3DCrusaders%2BBurn%2Bthe%2BLibrary%2Bof%2Bconstantinople%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgeworth1993" class="citation book cs1">Wedgeworth, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFu99FCJwQC&q=burned+library+of+constantinople&pg=PA159"><i>World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services</i></a>. American Library Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838906095" title="Special:BookSources/9780838906095"><bdi>9780838906095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Services&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780838906095&rft.aulast=Wedgeworth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSFu99FCJwQC%26q%3Dburned%2Blibrary%2Bof%2Bconstantinople%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2009" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Fred (24 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULllKmxQc7EC&q=burned+library+of+constantinople&pg=PA36"><i>The Story of Libraries, Second Edition</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826429902" title="Special:BookSources/9780826429902"><bdi>9780826429902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Libraries%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft.isbn=9780826429902&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULllKmxQc7EC%26q%3Dburned%2Blibrary%2Bof%2Bconstantinople%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Queller, <i>The Fourth Crusade</i>, n. 19 p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-for-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-for_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutbookbinding.com/story/8.html">"近年の葬儀｜家族葬が増えている理由"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%EF%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E8%91%AC%E3%81%8C%E5%A2%97%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutbookbinding.com%2Fstory%2F8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/335751/1/Byzantine_Libraries.pdf">"Inmaculada Pérez Martín, Byzantine Libraries: The Public and the Private"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inmaculada+P%C3%A9rez+Mart%C3%ADn%2C+Byzantine+Libraries%3A+The+Public+and+the+Private&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.csic.es%2Fbitstream%2F10261%2F335751%2F1%2FByzantine_Libraries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Michael H. (1999). <i>History of Libraries of the Western World</i> (1999 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810877153" title="Special:BookSources/9780810877153"><bdi>9780810877153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Libraries+of+the+Western+World&rft.edition=1999&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780810877153&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+Library+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span> – <small>Total pages: 159 </small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/bellagio/bellag1.html">Bellagio's report</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Public_spaces_and_structures_of_Byzantine_Constantinople" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_spaces_of_Constantinople" title="Template:Public spaces of Constantinople"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_spaces_of_Constantinople" title="Template talk:Public spaces of Constantinople"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_spaces_of_Constantinople" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public spaces of Constantinople"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_spaces_and_structures_of_Byzantine_Constantinople" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Public spaces and structures of Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amastrianum" title="Amastrianum">Amastrianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustaion" title="Augustaion">Augustaion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milion" title="Milion">Milion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Arcadius" title="Forum of Arcadius">Forum of Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Constantine" title="Forum of Constantine">Forum of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Leo" title="Column of Leo">Forum of Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Theodosius" title="Forum of Theodosius">Forum of Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_the_Ox" title="Forum of the Ox">Forum of the Ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebdomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebdomon">Hebdomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(Constantinople)" title="Mese (Constantinople)">Mese Odos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphion" title="Philadelphion">Philadelphion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Four_Tetrarchs" title="Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs">Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategion" title="Strategion">Strategion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces and mansions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boukoleon_Palace" title="Boukoleon Palace">Boukoleon Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalke" title="Chalke">Chalke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysotriklinos" title="Chrysotriklinos">Chrysotriklinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphne Palace">Daphne Palace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Antiochos" title="Palace of Antiochos">Palace of Antiochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Palace of Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Lausus" title="Palace of Lausus">Palace of Lausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangana_(Constantinople)" title="Mangana (Constantinople)">Palace of Mangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnaura" title="Magnaura">Magnaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Porphyrogenitus" title="Palace of the Porphyrogenitus">Palace of the Porphyrogenitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidia_Palace" title="Placidia Palace">Placidia Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harbours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_of_Eleutherios" title="Harbour of Eleutherios">Harbour of Eleutherios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontoskalion" title="Kontoskalion">Harbour of Julian/Kontoskalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorion_Harbour" title="Neorion Harbour">Neorion Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion Harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium_of_Constantinople" title="Capitolium of Constantinople">Capitolium of Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Column" title="Serpent Column">Serpent Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_Obelisk" title="Walled Obelisk">Walled Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_Saint_Mark" title="Horses of Saint Mark">Horses of Saint Mark</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial Library of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetoria_of_Constantinople" title="Praetoria of Constantinople">Praetoria of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Arcadius" title="Column of Arcadius">Column of Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Constantine" title="Column of Constantine">Column of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goths" title="Column of the Goths">Column of the Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Justinian" title="Column of Justinian">Column of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcian" title="Column of Marcian">Column of Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Leo" title="Column of Leo">Column of Leo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Barletta" title="Colossus of Barletta">Colossus of Barletta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Theodosius" title="Forum of Theodosius">Column of Theodosius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Valens" title="Aqueduct of Valens">Aqueduct of Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball%C4%B1germe" title="Ballıgerme">Ballıgerme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Aetius" title="Cistern of Aetius">Cistern of Aetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Aspar" title="Cistern of Aspar">Cistern of Aspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_the_Hebdomon" title="Cistern of the Hebdomon">Cistern of the Hebdomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Mocius" title="Cistern of Mocius">Cistern of Mocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Philoxenos" title="Cistern of Philoxenos">Cistern of Philoxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern_of_Pulcheria" title="Cistern of Pulcheria">Cistern of Pulcheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Cistern" title="Theodosius Cistern">Theodosius Cistern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For churches and monasteries, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Churches_and_Monasteries_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Churches and Monasteries of Constantinople">Churches and Monasteries of Constantinople</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople&params=40.9961_N_28.9286_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°59′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°55′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.9961°N 28.9286°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.9961; 28.9286</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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