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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cuprins" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Conținut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conținut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Conținut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conținut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tora</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 126 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B5" title="ኦሪት – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦሪት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तोरा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तोरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="التوراة – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوراة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܘܪܝܬܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="التوراه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التوراه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="তাওৰাত – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাওৰাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6vrat" title="Tövrat – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tövrat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torat" title="Torat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Torat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="তোরাহ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তোরাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A0_(llei_jueva)" title="Torà (llei jueva) – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torà (llei jueva)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Товрат – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Товрат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تەورات – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەورات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewrate" title="Tewrate – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tewrate" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Τορά – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τορά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%9Do_de_Moseo" title="Leĝo de Moseo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leĝo de Moseo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Torah" title="An Torah – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Torah" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tanakh" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" title="તૌરાત – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તૌરાત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תורה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="तौरात – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तौरात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Թորա – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թորա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C4%81h" title="Tōrāh – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tōrāh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="トーラー – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A8t" title="Torèt – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Torèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თორა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawrat" title="Tawrat – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tawrat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тәурат – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәурат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="គម្ពីរតូរ៉ា – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គម្ពីរតូរ៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%9D%BC" title="토라 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewrat" title="Tewrat – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tewrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Таврат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Таврат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Kabbalah" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Taurat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="तोराह – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तोराह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat_(Tanakh)" title="Taurat (Tanakh) – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taurat (Tanakh)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="तोराह – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तोराह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੌਰਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੌਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="توریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="توريت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="توريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraa" title="Toraa – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Toraa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towraad" title="Towraad – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Towraad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieuw_Bouke_Mose" title="Fieuw Bouke Mose – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fieuw Bouke Mose" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torati" title="Torati – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Torati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="தோரா – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D" title="తోరాహ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తోరాహ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Таврот – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таврот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="โทราห์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทราห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6wrat" title="Töwrat – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Töwrat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevrat" title="Tevrat – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tevrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavrot" title="Tavrot – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tavrot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თორა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თორა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תורה – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תורה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Tora" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tora"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tora"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Tora" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Tora" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&oldid=16497138" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Tora&id=16497138&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTora"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTora"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tora"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tora&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torah" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34990" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/250px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/500px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><i>Sefer Tora</i> din sinagoga Glockengasse, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln">Köln</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>O învelitoare aurie pentru tore, <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman">Imperiul Otoman</a>, expusă la Muzeul Evreiesc de Artă și Istorie.</figcaption></figure> <p>Termenul <b>Tora</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraică</a>: <span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size:125%; font-family:'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frank Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial" dir="rtl">תּוֹרָה</span>, trad. „Instruire”, „Învățătură” sau „Lege”) poate avea o serie de semnificații. De obicei, acest termen desemnează primele cinci cărți ale lui Moise (care constituie <i><a href="/wiki/Pentateuh" title="Pentateuh">Pentateuhul</a></i>) din cele 24 de cărți ale <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Tanakhului</a>, și este, de obicei, adnotat cu comentarii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism_rabinic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudaism rabinic — pagină inexistentă">rabinice</a> (<i>perushim</i>). Acest termen mai poate să însemne și continuarea povestirilor din <a href="/wiki/Geneza" title="Geneza">Cartea Genezei</a> până la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">tanakhului</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Maleahi" title="Maleahi">Maleahi</a></i>), și se mai poate referi de asemenea și la totalitatea textelor evreiești religioase, derivate fie din texte biblice sau, mai târziu, din scrieri rabinice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un factor comun tuturor acestor definiții este că Tora descrie geneza poporului evreiesc: chemarea lor de <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Dumnezeu</a>, relatări despre încercările și necazurile prin care au trecut aceștia, și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leg%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul_mozaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legământul mozaic — pagină inexistentă">legământul</a> lor cu Dumnezeu, ce implică urmarea unui mod de viață care să adere la un set definit de moraluri și obligații religioase și de legi civile (<i>halakha</i>). </p><p>Există un larg consens că Tora a fost compusă în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yehud_Medinata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yehud Medinata — pagină inexistentă">perioada persană mijlocie</a> (secolul al V-lea î.Hr.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERömer20082_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERömer20082-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Evreii reformați preferă <cite class="citation book">Plaut, W. Gunther; Stein, David E. S. (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>[Torah] = The Torah : a modern commentary</i>. New York: Union for Reform Judaism. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8074-0883-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8074-0883-2">0-8074-0883-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56982250">56982250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BTorah%5D+%3D+The+Torah+%3A+a+modern+commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Union+for+Reform+Judaism&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56982250&rft.isbn=0-8074-0883-2&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=W.+Gunther&rft.au=Stein%2C+David+E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>Evreii conservatori preferă <cite class="citation book">Lieber, David L.; Dorff, Elliot N.; Harlow, Jules; Dorff, R.P.P.E.N.; Fishbane, Michael A.; Jewish Publication Society; United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism; Rabbinical Assembly; Grossman, Susan; Kushner, Harold S.; Potok, Chaim, ed. (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=i1gKAQAAMAAJ"><i>עץ חיים: Torah and Commentary</i></a>. The JPS Bible Commentary Series. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8276-0712-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8276-0712-5">978-0-8276-0712-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A2%D7%A5+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+Torah+and+Commentary&rft.series=The+JPS+Bible+Commentary+Series&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0712-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1gKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>Evreii ortodocși preferă <cite class="citation book">Scherman, Nosson; Goldwurm, Hersh; Gold, Avie; Zlotowitz, Meir (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>) [1993]. <i>The Chumash : the Torah, Haftaros and Five Megillos = [Ḥamishah Ḥumshe Torah : ʻim Targum Onḳelos, pe. Rashi, Hafṭarot ṿe-Ḥamesh Megilot]</i>. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Mesorah Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-89906-014-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-89906-014-5">0-89906-014-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49283913">49283913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chumash+%3A+the+Torah%2C+Haftaros+and+Five+Megillos+%3D+%5B%E1%B8%A4amishah+%E1%B8%A4umshe+Torah+%3A+%CA%BBim+Targum+On%E1%B8%B3elos%2C+pe.+Rashi%2C+Haf%E1%B9%ADarot+%E1%B9%BFe-%E1%B8%A4amesh+Megilot%5D&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49283913&rft.isbn=0-89906-014-5&rft.aulast=Scherman&rft.aufirst=Nosson&rft.au=Goldwurm%2C+Hersh&rft.au=Gold%2C+Avie&rft.au=Zlotowitz%2C+Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolegomena_zur_Geschichte_Israels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels — pagină inexistentă">Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> a susținut că iudaismul ca religie bazată pe respectarea pe scară largă a legii Torei a apărut pentru prima dată în anul 444 î.e.n. când, conform relatării biblice furnizate în <a href="/wiki/Cartea_lui_Neemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartea lui Neemia">Cartea lui Neemia</a> (capitolul 8), un scrib preot pe nume <a href="/wiki/Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> a citit o copie a Torei mozaice înaintea populației din Iudeea adunate în piața centrală a Ierusalimului.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellhausen credea că această narațiune ar trebui acceptată ca istorică pentru că sună plauzibil, notând: „Credibilitatea narațiunii reiese în mod fățiș.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> După Wellhausen, majoritatea cercetătorilor de-a lungul secolului XX și începutul secolului XXI au acceptat că respectarea Torei pe scară largă a început undeva la mijlocul secolului al V-lea î.Hr. </p><p>Mai recent, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonatan_Adler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yonatan Adler — pagină inexistentă">Yonatan Adler</a> a susținut că, de fapt, nu există nicio dovadă care să supraviețuiască care să susțină ideea că Tora a fost cunoscută pe scară largă, considerată autoritară și pusă în practică, în orice moment înainte de mijlocul secolului al II-lea î.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler a explorat probabilitatea ca iudaismul, ca practică larg răspândită a legii Torei de către societatea evreiască în general, să fi apărut pentru prima dată în Iudeea în timpul domniei <a href="/wiki/Hasmonei" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonei">dinastiei Hasmoneene</a>, cu secole după timpul presupus al lui Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conținut"><span id="Con.C8.9Binut"></span>Conținut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Conținut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Conținut"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geneza" title="Geneza">Geneza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodul" title="Exodul">Exodul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviticul" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticul">Leviticul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartea_Numeri" title="Cartea Numeri">Numerii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomul" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomul">Deuteronomul</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Neusner, Jacob (2004). <i>The Emergence of Judaism</i>. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 57. "The Hebrew word <i>torah</i> mean 'teaching'. We recall ... the most familiar meaning of the word: 'Torah = the five books of Moses", the Pentateuch .... The Torah may also refer to the entirety of the Hebrew Scriptures .... The Torah furthermore covers instruction in two media, writing and memory .... [The oral part] is contained, in part, in the Mishnah, Talmud, and midrash compilations. But there is more: what the world calls 'Judaism' the faithful know as 'the Torah.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERömer20082-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERömer20082_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRömer2008">Römer 2008</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sarna, Jonathan D. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kgQ4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT110"><i>A Time to Every Purpose: Letters to a Young Jew</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7867-3166-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7867-3166-4">978-0-7867-3166-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+to+Every+Purpose%3A+Letters+to+a+Young+Jew&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3166-4&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgQ4DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, p. 405– 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, p. 408 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2023-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2023_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2023">Adler 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2022">Adler 2022</a>, p. 223–234.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdler2022" class="citation book">Adler, Yonatan (<time datetime="2022">2022</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books/about/The_Origins_of_Judaism.html?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y"><i>The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780300254907" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780300254907">9780300254907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Judaism%3A+An+Archaeological-Historical+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780300254907&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Origins_of_Judaism.html%3Fid%3Dk8KREAAAQBAJ%26source%3Dkp_book_description%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Adler, Yonatan (<time datetime="2023-02-16">16 februarie 2023</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/when-did-jews-start-observing-torah">„When Did Jews Start Observing Torah? - TheTorah.com”</a>. <i>www.thetorah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-02-23">23 februarie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thetorah.com&rft.atitle=When+Did+Jews+Start+Observing+Torah%3F+-+TheTorah.com&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-did-jews-start-observing-torah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRömer2008" class="citation journal">Römer, Thomas (<time datetime="2008-12-31">31 decembrie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">„Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</i>. 8, article 15: 2–12. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2008.v8.a15">10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a15</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1203-1542">1203-1542</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2020-10-21">21 octombrie 2020</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-08-22">22 august 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Moses+Outside+the+Torah+and+the+Construction+of+a+Diaspora+Identity&rft.volume=8%2C+article+15&rft.pages=2-12&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs.2008.v8.a15&rft.issn=1203-1542&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhsonline.org%2FArticles%2Farticle_92.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWellhausen1885" class="citation book">Wellhausen, Julius (<time datetime="1885">1885</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=f061b0TKi-UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel&hl=da&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Prolegomena to the History of Israel</i></a>. Black. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781606202050" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781606202050">9781606202050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9781606202050&rft.aulast=Wellhausen&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df061b0TKi-UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DProlegomena%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BIsrael%26hl%3Dda%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tora&oldid=16497138">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tora&oldid=16497138</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Cuvinte_%C8%99i_expresii_%C3%AEn_limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Categorie:Cuvinte și expresii în limba ebraică">Cuvinte și expresii în limba ebraică</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Tora" title="Categorie:Tora">Tora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Religii_avraamice" title="Categorie:Religii avraamice">Religii avraamice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Iudaism" title="Categorie:Iudaism">Iudaism</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorie:Mozaicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorie:Mozaicism — pagină inexistentă">Mozaicism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie ascunsă: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_care_con%C8%9Bin_text_%C3%AEn_limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Categorie:Articole care conțin text în limba ebraică">Articole care conțin text în limba ebraică</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 24 septembrie 2024, ora 22:03.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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