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href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Western_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Relationship with the Western Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Western_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marcian</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus_van_Bisantium" title="Marcianus van Bisantium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marcianus van Bisantium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارقيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارقيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marci%C3%A1n_de_Bizancio" title="Marcián de Bizancio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marcián de Bizancio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارسیانوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارسیانوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Маркіян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маркіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маркиан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маркиан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markijan" title="Markijan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Markijan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marci%C3%A0" title="Marcià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marcià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markian" title="Markian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Markian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μαρκιανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρκιανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciano_(emperador)" title="Marciano (emperador) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marciano (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martziano" title="Martziano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martziano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارسیانوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارسیانوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcien" title="Marcien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marcien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciano_(emperador)" title="Marciano (emperador) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marciano (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Marcian" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="마르키아누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르키아누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Մարկիանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարկիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcijan" title="Marcijan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marcijan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciano_(imperatore)" title="Marciano (imperatore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marciano (imperatore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מרקיאנוס, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקיאנוס, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="მარკიანე (ბიზანტია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარკიანე (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marcian" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markianas" title="Markianas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markianas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Marcianus bizánci császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marcianus bizánci császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маркијан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маркијан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارقيان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارقيان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маркиан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маркиан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus_(keizer)" title="Marcianus (keizer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcianus (keizer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="マルキアヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルキアヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markian" title="Markian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Markian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcjan_(cesarz_bizanty%C5%84ski)" title="Marcjan (cesarz bizantyński) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marcjan (cesarz bizantyński)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciano_(imperador_bizantino)" title="Marciano (imperador bizantino) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marciano (imperador bizantino)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маркиан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркиан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciani" title="Marciani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marciani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marcian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markian" title="Markian – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Markian" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcijan" title="Marcijan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marcijan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маркијан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маркијан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markijan" title="Markijan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Markijan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marcian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маркіан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маркіан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%86" title="مارچن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارچن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus" title="Marcianus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Marcianus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Roman emperor from 450 to 457 AD</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marcian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marcian (disambiguation)">Marcian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Marcian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Solidus_of_Marcian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Golden coin depicting Marcian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gold_Solidus_of_Marcian.jpg/250px-Gold_Solidus_of_Marcian.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gold_Solidus_of_Marcian.jpg/375px-Gold_Solidus_of_Marcian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gold_Solidus_of_Marcian.jpg/500px-Gold_Solidus_of_Marcian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="2389" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a> of Marcian</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 450 – 27 January 457</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a> emperors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> (450–455) <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a> (455) <a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a> (455–456)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 392 <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 January 457 (aged 65) <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 450, died 453)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Marcianus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Emperor Marcian</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Right-Believing" title="Right-Believing">Right-Believing</a>, Emperor</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honored in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 February</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Imperial attire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major works</th><td class="infobox-data">Convened the Council of Chalcedon</td></tr></tbody></table> Marcian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɑːrʃən/</a>; Latin: Marcianus; Ancient Greek: Μαρκιανός Markianos; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 392 – 27 January 457) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East</a> from 450 to 457. Very little is known of his life before becoming emperor, other than that he was a <a href="/wiki/Domesticus_(Roman_Empire)" title="Domesticus (Roman Empire)">domesticus</a> (personal assistant) who served under the commanders <a href="/wiki/Ardabur_(consul_427)" title="Ardabur (consul 427)">Ardabur</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a> for fifteen years. After the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> on 28 July 450, Marcian was made a candidate for the throne by Aspar, who held much influence because of his military power. After a month of negotiations <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a>, Theodosius' sister, agreed to marry Marcian. <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(consul_448)" title="Zeno (consul 448)">Zeno</a>, a military leader whose influence was similar to Aspar's, may have been involved in these negotiations, as he was given the high-ranking court title of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)#Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_period" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> upon Marcian's accession. Marcian was elected and inaugurated on 25 August 450. Marcian reversed many of the actions of Theodosius II in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>'s relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Hunnic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic Empire">Huns</a> under <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> and in religious matters. Marcian almost immediately revoked all treaties with Attila, ending all subsidy payments to him. In 452, while Attila was raiding <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>, then a part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, Marcian launched expeditions across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in their own heartland. This action, accompanied by the famine and plague that broke out in northern Italy, allowed the Western Roman Empire to bribe Attila into retreating from the Italian peninsula. After Attila's death in 453, Marcian took advantage of the resulting fragmentation of the Hunnic confederation by settling <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes within Roman lands as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a> ("federates" providing military service in exchange for benefits). Marcian also convened the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, which declared that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> had two "<a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">natures</a>": divine and human. This led to the alienation of the population of the eastern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a>, as many of them were <a href="/wiki/Miaphysites" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysites">miaphysites</a>, rejecting the new official <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>. Marcian died on 27 January 457, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire with a treasury surplus of seven million <a href="/wiki/Solidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidi">solidi</a> coins, an impressive achievement considering the economic ruin inflicted upon the Eastern Roman Empire by the Huns and Theodosius' tribute payments. After his death, Aspar passed over Marcian's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a>, and had a military commander, <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a>, elected as emperor. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Marcian was born in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 392,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004153-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> in either <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thrace</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1980104-3">[3]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> The ancient historian <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a> describes him as being tall and having some sort of foot impediment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin198298-4">[4]</a> Little of Marcian's early life is known. His father had served in the military and at a young age Marcian enlisted at <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thracia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippopolis (Thracia)">Philippopolis</a> in Thrace. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_(421%E2%80%93422)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Sasanian War (421–422)">Roman–Sassanian War of 421–422</a>, Marcian had likely reached the military rank of <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">tribune</a>—the historian <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> mentions him commanding a military unit. He did not see action in the war, having become ill in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>. There he was cared for by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatianus_(praefectus_urbi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatianus (praefectus urbi) (page does not exist)">Tatianus</a>, who would be made <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">praefectus urbi</a> (prefect of Constantinople) by Marcian, and Tatianus' brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iulius_(praeses)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iulius (praeses) (page does not exist)">Iulius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-IIpage715mode2up_714–715]-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200584-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201396-7">[7]</a> Marcian eventually rose to become the <a href="/wiki/Domesticus_(Roman_Empire)" title="Domesticus (Roman Empire)">domesticus</a> (personal assistant) of <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a> (commander-in-chief) of the Eastern Roman Empire. Despite being half-<a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alanic</a> and half-<a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a>, Aspar held much influence in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201396-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200545,_75,_84-8">[8]</a> In the early 430s, Marcian served under Aspar in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a>, where he was captured by <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and later authors give a likely false account in which Marcian, while in captivity, met the Vandal king <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a>, who predicted he would later become emperor. After his capture, Marcian is not mentioned again until the death of the eastern emperor, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Theodosius_II">Reign of Theodosius II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign of Theodosius II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="5203" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></figcaption></figure> The Eastern Roman Empire was plagued by external threats during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>. In 429, the Vandals, led by <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a>, began to conquer <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a>. Theodosius immediately organized a response, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hippo_Regius_(431)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hippo Regius (431)">sending Aspar and three other commanders to attempt to repel them in the summer of 431</a>. To the north, the Huns, who had customarily attacked the empire whenever its armies were preoccupied, withdrawing as those forces returned, sent ambassadors to Theodosius in 431, demanding tribute. He agreed to their demand to pay 350 pounds (160 kg) of gold each year. In 434, the Eastern Roman armies were still campaigning against the Vandals in Africa, having faced initial defeats and the withdrawal of many of the Western Roman soldiers. In the face of Eastern Roman weakness, the Huns doubled their demand, asking for 700 pounds (320 kg) of gold per year, which Theodosius agreed to. The threat the Huns posed to his weakly protected empire was enough that Theodosius recalled many of his forces from Africa. With large numbers of the Eastern Roman armies home, and <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, who had just taken power in the Hunnic Confederation, busy campaigning to the north, Theodosius refused to pay the tribute and continued to refuse to until 439.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195060–65-9">[9]</a> On 19 October 439, the Vandals defeated the weakened Eastern Roman armies and captured the major city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. Both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires began preparing a massive counter-offensive, stripping the Balkan provinces of protection. In the spring of 440, 1,100 ships set sail from Constantinople for Africa;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195060–65-9">[9]</a> sending away so many of the Eastern Roman forces was a huge gamble on Theodosius' part. He was betting the fortified cities along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> could delay the Huns long enough for the invasion force to gain a secure foothold in Africa, allowing troops to be withdrawn back to the northern frontier. This gamble worked until 442 when the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Margus_(city)" title="Margus (city)">Margus</a> led a raiding party into the Huns' territory and desecrated their royal tombs. In response to this desecration, Attila demanded that the bishop be handed over. To ensure his own safety, the bishop struck a deal with Attila, surrendering the city of Margus to him in exchange for his own life. With control of Margus, Attila had a foothold across the Danube, which he aggressively exploited, capturing and destroying the cities of <a href="/wiki/Viminacium" title="Viminacium">Viminacium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>. Theodosius recalled Aspar to Constantinople and launched a counter-attack. After his force was decisively defeated, Theodosius undertook to pay tribute to the Huns every year, which he did until his death in 450.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195060–78-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accession">edit</a>]</div> After Theodosius II died unexpectedly in a riding accident on 28 July 450, the Eastern Roman Empire faced its first <a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">succession crisis</a> in 60 years. Theodosius had no sons, nor had he designated a successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201394-11">[11]</a> Some later sources state that he willed the throne to Marcian on his deathbed, but this is thought to be propaganda created by Marcian's supporters after his election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> Marcian had served Aspar and his father <a href="/wiki/Ardabur_(consul_427)" title="Ardabur (consul 427)">Ardabur</a> loyally for fifteen years. Aspar conspired to have Marcian elected and was able to negotiate with other powerful figures to have him made the emperor, despite his relative obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201396-7">[7]</a> There was a one-month interregnum where negotiations for the succession took place, one of which was with Pulcheria, Theodosius II's sister, who agreed to marry Marcian;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201396-7">[7]</a> it is thought that Pulcheria agreed to marry Marcian on the condition that he would abandon Theodosius II's religious policies and convoke a Church council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013104-12">[12]</a> Their marriage helped to legitimize Marcian's rule, as Pulcheria's family, the <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a>, had direct ties to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201396-7">[7]</a> Despite being married to Marcian, Pulcheria kept the vow of <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> she had made in 413, at age 14, during her three years of marriage to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201396-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008537-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolum1989209-14">[14]</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doug_Lee_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doug Lee (historian) (page does not exist)">Doug Lee</a> proposes that negotiations were also needed between Aspar and <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Zeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Zeno">Flavius Zeno</a>, who was in a similar position of military power. Zeno was given the prestigious rank of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> upon Marcian's ascension in 450, suggesting a deal whereby Zeno was rewarded for supporting Marcian instead of claiming the throne for himself;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201396-7">[7]</a> Zeno would ultimately die within a year of Marcian's accession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201398-15">[15]</a> Aspar's son, <a href="/wiki/Ardabur_(consul_447)" title="Ardabur (consul 447)">Ardabur</a>, was promoted to command the army of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Prefecture of the East</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum_per_Orientem" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister militum per Orientem">magister militum per Orientem</a>, soon after Marcian's accession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201398-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200143-16">[16]</a> Marcian was elevated on 25 August 450, and Pulcheria's agreement to marry him likely boosted Marcian's legitimacy further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1993–1994-17">[17]</a> Marcian took the regnal name of Imperator Caesar Flavius Marcianus Augustus upon his coronation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabcock2005157-18">[18]</a> The election of Marcian in 450 resulted in large changes to eastern imperial policy. <a href="/wiki/Chrysaphius" title="Chrysaphius">Chrysaphius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spatharios" title="Spatharios">spatharios</a> (guard of the imperial chambers), who had exercised much influence over Theodosius, was either murdered or executed. Both Pulcheria and Zeno were opposed to Chrysaphius' influence, which may have motivated Marcian's actions. Marcian took a tougher stance against the Huns and a more direct role in ecclesiastical affairs. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Head&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Head (page does not exist)">Constance Head</a> considers Marcian to be "an independent-minded emperor."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead198220-19">[19]</a> Lee states that Marcian "can appear as a stronger figure than many other fifth-century incumbents of the imperial office", but notes that "Flavius Zeno and Pulcheria had both been opponents of Chrysaphius, so the changes may be more a reflection of their influence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201397–98-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_the_Huns">Conflict with the Huns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Huns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:451_CE,_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colored drawing of Europe in 451 A.D., showing the borders of states at the time of Attila by different colors, with the Roman Empire in purple, and the Hunnic Confederation by name" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/451_CE%2C_Europe.svg/440px-451_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/451_CE%2C_Europe.svg/660px-451_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/451_CE%2C_Europe.svg/880px-451_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>A map of Europe in A.D. 451, showing the Hunnic confederation under Attila with a name, and the Roman Empire in purple</figcaption></figure> Almost immediately after becoming emperor, Marcian revoked Theodosius' treaties with Attila and proclaimed the end of subsidies. He stated that he might grant gifts if Attila was friendly, but Attila would be repelled if he attempted to raid the Eastern Roman Empire. At this time Attila was preparing to invade the Western Roman Empire, under the guise of helping Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>. Attila reacted angrily to Marcian's proposal, demanding tribute, but did not alter his invasion plans. He led his horde from <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> in spring 451 into the Western Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200584-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Flavius Aetius</a>, who was the supreme commander of the Western Roman army as <a href="/wiki/Comes_et_Magister_Utriusque_Militiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes et Magister Utriusque Militiae">Comes et Magister Utriusque Militiae</a>, organized a defense and called upon the Visigoths, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, Alans, Saxons, Celtic <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armoricans</a>, and other tribal groups numbering about 60,000 to aid him. Attila's forces were made up of <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, Alans, <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugians</a>, along with some Franks, Burgundians, and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200585-21">[21]</a> Attila sacked <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> and attempted a siege of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, before meeting Aetius' forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Plains">Battle of the Catalaunian Plains</a>, in northeast <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. This battle involved around 100,000 men and resulted in very large losses on both sides. After the battle, Attila retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a>, and Aetius dismissed his coalition of tribes, sending them back to their own territories. In spring 452, Attila again launched a raid into Italy, which was almost entirely undefended. He was likely motivated by a desire for revenge, along with a need to raid to stabilize his tribal state, which was dependent upon raiding for loot and resources. Attila captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> after a long and difficult siege,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200586-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Looted" class="mw-redirect" title="Looted">sacked</a> it. He then raided across northern Italy, taking <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) and other important cities. There was much fear that Attila would attack <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> itself, the walls of which were weaker than those of some cities he had already captured. During this period, other than cutting his <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines of communication">lines of communication</a> and harassing his rear forces, Aetius did not launch a direct attack on Attila.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200587-23">[23]</a> Despite the plunder he now had from capturing Aquileia, Milan, and other cities, Attila was quickly placed in a precarious situation, because of the actions of both Eastern and Western Rome. In Italy, he was seriously lacking in funds, having not received subsidies from either Eastern or Western Rome for two years. Constant warfare had depleted his forces. As well, Attila's homeland was threatened by the Eastern Empire which, despite the punitive raids he ordered, took the offensive against the Great Hungarian Plain in mid-452, attacking across the Danube and inflicting a defeat upon the Huns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200587-23">[23]</a> The area attacked by the Eastern Romans was home to Ostrogoths and Gepids, two groups bitterly opposed to Hunnic rule, and was the <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a> of the Hunnic Empire. The loss of food supply from Attila's own land coupled with a famine that Italy was suffering at the time, along with a plague that followed it, placed yet more strain upon Attila, allowing the Western Roman Empire to bribe him into retreating to his homeland. After returning to the Great Hungarian Plain, he threatened to invade the Eastern Empire the following spring and conquer it entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200587-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195070-24">[24]</a> Marcian and Aspar ignored his threats. They reasoned, based upon the previous treaties that Attila had broken, that he could not be permanently deterred even by tons of gold. The pair believed the gold would be better spent building up armies, not appeasing threats. Also, the rich Asian and African provinces, which were protected behind Constantinople, were secure enough to allow the Eastern Empire to retake any European provinces it might lose. This campaign never came to fruition, as Attila died unexpectedly in 453, either from <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhaging">hemorrhaging</a> or alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a>, after celebrating a marriage to one of his many wives. After his death, his tribal confederation rapidly fell apart, starting first with rebellions of the Ostrogoths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200588-25">[25]</a> This fragmentation allowed the Eastern Empire to resume its policy of playing off barbarians against each other, to stop any one tribe from becoming too powerful. It is almost certain that the Gepid king <a href="/wiki/Ardaric" title="Ardaric">Ardaric</a> came to an agreement with Marcian. Ardaric had formed a coalition of the Rugians, Sciri, Heruli, and his own Gepids, which he led against the remaining Hunnic confederation. Ardaric, alongside the Ostrogoth leaders <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Ostrogothic_king)" title="Theodemir (Ostrogothic king)">Theodemir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valamir" title="Valamir">Valamir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Videmir">Videmir</a>, decisively defeated Attila's oldest son, <a href="/wiki/Ellac" title="Ellac">Ellac</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao" title="Battle of Nedao">Battle of Nedao</a> in 455, where he was slain. After this battle, the Hunnic confederation could no longer sustain the cohesion of its previous days, although they still remained prominent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200589-26">[26]</a> In the wake of the reduced power of the Hunnic Empire, Marcian accepted the Ostrogoths, who had established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Valeria" title="Pannonia Valeria">Valeria</a>—nominally two Western Roman provinces—as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200589–91-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018172-28">[28]</a> This marked the continuation of the tacit abandonment of a <a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Iller%E2%80%93Rhine_Limes" title="Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes">rigid Danube barrier</a>, which had previously been manned by Roman <a href="/wiki/Laeti" title="Laeti">laeti</a>, barbarians settled directly in Roman land in exchange for military service. For some time before Marcian, the laeti had been replaced by foederati, although the distinction between the two was increasingly breaking down. Marcian's successors would grant the status of foederati to multiple peoples and ceding them lands in the recovered European provinces: the Rugians in eastern Thrace, Sciri in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Moesia">Lower Moesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, Gepids in <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a>. This network of subject peoples, who were generally reliable and manageable, was beneficial to the Eastern Empire. The tribal peoples generally kept each other's power in check without Roman intervention. They could also be induced to serve the empire against its enemies by way of gifts, subsidies, and treaties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams200589–91-27">[27]</a> With the Hunnic empire's diminished might after the death of Attila, Marcian enjoyed a relatively peaceful reign, although he won some small campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> and against the <a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911296-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourth_ecumenical_council_of_chalcedon_-_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wall painting of the Council of Chalcedon showing Marcian and Pulcheria seated on thrones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fourth_ecumenical_council_of_chalcedon_-_1876.jpg/220px-Fourth_ecumenical_council_of_chalcedon_-_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fourth_ecumenical_council_of_chalcedon_-_1876.jpg/330px-Fourth_ecumenical_council_of_chalcedon_-_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fourth_ecumenical_council_of_chalcedon_-_1876.jpg/440px-Fourth_ecumenical_council_of_chalcedon_-_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, 1876 painting by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Surikov" title="Vasily Surikov">Vasily Surikov</a></figcaption></figure> During the 5th century, a central religious issue was the debate concerning how the human and divine nature of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> were associated, following the <a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">School of Alexandria</a>, including theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, asserted the equality of Christ and God, and therefore focused upon the divinity of Christ. The <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">School of Antioch</a>, including theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a>, determined not to lose the human aspect of Christ, focused upon his humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013137-30">[30]</a> Shortly before Marcian became emperor, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a> was held in 449. The council stated that Jesus had one divine united nature, a position called <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysis</a>; this was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> because of disputes on the matter of <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, as the Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople saw the belief in miaphysis as <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013145-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev198099_&_105-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200481-33">[33]</a> To repudiate the Second Council of Ephesus, Marcian convened a new council of the imperial church, deemed to pass <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">universally respected canons</a>, in 451. Pulcheria may have influenced this decision or even made the convention of a council a requirement during her negotiations with Aspar to marry Marcian. The council was to take place near Constantinople so that the government could watch the proceedings closely. Initially, it was to be held at the city of <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, which held enormous religious importance to the early church, as it was the site of its first council, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325. However, Marcian successfully requested the transfer of the location to <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>. This was closer to Constantinople and would allow him to respond quickly to any events along the Danube frontier. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> met in October 451. About 500 <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> attended it, most of them Eastern Roman, although two African bishops and two Papal legates sent by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> attended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013145-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2008585-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitworth2017360-35">[35]</a> This council condemned the Second Council of Ephesus and agreed that Jesus had a divine nature (<a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">physis</a>) and a human nature, united in one person (<a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostasis</a>), "without confusion, change, division, or separation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013146-36">[36]</a> The council also agreed to condemn the Coptic <a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria</a>, who had overseen the Second Council of Ephesus, and revoke the condemnations of <a href="/wiki/Ibas_of_Edessa" title="Ibas of Edessa">Ibas of Edessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a>, which had taken place during this council. The council also repeated the importance of the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Constantinople">See of Constantinople</a>, placing it firmly in second place behind the See of Rome, and giving it the right to appoint bishops in the Eastern Roman Empire, over the objection of Pope Leo I;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013147-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001814-38">[38]</a> the Patriarchs of Alexandria also objected to the elevation of the See of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2010122-39">[39]</a> The council ended in November 451, after which Marcian issued numerous <a href="/wiki/Edicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Edicts">edicts</a> confirming the outcomes of the council;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013147-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001814-38">[38]</a> showing that the outcome of the council was not universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013148-40">[40]</a> One such edict ordered the repression of <a href="/wiki/Eutychianism" title="Eutychianism">Eutychianists</a>, who did not believe in the hypostatic union of the two natures of Jesus, barring them from holding state offices, forbidding them from criticizing the Council of Chalcedon, and ordering their literature, along with that of the <a href="/wiki/Nestorians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorians">Nestorians</a>, to be burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury2012380-41">[41]</a> The anti-Miaphysite resolutions of the council led to a large increase in civil disruption in the eastern provinces of Syria and Egypt, where the majority of the population was Miaphysitic. Several violent revolts were put down with military force after significant bloodshed, in Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1980105-42">[42]</a> as well as sending the military to suppress monks in <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palestine</a> and placing troops in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to ensure the installation of <a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius of Alexandria</a>, who was to replace the deposed Pope Dioscorus I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> According to the Byzantist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Alexander Vasiliev</a>, even after these revolts were put down, the popular dissatisfaction with the state church among the Miaphysite and Nestorian population remained, as the eastern provinces became increasingly convinced of their need for independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. Vasiliev states that this would lead to long-lasting disloyalty toward the Eastern Roman government among the eastern provinces, ultimately facilitating the loss of these provinces to the Sassanians and later to the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1980105–106-43">[43]</a> Another result of the council and the subsequent edicts was that many Christians who disagreed with the council, including many Nestorians, migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2010122–123-44">[44]</a> The separation of the Miaphysites from the churches accepting Chalcedonian doctrine would be made final after the failed attempts of reconciliation under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 527–565), the Miaphysites splitting the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> from the main body of Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989194–202-45">[45]</a> Marcian also funded Pulcheria's extensive building projects until her death in July 453. All of them focused on the construction of religious buildings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)">Church of St. Mary of Blachernae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hodegon_Monastery" title="Hodegon Monastery">Hodegon Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985306-46">[46]</a> Marcian was compared to both <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> and the Biblical king <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200911-47">[47]</a> by the legates at the Council of Chalcedon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjornlie201660-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_legal_policy">Economic and legal policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic and legal policy">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of Marcian's reign, the Eastern Roman treasury was almost bankrupt, the result of the huge tributes paid to Attila by Theodosius. Marcian reversed this near bankruptcy, not by levying new taxes, but by cutting expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury2012236–237-49">[49]</a> Upon his accession, he declared a remission of all debts owed to the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> Marcian attempted to improve the efficiency of the state in multiple ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury2012236–237-49">[49]</a> He laid out legal reforms in his <a href="/wiki/Novel_(Roman_law)" title="Novel (Roman law)">novels</a>, or codes of law, containing 20 laws, many of which were targeted at reducing the corruption and abuses of office that had existed during the reign of Theodosius; five of which are preserved in full.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1986217-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001562-51">[51]</a> Marcian mandated that the office of <a href="/wiki/Praetorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorship">praetorship</a> (officer in charge of public games and works) could only be given to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate#Admission_and_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">senators</a> who resided in Constantinople, attempted to curb the practice of selling administrative offices, and decreed that <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> should be responsible for the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Valens_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Valens Aqueduct">Constantinople's aqueducts</a>. He repealed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Follis_(tax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Follis (tax) (page does not exist)">follis</a>, a tax on senators' property that amounted to seven pounds of gold per annum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury2012236–237-49">[49]</a> Marcian removed the financial responsibilities of the consuls and praetors, held since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, to fund public sports and games or give wealth to the citizens of Constantinople, respectively. He further decreed that only a <a href="/wiki/Vir_illustris" title="Vir illustris">vir illustris</a> (a high-ranking man) could hold either office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> He also partially repealed a marriage law enacted by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, which decreed that a man of senatorial status could not marry a slave, <a href="/wiki/Freedwoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedwoman">freedwoman</a>, actress, or woman of no social status (<a href="/wiki/Honestiores_and_humiliores" title="Honestiores and humiliores">humilis</a>), which had been created in an attempt to preserve the purity of the senatorial class. Marcian adjusted this law by declaring that the law should not exclude a woman of good character, regardless of her social status or wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury2012236–237-49">[49]</a> By the time of his death, Marcian's shrewd cutting of expenditures and his avoidance of large-scale wars left the Eastern Roman treasury with a surplus of 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) of gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> In 451, Marcian decreed that anyone who performed <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan rites</a> would lose their property and be condemned to death and that no pagan temples, which had previously been closed, could be reopened. To ensure this law was implemented, he set a penalty of 50 pounds (23 kg) of gold for any judge, governor or official who did not enforce the law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200266-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piatto_di_ardaburio,_argento_fuso,_434_d.c._(found_in_1769)_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piatto_di_ardaburio%2C_argento_fuso%2C_434_d.c._%28found_in_1769%29_03.JPG/220px-Piatto_di_ardaburio%2C_argento_fuso%2C_434_d.c._%28found_in_1769%29_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piatto_di_ardaburio%2C_argento_fuso%2C_434_d.c._%28found_in_1769%29_03.JPG/330px-Piatto_di_ardaburio%2C_argento_fuso%2C_434_d.c._%28found_in_1769%29_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Piatto_di_ardaburio%2C_argento_fuso%2C_434_d.c._%28found_in_1769%29_03.JPG/440px-Piatto_di_ardaburio%2C_argento_fuso%2C_434_d.c._%28found_in_1769%29_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A detail of the Missorium of Aspar, depicting <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a> and his elder son <a href="/wiki/Ardabur_(consul_447)" title="Ardabur (consul 447)">Ardabur</a> (c. 434).</figcaption></figure> When Marcian became emperor, he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Zeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Zeno">Flavius Zeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aspar" title="Aspar">Aspar</a>. Flavius Zeno died soon after Marcian ascended the throne, possibly as early as the end of 451,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201397-53">[53]</a> and Pulcheria died in July 453, leaving Aspar as the only major influence in the court of the Eastern Roman Empire. This influence was enhanced by the promotion of his son Ardabur to magister militum per Orientem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201398-15">[15]</a> It is unknown if Aspar and Ardabur influenced Marcian's policies directly, but if so, they were extremely careful to avoid upsetting the ruling elites of Constantinople. Despite Aspar's great influence, the Eastern Roman elites retained much of their anti-German sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> Marcian's principal advisors were Pulcheria, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Magister_officiorum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphemius (Magister officiorum) (page does not exist)">Euphemius</a> the <a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magister officiorum</a> (master of offices), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladius_(praetor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palladius (praetor) (page does not exist)">Palladius</a> the praetor, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Anatolius of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985305-54">[54]</a> In 453, Marcian had his daughter from a previous marriage, <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a>, marry <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a>, an aristocrat and talented general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzinoParry2017258-55">[55]</a> Marcian patronized the Blues, who were one of the <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing#Byzantine_racing_factions" title="Chariot racing">two circus teams</a>, the other being the Greens. The two teams had become more like political parties than sports teams by his time, wielding large influence in the empire; both vied for power. After the Greens responded angrily to his patronage, Marcian censured them, forbidding any of them to hold any public office for three years. Marcian's patronage of the Blues may have had personal motivations, as the once powerful Chrysaphius had been favorable to the Greens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristophilopoulou1986286-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury188985-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> The Armenian king <a href="/wiki/Vardan_II_Mamikonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardan II Mamikonian">Vardan II Mamikonian</a>, who was leading a revolt against the Sassanian Empire, sent an embassy to Theodosius in 450, composed of his brother <a href="/wiki/Hmayeak_Mamikonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmayeak Mamikonian">Hmayeak Mamikonian</a>, along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_Gnuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atom Gnuni (page does not exist)">Atom Gnuni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vardan_Amatuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vardan Amatuni (page does not exist)">Vardan Amatuni</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meruzhan_Artsruni_(emissary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meruzhan Artsruni (emissary) (page does not exist)">Meruzhan Artsruni</a>, to ask for assistance. Theodosius received it favorably. Any plans were cut short by his death and the accession of Marcian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManoogian198423-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey2016142-59">[59]</a> Marcian was counseled by the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Anatolius_(consul)" title="Anatolius (consul)">Anatolius</a> and patricius <a href="/wiki/Florentius_(consul_429)" title="Florentius (consul 429)">Florentius</a> not to make war with the Sassanians, as it would engulf a large amount of the Eastern Roman military resources, and thus Marcian did not agree to help them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris198085–86-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirav201555_&_93-61">[61]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Gubazes_I_of_Lazica" title="Gubazes I of Lazica">Gubazes I of Lazica</a>—a Caucasian state in theory under Eastern Roman suzerainty—was attempting to form an alliance with the Sassanians to break free of Roman control in 456.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015346-62">[62]</a> Marcian's troops invaded Lazica and restored Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018174-63">[63]</a> In 455, Marcian banned the export to barbarian tribes of weapons and the tools used to manufacture them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmesSingletonJones2001-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_Western_Roman_Empire">Relationship with the Western Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Western Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> Marcian was elected without any consultation with the Western Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>, a clear indication of further separation between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires than before his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2008243-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200142-66">[66]</a> Valentinian would later recognize Marcian as the Eastern Roman Emperor, although the date of this recognition is disputed; Lee states that Valentinian recognized Marcian in March 452,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200143-16">[16]</a> whereas historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_E._Gregory" title="Timothy E. Gregory">Timothy E. Gregory</a> states that Marcian was recognized by Valentinian on 30 March 451.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-67">[67]</a> Marcian's appointment marked a further stage of separation between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2008243-65">[65]</a> One source, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(chronicler)" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Antioch (chronicler)">John of Antioch's</a> Excerpta de insidiis, even suggest that Valentinian would have attempted to depose Marcian, but for Aetius' opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200143f-68">[68]</a> Valentinian also did not recognize the Eastern Roman consuls for 451 or 452.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013290,_note_84-69">[69]</a> The Western Roman chronicler <a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a> suggests that Marcian made Eastern Roman troops available to Valentinian to repel the Huns, confusingly led by a man named Aetius, which may simply be a muddling of Aetius' campaign against Attila and Marcian's campaign against the Huns on the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013294-70">[70]</a> When Marcian granted part of Pannonia to the Ostrogoths, and the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> region to the Gepids, he was accused of encroaching upon the border of Western Roman land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985307-71">[71]</a> Marcian avoided involving himself with the affairs of the Western Roman Empire when possible. When the Vandals <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sacked Rome</a> in 455, after <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a> assassinated Valentinian III and broke an <a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">engagement</a> treaty with the Vandals, Marcian did not respond violently, possibly because of the influence of Aspar. He merely sent an envoy demanding that the Vandals return the <a href="/wiki/Dowager_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowager Empress">Dowager Empress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a> and her daughters by Valentinian III, <a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(daughter_of_Valentinian_III)" title="Eudocia (daughter of Valentinian III)">Eudocia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> A likely false account is given that Marcian, while captured by the Vandals in his youth, was shaded by an eagle while the other prisoners suffered the hot sun. According to this account, the Vandal King Gaiseric recognized that Marcian would later be emperor. In exchange for being released, he made Marcian pledge not to attack the Vandals should he become emperor.<a href="#cite_note-A-73">[a]</a> This account originates from <a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a>, who served as an advisor to Marcian's confidant, Euphemius. Because of Euphemius' influence over foreign policy, some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Arthur Thompson">Edward Arthur Thompson</a>, have suggested that this account was a part of official imperial propaganda, which was generated to excuse Marcian's lack of retribution towards the Vandals, and quell any discontent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195068-74">[73]</a> Marcian made several diplomatic attempts to have the prisoners returned, before finally beginning to plan an invasion of the Vandal's territory shortly before his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClover1978193–194-75">[74]</a> The historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Clover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Clover (page does not exist)">Frank Clover</a> has suggested that this sudden reversal of policy was caused by the marriage of Eudocia to <a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a>, the son of Gaiseric, which led to such pressure from Eastern Roman elites that Marcian was forced to begin preparations for war to ensure the return of the hostages. Around this time, Marcian made peace with Lazica, which would allow him to direct his attention elsewhere. The East Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Lector" title="Theodorus Lector">Theodorus Lector</a> speaks of Marcian's sudden reversal of policy, and Evagrius Scholasticus, a Roman historian writing a century after the event, states that the Vandals released Licinia Eudoxia, Placidia, and Eudocia to Marcian after he threatened them with war, in either late 456 or early 457.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClover1978194-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1981243-77">[76]</a> Marcian did not recognize any Western Emperor after Valentinian, denying Petronius Maximus, now Western Emperor, when he sent an embassy requesting it, and similarly refusing to recognize <a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a>, who succeeded Maximus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911296-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991a704-78">[77]</a> Marcian's exact treatment of Avitus is debated. The Roman historian Hydatius states that in 455 Avitus sent ambassadors to Marcian "for the sake of unanimity of power," and that, "Marcian and Avitus make use of Roman power in concord". The exact usage of concord (concordia in the original Latin) has led to debate among scholars. Some such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin_(historian)" title="Thomas Hodgkin (historian)">Thomas Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Bayless" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bayless">William Bayless</a> consider it grounds for the belief that Marcian may have recognized Avitus. Most scholars take a more conservative stance on it; <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stein" title="Ernst Stein">Ernst Stein</a> suggests that it is merely a reflection of West Roman propaganda, whereas <a href="/wiki/Norman_Baynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Baynes">Norman Baynes</a> believes it indicates that Marcian was cordial to Avitus, neither hostile nor friendly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1981237-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes1922223-80">[79]</a> Classicist <a href="/wiki/Courtenay_Edward_Stevens" title="Courtenay Edward Stevens">Courtenay Edward Stevens</a> interprets the phrase as meaning only that the meeting of the diplomats was amicable, rather than reflecting a relationship between the two states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1981237-79">[78]</a> The historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Nathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Nathan (page does not exist)">Geoffrey Nathan</a> suggests the fact that only two Western delegates attended the Council of Chalcedon points to a new level of Western Roman self-absorption in their own political and religious affairs. He mentions that the canon from this council delegating authority over the whole east to the See of Constantinople marks a religious separation. Authority over the Church in the Eastern Roman Empire would prove a point of contention between Rome and Constantinople, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:35-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/35-manasses-chronicle.jpg/220px-35-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/35-manasses-chronicle.jpg/330px-35-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/35-manasses-chronicle.jpg/440px-35-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Death of Marcian, who is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> (right). Scene from the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Manasses_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasses Chronicle">Manasses Chronicle</a>.</figcaption></figure> Marcian's reign ended on 27 January 457, when he died, aged 65, possibly of <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsprosopography-later-roman-empirePLRE-IIpage715mode2up_714–715]-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke19785–9-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsiB_Ca014pagen65mode2up_45]-82">[81]</a> Theodorus Lector and Theophanes the Confessor say that Marcian died after a long religious procession from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Grand Palace</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hebdomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebdomon">Hebdomon</a>, where he made the journey on foot, despite the fact that he could barely walk because of severe foot <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004154-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2013240-84">[83]</a> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, in Constantinople, next to his wife Pulcheria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004154-83">[82]</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)#Roman_and_late_Roman_imperial_sarcophagi" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry sarcophagus</a> that was described in the 10th century by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis">De Ceremoniis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev19481,_3–26-85">[84]</a> He left the Eastern Empire with seven million <a href="/wiki/Solidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidi">solidi</a> in its treasury, an impressive achievement considering the economic ruin inflicted upon Eastern Rome by the Huns, both through warfare and the massive subsidies they received under Theodosius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams2005127-86">[85]</a> Although Marcian had a son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a>, he did not have any connection to the Theodosians, which Marcian himself had gained through his marriage to Pulcheria, and thus would not be considered a legitimate dynastic heir, so Aspar was once again left to play the role of emperor-maker. He selected <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a>, a fifty-year-old officer commanding a unit in one of the praesental armies—two field armies based near Constantinople. A later source claims that the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Senate">Eastern Roman Senate</a> offered to elect Aspar himself, but he declined, with the cryptic comment: "I fear that a tradition in ruling might be initiated through me". This comment has often been interpreted to be a reference to the fact that he was an <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004154-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201392,_98-87">[86]</a> or else to his Alanic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich199851-88">[87]</a> Anthemius would later be sent by Leo to become the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Roman">Western Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">emperor</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzinoParry2017258-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1998-89">[88]</a> Leo nominated him to be Western Emperor in the spring of 467, to fill the vacancy left by the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Libius Severus</a> since 465. Leo sent Anthemius to Rome with an army, headed by <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_(magister_militum)" title="Marcellinus (magister militum)">Marcellinus</a>, the magister militum of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>; upon nearing Rome, Anthemius was installed as emperor on 12 April 467.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1998-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20111224_Flavius_Marcianus_Augustus_Column_Fatih_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color photograph of an ancient stone column set in front of a modern building and parked cars. The bottom and top of the column are engraved, and several metal bands placed at regular intervals encircle the central section of the column." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/20111224_Flavius_Marcianus_Augustus_Column_Fatih_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg/170px-20111224_Flavius_Marcianus_Augustus_Column_Fatih_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/20111224_Flavius_Marcianus_Augustus_Column_Fatih_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg/255px-20111224_Flavius_Marcianus_Augustus_Column_Fatih_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/20111224_Flavius_Marcianus_Augustus_Column_Fatih_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg/340px-20111224_Flavius_Marcianus_Augustus_Column_Fatih_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>The Column of Marcian in 2011</figcaption></figure> Marcian was regarded favorably by Eastern Roman and Byzantine sources, often compared to Emperors Constantine I and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-67">[67]</a> Marcian's reign was seen by many later Byzantine writers, such as Theophanes the Confessor, as a golden age: Marcian secured the Eastern Empire both politically and financially, set an orthodox religious line that future emperors would follow, and stabilized the capital city politically. Some later scholars attribute his success not just to his skill, but also to a large degree of luck. Not only had he been fortunate enough to have Pulcheria to legitimize his rule, but for much of it the two greatest external threats to Rome, the Sassanian Empire and the Huns, were absorbed with their own internal problems. Further, no natural disasters or plagues occurred during his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985306-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991-67">[67]</a> He was remembered fondly by the people of Constantinople, who would shout "Reign like Marcian!" at the installation of future emperors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985307-71">[71]</a> The Prefect of Constantinople Tatianus built a <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcian" title="Column of Marcian">column dedicated to Marcian</a>, sometime between 450 and 452.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris19801053–1054-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'AyalaFodde20081167-91">[90]</a> It still stands in Istanbul, near the north branch of the <a href="/wiki/Mese_(Constantinople)" title="Mese (Constantinople)">Mese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2008204-92">[91]</a> though the statue of Marcian that originally topped it has been lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200463-93">[92]</a> Marcian also had a statue in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Arcadius" title="Forum of Arcadius">Forum of Arcadius</a>, which contained the statues of several of the successors of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991b-94">[93]</a> Marcian may have been the sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Chrysotriklinos" title="Chrysotriklinos">Chrysotriklinos</a> of the Great Palace of Constantinople. The <a href="/wiki/Patria_of_Constantinople" title="Patria of Constantinople">Patria of Constantinople</a> states that Marcian constructed it, whereas the 10th century encyclopedia <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> states that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> built it, a view with which most historians agree. The Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a> states that Justin II actually rebuilt an older construction, which some historians identify as the <a href="/wiki/Heptaconch_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptaconch Hall">Heptaconch Hall</a> of Emperor Justinian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenec2008-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Marcian is played by the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood star</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chandler_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Chandler (actor)">Jeff Chandler</a> in the 1954 period adventure <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_Pagan" title="Sign of the Pagan">Sign of the Pagan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Palance" title="Jack Palance">Jack Palance</a> co-stars as Attila and <a href="/wiki/Ludmilla_Tch%C3%A9rina" title="Ludmilla Tchérina">Ludmilla Tchérina</a> plays Pulcheria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2010326-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus" title="Evagrius Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus</a>, Ecclesiastical History</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a>, Chronicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, Chronographia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a>, Chronicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romana_(Jordanes)" title="Romana (Jordanes)">Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kedrenos" title="George Kedrenos">George Kedrenos</a>, Synopsis historion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a>, Annales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a>, Chronicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Kallistos_Xanthopoulos" title="Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos">Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos</a>, Historia Ecclesiastica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a>, History of Byzantium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a>, Corpus Areopagiticum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rufus" title="John Rufus">John Rufus</a>, Plerophoriae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, Chronographia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_Lector" title="Theodorus Lector">Theodorus Lector</a>, Historia Ecclesiastica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Rhetor</a>, Church History</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a>, Extracts of History</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, Historia Nova</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-73"><a href="#cite_ref-A_73-0">^</a> Propaganda involving the story of an eagle blocking the sun, and another figure recognizing they would be emperor, was used by both Byzantine emperors <a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie2014193-72">[72]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004153-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004153_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeijer2004">Meijer 2004</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1998-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1998_2-10">k</a> <a 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href="#CITEREFBaynes1922">Baynes 1922</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke19785–9-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroke19785–9_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroke1978">Croke 1978</a>, pp. 5–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsiB_Ca014pagen65mode2up_45]-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsiB_Ca014pagen65mode2up_45]_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2001">Lee 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iB_Ca/014/page/n65/mode/2up">45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004154-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004154_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004154_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijer2004154_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeijer2004">Meijer 2004</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2013240-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2013240_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2013">Kelly 2013</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev19481,_3–26-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev19481,_3–26_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1948">Vasiliev 1948</a>, pp. 1, 3–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams2005127-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriellWilliams2005127_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriellWilliams2005">Friell & Williams 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201392,_98-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201392,_98_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2013">Lee 2013</a>, pp. 92, 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich199851-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich199851_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1998">Norwich 1998</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathisen1998-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathisen1998_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathisen1998_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathisen1998">Mathisen 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris19801053–1054-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris19801053–1054_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris1980">Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980</a>, pp. 1053–1054. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'AyalaFodde20081167-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'AyalaFodde20081167_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'AyalaFodde2008">D'Ayala & Fodde 2008</a>, p. 1167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2008204-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher2008204_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallagher2008">Gallagher 2008</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200463-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreelyÇakmak200463_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreelyÇakmak2004">Freely & Çakmak 2004</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991b-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991b_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991b">Kazhdan 1991b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenec2008-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenec2008_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKostenec2008">Kostenec 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmirav2015" class="citation book cs1">Amirav, Hagit (2015). 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Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance. <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2822-9"><bdi>978-1-4398-2822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Analysis+of+Historic+Construction%3A+Preserving+Safety+and+Significance&rft.place=Bath&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-2822-9&rft.aulast=D%27Ayala&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft.au=Fodde%2C+Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2004" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Stephen J. (2004). The Early Coptic Papacy: The Egyptian Church and Its Leadership in Late Antiquity. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-830-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-830-6"><bdi>978-977-424-830-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Coptic+Papacy%3A+The+Egyptian+Church+and+Its+Leadership+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-977-424-830-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDzinoParry2017" class="citation book cs1">Dzino, Danijel; Parry, Ken (2017). Byzantium, Its Neighbours and Its Cultures. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-4491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0043-4491-4"><bdi>978-9-0043-4491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%2C+Its+Neighbours+and+Its+Cultures&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-0043-4491-4&rft.aulast=Dzino&rft.aufirst=Danijel&rft.au=Parry%2C+Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElton2018" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Hugh (2018). The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-45631-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-45631-9"><bdi>978-1-108-45631-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-45631-9&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Allan_Stewart_Evans" title="James Allan Stewart Evans">Evans, J. A. S.</a> (2002). 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(2004). Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5211-7905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5211-7905-8"><bdi>978-0-5211-7905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Monuments+of+Istanbul&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-5211-7905-8&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=%C3%87akmak%2C+Ahmet+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriellWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Friell, Gerard; Williams, Stephen (2005). 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"The Two Churches". The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. By <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jeffreys" title="Elizabeth Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Elizabeth</a>; Haldon, John; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cormack" title="Robin Cormack">Cormack, Robin</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-5246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-5246-6"><bdi>978-0-1992-5246-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Two+Churches&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-5246-6&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanemperorsbio0000gran">The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 BC – AD 476</a>. 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(1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991/The%20Oxfrod%20Dictionary%20of%20Byzantium_Vol.%202_OUP_1991/page/1292/mode/1up">"Marcian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1296–1297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcian&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1296-%3C%2Fspan%3E1297&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991%2FThe%2520Oxfrod%2520Dictionary%2520of%2520Byzantium_Vol.%25202_OUP_1991%2Fpage%2F1292%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander P.</a>, ed. (1991a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991/page/705/mode/1up">"Eparchius Avitus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 704. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eparchius+Avitus&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=704&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991%2Fpage%2F705%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander P.</a>, ed. (1991b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991/The%20Oxfrod%20Dictionary%20of%20Byzantium_Vol.%202_OUP_1991/page/1336/mode/1up">"Mese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1346–1347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mese&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1346-%3C%2Fspan%3E1347&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991%2FThe%2520Oxfrod%2520Dictionary%2520of%2520Byzantium_Vol.%25202_OUP_1991%2Fpage%2F1336%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristophilopoulou1986" class="citation book cs1">Christophilopoulou, Aikaterinē (1986). 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Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89241-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89241-084-2"><bdi>978-0-89241-084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Byzantine+Portraits%3A+A+Verbal+and+Graphic+Gallery&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89241-084-2&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Herrin, Judith</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantiumsurpris0000herr">Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-4369-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-4369-9"><bdi>978-0-6911-4369-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Surprising+Life+of+a+Medieval+Empire&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-6911-4369-9&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantiumsurpris0000herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmesSingletonJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (2001). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-7269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-7269-9"><bdi>978-0-6797-7269-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-6797-7269-9&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPharrDavidsonPharr2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Pharr" title="Clyde Pharr">Pharr, Clyde</a>; Davidson, Theresa Sherrer; Pharr, Mary Brown (2001) [1952]. The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions. <a href="/wiki/Union_Township,_Union_County,_New_Jersey" title="Union Township, Union County, New Jersey">Union</a>: Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5847-7146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5847-7146-3"><bdi>978-1-5847-7146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theodosian+Code+and+Novels%2C+and+the+Sirmondian+Constitutions&rft.place=Union&rft.pub=Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-5847-7146-3&rft.aulast=Pharr&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Theresa+Sherrer&rft.au=Pharr%2C+Mary+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1st. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514890-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+History&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514890-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Arthur Thompson">Thompson, E. A.</a> (1950). "The Foreign Policies of Theodosius II and Marcian". <a href="/wiki/Hermathena_(journal)" title="Hermathena (journal)">Hermathena</a>. 76 (76): 58–75. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23037876">23037876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermathena&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policies+of+Theodosius+II+and+Marcian&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=76&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23037876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1948" class="citation journal cs1">Vasiliev, A. A. (1948). "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 4: 1+3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291047">10.2307/1291047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291047">1291047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Imperial+Porphyry+Sarcophagi+in+Constantinople&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1%2B3-26&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Vasiliev, A. A.</a> (1980) [1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000vasi">History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453. Volume I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2998-0925-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2998-0925-6"><bdi>978-0-2998-0925-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+324%E2%80%931453.+Volume+I&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-2998-0925-6&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti0000vasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Whitworth, Patrick (2017). Constantinople to Chalcedon: Shaping the World to Come. Sacristy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910519-47-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910519-47-9"><bdi>978-1-910519-47-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+to+Chalcedon%3A+Shaping+the+World+to+Come&rft.pub=Sacristy+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-910519-47-9&rft.aulast=Whitworth&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Keppie, Lawrence (2002). Understanding Roman Inscriptions. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74616-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74616-3"><bdi>978-1-134-74616-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Roman+Inscriptions&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-74616-3&rft.aulast=Keppie&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Konstantin (2018). "Kaiser Marcian und die Monophysiten". Gymnasium. 125 (3): 251–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gymnasium&rft.atitle=Kaiser+Marcian+und+die+Monophysiten&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Marcianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Flavius Marcianus">Flavius Marcianus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman emperor">Eastern Roman emperor</a> 450–457 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Avienus" title="Gennadius Avienus">Gennadius Avienus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 451 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bassus_Herculanus" title="Bassus Herculanus">Bassus Herculanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sporacius" title="Sporacius">Sporacius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> 284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1644" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080528446">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122025773">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89202772">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149159474178227661349">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRmYcmFqxPqp9tBV74MP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/102398291">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2010016337">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1015390">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810596803105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/129937">Vatican</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/102398291.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/102398291">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p665mh">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcian&oldid=1281346623">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcian&oldid=1281346623</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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