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Tora - Wikipedia

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cuprins" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Conținut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conținut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Conținut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conținut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tora</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 126 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B5" title="ኦሪት – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦሪት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तोरा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तोरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="التوراة – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوراة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܘܪܝܬܐ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="التوراه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التوراه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="তাওৰাত – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাওৰাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6vrat" title="Tövrat – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tövrat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torat" title="Torat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Torat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="তোরাহ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তোরাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A0_(llei_jueva)" title="Torà (llei jueva) – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torà (llei jueva)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Товрат – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Товрат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تەورات – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەورات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewrate" title="Tewrate – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tewrate" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Τορά – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τορά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%9Do_de_Moseo" title="Leĝo de Moseo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leĝo de Moseo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Torah" title="An Torah – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Torah" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tanakh" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" title="તૌરાત – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તૌરાત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תורה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="तौरात – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तौरात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Թորա – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թորա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C4%81h" title="Tōrāh – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tōrāh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="トーラー – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A8t" title="Torèt – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Torèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თორა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawrat" title="Tawrat – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tawrat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тәурат – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәурат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="គម្ពីរតូរ៉ា – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គម្ពីរតូរ៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%9D%BC" title="토라 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewrat" title="Tewrat – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tewrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Таврат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Таврат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Kabbalah" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Taurat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="तोराह – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तोराह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat_(Tanakh)" title="Taurat (Tanakh) – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taurat (Tanakh)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="तोराह – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तोराह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੌਰਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੌਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="توریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="توريت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="توريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraa" title="Toraa – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Toraa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towraad" title="Towraad – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Towraad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieuw_Bouke_Mose" title="Fieuw Bouke Mose – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fieuw Bouke Mose" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torati" title="Torati – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Torati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="தோரா – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D" title="తోరాహ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తోరాహ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Таврот – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таврот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="โทราห์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทราห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6wrat" title="Töwrat – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Töwrat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevrat" title="Tevrat – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tevrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavrot" title="Tavrot – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tavrot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თორა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თორა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תורה – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תורה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tora"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Tora" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Tora" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;oldid=16497138" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&amp;page=Tora&amp;id=16497138&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTora"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTora"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Tora"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Tora&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torah" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34990" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/250px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG/500px-K%C3%B6ln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><i>Sefer Tora</i> din sinagoga Glockengasse, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln">Köln</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>O învelitoare aurie pentru tore, <a href="/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman">Imperiul Otoman</a>, expusă la Muzeul Evreiesc de Artă și Istorie.</figcaption></figure> <p>Termenul <b>Tora</b> (<a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">ebraică</a>: <span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size:125%; font-family:&#39;Ezra SIL&#39;, &#39;Ezra SIL SR&#39;, &#39;Keter Aram Tsova&#39;, &#39;Taamey Ashkenaz&#39;, &#39;Taamey David CLM&#39;, &#39;Taamey Frank CLM&#39;, &#39;Frank Ruehl CLM&#39;, &#39;Keter YG&#39;, &#39;Shofar&#39;, &#39;David CLM&#39;, &#39;Hadasim CLM&#39;, &#39;Simple CLM&#39;, &#39;Nachlieli&#39;, &#39;SBL BibLit&#39;, &#39;SBL Hebrew&#39;, Cardo, Alef, &#39;Noto Serif Hebrew&#39;, &#39;Noto Sans Hebrew&#39;, &#39;David Libre&#39;, David, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Gisha, Arial" dir="rtl">תּוֹרָה</span>, trad. „Instruire”, „Învățătură” sau „Lege”) poate avea o serie de semnificații. De obicei, acest termen desemnează primele cinci cărți ale lui Moise (care constituie <i><a href="/wiki/Pentateuh" title="Pentateuh">Pentateuhul</a></i>) din cele 24 de cărți ale <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">Tanakhului</a>, și este, de obicei, adnotat cu comentarii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iudaism_rabinic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iudaism rabinic — pagină inexistentă">rabinice</a> (<i>perushim</i>). Acest termen mai poate să însemne și continuarea povestirilor din <a href="/wiki/Geneza" title="Geneza">Cartea Genezei</a> până la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ebraic%C4%83" title="Biblia ebraică">tanakhului</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Maleahi" title="Maleahi">Maleahi</a></i>), și se mai poate referi de asemenea și la totalitatea textelor evreiești religioase, derivate fie din texte biblice sau, mai târziu, din scrieri rabinice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Un factor comun tuturor acestor definiții este că Tora descrie geneza poporului evreiesc: chemarea lor de <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">Dumnezeu</a>, relatări despre încercările și necazurile prin care au trecut aceștia, și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leg%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul_mozaic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Legământul mozaic — pagină inexistentă">legământul</a> lor cu Dumnezeu, ce implică urmarea unui mod de viață care să adere la un set definit de moraluri și obligații religioase și de legi civile (<i>halakha</i>). </p><p>Există un larg consens că Tora a fost compusă în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yehud_Medinata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yehud Medinata — pagină inexistentă">perioada persană mijlocie</a> (secolul al V-lea î.Hr.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERömer20082_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERömer20082-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Evreii reformați preferă <cite class="citation book">Plaut, W. Gunther; Stein, David E. S. (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>[Torah] = The Torah&#160;: a modern commentary</i>. New York: Union for Reform Judaism. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8074-0883-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8074-0883-2">0-8074-0883-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56982250">56982250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5BTorah%5D+%3D+The+Torah+%3A+a+modern+commentary&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Union+for+Reform+Judaism&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56982250&amp;rft.isbn=0-8074-0883-2&amp;rft.aulast=Plaut&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+Gunther&amp;rft.au=Stein%2C+David+E.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>Evreii conservatori preferă <cite class="citation book">Lieber, David L.; Dorff, Elliot N.; Harlow, Jules; Dorff, R.P.P.E.N.; Fishbane, Michael A.; Jewish Publication Society; United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism; Rabbinical Assembly; Grossman, Susan; Kushner, Harold S.; Potok, Chaim, ed. (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=i1gKAQAAMAAJ"><i>עץ חיים: Torah and Commentary</i></a>. The JPS Bible Commentary Series. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8276-0712-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8276-0712-5">978-0-8276-0712-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D7%A2%D7%A5+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+Torah+and+Commentary&amp;rft.series=The+JPS+Bible+Commentary+Series&amp;rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0712-5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1gKAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>Evreii ortodocși preferă <cite class="citation book">Scherman, Nosson; Goldwurm, Hersh; Gold, Avie; Zlotowitz, Meir (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>) [1993]. <i>The Chumash&#160;: the Torah, Haftaros and Five Megillos = [Ḥamishah Ḥumshe Torah&#160;: ʻim Targum Onḳelos, pe. Rashi, Hafṭarot ṿe-Ḥamesh Megilot]</i>. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Mesorah Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-89906-014-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-89906-014-5">0-89906-014-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49283913">49283913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chumash+%3A+the+Torah%2C+Haftaros+and+Five+Megillos+%3D+%5B%E1%B8%A4amishah+%E1%B8%A4umshe+Torah+%3A+%CA%BBim+Targum+On%E1%B8%B3elos%2C+pe.+Rashi%2C+Haf%E1%B9%ADarot+%E1%B9%BFe-%E1%B8%A4amesh+Megilot%5D&amp;rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+N.Y.&amp;rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49283913&amp;rft.isbn=0-89906-014-5&amp;rft.aulast=Scherman&amp;rft.aufirst=Nosson&amp;rft.au=Goldwurm%2C+Hersh&amp;rft.au=Gold%2C+Avie&amp;rft.au=Zlotowitz%2C+Meir&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /><sup id="cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolegomena_zur_Geschichte_Israels&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels — pagină inexistentă">Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> a susținut că iudaismul ca religie bazată pe respectarea pe scară largă a legii Torei a apărut pentru prima dată în anul 444 î.e.n. când, conform relatării biblice furnizate în <a href="/wiki/Cartea_lui_Neemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartea lui Neemia">Cartea lui Neemia</a> (capitolul 8), un scrib preot pe nume <a href="/wiki/Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> a citit o copie a Torei mozaice înaintea populației din Iudeea adunate în piața centrală a Ierusalimului.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wellhausen credea că această narațiune ar trebui acceptată ca istorică pentru că sună plauzibil, notând: „Credibilitatea narațiunii reiese în mod fățiș.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> După Wellhausen, majoritatea cercetătorilor de-a lungul secolului XX și începutul secolului XXI au acceptat că respectarea Torei pe scară largă a început undeva la mijlocul secolului al V-lea î.Hr. </p><p>Mai recent, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonatan_Adler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yonatan Adler — pagină inexistentă">Yonatan Adler</a> a susținut că, de fapt, nu există nicio dovadă care să supraviețuiască care să susțină ideea că Tora a fost cunoscută pe scară largă, considerată autoritară și pusă în practică, în orice moment înainte de mijlocul secolului al II-lea î.Hr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adler a explorat probabilitatea ca iudaismul, ca practică larg răspândită a legii Torei de către societatea evreiască în general, să fi apărut pentru prima dată în Iudeea în timpul domniei <a href="/wiki/Hasmonei" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonei">dinastiei Hasmoneene</a>, cu secole după timpul presupus al lui Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conținut"><span id="Con.C8.9Binut"></span>Conținut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Conținut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Conținut"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geneza" title="Geneza">Geneza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodul" title="Exodul">Exodul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviticul" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticul">Leviticul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartea_Numeri" title="Cartea Numeri">Numerii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomul" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomul">Deuteronomul</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Neusner, Jacob (2004). <i>The Emergence of Judaism</i>. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. p.&#160;57. "The Hebrew word <i>torah</i> mean 'teaching'. We recall&#160;... the most familiar meaning of the word: 'Torah = the five books of Moses", the Pentateuch&#160;.... The Torah may also refer to the entirety of the Hebrew Scriptures&#160;.... The Torah furthermore covers instruction in two media, writing and memory&#160;.... [The oral part] is contained, in part, in the Mishnah, Talmud, and midrash compilations. But there is more: what the world calls 'Judaism' the faithful know as 'the Torah.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERömer20082-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERömer20082_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRömer2008">Römer 2008</a>, p.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarna_2009_p._110-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_2009_p._110_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sarna, Jonathan D. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kgQ4DgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT110"><i>A Time to Every Purpose: Letters to a Young Jew</i></a>. Basic Books. p.&#160;110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7867-3166-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7867-3166-4">978-0-7867-3166-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2022-09-01">1 septembrie 2022</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Time+to+Every+Purpose%3A+Letters+to+a+Young+Jew&amp;rft.pages=110&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3166-4&amp;rft.aulast=Sarna&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgQ4DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT110&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–_410_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, p.&#160;405– 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, p.&#160;408 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2023-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2023_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2023">Adler 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2022">Adler 2022</a>, p.&#160;223–234.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tora&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdler2022" class="citation book">Adler, Yonatan (<time datetime="2022">2022</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books/about/The_Origins_of_Judaism.html?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ&amp;source=kp_book_description&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780300254907" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9780300254907">9780300254907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Judaism%3A+An+Archaeological-Historical+Reappraisal&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=9780300254907&amp;rft.aulast=Adler&amp;rft.aufirst=Yonatan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Origins_of_Judaism.html%3Fid%3Dk8KREAAAQBAJ%26source%3Dkp_book_description%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Adler, Yonatan (<time datetime="2023-02-16">16 februarie 2023</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/when-did-jews-start-observing-torah">„When Did Jews Start Observing Torah? - TheTorah.com”</a>. <i>www.thetorah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2023-02-23">23 februarie 2023</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.thetorah.com&amp;rft.atitle=When+Did+Jews+Start+Observing+Torah%3F+-+TheTorah.com&amp;rft.date=2023-02-16&amp;rft.aulast=Adler&amp;rft.aufirst=Yonatan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-did-jews-start-observing-torah&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRömer2008" class="citation journal">Römer, Thomas (<time datetime="2008-12-31">31 decembrie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">„Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</i>. 8, article 15: 2–12. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2008.v8.a15">10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a15</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1203-1542">1203-1542</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2020-10-21">21 octombrie 2020</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-08-22">22 august 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&amp;rft.atitle=Moses+Outside+the+Torah+and+the+Construction+of+a+Diaspora+Identity&amp;rft.volume=8%2C+article+15&amp;rft.pages=2-12&amp;rft.date=2008-12-31&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs.2008.v8.a15&amp;rft.issn=1203-1542&amp;rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhsonline.org%2FArticles%2Farticle_92.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWellhausen1885" class="citation book">Wellhausen, Julius (<time datetime="1885">1885</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=f061b0TKi-UC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel&amp;hl=da&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Prolegomena to the History of Israel</i></a>. Black. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781606202050" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/9781606202050">9781606202050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel&amp;rft.pub=Black&amp;rft.date=1885&amp;rft.isbn=9781606202050&amp;rft.aulast=Wellhausen&amp;rft.aufirst=Julius&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df061b0TKi-UC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DProlegomena%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BIsrael%26hl%3Dda%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ATora" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐bc44c747‐kvrbk Cached time: 20250408161815 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.178 seconds Real time usage: 0.338 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 520/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18681/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 28/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 6/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20045/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.098/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2884182/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/500 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 193.020 1 -total 48.47% 93.549 6 Format:Cite_book 24.17% 46.655 1 Format:Lang-he-n 18.61% 35.914 1 Format:Category_handler 7.94% 15.332 5 Format:Sfn 5.18% 9.999 1 Format:Cite_journal 4.31% 8.316 1 Format:Cite_web 2.02% 3.891 1 Format:&#039;&quot; 1.29% 2.488 2 Format:Pbr 1.19% 2.289 1 Format:Script/Ebraică --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key rowiki:pcache:14457:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250408161815 and revision id 16497138. 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