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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Investigation of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Palestine_Disturbances_of_August_1929_cmd_3530.djvu&page=2" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Palestine_Disturbances_of_August_1929_cmd_3530.djvu/page2-220px-Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Palestine_Disturbances_of_August_1929_cmd_3530.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Palestine_Disturbances_of_August_1929_cmd_3530.djvu/page2-330px-Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Palestine_Disturbances_of_August_1929_cmd_3530.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Palestine_Disturbances_of_August_1929_cmd_3530.djvu/page2-440px-Report_of_the_Commission_on_the_Palestine_Disturbances_of_August_1929_cmd_3530.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="2769" 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Shaw Report</b>, officially the <b>Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929</b>, commonly known as the <b>Shaw Commission</b>, was the result of a British commission of inquiry, led by Sir Walter Shaw, established to investigate the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">violent rioting in Palestine</a> in late August 1929. The commission's report was issued in March 1930 and led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Simpson_Enquiry" title="Hope Simpson Enquiry">Hope Simpson Enquiry</a> in May 1930. </p><p>While the violence was the direct result of an ongoing dispute over the Jews' ability to worship freely at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>, the Commission concluded that the conflict was not religious in nature, and that the holy site had become a "symbol of racial pride and ambition."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It determined that the cause of the violent outbreak was "racial animosity on the part of the Arabs, consequent upon the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They explained this in the context of increased Jewish immigration and land purchases, which were threatening to produce a significant Arab landless class. This was later reiterated in the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Simpson_Enquiry" title="Hope Simpson Enquiry">Hope Simpson Enquiry</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Passfield_white_paper" title="Passfield white paper">Passfield white paper</a>, both which called for limited Jewish immigration to Palestine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaw_Commission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaw_Commission.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Shaw_Commission.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Shaw_Commission.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Shaw_Commission.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Shaw_Commission.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Shaw_Commission.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Shaw_Commission.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5509" data-file-height="4012" /></a><figcaption>The Shaw Commission, October 1929, Jerusalem.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Inquiry">Commission of Inquiry</a> was chaired by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Shaw_(judge)" title="Walter Shaw (judge)">Walter Shaw</a>, a distinguished jurist, and consisting of three members of the British parliament, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Betterton,_1st_Baron_Rushcliffe" title="Henry Betterton, 1st Baron Rushcliffe">Sir Henry Betterton</a> (Conservative), <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Hopkin_Morris" title="Rhys Hopkin Morris">R. Hopkin Morris</a> (Liberal) and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Henry Snell</a> (Labour).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the Commission was to look into the reasons for the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">violent rioting</a> in Palestine in late August 1929, which caused the deaths of 243 Jews and Arabs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_,_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%9C,_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_,_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95-JNF023076.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%2C_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%9C%2C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95-JNF023076.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%2C_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%9C%2C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95-JNF023076.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%2C_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%9C%2C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%2C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95-JNF023076.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Members of Royal Commission 1929. From left: Snell, Morris, Sir Betterton, Mrs Betterton, <a href="/wiki/Archer_Cust" title="Archer Cust">Cust</a> and Sir Shaw</figcaption></figure> <p>The commission of enquiry took public evidence for several weeks, from the first hearing on 25 October to 29 December, hearing 120 witnesses in public testimony, and 20 behind closed doors. Though hearing the claims of both sides, the Commission made its recommendations primarily on the basis of material submitted by Mandatory officials<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commission addressed two aspects of the disturbances, the immediate nature of the riots and the causes behind them. In the words of Naomi Cohen: </p> <dl><dd><blockquote><p>‘Delving beneath the immediate causes – i.e., the Western Wall dispute, inflammatory publications on both sides, the enlargement of the Jewish Agency, inadequate forces to maintain order, the report called attention to the underlying causes of friction in England's wartime pledges and in the anti-Jewish hostility that had resulted from the political and economic frustrations of the Arabs. It went on to criticise the immigration and land-purchase policies that, it said, gave Jews unfair advantages. The commission also recommended that the British take greater care in protecting the rights and understanding the aspirations of the Arabs. The Shaw report was a blow to Zionists everywhere,’<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></dd></dl> <p>It found that the purchase of lands by Jewish Companies had been legal and fair to the tenants, but, at the same time, concluded that there was substance to the Arab claim that Jewish land purchase did constitute a present danger to the Arabs' national survival, since highly productive land was being bought, suggesting that 'immigrants would not be content to occupy undeveloped areas', with the consequence that 'the economic pressure upon the Arab population was likely to increase'<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to the conflict arising from the land settlement and purchase problem, it concluded that 'taking Palestine as a whole, the country cannot support a larger agricultural population than it at present carries unless methods of farming undergo a radical change'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusions">Conclusions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaw_Commission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conclusions of the Commission, especially regarding the riots themselves, were as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-shaw_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Material not in brackets is verbatim]<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The outbreak in Jerusalem on 23 August was from the beginning an attack by Arabs on Jews for which no excuse in the form of earlier murders by Jews has been established.</li> <li>The outbreak was not premeditated.</li> <li>[The disturbances] took the form, in the most part, of a vicious attack by Arabs on Jews accompanied by wanton destruction of Jewish property. A general massacre of the Jewish community at Hebron was narrowly averted. In a few instances, Jews attacked Arabs and destroyed Arab property. These attacks, though inexcusable, were in most cases in retaliation for wrongs already committed by Arabs in the neighbourhood in which the Jewish attacks occurred.</li> <li>The outbreak neither was nor was intended to be a revolt against British authority in Palestine.</li> <li>In playing the part that he took in the formation of societies for the defence of the Moslem Holy Places and in fostering the activities of such societies when formed, the <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin al-Husayni">Mufti</a> was influenced by the twofold desire to confront the Jews and to mobilise Moslem opinion on the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Wailing Wall</a>. He had no intention of utilising this religious campaign as the means of inciting to disorder. Inasmuch as the movement which he in part created became through the force of circumstances a not unimportant factor in the events which led to the outbreak, the Mufti, like many others who directly or indirectly played upon public feeling in Palestine, must accept a share in the responsibility for the disturbances.</li> <li>...in the matter of innovations of practice [at the Wailing Wall] little blame can be attached to the Mufti in which some Jewish religious authorities also would not have to share.</li> <li>There is no evidence that the Mufti issued any requests to Moslems in Palestine to come up to Jerusalem on 23 August and no connection has been established between the Mufti and the work of those who either are known or are thought to have engaged in agitation or incitement.</li> <li>After the disturbances had broken out the Mufti co-operated with the Government in their efforts both to restore peace and to prevent the extension of disorder.</li> <li>[No blame can be properly attached to the British government for failing to provide armed reinforcements, withholding of fire, and similar charges.]</li> <li>Jewish enterprise and Jewish immigration, when not in excess of the absorptive capacity of the country, have conferred material benefits upon Palestine in which the Arab people share. We consider, however, that the claims and demands which from the Zionist side have been advanced to the future of Jewish immigration into Palestine have been such as to arouse among the Arabs the apprehensions that they will in time be deprived of their livelihood and pass under the political domination of the Jews.</li> <li>There is incontestable evidence that in the matter of immigration there has been a serious departure by the Jewish authorities from the doctrine accepted by the Zionist Organization in 1922 that immigration should be regulated by the economic capacity of Palestine to absorb new arrivals.</li> <li>Between 1921 and 1929 there were large sales of land in consequence of which numbers of Arabs were evicted without the provision of other land for their occupation. ... The position is now acute. There is no alternative land to which persons evicted can remove. In consequence a landless and discontented class is being created. Such a class is a potential danger to the country.</li> <li>The fundamental cause, without which in our opinion disturbances either would not have occurred or would have been little more than a local riot, is the Arab feeling of animosity and hostility towards the Jews consequent upon the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future. ... The feeling as it exists today is based on the twofold fear of the Arabs that by Jewish immigration and land purchases they may be deprived of their livelihood and in time pass under the political domination of the Jews.</li> <li>In our opinion the immediate causes of the outbreak were:-</li></ul> <dl><dd><ol><li>The long series of incidents connected with the Wailing Wall... These must be regarded as a whole, but the incident among them which in our view contributed most to the outbreak was the Jewish demonstration at the Wailing Wall on 15 August 1929. Next in importance we put the activities of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_the_Protection_of_the_Moslem_Holy_Places&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for the Protection of the Moslem Holy Places (page does not exist)">Society for the Protection of the Moslem Holy Places</a> and, in a lesser degree, of the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Wailing_Wall_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Wailing Wall Committee">Pro-Wailing Wall Committee</a>.</li> <li>Excited and intemperate articles which appeared in some Arabic papers, in one Hebrew daily paper and in a Jewish weekly paper published in English.</li> <li>Propaganda among the less-educated Arab people of a character calculated to incite them.</li> <li>The enlargement of the Jewish Agency.</li> <li>The inadequacy of the military forces and of the reliable police available.</li> <li>The belief, due largely to a feeling of uncertainty as to policy, that the decisions of the Palestine Government could be influenced by political considerations.</li></ol></dd></dl> <p>The Commission recommended that the Government reconsider its policies as to Jewish immigration and land sales to Jews. This led directly to the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Simpson_Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Simpson Royal Commission">Hope Simpson Royal Commission</a> in 1930. </p><p>The main victims of the rioting were Orthodox Jews, however the Orthodox community took a decision to boycott the Commission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the report (p. 169), all sides were eager to cooperate, and there was no shortage of testimony or evidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_recommendations">Main recommendations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaw_Commission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main recommendations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(i) His Majesty's government should issue a clear statement of the policy they intend to pursue in Palestine. The value of this statement would be greatly enhanced if it defined the meaning they attached to the passages in the Mandate safeguarding the rights of non-Jewish communities, and if it laid down more explicit directives on such vital issues as land and immigration. </p><p>(ii) Immigration policy should be clearly defined, and its administration reviewed "with the object of preventing a repetition of the excessive immigration of 1925 and 1926" Machinery should be devised through which non-Jewish interests could be consulted on the subject of immigration. </p><p>(iii) A scientific enquiry should be made into the possibilities of land development in Palestine, having regard to "the certain natural increase in the present rural population." Meanwhile, the "tendency towards the eviction of peasant cultivators from the land should be checked." </p><p>(iv) While making no formal recommendations on constitutional development, the commission observed that the difficulties of the administration were greatly aggravated by the absence of any measure of self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note_of_Reservations">Note of Reservations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaw_Commission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Note of Reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The report includes a 12-page "Note of Reservations" written by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Lord Henry Snell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While accepting much of the report's findings, he challenges some points and makes a number of additional criticisms and recommendations. The following is a list of some of them. </p><p>Mr. Snell placed a much higher degree of responsibility on the shoulders of the Muslim spiritual and political leaders, including the Mufti and the Arab Executive. He also emphasized that the violence did not represent the will of the majority of Arabs, and that many took great risks to protect Jewish lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he agreed that the "animosity and hostility toward the Jews were the fundamental cause of the outbreak," but he blamed this attitude on the campaign of propaganda and incitement, and not on the economic situation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mr. Snell also voiced additional criticisms of the British government in Palestine. First, while acknowledging that "the general question whether in a country of racial division one race should be supplied with arms by the Government for possible use against another is admittedly a difficult one," he questioned the decision to allow Arabs to gather en masse with clubs and sticks while disarming the Jewish congregants in Jerusalem, given the police's inability to protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, he criticized the Palestinian Government "for not having issued an official communiqué denying that the Jews had designs on the Moslem Holy Places.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Notably, he questioned the report's conclusions regarding Jewish land procurement and immigration. He argued,</p><blockquote><p><i>What is required in Palestine is, I believe, less a change of policy in these matters than a change of mind on the part of the Arab population, who have been encouraged to believe that they have suffered a great wrong and that the immigrant Jew constitutes a permanent menace to their livelihood and future. I am convinced that these fears are exaggerated and that on any long view of the situation the Arab people stand to gain rather than to lose from Jewish enterprise. There is no doubt in my mind that, in spite of errors of judgment which may have resulted in hardship to individual Arabs, Jewish activities have increased the prosperity of Palestine, have raised the standard of life of the Arab worker and have laid the foundations on which may be based the future progress of the two communities and their development into one State.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote><p>His commentary on the land problem led him to conclude that "progress in Palestine--by which I mean the joint progress of the two peoples--is to be looked for not along the lines of political concession but rather through social and economic reconstruction and the establishment of public security."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect, he held that the Palestine Government should be administratively and financially responsible for ensuring that no Arabs went landless.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also spoke to the need of Jewish leaders to help alleviate the Arab's concerns and misapprehensions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaw_Commission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a>, 1937</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaw_Commission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Commission+on+the+Palestine+disturbances+of+August%2C+1929.+%2F+Presented+by+the+secretary+of+state+for+the+colonies+to+Parliament+by+command+of+...&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015066430987%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015066430987%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaw+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015066430987?urlappend=%3Bseq=162">"Report of the Commission on the Palestine disturbances of August, 1929. / Presented by the secretary of state for the colonies to Parliament by command of ..."</a> <i>HathiTrust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015066430987?urlappend=%3Bseq=162">2027/mdp.39015066430987</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Commission+on+the+Palestine+disturbances+of+August%2C+1929.+%2F+Presented+by+the+secretary+of+state+for+the+colonies+to+Parliament+by+command+of+...&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015066430987%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015066430987%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaw+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Laurens, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Question_de_Palestine" title="La Question de Palestine">La Question de Palestine</a>: Une Mission sacrée de civilisation, 1922-1947,</i> Fayard, Paris, 2002 p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aryeh L. Avneri,<i>The claim of dispossession: Jewish land-settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948,</i> Transaction Publishers, 1984 p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naomi Wiener Cohen, <i>The year after the riots: American responses to the Palestine crisis of 1929-39</i>, Wayne State University Press, 1988 p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aryeh L. Avneri, <i>The claim of dispossession</i>: ibid.p.126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aryeh L. Avneri, <i>The claim of dispossession</i>: ibid.p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaw-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shaw_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Great Britain, 1930 : Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929, Command paper Cmd. 3530 (Shaw Commission report).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buconflict.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/shaw-commission.pdf">"full text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042111/https://buconflict.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/shaw-commission.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=full+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuconflict.files.wordpress.com%2F2018%2F02%2Fshaw-commission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaw+Commission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/16B8C7CC809B7E5B8525694B0071F3BD">Aug 1947 - UK DELEGATION TO THE UN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120131346/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/16B8C7CC809B7E5B8525694B0071F3BD">Archived</a> 20 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Political History of Palestine under British Administration, The disorders of August 1929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015066430987?urlappend=%3Bseq=184">"Report of the Commission on the Palestine disturbances of August, 1929. / Presented by the secretary of state for the colonies to Parliament by command of ..."</a> <i>HathiTrust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015066430987?urlappend=%3Bseq=184">2027/mdp.39015066430987</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Documents_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template:Documents of Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Documents_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Template talk:Documents of Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Documents_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Documents of Mandatory Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Key_documents_of_Mandatory_Palestine_23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Key documents of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Palestine" title="The Future of Palestine">The Future of Palestine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_correspondence" title="McMahon–Hussein correspondence">McMahon–Hussein correspondence</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes–Picot agreement">Sykes–Picot agreement</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogarth message">Hogarth message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassett_letter" title="Bassett letter">Bassett letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_to_the_Seven" title="Declaration to the Seven">Declaration to the Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Anglo-French_Modus_Vivendi" title="1918 Anglo-French Modus Vivendi">Anglo-French Modus Vivendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Declaration" title="Anglo-French Declaration">Anglo-French Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_agreement" title="Faisal–Weizmann agreement">Faisal–Weizmann agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palin_Commission" title="Palin Commission">Palin Commission report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement" title="Paulet–Newcombe Agreement">Paulet–Newcombe Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haycraft_Commission" title="Haycraft Commission">Haycraft Commission report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_White_Paper" title="Churchill White Paper">Churchill White Paper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">League of Nations mandate</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Constitution of Mandatory Palestine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Citizenship_Order_1925" title="Palestinian Citizenship Order 1925">Palestinian citizenship order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shaw Commission report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Simpson_Enquiry" title="Hope Simpson Enquiry">Hope Simpson report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passfield_white_paper" title="Passfield white paper">Passfield white paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_letter" title="MacDonald letter">MacDonald letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Commission" title="Woodhead Commission">Woodhead Commission report</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Conference" title="Biltmore Conference">Biltmore Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Report" title="Harrison Report">Harrison Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry report</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_of_Information_Relating_to_Acts_of_Violence" title="Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence">Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison%E2%80%93Grady_Plan" title="Morrison–Grady Plan">Morrison–Grady Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevin_Plan" title="Bevin Plan">Bevin Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine" title="United Nations Special Committee on Palestine">UNSCOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_the_Palestinian_Question" title="Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question">Ad Hoc Committee</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_trusteeship_proposal_for_Palestine" title="American trusteeship proposal for Palestine">American trusteeship proposal for Palestine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">History</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Aftermath</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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