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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basis in Protestant theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basis_in_Protestant_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>American political history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<span>Contrast with prosperity theology ethic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_with_prosperity_theology_ethic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أخلاق العمل البروتستانتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أخلاق العمل البروتستانتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisk_arbejdsmoral" title="Protestantisk arbejdsmoral – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protestantisk arbejdsmoral" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica_protestante_del_trabajo" title="Ética protestante del trabajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ética protestante del trabajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanaren_etika_protestantea" title="Lanaren etika protestantea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lanaren etika protestantea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اخلاق کاری پروتستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخلاق کاری پروتستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thique_protestante_du_travail" title="Éthique protestante du travail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éthique protestante du travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9C%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="프로테스탄트 윤리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로테스탄트 윤리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika_kerja_Protestan" title="Etika kerja Protestan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etika kerja Protestan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica_protestante_del_lavoro" title="Etica protestante del lavoro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etica protestante del lavoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantse_werkethiek" title="Protestantse werkethiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protestantse werkethiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantske_warkholding" title="Protestantske warkholding – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Protestantske warkholding" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" title="プロテスタントの労働倫理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロテスタントの労働倫理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantisk_etikk" title="Protestantisk etikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protestantisk etikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica_protestante_do_trabalho" title="Ética protestante do trabalho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ética protestante do trabalho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Протестантская трудовая этика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протестантская трудовая этика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Протестантска радна етика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протестантска радна етика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestan_i%C5%9F_ahlak%C4%B1" title="Protestan iş ahlakı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protestan iş ahlakı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Протестантська трудова етика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протестантська трудова етика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" title="新教伦理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新教伦理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16024056#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Protestant Ethic" redirects here. For Weber's book, see <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Protestant work ethic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Calvinist work ethic</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>Puritan work ethic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">work ethic</a> concept in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>. It emphasizes that a person's subscription to the values espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant faith</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, result in <a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">diligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">frugality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase was initially coined in 1905 by sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber asserted that Protestant ethics and values, along with the Calvinist doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, enabled the rise and spread of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as priests and caring professionals are deemed to have a <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a> (or "calling" from God) for their work, according to the Protestant work ethic the "lowly" workman also has a noble vocation which he can fulfill through dedication to his work. </p><p>Weber's book is one of the most influential and cited in sociology, although the thesis presented has been controversial since its release. In opposition to Weber, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a> assert that the Protestant work ethic did not create capitalism and that capitalism developed in pre-<a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> Catholic communities. Historian Laurence R. Iannaccone has written that "the most noteworthy feature of the Protestant Ethic thesis is its absence of empirical support."<sup id="cite_ref-iannaccone_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iannaccone-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept is often credited with helping to define the self-view of societies of Northern, Central and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a> as well as the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weber's_theory"><span id="Weber.27s_theory"></span>Weber's theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Weber's theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a study trip to America, Weber developed his theory of the Protestant Ethic, which included more considerations than attitude to work. Those with the ethic believed that good fortune (e.g. from hard work) is a vindication of God in this life: a <i><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> of fortune</i>; this supported religious and social actions that proved their right to possess even greater wealth. In contrast, those without the ethic instead emphasized that God will be vindicated by granting wealth and happiness in the next life: a <i>theodicy of misfortune</i>. These beliefs guided expectations, behaviour and culture, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 348–349">: 348–349 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basis_in_Protestant_theology">Basis in Protestant theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basis in Protestant theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the theory, Protestants, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, conceptualized worldly work as a duty which benefits both the individual and society as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> idea of <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was transformed for Protestants into an obligation to consistently work diligently as a sign of <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a>. Whereas Catholicism teaches that good works are required of Catholics as a necessary manifestation of the faith they received, and that faith apart from works is dead and barren, the Calvinist theologians taught that only those who were <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestined</a> to be saved would be saved.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Protestants, salvation is a gift from God; this is the Protestant distinction of <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">sola gratia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of salvation being a gift of grace, Protestants viewed work as stewardship given to them. Thus Protestants were not working in order to achieve salvation but viewed work as the means by which they could be a blessing to others. Hard work and frugality were thought to be two important applications of being a steward of what God had given them. Protestants were thus attracted to these qualities and strove to reach them. </p><p>There are many specific theological examples in the Bible used to support a work ethic. Old Testament examples abound, such as God's command in Exodus 20:8–10 to "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another passage from the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament provides an example: "A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest, and poverty will come upon you like a robber, and want like an armed man."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Testament also provides many examples, such as the Parable of the Ten Minas in the Book of Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apostle Paul in 2 Thessalonians said "If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_political_history">American political history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_at_the_Jamestown_Exposition,_Norfolk,_Virginia,_April_26_to_December_1,_1907_(1909)_(14780176584).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/New_York_at_the_Jamestown_Exposition%2C_Norfolk%2C_Virginia%2C_April_26_to_December_1%2C_1907_%281909%29_%2814780176584%29.jpg/220px-New_York_at_the_Jamestown_Exposition%2C_Norfolk%2C_Virginia%2C_April_26_to_December_1%2C_1907_%281909%29_%2814780176584%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/New_York_at_the_Jamestown_Exposition%2C_Norfolk%2C_Virginia%2C_April_26_to_December_1%2C_1907_%281909%29_%2814780176584%29.jpg/330px-New_York_at_the_Jamestown_Exposition%2C_Norfolk%2C_Virginia%2C_April_26_to_December_1%2C_1907_%281909%29_%2814780176584%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/New_York_at_the_Jamestown_Exposition%2C_Norfolk%2C_Virginia%2C_April_26_to_December_1%2C_1907_%281909%29_%2814780176584%29.jpg/440px-New_York_at_the_Jamestown_Exposition%2C_Norfolk%2C_Virginia%2C_April_26_to_December_1%2C_1907_%281909%29_%2814780176584%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Captain John Smith, admiral of New England (1624)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first permanent English settlement in America in the 17th century, at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, was led by <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He trained the first English settlers to work at farming and fishing. These settlers were ill-equipped to survive in the English settlements in the early 1600s and were on the precipice of dying. John Smith emphasized the Protestant work ethic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and helped propagate it by stating "He that will not work, shall not eat" which is a direct reference to 2 Thessalonians 3:10.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy is credited with helping the early colony survive and thrive in its relatively harsh environment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Frank Chodorov</a> argued that the Protestant ethic was long considered indispensable for American political figures: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>There was a time, in these United States, when a candidate for public office could qualify with the electorate only by fixing his birthplace in or near the "log cabin". He may have acquired a competence, or even a fortune, since then, but it was in the tradition that he must have been born of poor parents and made his way up the ladder by sheer ability, self-reliance, and perseverance in the face of hardship. In short, he had to be "self made". The so-called Protestant Ethic then prevalent held that man was a sturdy and responsible individual, responsible to himself, his society, and his God. Anybody who could not measure up to that standard could not qualify for public office or even popular respect. One who was born "with a silver spoon in his mouth" might be envied, but he could not aspire to public acclaim; he had to live out his life in the seclusion of his own class.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Frank Chodorov, <i>The Radical Rich</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Others have connected the concept of a Protestant work ethic to <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist ideals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have deluded ourselves into believing the myth that capitalism grew and prospered out of the Protestant ethic of hard work and sacrifice. The fact is that capitalism was built on the exploitation and suffering of black slaves and continues to thrive on the exploitation of the poor—both black and white, here and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late 20th century works by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Harrison_(academic)" title="Lawrence Harrison (academic)">Lawrence Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Landes" title="David Landes">David Landes</a> revitalized interest <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2023)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> in Weber's thesis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article, published on June 8, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> claimed, using data from the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), that "the experience of Western Europe in the past quarter-century offers an unexpected confirmation of the Protestant ethic", that the reason that people in modern Protestant Western European nations actually work fewer hours on average than in the Catholic ones or in the United States is due to a decline in active Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are studies of the existence and impact of the so-called Protestant Ethic on individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> shows that unemployed Protestants fare much worse than the general population psychologically.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original New England Colonies in 1677 were mostly Protestant in origin and exhibited industriousness and respect for laws.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New-england-colonies-in-1677.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/New-england-colonies-in-1677.jpg/310px-New-england-colonies-in-1677.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/New-england-colonies-in-1677.jpg/465px-New-england-colonies-in-1677.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/New-england-colonies-in-1677.jpg/620px-New-england-colonies-in-1677.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Some of the original New England Colonies in 1677</figcaption></figure> <p>Pastor John Starke writes that the Protestant work ethic "multiplied myths about Protestantism, Calvinism, vocation, and capitalism. To this day, many believe Protestants work hard so as to build evidence for salvation."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some support exists that the Protestant work ethic may be so ingrained in American culture that when it appears people may not recognize it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the history of Protestantism in the United States, it may be difficult to separate the successes of the country from the ethic that may have significantly contributed to propelling it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrast_with_prosperity_theology_ethic">Contrast with prosperity theology ethic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contrast with prosperity theology ethic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tshilidzi_Marwala" title="Tshilidzi Marwala">Tshilidzi Marwala</a> asserted in 2020 that the principles of Protestant ethic are important for development in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and that they should be secularized and used as an alternative to the ethic of <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity Christianity</a>, which advocates miracles as a basis of development.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a recent journal article, Benjamin Kirby agrees that this influence of prosperity theology, particularly within <a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">neo-Pentecostal movements</a>, complicates any attempt to draw parallels between, first, the relationship between contemporary Pentecostalism and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> capitalism, and second, the relationship between Calvinistic asceticism and modern capitalism that interested Weber. Nevertheless, Kirby emphasises the enduring relevance of Weber's analysis: he proposes a "new elective affinity" between contemporary Pentecostalism and neoliberal capitalism, suggesting that neo-Pentecostal churches may act as vehicles for embedding neoliberal economic processes, for instance by encouraging practitioners to become entrepreneurial, <a href="/wiki/Governmentality#Responsibilisation" title="Governmentality">responsibilised</a> citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism#Criticism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism § Criticism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austrian political economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> began in <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the 14th century</a>, not in the Protestant areas of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danish macroeconomist Thomas Barnebeck Andersen <i>et al.</i> found that the location of monasteries of the Catholic Order of <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a>, and specifically their density, highly correlated to this work ethic in later centuries;<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ninety percent of these monasteries were founded before the year 1300 AD. Economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a> found that this correlation extends right up to the twenty-first century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other factors that further developed the European market economy included the strengthening of <a href="/wiki/Property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Property right">property rights</a> and lowering of <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction costs</a> with the decline and monetization of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, and the increase in real <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> following the epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social scientist <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> commented that "during their critical period of economic development, these northern centers of capitalism were Catholic, not Protestant", with the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> still far off in the future. Furthermore, he also highlighted the conclusions of other historians, noting that, compared to Catholics, Protestants were "not more likely to hold the high-status capitalist positions", that Catholic Europe did not lag in its industrial development compared to Protestant areas, and that even Weber wrote that "fully developed capitalism had appeared in Europe" long before the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As British historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a> stated, the concept that "large-scale industrial capitalism was ideologically impossible before the Reformation is exploded by the simple fact that it existed".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French historian <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> wrote that "all historians" opposed the "tenuous theory" of Protestant ethic, despite not being able to entirely quash the theory "once and for all". Braudel continues to remark that the "northern countries took over the place that earlier had been so long and brilliantly been occupied by the old capitalist centers of the Mediterranean. They invented nothing, either in technology or business management".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Laurence_R._Iannaccone" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence R. Iannaccone">Laurence R. Iannaccone</a> has written that "Ironically, the most noteworthy feature of the Protestant Ethic thesis is its absence of empirical support", citing the work of Swedish economic historian Kurt Samuelsson<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that "economic progress was uncorrelated with religion, or was temporally incompatible with Weber's thesis, or actually reversed the pattern claimed by Weber."<sup id="cite_ref-iannaccone_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iannaccone-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German economists Sascha Becker and <a href="/wiki/Ludger_W%C3%B6%C3%9Fmann" title="Ludger Wößmann">Ludger Wößmann</a> have posited an alternate theory, claiming that the literacy gap between Protestants (as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>) and Catholics was sufficient explanation for the economic gaps, and that the "results hold when we exploit the initial concentric dispersion of the Reformation to use distance to <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> as an instrument for Protestantism".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they also note that, between Luther (1500) and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">during the Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71), the limited data available has meant that the period in question is regarded as a "black box" and that only "some cursory discussion and analysis" is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_effect">Modern effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2021 study argues that the values represented by the Protestant ethic as developed by Max Weber are not exclusively related to Protestantism but to the modernization phase of economic development. Weber observed this phase of development in areas dominated by Protestants at the time of his observations. From these observations, he concludes that a worldly asceticism consisting of a preference for work and a sober life are associated with Protestantism. However Dutch management economists Annemiek Schilpzand and Eelke de Jong argue that this value pattern is associated with the modernization phase of a region's economic development and thus, in principle, can be found for any religion or for non-religious persons.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 study of 44 European countries found that religious heritage of countries explains half of the between-country variation in Europe in Work Ethic, more than modernity, while factors such as income, education, religion and (in another study) secularization explain relatively little. However, the study showed that Protestant heritage was actually the least correlated with a strong work ethic, with Muslim, then Orthodox, then Catholic heritages being the strongest.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2009 study of 32 mainly developed countries found no difference in <i>work ethic</i> between Catholics and Protestants, after correcting for demographic and country effects; however, it found substantial support for a <i>social ethic</i> effect due to e.g. the Catholic attention to production within the family and to personal contacts: "Protestant values are shown to shape a type of individual who exerts greater effort in mutual social control, supports institutions more and more critically, is less bound to close circles of family and friends, and also holds more homogenous values.… (which ultimately works) in favour of anonymous markets, as they facilitate legal enforcement and impersonal exchange."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 890, 908–910">: 890, 908–910 </span></sup> A similar result is in the 2003 analysis of Western Europe by Riis.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A re-examination of Weber's <i>Protestant Ethic</i> indicates that what was important for long-term economic growth was not a greater propensity to save and work of individual Protestants but rather the manner in which a group of Protestants interacted compared with a group of Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ulrich Blum, Leonard Dudley, Religion and Economic Growth: Was Weber Right? – Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol 11, issue 2, pp. 217</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/27px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/37px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon economy">Anglo-Saxon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber#Critical_responses_to_Weber" title="Max Weber">Critical responses to Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_helps_those_who_help_themselves" title="God helps those who help themselves">God helps those who help themselves</a> – Religious saying</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_influence_on_Republican_Chile" title="Imperial German influence on Republican Chile">Imperial German influence on Republican Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laziness" title="Laziness">Laziness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_and_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Pray and work">Pray and work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination in Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a> – Material wealth–based Christian belief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth (deadly sin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Underclass</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGini2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gini, Al (2018). 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Harper Collins. pp. 51–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87428-7"><bdi>978-0-310-87428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldly+Saints%3A+The+Puritans+As+They+Really+Were&rft.pages=51-&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-310-87428-7&rft.aulast=Ryken&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dox7aNVgljlMC%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819144957/http://mb-soft.com/believe/txn/protesta.htm">"Protestant Ethic"</a>. <i>Believe: Religious Information Source</i>. 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June 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sola+Gratia&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flutheranreformation.org%2Ftheology%2Fsola-gratia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+20&version=ESV">"Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 20 – English Standard Version"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Exodus+20+%E2%80%93+English+Standard+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DExodus%2B20%26version%3DESV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=proverbs+6%3A6-11&version=ESV">"Proverbs 6:6–11 ESV – Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span 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(May 2013). "EXPLAINING VARIATION IN WORK ETHIC IN EUROPE: Religious heritage rather than modernisation, the welfare state and communism". <i>European Societies</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 268–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616696.2012.726734">10.1080/14616696.2012.726734</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F121612">2066/121612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145191240">145191240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Societies&rft.atitle=EXPLAINING+VARIATION+IN+WORK+ETHIC+IN+EUROPE%3A+Religious+heritage+rather+than+modernisation%2C+the+welfare+state+and+communism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268-289&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F121612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145191240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616696.2012.726734&rft.aulast=Stam&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft.au=Verbakel%2C+Ellen&rft.au=De+Graaf%2C+Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArruñada2010" class="citation journal cs1">Arruñada, Benito (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929701">"Protestants and Catholics: Similar Work Ethic, Different Social Ethic"</a>. <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>120</b> (547): 890–918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2009.02325.x">10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02325.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F624">10230/624</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0133">0013-0133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929701">40929701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Protestants+and+Catholics%3A+Similar+Work+Ethic%2C+Different+Social+Ethic&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=547&rft.pages=890-918&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F624&rft.issn=0013-0133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40929701%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0297.2009.02325.x&rft.aulast=Arru%C3%B1ada&rft.aufirst=Benito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40929701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In modern Europe, the two main religious groups do not differ much in their work ethics, economic individualism, or emphasis on wealth, though there is some indication of differences with respect to cultural individualism." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Riis, Ole (1 January 2003). "Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism in Modern Europe". <i>Religion in Secularizing Society</i>: 22–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004496354_006">10.1163/9789004496354_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004126220" title="Special:BookSources/9789004126220"><bdi>9789004126220</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154567819">154567819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+in+Secularizing+Society&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Spirit+of+Capitalism+in+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=22-47&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154567819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004496354_006&rft.isbn=9789004126220&rft.aulast=Riis&rft.aufirst=Ole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumDudley2001" class="citation cs2">Blum, Ulrich; Dudley, Leonard (February 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030807123042/http://www.sceco.umontreal.ca/publications/etext/2001-05.pdf">"Religion and Economic Growth: Was Weber Right?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Evolutionary Economics</i>, <b>11</b> (2): 207–230, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00003862">10.1007/PL00003862</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13889938">13889938</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sceco.umontreal.ca/publications/etext/2001-05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2003-08-07</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Economics&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Economic+Growth%3A+Was+Weber+Right%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-230&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FPL00003862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13889938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Dudley%2C+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sceco.umontreal.ca%2Fpublications%2Fetext%2F2001-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_S._Anderson" title="Elizabeth S. Anderson">Anderson, Elizabeth</a> (2023). "The Dual Nature of the Protestant Work Ethic and the Birth of Utilitarianism". <i>Hijacked: How Neoliberalism Turned the Work Ethic against Workers and How Workers Can Take It Back</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009275439" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009275439"><bdi>978-1009275439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dual+Nature+of+the+Protestant+Work+Ethic+and+the+Birth+of+Utilitarianism&rft.btitle=Hijacked%3A+How+Neoliberalism+Turned+the+Work+Ethic+against+Workers+and+How+Workers+Can+Take+It+Back&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1009275439&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sascha O. Becker and Ludger Wossmann. "Was Weber Wrong? A Human Capital Theory of Protestant Economics History". Munich Discussion Paper No. 2007-7, January 22, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1366/1/weberLMU.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2001" class="citation cs2">Frey, Donald (August 14, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328054648/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-protestant-ethic-thesis/">"Protestant Ethic Thesis"</a>, in Robert Whaples (ed.), <i>EH.Net Encyclopedia</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-protestant-ethic-thesis/">the original</a> on March 28, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protestant+Ethic+Thesis&rft.btitle=EH.Net+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2001-08-14&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fthe-protestant-ethic-thesis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Green_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Green (disambiguation)">Robert Green</a>, editor. <i>The Weber Thesis Controversy</i>. D.C. Heath, 1973, covers some of the criticism of Weber's theory.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1992" class="citation cs2">Hill, Roger B. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817005854/http://rhill.coe.uga.edu/workethic/hist.htm"><i>Historical Context of the Work Ethic</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rhill.coe.uga.edu/workethic/hist.htm">the original</a> on August 17, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Context+of+the+Work+Ethic&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frhill.coe.uga.edu%2Fworkethic%2Fhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Haller, William. "Milton and the Protestant Ethic." <i>Journal of British Studies</i> 1.1 (1961): 52–57 [www.jstor.org/stable/175098 online].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2010" class="citation journal cs1">McKinnon, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf">"Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sociological Theory</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 108–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9558.2009.01367.x">10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01367.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F3035">2164/3035</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144579790">144579790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Theory&rft.atitle=Elective+affinities+of+the+Protestant+ethic%3A+Weber+and+the+chemistry+of+capitalism&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-126&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F3035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144579790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9558.2009.01367.x&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faura.abdn.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2164%2F3035%2F1%2FMcKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></i>. Charles Scribner's sons, 1959.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_HoornMaseland2013" class="citation journal cs1">Van Hoorn, André; Maseland, Robbert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/17796724/van_Hoorn_2013_JEBO_AC_Does_a_Protestant_work_ethic_exist.pdf">"Does a Protestant work ethic exist? Evidence from the well-being effect of unemployment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization</i>. <b>91</b> (2013): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2013.03.038">10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-2681">0167-2681</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73683588">73683588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Behavior+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=Does+a+Protestant+work+ethic+exist%3F+Evidence+from+the+well-being+effect+of+unemployment.&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2013&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73683588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-2681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2013.03.038&rft.aulast=Van+Hoorn&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Maseland%2C+Robbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F17796724%2Fvan_Hoorn_2013_JEBO_AC_Does_a_Protestant_work_ethic_exist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtestant+work+ethic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_work_ethic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Protestant work ethic</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Protestant+work+ethic">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Protestant+work+ethic&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a> at Wikiquote </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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