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id="toc-Western_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Western Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wailing_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wailing_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wailing Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wailing_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Buraq_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Buraq_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Al-Buraq Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Buraq_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location,_dimensions,_stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location,_dimensions,_stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Location, dimensions, stones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Location,_dimensions,_stones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Location, dimensions, stones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Location,_dimensions,_stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prayer_section_vs._entire_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_section_vs._entire_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prayer section vs. entire wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_section_vs._entire_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height,_courses,_building_stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height,_courses,_building_stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Height, courses, building stones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height,_courses,_building_stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_and_destruction_(19_BCE–70_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_destruction_(19_BCE–70_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Construction and destruction (19 BCE–70 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_destruction_(19_BCE–70_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(135–638)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(135–638)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Late Roman and Byzantine periods (135–638)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(135–638)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_to_Mamluk_period_(638–1517)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_to_Mamluk_period_(638–1517)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early Muslim to Mamluk period (638–1517)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_to_Mamluk_period_(638–1517)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period_(1517–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period_(1517–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ottoman period (1517–1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period_(1517–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rule_(1917–48)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule_(1917–48)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>British rule (1917–48)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule_(1917–48)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-September_1928_disturbances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_1928_disturbances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>September 1928 disturbances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_1928_disturbances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1929_Palestine_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929_Palestine_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>1929 Palestine riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929_Palestine_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930_international_commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930_international_commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>1930 international commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930_international_commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordanian_rule_(1948–67)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordanian_rule_(1948–67)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Jordanian rule (1948–67)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordanian_rule_(1948–67)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Al_Buraq_(Wailing_Wall)_Rd"_sign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Al_Buraq_(Wailing_Wall)_Rd"_sign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>"Al Buraq (Wailing Wall) Rd" sign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Al_Buraq_(Wailing_Wall)_Rd"_sign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_years_under_Israeli_rule_(1967–69)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_years_under_Israeli_rule_(1967–69)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>First years under Israeli rule (1967–69)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_years_under_Israeli_rule_(1967–69)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declarations_after_the_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarations_after_the_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Declarations after the conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarations_after_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demolition_of_the_Moroccan_Quarter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demolition_of_the_Moroccan_Quarter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Demolition of the Moroccan Quarter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demolition_of_the_Moroccan_Quarter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plaza</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plaza-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plaza subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodox_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Orthodox rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilson's_Arch_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilson's_Arch_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wilson's Arch area</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wilson's_Arch_area-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wilson's Arch area subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wilson's_Arch_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation_into_worship_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_into_worship_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Transformation into worship area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_into_worship_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robinson's_Arch_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robinson's_Arch_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Robinson's Arch area</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Robinson's_Arch_area-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Robinson's Arch area subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Robinson's_Arch_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeology_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Orthodox_worship_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Orthodox_worship_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non-Orthodox worship area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Orthodox_worship_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Judaism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Judaism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_as_place_of_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_as_place_of_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History as place of prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_as_place_of_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-10th–12th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th–12th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>10th–12th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th–12th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th–19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th–19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>18th–19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th–19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th–21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th–21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>20th–21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th–21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_the_Foundation_Stone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_the_Foundation_Stone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Relation to the Foundation Stone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_the_Foundation_Stone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_of_the_Temple_proper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_of_the_Temple_proper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Part of the Temple proper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_of_the_Temple_proper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_custody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_custody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Divine custody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_custody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_Presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_Presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Divine Presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_Presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalah_of_the_word_kotel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalah_of_the_word_kotel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Kabbalah of the word <i>kotel</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalah_of_the_word_kotel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_as_a_synagogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_as_a_synagogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.1</span> <span>Status as a synagogue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_as_a_synagogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_with_the_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_with_the_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.2</span> <span>Contact with the Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_with_the_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barefoot_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barefoot_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.3</span> <span>Barefoot approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barefoot_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mourning_over_the_Temple's_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mourning_over_the_Temple's_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.4</span> <span>Mourning over the Temple's destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mourning_over_the_Temple's_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_as_place_of_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_as_place_of_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.5</span> <span>Significance as place of prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_as_place_of_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egalitarian_and_non-Orthodox_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egalitarian_and_non-Orthodox_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.6</span> <span>Egalitarian and non-Orthodox prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egalitarian_and_non-Orthodox_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.7</span> <span>Prayer notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chabad_tefillin_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chabad_tefillin_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7.8</span> <span>Chabad tefillin stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chabad_tefillin_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tradition_of_the_place_of_tethering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradition_of_the_place_of_tethering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Tradition of the place of tethering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradition_of_the_place_of_tethering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_vs._Mamluk-period_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_vs._Mamluk-period_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Early Muslim vs. Mamluk-period traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_vs._Mamluk-period_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman-period_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman-period_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Ottoman-period identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman-period_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>British Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ideological views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideological_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideological views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideological_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Jewish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Israeli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Muslim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Palestinian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Wall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagemauer" title="Klagemauer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klagemauer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="حائط البراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حائط البراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Լացի Պատ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լացի Պատ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rb_divar%C4%B1" title="Qərb divarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərb divarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="পশ্চিম প্রাচীর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম প্রাচীর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83" title="Сцяна плачу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцяна плачу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83" title="Сьцяна плачу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьцяна плачу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Стена на плача – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стена на плача" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotel" title="Kotel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kotel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_de_les_Lamentacions" title="Mur de les Lamentacions – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mur de les Lamentacions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%C4%8F_n%C3%A1%C5%99k%C5%AF" title="Zeď nářků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zeď nářků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6demuren" title="Grædemuren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grædemuren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmauer" title="Westmauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westmauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutum%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Nutumüür – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nutumüür" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δυτικό Τείχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικό Τείχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_las_Lamentaciones" title="Muro de las Lamentaciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muro de las Lamentaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_lamentadoj" title="Muro de lamentadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muro de lamentadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosten_harresia" title="Erosten harresia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erosten harresia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%87" title="دیوار ندبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار ندبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1tim%C3%BArurin" title="Grátimúrurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Grátimúrurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_des_Lamentations" title="Mur des Lamentations – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mur des Lamentations" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boalley_yn_Accan" title="Boalley yn Accan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Boalley yn Accan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_das_Lamentaci%C3%B3ns" title="Muro das Lamentacións – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muro das Lamentacións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%A1%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%BD" title="통곡의 벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통곡의 벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Լացի պատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լացի պատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पश्चिमी दीवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमी दीवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zid_pla%C4%8Da" title="Zid plača – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zid plača" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Ratapan" title="Tembok Ratapan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembok Ratapan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1tm%C3%BArinn" title="Grátmúrinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grátmúrinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_Occidentale" title="Muro Occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muro Occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="הכותל המערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכותל המערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mbok_Sesambat" title="Témbok Sesambat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Témbok Sesambat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuta_wa_Maombolezo" title="Ukuta wa Maombolezo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukuta wa Maombolezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotel" title="Kotel – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kotel" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudu_m%C5%ABris" title="Raudu mūris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raudu mūris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud%C5%B3_siena" title="Raudų siena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudų siena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miagia_do_Cento" title="Miagia do Cento – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Miagia do Cento" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaagmoer" title="Klaagmoer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klaagmoer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirat%C3%B3fal" title="Siratófal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Siratófal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Ѕид на плачот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕид на плачот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="വിലാപമതിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിലാപമതിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ჸოთუაშ კიდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸოთუაშ კიდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="حائط البراق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حائط البراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Meratap" title="Tembok Meratap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembok Meratap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmuur" title="Westmuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westmuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%86%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%A3%81" title="嘆きの壁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="嘆きの壁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Белхаман Пен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белхаман Пен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestmuren" title="Vestmuren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestmuren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestmuren" title="Vestmuren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vestmuren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur%C3%A2le_%C3%A8s_Plleurs" title="Murâle ès Plleurs – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Murâle ès Plleurs" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_de_las_Lamentacions" title="Mur de las Lamentacions – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mur de las Lamentacions" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yig%CA%BBi_devori_ibodatxonasi" title="Yigʻi devori ibodatxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yigʻi devori ibodatxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دیوار گریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیوار گریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aciana_P%C5%82aczu" title="Ściana Płaczu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ściana Płaczu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_das_Lamenta%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Muro das Lamentações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muro das Lamentações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidul_Pl%C3%A2ngerii" title="Zidul Plângerii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zidul Plângerii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Стена Плача – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стена Плача" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Western Wall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAr_n%C3%A1rekov" title="Múr nárekov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Múr nárekov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zid_%C5%BEalovanja" title="Zid žalovanja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zid žalovanja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="دیواری ڕۆژاوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیواری ڕۆژاوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Зид плача – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зид плача" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsimuuri" title="Länsimuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsimuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_muren" title="Västra muren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västra muren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanluraning_Pader" title="Kanluraning Pader – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanluraning Pader" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மேற்குச் சுவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்குச் சுவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" title="กำแพงประจิม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำแพงประจิม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Flama_Duvar%C4%B1" title="Ağlama Duvarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ağlama Duvarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83" title="Стіна плачу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стіна плачу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="دیوار گریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیوار گریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%A9c_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Than_Kh%C3%B3c" title="Bức tường Than Khóc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bức tường Than Khóc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katundan_nga_Bungbong" title="Katundan nga Bungbong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katundan nga Bungbong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A2%99" title="西墙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西墙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C" title="כותל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כותל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%AD%E7%89%86" title="哭牆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哭牆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAs%C3%AA_Bermay%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Dêsê Bermayışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dêsê Bermayışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud%C5%AB_s%C4%97ina" title="Raudū sėina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Raudū sėina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A2%99" title="西墙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西墙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134821#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Wall&params=31.7767_N_35.2345_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°14′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.7767°N 35.2345°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.7767; 35.2345</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"West Wall" redirects here. For the fortifications known in German as the Westwall, see <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Western Wall (disambiguation)">Western Wall (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Western Wall</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><big><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הכותל המערבי</span></span> (<i>HaKotel HaMa'aravi</i>)</big></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Westernwall2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Westernwall2.jpg/220px-Westernwall2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Westernwall2.jpg/330px-Westernwall2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Westernwall2.jpg/440px-Westernwall2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A view of the Western Wall</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Wall is located in Jerusalem"><img alt="Western Wall is located in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png/280px-Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png/420px-Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png/560px-Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2771" data-file-height="3391" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.147%;left:72.519%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Western Wall"><img alt="Western Wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Jerusalem</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">[The] Wailing Wall<br />[The] Kotel<br />Al-Buraq Wall <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْحَائِط ٱلْبُرَاق</span></span> (<i>Ḥā’iṭ al-Burāq</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Wall&params=31.7767_N_35.2345_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°14′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.7767°N 35.2345°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.7767; 35.2345</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Ancient limestone wall</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">488 metres (1,601 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">Exposed: 19 metres (62 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category">Limestone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">19 BCE</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Preserved</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem" title="Category:Jerusalem">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/200px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/300px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/400px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">History</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538 BCE–70 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 130–325 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Byzantine_period" title="Jerusalem during the Byzantine period">Byzantine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 325–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Early_Muslim_period" title="History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period">Early Muslim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jerusalem" title="Medieval Jerusalem">Late Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1187–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1517–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Modern period <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sieges</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Before Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">701 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">597 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">587 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">63 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">37 BCE</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">1099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1834)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1834)">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">1948</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Jerusalem" title="List of places in Jerusalem">Places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Jerusalem" title="Synagogues of Jerusalem">Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Jerusalem" title="List of mosques in Jerusalem">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lazarus" title="Tomb of Lazarus">Tomb of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">Al-Quds University</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jerusalem" title="List of people from Jerusalem">People</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem" title="Demographic history of Jerusalem">Demographic history</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">Crusader kings</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Political status</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Religious significance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_Jerusalem" title="Judaization of Jerusalem">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">US recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem" title="Names of Jerusalem">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Jerusalem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Municipality" title="Jerusalem Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem" title="Greater Jerusalem">Greater Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Line_(Jerusalem)" title="City Line (Jerusalem)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jerusalem" title="Transport in Jerusalem">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Jerusalem" title="List of songs about Jerusalem">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Jerusalem" title="Cartography of Jerusalem">Historical maps</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Kotel.ogg" title="File:He-Kotel.ogg">Kotel</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="He-Kotel.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/He-Kotel.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/He-Kotel.ogg/He-Kotel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Listen to the name in Hebrew.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Western_Wall.ogv/220px--Western_Wall.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="150" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Western_Wall.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Western_Wall.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Western_Wall.ogv/Western_Wall.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Western_Wall.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Western_Wall.ogv/Western_Wall.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Western Wall</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Western Wall</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַכּוֹתֶל הַמַּעֲרָבִי</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">HaKotel HaMa'aravi</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the western wall',<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">retaining wall</a> of the built-up hill known to Jews and Christians as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Jerusalem</a>. Its most famous section, known by the same name, often shortened by Jews to <b>the Kotel</b> or <b>Kosel</b>, is known in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> as the <b>Wailing Wall</b>, and in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as the <b>Buraq Wall</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: حَائِط ٱلْبُرَاق, <i>Ḥā'iṭ al-Burāq</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">['ħaːʔɪtˤ<span class="wrap"> </span>albʊ'raːq]</a></span>). In a Jewish religious context, the term Western Wall and its variations is used in the narrow sense, for the section used for Jewish prayer; in its broader sense it refers to the entire 488-metre-long (1,601 ft) retaining wall on the western side of the Temple Mount. </p><p>At the prayer section, just over half the wall's total height, including its 17 <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> located below street level, dates from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, and is believed to have been begun by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very large stone blocks of the lower courses are Herodian, the courses of medium-sized stones above them were added during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad period</a>, while the small stones of the uppermost courses are of more recent date, especially from the Ottoman period. </p><p>The Western Wall plays an important role in Judaism due to it being part of the man-made "Temple Mount", an artificially expanded hilltop best known as the traditional site of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jewish Temple</a>. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Temple Mount entry restrictions</a>, the Wall is the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray outside the Temple Mount platform, because the presumed site of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>, the most sacred site in the Jewish faith, presumably lies just above and behind it. The original, natural, and irregular-shaped Temple Mount was gradually extended to allow for an ever-larger <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> compound to be built at its top. The earliest source possibly mentioning this specific site as a place of Jewish worship is from the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Goren_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goren-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Wall, in the narrow sense, i.e. referring to the section used for Jewish prayer, is also known as the "Wailing Wall", in reference to the practice of Jews weeping at the site. During the period of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"> Christian Roman rule</a> over Jerusalem (ca. 324–638), Jews were completely barred from Jerusalem except on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, the day of national mourning for the Temples. The term "Wailing Wall" has historically been used mainly by Christians, with use by Jews becoming marginal.<sup id="cite_ref-Halkin01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halkin01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the entire retaining wall, the section ritually used by Jews now faces a large plaza in the Jewish Quarter, near the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount, while the rest of the wall is concealed behind structures in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)">Muslim Quarter</a>, with the small exception of an 8-metre (26 ft) section, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a>" or "Small Wailing Wall". This segment of the western retaining wall derives particular importance from having never been fully obscured by medieval buildings, and displaying much of the original Herodian <a href="/wiki/Stonework" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonework">stonework</a>. In religious terms, the "Little Western Wall" is presumed to be even closer to the Holy of Holies and thus to the "presence of God" (<a href="/wiki/Shechina" class="mw-redirect" title="Shechina">Shechina</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a>, which has been out of reach for Jews from the 12th century till its partial excavation in the 20th century. </p><p>The entire Western Wall constitutes the western border of <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Haram_al-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haram al-Sharif">al-Haram al-Sharif</a></i> ("the Noble Sanctuary"), or the Al-Aqsa compound. It is believed to be the site where the Islamic Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> tied his winged steed, the <a href="/wiki/Bur%C4%81q" class="mw-redirect" title="Burāq">Burāq</a>, on his <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Night Journey</a>, which tradition connects to Jerusalem, before ascending to heaven. While the wall was considered an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Haram_esh-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Haram esh-Sharif">Haram esh-Sharif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Waqf" title="Jerusalem Waqf"><i>waqf</i></a> property of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Quarter">Moroccan Quarter</a> under Muslim rule, a right of Jewish prayer and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> has long existed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a> regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reiter17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiter17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was confirmed in a <a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">1930 international commission</a> during the British Mandate period. </p><p>With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a> in the early 20th century, the wall became a source of friction between the Jewish and Muslim communities, the latter being worried that the wall could be used to further Jewish claims to the Temple Mount and thus Jerusalem. During this period outbreaks of violence at the foot of the wall became commonplace, with a particularly deadly <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">riot in 1929</a> in which 133 Jews and 116 Arabs were killed, with many more people injured. After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> the eastern portion of Jerusalem was occupied by Jordan. Under Jordanian control Jews were completely expelled from the Old City including the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a>, and Jews were barred from entering the Old City for 19 years, effectively banning Jewish prayer at the site of the Western Wall. This period ended on June 10, 1967, when Israel gained control of the site following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. Three days after establishing control over the Western Wall site, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Quarter">Moroccan Quarter</a> was bulldozed by Israeli authorities to create space for what is now the Western Wall plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg/495px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg/660px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_stones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Herodian ashlars of the Western Wall</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Wall">Western Wall</h3></div> <p>Early Jewish texts referred to a "western wall of the Temple",<sup id="cite_ref-SSR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is doubt whether the texts were referring to the outer, retaining wall called today "the Western Wall", or to the western wall of the actual Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Halkin01_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halkin01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Jewish use of the Hebrew term "<i>ha-kotel ha-ma'aravi</i>", "the Western Wall", as referring to the wall visible today, was by the 11th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Ahimaaz_ben_Paltiel" title="Ahimaaz ben Paltiel">Ahimaaz ben Paltiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halkin01_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halkin01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wailing_Wall">Wailing Wall</h3></div> <p>The name "Wailing Wall", and descriptions such as "wailing place", appeared regularly in English literature during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Mur des Lamentations</i> was used in French and <i>Klagemauer</i> in German. This description stemmed from the Jewish practice of coming to the site to mourn and bemoan the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> and the loss of national freedom it symbolized.<sup id="cite_ref-Halkin01_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halkin01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Jews may often be seen sitting for hours at the Wailing-place bent in sorrowful meditation over the history of their race, and repeating oftentimes the words of the Seventy-ninth Psalm. On Fridays especially, Jews of both sexes, of all ages, and from all countries, assemble in large numbers to kiss the sacred stones and weep outside the precincts they may not enter. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Charles Wilson, 1881<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Buraq_Wall">Al-Buraq Wall</h3></div> <p>Muslims have associated the name Al-Buraq with the wall at least since the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location,_dimensions,_stones"><span id="Location.2C_dimensions.2C_stones"></span>Location, dimensions, stones</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klagemauer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Klagemauer.JPG/220px-Klagemauer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Klagemauer.JPG/330px-Klagemauer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Klagemauer.JPG/440px-Klagemauer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5444" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of the Western Wall with the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">al-Aqsa mosque</a> (right) in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Western_Wall_and_Dome_of_the_rock_in_the_old_city_of_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Western_Wall_and_Dome_of_the_rock_in_the_old_city_of_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-The_Western_Wall_and_Dome_of_the_rock_in_the_old_city_of_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Western_Wall_and_Dome_of_the_rock_in_the_old_city_of_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-The_Western_Wall_and_Dome_of_the_rock_in_the_old_city_of_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Western_Wall_and_Dome_of_the_rock_in_the_old_city_of_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-The_Western_Wall_and_Dome_of_the_rock_in_the_old_city_of_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4271" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption>The Western Wall and Dome of the Rock</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer_section_vs._entire_wall">Prayer section vs. entire wall</h3></div> <p>The term Western Wall commonly refers to a 187-foot (57 m) exposed section of a much longer retaining wall, built by Herod on the western flank of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. Only when used in this sense is it synonymous with the term Wailing Wall. This section faces a large plaza and is set aside for prayer. </p><p>In its entirety, the western retaining wall of the Herodian Temple Mount complex stretches for 1,600 feet (488 m), most of which is hidden behind medieval residential structures built along its length. </p><p>There are only two other revealed sections: the southern part of the Wall (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Robinson's_Arch_area">Robinson's Arch area</a>), which measures approximately 80 metres (262 ft), and is separated from the prayer area by just a narrow stretch of archaeological remains; and another, much shorter section, known as the <a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a>, which is located close to the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount#Iron_Gate" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Iron Gate</a>. </p><p>The entire western wall functions as a retaining wall, supporting and enclosing the ample substructures built by Herod the Great around 19 BCE. Herod's project was to create an artificial extension to the small quasi-natural plateau on which the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon's temple">First Temple</a> stood, already widened in <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> times during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> period, by finally transforming it into the almost rectangular, wide expanse of the Temple Mount platform visible today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height,_courses,_building_stones"><span id="Height.2C_courses.2C_building_stones"></span>Height, courses, building stones</h3></div> <p>At the Western Wall Plaza, the total height of the Wall from its foundation is estimated at 105 feet (32 m), with the above-ground section standing approximately 62 feet (19 m) high. The Wall consists of 45 stone courses, 28 of them above ground and 17 underground.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first seven above-ground layers are from the Herodian period. This section of wall is built from enormous <a href="/wiki/Meleke" title="Meleke">meleke</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">blocks</a>, possibly quarried at either <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah%27s_Cave" title="Zedekiah's Cave">Zedekiah's Cave</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> situated under the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)">Muslim Quarter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a>, or at <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Shlomo" title="Ramat Shlomo">Ramat Shlomo</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northwest of the Old City. Most of them weigh between 2 and 8 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a> (1.8 and 7.3 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) each, but others weigh even more, with one <a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">extraordinary stone</a> located slightly north of <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a><sup id="cite_ref-BenDov83_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenDov83-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> measuring 13.55 metres (44.5 ft) long, 3.3 metres (11 ft) high,<sup id="cite_ref-HeritageF_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeritageF-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 1.8 to 2.5 metres (5.9 to 8.2 ft) deep,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JolBahat_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JolBahat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and weighing between 250 and 300 tonnes (280 and 330 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-JolBahat_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JolBahat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these <a href="/wiki/Ashlars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashlars">ashlars</a> is framed by fine-chiseled borders. The margins themselves measure between 5 and 20 centimetres (2 and 8 in) wide, with their depth measuring 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in). In the Herodian period, the upper 10 metres (33 ft) of wall were 1 metre (39 in) thick and served as the outer wall of the double <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a> of the Temple platform. This upper section was decorated with <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>, the remainder of which were destroyed when the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantines</a> reconquered Jerusalem from the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persians</a> in 628.<sup id="cite_ref-BenDov83_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenDov83-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next four courses, consisting of smaller plainly dressed stones, are <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> work (8th century, Early Muslim period).<sup id="cite_ref-EJWW_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJWW-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above that are 16 to 17 courses of small stones from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> period (13th–16th centuries) and later.<sup id="cite_ref-EJWW_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJWW-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_destruction_(19_BCE–70_CE)"><span id="Construction_and_destruction_.2819_BCE.E2.80.9370_CE.29"></span>Construction and destruction (19 BCE–70 CE)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_engraving_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kotel_engraving_1850.jpg/220px-Kotel_engraving_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kotel_engraving_1850.jpg/330px-Kotel_engraving_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Kotel_engraving_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Engraving, 1850 by <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Joseph_Schwarz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Joseph Schwarz">Rabbi Joseph Schwarz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5" class="extiw" title="he:יהוסף שוורץ">he</a>]</span></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> was built atop what is known as the Temple Mount in the 10th century BCE and destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> in 586 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> completed and dedicated in 516 BCE. Around 19 BCE Herod the Great began a massive expansion project on the Temple Mount. In addition to fully rebuilding and enlarging the Temple, he artificially expanded the platform on which it stood, doubling it in size. Today's Western Wall formed part of the retaining perimeter wall of this platform. In 2011, Israeli archaeologists announced the surprising discovery of Roman coins minted well after Herod's death, found under the foundation stones of the wall. The excavators came upon the coins inside a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">ritual bath</a> that predates Herod's building project, which was filled in to create an even base for the wall and was located under its southern section.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seems to indicate that Herod did not finish building the entire wall by the time of his death in 4 BCE. The find confirms the description by historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephus Flavius">Josephus Flavius</a>, which states that construction was finished only during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">King Agrippa II</a>, Herod's great-grandson.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given Josephus' information, the surprise mainly regarded the fact that an unfinished retaining wall in this area could also mean that at least parts of the splendid <a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">monumental staircase</a> leading up to it could not have been completed during Herod's lifetime. Also surprising was the fact that the usually very thorough Herodian builders had cut corners by filling in the ritual bath, rather than placing the foundation course directly onto the much firmer bedrock. Some scholars are doubtful of the interpretation and have offered alternative explanations, such as, for example, later repair work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a> was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, along with the rest of Jerusalem, in 70 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(135–638)"><span id="Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_.28135.E2.80.93638.29"></span>Late Roman and Byzantine periods (135–638)</h3></div> <p>During much of the 2nd–5th centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, after the Roman defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> in 135 CE, Jews were banned from Jerusalem. There is some evidence that Roman emperors in the 2nd and 3rd centuries did permit them to visit the city to worship on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a> and sometimes on the Temple Mount itself.<sup id="cite_ref-UJT_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UJT-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the empire started becoming Christian under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, they were given permission to enter the city once a year, on the <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, to lament the loss of the Temple at the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Burdigalense" title="Itinerarium Burdigalense">Bordeaux Pilgrim</a>, who wrote in 333 CE, suggests that it was probably to the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">perforated stone</a> or the Rock of Moriah, "to which the Jews come every year and anoint it, bewail themselves with groans, rend their garments, and so depart".This was because an imperial decree from Rome barred Jews from living in Jerusalem. Just once per year they were permitted to return and bitterly grieve about the fate of their people. Comparable accounts survive, including those by the Church Father, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> (c. 329–390) and by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> in his commentary to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> written in 392 CE. In the 4th century, Christian sources reveal that the Jews encountered great difficulty in buying the right to pray near the Western Wall, at least on the 9th of Av.<sup id="cite_ref-UJT_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UJT-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 425 CE, the Jews of the Galilee wrote to Byzantine empress <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a> seeking permission to pray by the ruins of the Temple. Permission was granted and they were officially permitted to resettle in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h4></div> <p>Discovery of underground rooms that could have been used as food storage carved out of the bedrock under the 1,400-year-old mosaic floor of Byzantine structure was announced by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> in May in 2020. </p><p>"At first we were very disappointed because we found we hit the bedrock, meaning that the material culture, the human activity here in Jerusalem ended. What we found here was a rock-cut system—three rooms, all hewn in the bedrock of ancient Jerusalem" said co-director of the excavation Barak Monnickendam-Givon.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_to_Mamluk_period_(638–1517)"><span id="Early_Muslim_to_Mamluk_period_.28638.E2.80.931517.29"></span>Early Muslim to Mamluk period (638–1517)</h3></div> <p>Several Jewish authors of the 10th and 11th centuries write about the Jews resorting to the Western Wall for devotional purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahimaaz_ben_Paltiel" title="Ahimaaz ben Paltiel">Ahimaaz</a> relates that Samuel ben Paltiel (980–1010) gave money for oil at "the sanctuary at the Western Wall."<sup id="cite_ref-Mann72_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann72-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonfil09_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonfil09-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levanon80_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levanon80-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> (1170) wrote "In front of this place is the western wall, which is one of the walls of the Holy of Holies. This is called the Gate of Mercy, and hither come all the Jews to pray before the Wall in the open court." The account gave rise to confusion about the actual location of Jewish worship, and some suggest that Benjamin in fact referred to the Eastern Wall along with its <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Gate of Mercy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldhill09_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldhill09-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philipson68_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philipson68-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a> (d. 1270) did not mention a synagogue near the Western Wall in his detailed account of the temple site,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly before the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Crusader period</a> a synagogue existed at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-MG1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah ben Abraham">Obadiah of Bertinoro</a> (1488) states "the Western Wall, part of which is still standing, is made of great, thick stones, larger than any I have seen in buildings of antiquity in Rome or in other lands."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s 1187 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">siege of the city</a>, in 1193, the sultan's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">al-Afdal</a> established the land adjacent to the wall as a <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">charitable trust</a> (<i>waqf</i>). The largest part of it was named after an important mystic, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Abu Madyan Shu'aib</a>. The Abu Madyan waqf was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebian</a> pilgrims and scholars who had taken up residence there, and houses were built only metres away from the wall, from which they were thus separated by just a narrow passageway,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 4 metres (13 ft) wide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first likely mention of the Islamic tradition that Buraq was tethered at the site is from the 14th century. A manuscript by Ibrahim b. Ishaq al-Ansari (known as Ibn Furkah, d. 1328) refers to Bab al-Nabi (lit. "Gate of the Prophet"), an old name for <a href="/wiki/Barclay%27s_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay's Gate">Barclay's Gate</a> below the Maghrebi Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricca07_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricca07-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KhalidiPI_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhalidiPI-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles D. Matthews however, who edited al-Firkah's work, notes that other statements of al-Firkah might seem to point to the <a href="/wiki/The_Double_Gate" title="The Double Gate">Double Gate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">southern wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period_(1517–1917)"><span id="Ottoman_period_.281517.E2.80.931917.29"></span>Ottoman period (1517–1917)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wailing_Wall_by_Gustav_Bauernfeind.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wailing_Wall_by_Gustav_Bauernfeind.png/170px-Wailing_Wall_by_Gustav_Bauernfeind.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wailing_Wall_by_Gustav_Bauernfeind.png/255px-Wailing_Wall_by_Gustav_Bauernfeind.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wailing_Wall_by_Gustav_Bauernfeind.png/340px-Wailing_Wall_by_Gustav_Bauernfeind.png 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption><i>Wailing Wall, Jerusalem</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauernfeind" title="Gustav Bauernfeind">Gustav Bauernfeind</a> (19th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1517, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> conquered Jerusalem from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> who had held it since 1250. Selim's son, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, ordered the construction of an imposing wall to be built around the entire city, which still stands today. Various folktales relate Suleiman's quest to locate the Temple site and his order to have the area "swept and sprinkled, and the Western Wall washed with rosewater" upon its discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-VilnayP61_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VilnayP61-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a legend cited by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hagiz" title="Moses Hagiz">Moses Hagiz</a>, Jews received official permission to worship at the site and Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> built an oratory for them there,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, as of <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> 1625, Jews were banned from praying on the Temple Mount and only sometimes dared to pray at the Western Wall, for which purpose a special liturgy had been arranged.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gedaliah of <a href="/wiki/Siemiatycze" title="Siemiatycze">Siemiatycze</a>, who lived in Jerusalem from 1700 to 1706, reports that Jews then had access to the wall and would pray there as often as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, land close to the Wall became built up. Public access to the Wall was through the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Quarter">Moroccan Quarter</a>, a labyrinth of narrow alleyways. In May 1840 a <a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> forbade the Jews to pave the passageway in front of the Wall. It also cautioned them against "raising their voices and displaying their books there." They were, however, allowed "to pay visits to it as of old."<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Joseph_Schwarz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Joseph Schwarz">Rabbi Joseph Schwarz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5" class="extiw" title="he:יהוסף שוורץ">he</a>]</span> writing in the mid-19th century records: </p> <blockquote><p>This wall is visited by all our brothers on every feast and festival; and the large space at its foot is often so densely filled up, that all cannot perform their devotions here at the same time. It is also visited, though by less numbers, on every Friday afternoon, and by some nearly every day. No one is molested in these visits by the Mahomedans, as we have a very old <a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a> from the Sultan of Constantinople that the approach shall not be denied to us, though the Porte obtains for this privilege a special tax, which is, however, quite insignificant.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Over time the increased numbers of people gathering at the site resulted in tensions between the Jewish visitors who wanted easier access and more space, and the residents, who complained of the noise.<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave rise to Jewish attempts at gaining ownership of the land adjacent to the Wall. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koisel_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Koisel_1870.jpg/170px-Koisel_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Koisel_1870.jpg/255px-Koisel_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Koisel_1870.jpg/340px-Koisel_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="2862" /></a><figcaption>The Western Wall in c. 1870, squeezed in by houses of the Moroccan Quarter, a century before they were demolished</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1830s a wealthy Jew named Shemarya Luria attempted to purchase houses near the Wall, but was unsuccessful,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was Jewish sage Abdullah of Bombay who tried to purchase the Western Wall in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-ANT_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANT-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869 Rabbi Hillel Moshe Gelbstein settled in Jerusalem. He arranged that benches and tables be brought to the Wall on a daily basis for the study groups he organised and the <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> which he led there for years. He also formulated a plan whereby some of the courtyards facing the Wall would be acquired, with the intention of establishing three synagogues—one each for the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also endeavoured to re-establish an ancient practice of "guards of honour", which according to the mishnah in <a href="/wiki/Middot_(Talmud)" title="Middot (Talmud)">Middot</a>, were positioned around the Temple Mount. He rented a house near the Wall and paid men to stand guard there and at various other gateways around the mount. However, this set-up lasted only for a short time due to lack of funds or because of Arab resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-SLC_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, Mordechai Rosanes paid for the repaving of the alleyway adjacent to the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887 <a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a> conceived a plan to purchase and demolish the Moroccan Quarter as "a merit and honor to the Jewish People."<sup id="cite_ref-WHTE_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHTE-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed purchase was considered and approved by the Ottoman Governor of Jerusalem, Rauf Pasha, and by the Mufti of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Tahir_Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Tahir Husseini">Mohammed Tahir Husseini</a>. Even after permission was obtained from the highest secular and Muslim religious authority to proceed, the transaction was shelved after the authorities insisted that after demolishing the quarter no construction of any type could take place there, only trees could be planted to beautify the area. Additionally the Jews would not have full control over the area. This meant that they would have no power to stop people from using the plaza for various activities, including the driving of mules, which would cause a disturbance to worshippers.<sup id="cite_ref-WHTE_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHTE-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reports place the scheme's failure on Jewish infighting as to whether the plan would foster a detrimental Arab reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jew%27s_Wailing_Place,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jew%27s_Wailing_Place%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Jew%27s_Wailing_Place%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jew%27s_Wailing_Place%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Jew%27s_Wailing_Place%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jew%27s_Wailing_Place%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Jew%27s_Wailing_Place%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Jews' Wailing Place, Jerusalem, 1891</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1895 Hebrew linguist and publisher Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Hirschensohn" title="Chaim Hirschensohn">Chaim Hirschensohn</a> became entangled in a failed effort to purchase the Western Wall and lost all his assets.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempts of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Land_Development_Company" title="Israel Land Development Company">Palestine Land Development Company</a> to purchase the environs of the Western Wall for the Jews just before the outbreak of World War I also never came to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-ANT_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANT-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first two months following the Ottoman Empire's entry into the First World War, the Turkish governor of Jerusalem, Zakey Bey, offered to sell the Moroccan Quarter, which consisted of about 25 houses, to the Jews in order to enlarge the area available to them for prayer. He requested a sum of £20,000 which would be used to both rehouse the Muslim families and to create a public garden in front of the Wall. However, the Jews of the city lacked the necessary funds. A few months later, under Muslim Arab pressure on the Turkish authorities in Jerusalem, Jews became forbidden by official decree to place benches and light candles at the Wall. This sour turn in relations was taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Chacham_Bashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacham Bashi">Chacham Bashi</a> who managed to get the ban overturned.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915 it was reported that Djemal Pasha, closed off the wall to visitation as a sanitary measure.<sup id="cite_ref-Adv_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adv-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably meant was the "<a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Great</a>", rather than the "<a href="/wiki/Cemal_Mersinli" title="Cemal Mersinli">Small</a>" Djemal Pasha. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>Decrees (<i><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a></i>)s issued regarding the Wall: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Issued by </th> <th>Content </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1560 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> </td> <td>Official recognition of the right of Jews to pray by the Wall<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong08_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong08-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonen03_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonen03-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> </td> <td>Forbidding the Jews to pave the passage in front of the Wall. It also cautioned them against "raising their voices and displaying their books there." They were, however, allowed "to pay visits to it as of old."<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1841* </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> </td> <td>"Of the same bearing and likewise to two others of 1893 and 1909"<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889* </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> </td> <td>That there shall be no interference with the Jews' places of devotional visits and of pilgrimage, that are situated in the localities which are dependent on the Chief Rabbinate, nor with the practice of their ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893* </td> <td> </td> <td>Confirming firman of 1889<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909* </td> <td> </td> <td>Confirming firman of 1889<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap">Administrative Council of the <a href="/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">Liwa</a> </td> <td>Prohibiting the Jews from certain <a href="/wiki/Appurtenances" class="mw-redirect" title="Appurtenances">appurtenances</a> at the Wall<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><ul><li>These firmans were cited by the Jewish contingent at the International Commission, 1930, as proof for rights at the Wall. Muslim authorities responded by arguing that historic sanctions of Jewish presence were <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">acts of tolerance</a> shown by Muslims, who, by doing so, did not concede any <a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">positive rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule_(1917–48)"><span id="British_rule_.281917.E2.80.9348.29"></span>British rule (1917–48)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_legion_hakotel_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jewish_legion_hakotel_1917.jpg/220px-Jewish_legion_hakotel_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jewish_legion_hakotel_1917.jpg/330px-Jewish_legion_hakotel_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jewish_legion_hakotel_1917.jpg/440px-Jewish_legion_hakotel_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish Legion</a> soldiers at the Western Wall after British conquest of Jerusalem, 1917</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_images_of_the_Western_Wall_-_1920_C_SR_016b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Historical_images_of_the_Western_Wall_-_1920_C_SR_016b.JPG/220px-Historical_images_of_the_Western_Wall_-_1920_C_SR_016b.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Historical_images_of_the_Western_Wall_-_1920_C_SR_016b.JPG/330px-Historical_images_of_the_Western_Wall_-_1920_C_SR_016b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Historical_images_of_the_Western_Wall_-_1920_C_SR_016b.JPG/440px-Historical_images_of_the_Western_Wall_-_1920_C_SR_016b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>1920. From the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1917, Allied forces under <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jerusalem (1917)">captured Jerusalem</a> from the Turks. Allenby pledged "that every sacred building, monument, holy spot, shrine, traditional site, endowment, pious bequest, or customary place of prayer of whatsoever form of the three religions will be maintained and protected according to the existing customs and beliefs of those to whose faith they are sacred".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919 Zionist leader <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> approached the British Military Governor of Jerusalem, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Storrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ronald Storrs">Sir Ronald Storrs</a>, and offered between £75,000<sup id="cite_ref-MG_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and £100,000<sup id="cite_ref-BW_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (approx. £5m in modern terms) to purchase the area at the foot of the Wall and rehouse the occupants. Storrs was enthusiastic about the idea because he hoped some of the money would be used to improve Muslim education. Although they appeared promising at first, negotiations broke down after strong Muslim opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storrs wrote two decades later: </p> <blockquote><p>The acceptance of the proposals, had it been practicable, would have obviated years of wretched humiliations, including the befouling of the Wall and pavement and the unmannerly braying of the tragi-comic Arab band during Jewish prayer, and culminating in the horrible outrages of 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-MG_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In early 1920, the first Jewish-Arab dispute over the Wall occurred when the Muslim authorities were carrying out minor repair works to the Wall's upper courses. The Jews, while agreeing that the works were necessary, appealed to the British that they be made under supervision of the newly formed Department of Antiquities, because the Wall was an ancient relic.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hillel Halkin, in the 1920s, among rising tensions with the Jews regarding the wall, the Arabs ceased using the more traditional name El-Mabka, "the Place of Weeping", which related to Jewish practices, and replaced it with El-Burak, a name with Muslim connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-Halkin01_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halkin01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926 an effort was made to lease the Maghrebi <i>waqf</i>, which included the wall, with the plan of eventually buying it.<sup id="cite_ref-BWbook_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWbook-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations were begun in secret by the Jewish judge <a href="/wiki/Gad_Frumkin" title="Gad Frumkin">Gad Frumkin</a>, with financial backing from American millionaire <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Straus" title="Nathan Straus">Nathan Straus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BWbook_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWbook-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chairman of the Palestine Zionist Executive, Colonel <a href="/wiki/F._H._Kisch" class="mw-redirect" title="F. H. Kisch">F. H. Kisch</a>, explained that the aim was "quietly to evacuate the Moroccan occupants of those houses which it would later be necessary to demolish" to create an open space with seats for aged worshippers to sit on.<sup id="cite_ref-BWbook_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWbook-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Straus withdrew when the price became excessive and the plan came to nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Va%27ad_Leumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Va'ad Leumi">Va'ad Leumi</a>, against the advice of the Palestine Zionist Executive, demanded that the British expropriate the wall and give it to the Jews, but the British refused.<sup id="cite_ref-BWbook_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWbook-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/John_Chancellor_(British_administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chancellor (British administrator)">John Chancellor</a>, High Commissioner of Palestine, believed that the Western Wall should come under Jewish control and wondered "why no great Jewish philanthropist had not bought it yet".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_1928_disturbances">September 1928 disturbances</h4></div> <p>In 1922, a Status Quo agreement issued by the mandatory authority forbade the placing of benches or chairs near the Wall. The last occurrence of such a ban was in 1915, but the Ottoman decree was soon retracted after intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Chacham_Bashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacham Bashi">Chacham Bashi</a>. In 1928 the District Commissioner of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Keith-Roach" title="Edward Keith-Roach">Edward Keith-Roach</a>, acceded to an Arab request to implement the ban. This led to a British officer being stationed at the Wall making sure that Jews were prevented from sitting. Nor were Jews permitted to separate the sexes with a screen. In practice, a flexible <a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi" title="Modus vivendi">modus vivendi</a> had emerged and such screens had been put up from time to time when large numbers of people gathered to pray. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kotel_jerusalem.jpg/170px-Kotel_jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kotel_jerusalem.jpg/255px-Kotel_jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kotel_jerusalem.jpg/340px-Kotel_jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The placing of a <i><a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">Mechitza</a></i> similar to the one in the picture was the catalyst for confrontation between the Arabs, Jews and Mandate authorities in 1928.</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 24, 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a>, British police resorted to removing by force a <a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">screen</a> used to separate men and women at prayer. Women who tried to prevent the screen being dismantled were beaten by the police, who used pieces of the broken wooden frame as clubs. Chairs were then pulled out from under elderly worshipers. The episode made international news and Jews the world over objected to the British action. <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Chaim_Sonnenfeld" title="Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld">Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld</a>, the Chief Rabbi of the ultraorthodox Jews in Jerusalem, issued a protest letter on behalf of his community, the <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">Agudas Yisroel</a> strongly condemning the desecration of the holy site. Various communal leaders called for a general strike. A large rally was held in the <a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_Yeshiva" title="Etz Chaim Yeshiva">Etz Chaim Yeshiva</a>, following which an angry crowd attacked the local police station in which they believed <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Valder_Duff" title="Douglas Valder Duff">Douglas Valder Duff</a>, the British officer involved, was sheltering.<sup id="cite_ref-GoJ_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoJ-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commissioner Edward Keith-Roach described the screen as violating the <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Ottoman status quo</a> that forbade Jews from making any construction in the Western Wall area. He informed the Jewish community that the removal had been carried out under his orders after receiving a complaint from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a>. The Arabs were concerned that the Jews were trying to extend their rights at the wall and with this move, ultimately intended to take possession of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Masjid Al-Aqsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PYIL_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PYIL-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government issued an announcement explaining the incident and blaming the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Gabbai" title="Gabbai">beadle</a> at the Wall. It stressed that the removal of the screen was necessary, but expressed regret over the ensuing events.<sup id="cite_ref-GoJ_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoJ-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A widespread Arab campaign to protest against presumed Jewish intentions and designs to take possession of the Al Aqsa Mosque swept the country and a "Society for the Protection of the Muslim Holy Places" was established.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a> (Vaad Leumi) responding to these Arab fears declared in a statement that "We herewith declare emphatically and sincerely that no Jew has ever thought of encroaching upon the rights of Moslems over their own Holy places, but our Arab brethren should also recognise the rights of Jews in regard to the places in Palestine which are holy to them."<sup id="cite_ref-PYIL_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PYIL-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee also demanded that the British administration expropriate the wall for the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-OR_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From October 1928 onward, Mufti <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin al-Husayni">Amin al-Husayni</a> organised a series of measures to demonstrate the Arabs' exclusive claims to the Temple Mount and its environs. He ordered new construction next to and above the Western Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British granted the Arabs permission to convert a building adjoining the Wall into a mosque and to add a minaret. A <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a> was appointed to perform the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Islamic call to prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Sufi rites</a> directly next to the Wall. These were seen as a provocation by the Jews who prayed at the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews protested and tensions increased. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg/170px-Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg/255px-Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg/340px-Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>British police post at the entrance to the Western Wall, 1933</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_police_wailing_wall1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_police_wailing_wall1.jpg/170px-British_police_wailing_wall1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_police_wailing_wall1.jpg/255px-British_police_wailing_wall1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_police_wailing_wall1.jpg/340px-British_police_wailing_wall1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>British police at the Wailing Wall, 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>A British inquiry into the disturbances and investigation regarding the principal issue in the Western Wall dispute, namely the rights of the Jewish worshipers to bring appurtenances to the wall, was convened. The Supreme Muslim Council provided documents dating from the Turkish regime supporting their claims. However, repeated reminders to the Chief Rabbinate to verify which apparatus had been permitted failed to elicit any response. They refused to do so, arguing that Jews had the right to pray at the Wall without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-VI_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VI-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in November 1928, the Government issued a White Paper entitled "The Western or Wailing Wall in Jerusalem: Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies", which emphasised the maintenance of the <i>status quo</i> and instructed that Jews could only bring "those accessories which had been permitted in Turkish times."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months later, Haj Amin complained to <a href="/wiki/John_Chancellor_(British_administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chancellor (British administrator)">Chancellor</a> that "Jews were bringing benches and tables in increased numbers to the wall and driving nails into the wall and hanging lamps on them."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1929_Palestine_riots">1929 Palestine riots</h4></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a></div></dd></dl> <p>In the summer of 1929, the Mufti <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Haj Amin Al Husseinni</a> ordered an opening be made at the southern end of the alleyway which straddled the Wall. The former cul-de-sac became a thoroughfare which led from the Temple Mount into the prayer area at the Wall. Mules were herded through the narrow alley, often dropping excrement. This, together with other construction projects in the vicinity, and restricted access to the Wall, resulted in Jewish protests to the British, who remained indifferent.<sup id="cite_ref-VI_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VI-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 14, 1929, after attacks on individual Jews praying at the Wall, 6,000 Jews demonstrated in Tel Aviv, shouting "The Wall is ours." The next day, the Jewish fast of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, 300 youths raised the Zionist flag and sang <a href="/wiki/Hatikva" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatikva">Hatikva</a> at the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-OR_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day after, on August 16, an organized mob of 2,000 Muslim Arabs descended on the Western Wall, injuring the beadle and burning prayer books, liturgical fixtures and notes of supplication. The rioting spread to the Jewish commercial area of town, and was followed a few days later by the <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred and thirty-three Jews were killed and 339 injured in the Arab riots, and in the subsequent process of quelling the riots 110 Arabs were killed by British police. This was by far the deadliest attack on Jews during the period of British Rule over Palestine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930_international_commission">1930 international commission</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_Wailing_Wall" title="International Commission for the Wailing Wall">International Commission for the Wailing Wall</a></div> <p>In 1930, in response to the 1929 riots, the British Government appointed a commission "to determine the rights and claims of Muslims and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall", and to determine the causes of the violence and prevent it in the future. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> approved the commission on condition that the members were not British. </p><p>The Commission noted that "the Jews do not claim any proprietorship to the Wall or to the Pavement in front of it (concluding speech of Jewish Counsel, Minutes, page 908)." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-American_Committee_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Anglo-American_Committee_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg/220px-Anglo-American_Committee_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Anglo-American_Committee_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg/330px-Anglo-American_Committee_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Anglo-American_Committee_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg/440px-Anglo-American_Committee_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</a> at the Western Wall, 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>The Commission concluded that the wall, and the adjacent pavement and Moroccan Quarter, were solely owned by the Muslim <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">waqf</a></i>. However, Jews had the right to "free access to the Western Wall for the purpose of devotions at all times", subject to some stipulations that limited which objects could be brought to the Wall and forbade the blowing of the <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a>, which was made illegal. Muslims were forbidden to disrupt Jewish devotions by driving animals or other means.<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recommendations of the Commission were brought into law by the Palestine (Western or Wailing Wall) Order in Council, 1931, which came into effect on June 8, 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaz31_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaz31-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persons violating the law were liable to a fine of 50 pounds or imprisonment up to 6 months, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaz31_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaz31-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s, at the conclusion of Yom Kippur, young Jews persistently flouted the shofar ban each year and blew the shofar resulting in their arrest and prosecution. They were usually fined or sentenced to imprisonment for three to six months. The Shaw commission determined that the violence occurred due to "racial animosity on the part of the Arabs, consequent upon the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordanian_rule_(1948–67)"><span id="Jordanian_rule_.281948.E2.80.9367.29"></span>Jordanian rule (1948–67)</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> the Old City together with the Wall was <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">controlled by Jordan</a>. Article VIII of the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements#With_Jordan" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreement</a> called for a Special Committee to make arrangements for (amongst other things) "free access to the Holy Places and cultural institutions and use of the cemetery on the Mount of Olives".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee sat multiple times during 1949, but both sides made additional demands and at the same time the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Conciliation_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Conciliation Commission">Palestine Conciliation Commission</a> was pressing for the internationalization of Jerusalem against the wishes of both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-BenDror_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenDror-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No agreement was ever reached, leading to recriminations in both directions. Neither Israeli Arabs nor Israeli Jews could visit their holy places in the Jordanian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert254_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert254-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Israeli23_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israeli23-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception was made for Christians to participate in Christmas ceremonies in Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-Israeli23_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israeli23-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources claim Jews could only visit the wall if they traveled through Jordan (which was not an option for Israelis) and did not have an Israeli visa stamped in their passports.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Jordanian soldiers and tourists were to be found there. A vantage point on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>, from which the Wall could be viewed, became the place where Jews gathered to pray. For thousands of pilgrims, the mount, being the closest location to the Wall under Israeli control, became a substitute site for the traditional <a href="/wiki/Priestly_blessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly blessing">priestly blessing</a> ceremony which takes place on the <a href="/wiki/Shalosh_regalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalosh regalim">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Al_Buraq_(Wailing_Wall)_Rd"_sign"><span id=".22Al_Buraq_.28Wailing_Wall.29_Rd.22_sign"></span>"Al Buraq (Wailing Wall) Rd" sign</h4></div> <p>During the Jordanian rule of the Old City, a ceramic street sign in Arabic and English was affixed to the stones of the ancient wall. Attached 2.1 metres (6.9 ft) up, it was made up of eight separate ceramic tiles and said <i>Al Buraq Road</i> in Arabic at the top with the English "Al-Buraq (Wailing Wall) Rd" below. When Israeli soldiers arrived at the wall in June 1967, one attempted to scrawl Hebrew lettering on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Narkiss70_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narkiss70-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i> reported that on June 8, Ben-Gurion went to the wall and "looked with distaste" at the road sign; "this is not right, it should come down" and he proceeded to dismantle it.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuwayt_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuwayt-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act signaled the climax of the capture of the Old City and the ability of Jews to once again access their holiest sites.<sup id="cite_ref-בר2007_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-בר2007-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emotional recollections of this event are related by <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PL95_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL95-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_years_under_Israeli_rule_(1967–69)"><span id="First_years_under_Israeli_rule_.281967.E2.80.9369.29"></span>First years under Israeli rule (1967–69)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declarations_after_the_conquest">Declarations after the conquest</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99.jpg/220px-%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99.jpg/330px-%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99.jpg/440px-%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3047" /></a><figcaption>The iconic image of Israeli soldiers shortly after the capture of the Wall during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following Israel's victory during the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, the Western Wall came under Israeli control. Brigadier Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Goren" title="Shlomo Goren">Shlomo Goren</a> proclaimed after its capture that "Israel would never again relinquish the Wall", a stance supported by Israeli Minister for Defence <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a> and Chief of Staff General <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JR67_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR67-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabin described the moment Israeli soldiers reached the Wall: </p> <blockquote><p>"There was one moment in the Six-Day War which symbolized the great victory: that was the moment in which the first paratroopers—under <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Gur" title="Mordechai Gur">Gur</a>'s command—reached the stones of the Western Wall, feeling the emotion of the place; there never was, and never will be, another moment like it. Nobody staged that moment. Nobody planned it in advance. Nobody prepared it and nobody was prepared for it; it was as if Providence had directed the whole thing: the paratroopers weeping—loudly and in pain—over their comrades who had fallen along the way, the words of the <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a> prayer heard by Western Wall's stones after 19 years of silence, tears of mourning, shouts of joy, and the singing of "<a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatikvah</a>"".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demolition_of_the_Moroccan_Quarter">Demolition of the Moroccan Quarter</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Wall_area_and_Moroccan_Quarter_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map_1-2,500_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Western_Wall_area_and_Moroccan_Quarter_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map_1-2%2C500_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Western_Wall_area_and_Moroccan_Quarter_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map_1-2%2C500_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Western_Wall_area_and_Moroccan_Quarter_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map_1-2%2C500_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Western_Wall_area_and_Moroccan_Quarter_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map_1-2%2C500_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Western_Wall_area_and_Moroccan_Quarter_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map_1-2%2C500_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Western_Wall_area_and_Moroccan_Quarter_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_map_by_Survey_of_Palestine_map_1-2%2C500_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1349" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>Moroccan Quarter (cell J9) surrounding the Western Wall (numbered 62) in the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a> map. The two mosques demolished after 1967 are shown in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>Forty-eight hours after capturing the wall, the military, without explicit government order,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorenberg200745_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorenberg200745-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hastily proceeded to demolish the entire <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Quarter">Moroccan Quarter</a>, which stood 4 metres (13 ft) from the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sheikh Eid Mosque, which was built over one of Jerusalem's oldest <a href="/wiki/Madrassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa">Islamic schools</a>, the Afdiliyeh, named after one of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">sons</a>, was pulled down to make way for the plaza. It was one of three or four that survived from Saladin's time.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 106 Arab families consisting of 650 people were ordered to leave their homes at night. When they refused, bulldozers began to demolish the buildings with people still inside, killing one person and injuring a number of others.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eyal_Weizman" title="Eyal Weizman">Eyal Weizman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Herzog" title="Chaim Herzog">Chaim Herzog</a>, who later became Israel's sixth president, took much of the credit for the destruction of the neighbourhood: </p> <blockquote><p>When we visited the Wailing Wall we found a toilet attached to it ... we decided to remove it and from this we came to the conclusion that we could evacuate the entire area in front of the Wailing Wall ... a historical opportunity that will never return ... We knew that the following Saturday [sic Wednesday], June 14, would be the Jewish festival of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> and that many will want to come to pray ... it all had to be completed by then.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian Matthew Teller, who investigated the story of the toilet, judged it as improbable.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrow pavement, which could accommodate a maximum of 12,000 per day, was transformed into an enormous plaza that could hold in excess of 400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several months later, the pavement close to the wall was excavated to a depth of two and half metres, exposing an additional two courses of large stones.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A complex of buildings against the wall at the southern end of the plaza, that included Madrasa Fakhriya and the house that the Abu al-Sa'ud family had occupied since the 16th century, were spared in the 1967 destruction, but demolished in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section of the wall dedicated to prayers was thus extended southwards to double its original length, from 28 to 60 metres (92 to 197 ft), while the 4 metres (13 ft) space facing the wall grew to 40 metres (130 ft). </p><p>The narrow, approximately 120 square metres (1,300 sq ft) pre-1948 alley along the wall, used for Jewish prayer, was enlarged to 2,400 square metres (26,000 sq ft), with the entire Western Wall Plaza covering 20,000 square metres (4.9 acres), stretching from the wall to the Jewish Quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plaza">Plaza</h2></div> <p>The new plaza created in 1967 is used for worship and public gatherings, including <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">Bar mitzvah</a> celebrations and the swearing-in ceremonies of newly full-fledged soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>. Tens of thousands of Jews flock to the wall on the Jewish holidays, and particularly on the fast of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, which marks the destruction of the Temple and on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Yerushalayim" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Yerushalayim">Jerusalem Day</a>, which commemorates the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967 and the delivery of the Wall into Jewish hands. </p><p>In November 2010, the government approved a NIS 85m ($23m) scheme to improve access from the Jewish Quarter and upgrade infrastructure at the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_rules">Orthodox rules</h3></div> <p>Conflicts over prayer at the national monument began a little more than a year after Israel's victory in the Six-Day War, which again made the site accessible to Jews. In July 1968 the <a href="/wiki/World_Union_for_Progressive_Judaism" title="World Union for Progressive Judaism">World Union for Progressive Judaism</a>, which had planned the group's international convention in Jerusalem, appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> after the Ministry of Religious Affairs prohibited the organization from hosting mixed-gender services at the Wall. The Knesset committee on internal affairs backed the Ministry of Religious Affairs in disallowing the Jewish convention attendees, who had come from over 24 countries, from worshiping in their fashion. The Orthodox held that services at the Wall should follow traditional Jewish law for segregated seating followed in synagogues, while the non-Orthodox perspective was that "the Wall is a shrine of all Jews, not one particular branch of Judaism."<sup id="cite_ref-jta_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jta-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wilson's_Arch_area"><span id="Wilson.27s_Arch_area"></span>Wilson's Arch area</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology_2">Archaeology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformation_into_worship_area">Transformation into worship area</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_2.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_2.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_2.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3115" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>Torah Ark inside men's section of Wilson's Arch</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1983, U.S. Sixth Fleet Chaplain, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Resnicoff" title="Arnold Resnicoff">Arnold Resnicoff</a> was allowed to hold an unusual interfaith service—the first interfaith service ever conducted at the Wall during the time it was under Israeli control—that included men and women sitting together. The ten-minute service included the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a>, recited by Resnicoff, who is a <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a>. A Ministry of Religions representative was present, responding to press queries that the service was authorized as part of a special welcome for the U.S. Sixth Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Wall Heritage Foundation">Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a> initiated a major renovation effort under Rabbi-of-the-Wall <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Rabinovitch" title="Shmuel Rabinovitch">Shmuel Rabinovitch</a>. Its goal was to renovate and restructure the area within <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a>, the covered area to the left of worshipers facing the Wall in the open prayer plaza, in order to increase access for visitors and for prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-kotel_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotel-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The restoration of the men's section included a <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Torah ark</a> that can house over 100 <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Torah scrolls</a>, in addition to new bookshelves, a library, heating for the winter, and air conditioning for the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-kotel_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotel-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new room was also built for the scribes who maintain and preserve the Torah scrolls used at the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-kotel_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotel-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New construction also included a women's section,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overlooking the men's prayer area, so that women could use this separate area to "take part in the services held inside under the Arch" for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 25, 2010, a <i><a href="/wiki/Ner_tamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ner tamid">ner tamid</a></i>, an oil-burning "eternal light," was installed within the prayer hall within Wilson's Arch, the first eternal light installed in the area of the Western Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-ner_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ner-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Western Wall Heritage Foundation, requests had been made for many years that "an olive oil lamp be placed in the prayer hall of the Western Wall Plaza, as is the custom in Jewish synagogues, to represent the menorah of the Temple in Jerusalem as well as the continuously burning fire on the altar of burnt offerings in front of the Temple," especially in the closest place to those ancient flames.<sup id="cite_ref-ner_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ner-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USNAVY_Kotel_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USNAVY_Kotel_Service.jpg/220px-USNAVY_Kotel_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USNAVY_Kotel_Service.jpg/330px-USNAVY_Kotel_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USNAVY_Kotel_Service.jpg/440px-USNAVY_Kotel_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Asst. U.S. Sixth Fleet Chaplain <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Resnicoff" title="Arnold Resnicoff">Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff</a> leads an unusual interfaith service</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of special worship events have been held since the renovation. They have taken advantage of the cover, temperature control,<sup id="cite_ref-night_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-night-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enhanced security.<sup id="cite_ref-pope_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pope-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Robinson's_Arch_area"><span id="Robinson.27s_Arch_area"></span>Robinson's Arch area</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology_3">Archaeology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_remains_of_Robinson%27s_Arch_on_the_western_side_of_the_Temple_Mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_remains_of_Robinson%27s_Arch_on_the_western_side_of_the_Temple_Mount.jpg/220px-The_remains_of_Robinson%27s_Arch_on_the_western_side_of_the_Temple_Mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_remains_of_Robinson%27s_Arch_on_the_western_side_of_the_Temple_Mount.jpg/330px-The_remains_of_Robinson%27s_Arch_on_the_western_side_of_the_Temple_Mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_remains_of_Robinson%27s_Arch_on_the_western_side_of_the_Temple_Mount.jpg/440px-The_remains_of_Robinson%27s_Arch_on_the_western_side_of_the_Temple_Mount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The remains of Robinson's Arch above excavated remnants of the ancient street below.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the southern end of the Western Wall, Robinson's Arch along with a row of vaults once supported stairs ascending from the street to the Temple Mount.<sup id="cite_ref-virtual_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtual-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The so-called Isaiah Stone, located under Robinson's Arch, has a carved inscription in Hebrew with a partial and slightly faulty quote from (or <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">paraphrase</a> of) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2066:14&version=nrsv">Isaiah 66:14</a>: "And you will see and your heart will rejoice and <i>their</i> bones like an herb [will flourish]" (the correct line from Isaiah would read "...<i>your</i> bones".) This gave room to various interpretations, some speculating about it being written during a period of hope for Jews. Alternatively, it might be connected to nearby graves. The inscription has tentatively been dated to the 4th-8th century, some extending the possible timespan all the way to the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Orthodox_worship_area">Non-Orthodox worship area</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Egalitarian_and_non-Orthodox_prayer">Western Wall § Egalitarian and non-Orthodox prayer</a></div> <p>Because it does not come under the direct control of the Rabbi of the Wall or the Ministry of Religious Affairs, the site has been opened to religious groups that hold worship services that would not be approved by the Rabbi of the Western Wall or the Ministry of Religious Affairs in the major men's and women's prayer areas against the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-virtual_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtual-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The worship site was inaugurated in 2004 and has since hosted services by Reform and Conservative groups, as well as services by the Women of the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT13_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT13-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A platform has been added in 2013 in order to expand the prayer area.<sup id="cite_ref-platform_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_as_place_of_prayer">History as place of prayer</h3></div> <p>Jews were banned from Jerusalem by the Roman authorities after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Jewish_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Jewish revolt">Second Jewish revolt</a> (2nd century CE) and, although there are intermittent accounts of limited <a href="/wiki/9th_of_Av" class="mw-redirect" title="9th of Av">9th of Av</a> services on the Temple Mount, no sources from before the 7th-century Islamic conquest attest to any other Jewish services allowed near the Mount and many report that none were permitted. Sources conflict with regard to the Mount's status under Islamic rule, but Karaite commentator <a href="/wiki/Salmon_ben_Jeroham" title="Salmon ben Jeroham">Salmon ben Jeroham</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950</span> CE) reports that Jews were initially granted wide access to the Mount, then restricted to gathering near "one of its gates", then banned entirely before his own time.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="10th–12th_centuries"><span id="10th.E2.80.9312th_centuries"></span>10th–12th centuries</h4></div><p> However, a synagogue was apparently founded by the Western Wall (in the broader sense) shortly after the time of Salmon. The <a href="/wiki/Ahimaaz_ben_Paltiel#Chronicle_of_Ahimaaz" title="Ahimaaz ben Paltiel">Scroll of Ahimaaz</a>, a historical chronicle written in 1050 CE, describes:</p><blockquote><p>Samuel his son arose to replace [Paltiel], and this great man filled his father's place [in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 980</span> CE] ... [He] dedicated 20,000 golden <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma"> drachmas</a> to the One Who Dwells on High, to entreat the favor of the Rider of Clouds. These were alms for the poor...; oil for the synagogue in the western wall, for [the lamps on] its <i><a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a></i> ...<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>This account of Jewish prayer at the edge of the Mount in confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_ben_Azariah" title="Daniel ben Azariah">Daniel ben Azariah</a>, who writes (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1055</span> CE) that Jews were then permitted to "pray near the Mount's gates".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1099 CE the Crusader army <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)"> captured Jerusalem</a>, killing almost every Jew inside, and banned Jewish pilgrims from approaching the Mount. In his <i>Scroll of Revelation</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1125</span> CE), <a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya" title="Abraham bar Hiyya">Abraham bar Hiyya</a> records that:<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>... the Romans who destroyed the Temple in the days of the evil <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, though they despoiled its sanctuary, never claimed any ownership of the holy Mount or any need to pray there. But ever since the evil <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great"> Constantine</a> converted to Christianity, they have begun to make these claims ... Since [1099 CE] the Christians have desecrated the Mount, made the citadel their church, brought their idols within it, and prevented Jews from praying there. Ever since those villains took over the Mount, no Jew has been allowed to enter it, and none are to be found in all Jerusalem.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Wall_in_Florence_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Western_Wall_in_Florence_Scroll.jpg/220px-Western_Wall_in_Florence_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Western_Wall_in_Florence_Scroll.jpg/330px-Western_Wall_in_Florence_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Western_Wall_in_Florence_Scroll.jpg/440px-Western_Wall_in_Florence_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5542" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption>Western Wall in the "Florence Scroll", a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1315</span> Jewish pilgrimage guide. The Gates of Mercy are shown adjacent or perhaps as part of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p><p> In another reversal by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1167</span> CE, during the later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader period</a>, the Western Wall was reopened to Jewish prayer. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> attests:</p><blockquote><p>. . . and the Gate of <a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a>, which faced the Temple in ancient times. There is the <i><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templi Domini</a>,</i> which is the site of the Temple, and on it is a large and very beautiful dome built by <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> bin al-Khataab. Although they come to pray, the gentiles do not bring any images or effigies onto the site. And in front of this place is the western wall, which was one of the walls in<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Holy of Holies; this is called the Gate of Mercy<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hither come all the Jews to pray before the wall in the courtyard<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-itinerary222_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itinerary222-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17th_century">17th century</h4></div><p> In 1625, David Finzi reported to the Jewish leadership of <a href="/wiki/Carpi,_Emilia-Romagna" title="Carpi, Emilia-Romagna">Carpi</a> that:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>. . . from there we went up to the Temple Mount, passing mundane structures until we reached the peak of the Mount, where once the Temple stood, which was destroyed for our sins. Now a mosque is built upon it, and Jews are prohibited from entering it; only outside it, near the Western Wall, are Jews allowed to gather, and even this only in peaceful times—in difficult times, such as these, the Jewish community has decreed that no one go there. But in the first week of our visit, before this decree, we went all the way in, and kissed it, and I prostrated myself before its base, and there I said the ordered prayers, and also entreated God to bless all the Jews of Carpi ... Though it is called the Western Wall, nothing of the Temple whatever survived the destruction, the looting by thieves, and the construction of the mosque. They built a <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">citadel</a> on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a>, surpassingly lovely ...</p></blockquote><p>Tensions eventually calmed again. Gedaliah of <a href="/wiki/Siemiatycze" title="Siemiatycze">Siemiatycze</a>, who lived in Jerusalem from 1700 to 1706, records that:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Only Muslims are permitted to enter the Mount and not Jews or other peoples, unless they convert to the Muslim faith. They say that not just any faith is worthy of the Mount, and they continually remind us that the Muslims have superseded the Jews in the eyes of God. When we go to pray at the Wall, we press right up against it, like the lover in <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> who "standeth behind our wall". On the <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">eve of the New Moon</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha ba'Av</a>, and on other <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit" title="Ta'anit">fast days</a>, we go there to pray, and the women to raise their plangent cries, but no one challenges us, and even the <i>qadi</i> who lives there does not object. Though the Arab youths sometimes come to prey on us, they are easily bribed to leave us alone, and if caught by their own elders they are rebuked ... Prayer by the Wall usually meets with God's favor ... . Once in olden times, or so I heard, there was a terrible drought. The Jews declared a day of fasting, and they went with a Torah scroll to the Western Wall to pray, and God answered their prayers so readily that they had to wrap the scroll in their clothes on their return to the synagogue. Every Sabbath morning, after the services at the synagogue, we immediately set off for the Western Wall ... every single one of us, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a>, old and young ... there we recite those Psalms that mention Jerusalem, and <i>Pitom haQtores</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu l'Shabeach</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a>, and we bless those in the diaspora who fundraise for <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Eretz Yisrael</a> ... .</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th–19th_centuries"><span id="18th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span>18th–19th centuries</h4></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#f9f9f9; width:30em; max-width: 27%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"On Friday afternoon, March 13, 1863, the writer visited this sacred spot. Here he found between one and two hundred Jews of both sexes and of all ages, standing or sitting, and bowing as they read, chanted and recited, moving themselves backward and forward, the tears rolling down many a face; they kissed the walls and wrote sentences in Hebrew upon them... The lamentation which is most commonly used is from <a href="/wiki/Psalm_79" title="Psalm 79">Psalm 79</a>:1 "O God, the heathen are come into Thy inheritance; Thy holy temple have they defiled." <p>(Rev. James W. Lee, 1863)<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> The writings of various travellers in the Holy Land, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, tell of how the Wall and its environs continued to be a place of devotion for the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-report1930_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac Yahuda, a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> community in Jerusalem recalled how men and women used to gather in a circle at the Wall to hear sermons delivered in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>. His great-grandmother, who arrived in Palestine in 1841, "used to go to the Western Wall every Friday afternoon, winter and summer, and stay there until candle-lighting time, reading the entire Book of Psalms and the Song of Songs...she would sit there by herself for hours."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th–21st_centuries"><span id="20th.E2.80.9321st_centuries"></span>20th–21st centuries</h4></div> <p>In the past<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Western_Wall#This_is_not_an_acceptable_definition._I_presume_it_refers_to_C20._If_(also)_C19,_place_it_there_-_if_the_source_gives_clear_indication_for_it." title="Talk:Western Wall">discuss</a></i>]</sup> women could be found sitting at the entrance to the Wall every Sabbath holding fragrant herbs and spices in order to enable worshipers to make additional blessings. In the hot weather they would provide cool water. The women also used to cast lots for the privilege of sweeping and washing the alleyway at the foot of the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-SLC_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout several centuries, the Wall is where Jews have gathered to express gratitude to God or to pray for divine mercy. On news of the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> on June 6, 1944 thousands of Jews went to the Wall to offer prayers for the "success of His Majesty's and Allied Forces in the liberation of all enemy-occupied territory."<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 13, 1994, 50,000 gathered to pray for the safe return of kidnapped soldier <a href="/wiki/Nachshon_Wachsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachshon Wachsman">Nachshon Wachsman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> August 10, 2005 saw a massive prayer rally at the Wall. Estimates of people protesting <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's unilateral disengagement plan">Israel's unilateral disengagement plan</a> ranged from 50,000 to 250,000 people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> large crowds congregate at the Wall to commemorate the destruction of the Temple. In 2007 over 100,000 gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the month of <a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a> 2009, a record 1.5 million people visited the site.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_the_Foundation_Stone">Relation to the Foundation Stone</h3></div> <p>In Judaism, the Western Wall is venerated as the sole remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a>. It has become a place of pilgrimage for Jews, as it is the closest permitted accessible site to the holiest spot in Judaism, namely the <i>Even ha-shetiya</i> or <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a>, which lies on the Temple Mount. According to one rabbinic opinion, Jews may not set foot upon the Temple Mount and doing so is a sin punishable by <a href="/wiki/Kareth" title="Kareth">Kareth</a>. While almost all historians and archaeologists and some rabbinical authorities believe that the rocky outcrop in the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> is the Foundation Stone,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some rabbis say it is located directly opposite the exposed section of the Western Wall, near the El-kas fountain.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spot was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Kodesh_Hakodashim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodesh Hakodashim">Holy of Holies</a> when the Temple stood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_of_the_Temple_proper">Part of the Temple proper</h3></div> <p>Rabbinic tradition teaches that the western wall was built upon foundations laid by the biblical <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> from the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KHB_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHB-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some medieval rabbis claimed that today's Western Wall is a surviving wall of the Temple itself and cautioned Jews from approaching it, lest they enter the Temple precincts in a state of impurity.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many contemporary rabbis believe that the rabbinic traditions were made in reference to the Temple Mount's Western Wall, which accordingly endows the Wall with inherent holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_custody">Divine custody</h3></div> <p>A 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> refers to a western wall of the Temple which "would never be destroyed",<sup id="cite_ref-SSR_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 6th-century Midrash mentions how <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> was unable to topple the western wall due to the Divine oath promising its eternal survival.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_Presence">Divine Presence</h3></div> <p>An 11th-century Midrash quotes a 4th-century scholar: "Rav Acha said that the Divine Presence has never departed from the Western Wall",<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> (13th century) similarly writes that "the <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Divine Presence</a> rests upon the Western Wall".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eighteenth-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eybeschutz" title="Jonathan Eybeschutz">Jonathan Eybeschutz</a> writes that "after the destruction of the Temple, God removed His Presence from His sanctuary and placed it upon the Western Wall where it remains in its holiness and honour".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is told that great Jewish sages, including <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radvaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Radvaz">Radvaz</a>, experienced a revelation of the Divine Presence at the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabbalah_of_the_word_kotel">Kabbalah of the word <i>kotel</i></h3></div> <p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Kaindenover" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvi Hirsch Kaindenover">Zvi Hirsch Kaindenover</a> discusses the mystical aspect of the Hebrew word <i>kotel</i> when discussing the significance of praying against a wall. He cites the Zohar which writes that the word <i>kotel</i>, meaning wall, is made up of two parts: "Ko", which has the numerical value of God's name, and "Tel", meaning mount, which refers to the Temple and its Western Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual">Ritual</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils,_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/220px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/330px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/440px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Jews at the Western Wall, 1870s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_as_a_synagogue">Status as a synagogue</h4></div> <p>Many contemporary Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Poskim" class="mw-redirect" title="Poskim">scholars</a> rule that the area in front of the Wall has the status of a synagogue and must be treated with due respect.<sup id="cite_ref-KHB_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHB-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the view upheld by the authority in charge of the wall. As such, men and married women are expected to cover their heads upon approaching the Wall, and to dress appropriately. When departing, the custom is to walk backwards away from the Wall to show its sanctity.<sup id="cite_ref-KHB_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHB-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Saturdays, it is forbidden to enter the area with electronic devices, including cameras, which infringe on the sanctity of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contact_with_the_Wall">Contact with the Wall</h4></div> <p>Some Orthodox Jewish codifiers warn against inserting fingers into the cracks of the Wall as they believe that the breadth of the Wall constitutes part of the Temple Mount itself and retains holiness, while others who permit doing so claim that the Wall is located outside the Temple area.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2016)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the past, some visitors would write their names on the Wall, or based upon various scriptural verses, would drive nails into the crevices. These practices stopped after rabbis determined that such actions compromised the sanctity of the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-SLC_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another practice also existed whereby pilgrims or those intending to travel abroad would hack off a chip from the Wall or take some of the sand from between its cracks as a good luck charm or memento. In the late 19th century the question was raised as to whether this was permitted and a long <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a> appeared in the Jerusalem newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Dov_Frumkin#Havatzelet" title="Israel Dov Frumkin">Havatzelet</a></i> in 1898. It concluded that even if according to Jewish Law it was permitted, the practices should be stopped as it constituted a desecration.<sup id="cite_ref-SLC_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently the <i><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Yosef" title="Yalkut Yosef">Yalkut Yosef</a></i> rules that it is forbidden to remove small chips of stone or dust from the Wall, although it is permissible to take twigs from the vegetation which grows in the Wall for an amulet, as they contain no holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-YY_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YY-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleaning the stones is also problematic from a <a href="/wiki/Halachic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halachic">halachic</a> point of view. Blasphemous graffiti once sprayed by a tourist was left visible for months until it began to peel away.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barefoot_approach">Barefoot approach</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_of_Solomon,_c1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wall_of_Solomon%2C_c1880.jpg/220px-Wall_of_Solomon%2C_c1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wall_of_Solomon%2C_c1880.jpg/330px-Wall_of_Solomon%2C_c1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wall_of_Solomon%2C_c1880.jpg/440px-Wall_of_Solomon%2C_c1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The faithful remove their shoes upon approaching the Wall, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span></figcaption></figure> <p>There was once an old custom of removing one's shoes upon approaching the Wall. A 17th-century collection of special prayers to be said at holy places mentions that "upon coming to the Western Wall one should remove his shoes, bow and recite...".<sup id="cite_ref-SLC_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbi Moses Reicher wrote<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (February 2016)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that "it is a good and praiseworthy custom to approach the Western Wall in white garments after ablution, kneel and prostrate oneself in submission and recite "This is nothing other than the House of God and here is the gate of Heaven." When within four <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> of the Wall, one should remove their footwear."<sup id="cite_ref-SLC_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years the custom of standing barefoot at the Wall has ceased, as there is no need to remove one's shoes when standing by the Wall, because the plaza area is outside the sanctified precinct of the Temple Mount.<sup id="cite_ref-YY_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YY-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mourning_over_the_Temple's_destruction"><span id="Mourning_over_the_Temple.27s_destruction"></span>Mourning over the Temple's destruction</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_3432_9_av_kotel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_3432_9_av_kotel.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_3432_9_av_kotel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_3432_9_av_kotel.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_3432_9_av_kotel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_3432_9_av_kotel.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_3432_9_av_kotel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> at the Western Wall, 1970s</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Jewish Law, one is obliged to grieve and rend one's garment upon visiting the Western Wall and seeing the desolate site of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yoel_Sirkis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoel Sirkis">Bach</a> (17th century) instructs that "when one sees the Gates of Mercy which are situated in the Western Wall, which is the wall <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a> built, he should recite: Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken her bars: her king and her princes are among the nations: the law is no more; her prophets also find no vision from the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Poskim" class="mw-redirect" title="Poskim">scholars</a> write that rending one's garments is not applicable nowadays as Jerusalem is under Jewish control. Others disagree, pointing to the fact that the Temple Mount is controlled by the Muslim <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Waqf_Administrator" title="Office of the Waqf Administrator">waqf</a></i> and that the mosques which sit upon the Temple site should increase feelings of distress. If one hasn't seen the Wall for over 30 days, the prevailing custom is to rend one's garments, but this can be avoided if one visits on the Sabbath or on festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Donneal Epstein, a person who has not seen the Wall within the last 30 days should recite: "Our Holy Temple, which was our glory, in which our forefathers praised You, was burned and all of our delights were destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significance_as_place_of_prayer">Significance as place of prayer</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_at_western_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Women_at_western_wall.jpg/220px-Women_at_western_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Women_at_western_wall.jpg/330px-Women_at_western_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Women_at_western_wall.jpg/440px-Women_at_western_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Women at prayer, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sages of the Talmud stated that anyone who prays at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, "it is as if he has prayed before the throne of glory because the gate of heaven is situated there and it is open to hear prayer."<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish Law stipulates that the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Silent Prayer</a> should be recited facing <a href="/wiki/Mizrah" title="Mizrah">towards Jerusalem</a>, the Temple and ultimately the Holy of Holies,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as God's bounty and blessing emanates from that spot.<sup id="cite_ref-KHB_147-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHB-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally believed that prayer by the Western Wall is particularly beneficial since it was that wall which was situated closest to the Holy of Holies.<sup id="cite_ref-KHB_147-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHB-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ettlinger" title="Jacob Ettlinger">Jacob Ettlinger</a> (1798–1871) writes, making reference to a medieval rabbi, "since the Theology and ritual Israel's prayers ascend on high there... as one of the great ancient kabbalists Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gikatilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gikatilla">Joseph Gikatilla</a> said, when the Jews send their prayers from the Diaspora in the direction of Jerusalem, from there they ascend by way of the Western Wall."<sup id="cite_ref-SLC_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known <i><a href="/wiki/Segula_(Kabbalah)" title="Segula (Kabbalah)">segula</a></i> (efficacious remedy) for finding one's soulmate is to pray for 40 consecutive days at the Western Wall,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice apparently conceived by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Yaakov_Fisher" title="Yisroel Yaakov Fisher">Yisroel Yaakov Fisher</a> (1928–2003).<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egalitarian_and_non-Orthodox_prayer">Egalitarian and non-Orthodox prayer</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall,_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two large groups of people, seen from slightly above them, separated by a white cloth barrier, standing before a beige stone wall whose top cannot be seen, with another wall in the rear. The group in the foreground is all female, the one in the rear is all male, with many wearing white robes or shrouds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg/220px-Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg/330px-Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg/440px-Men%27s_and_women%27s_prayer_areas_at_the_Western_Wall%2C_seen_from_walkway_to_the_Dome_of_the_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The separate areas for men (top) and women, seen from the walkway to the Dome of the Rock</figcaption></figure> <p>While during the late 19th century, no formal segregation of men and women was to be found at the Wall,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conflict erupted in July 1968 when members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Union_for_Progressive_Judaism" title="World Union for Progressive Judaism">World Union for Progressive Judaism</a> were denied the right to host a mixed-gender service at the site after the Ministry of Religious Affairs insisted on maintaining the gender segregation customary at Orthodox places of worship. The progressives responded by claiming that "the Wall is a shrine of all Jews, not one particular branch of Judaism."<sup id="cite_ref-jta_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jta-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the small but vocal group called <a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a> launched a campaign for recognition of non-Orthodox prayer at the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their form and manner of prayer elicited a violent response from some Orthodox worshippers and they were subsequently banned from holding services at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT13_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT13-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After repeated attacks by <a href="/wiki/Haredim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredim">haredim</a>, in 1989 the Women of the Wall petitioned to secure the right of women to pray at the wall without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-wound_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wound-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decade on, some commentators called for the closure of the Wall unless an acceptable solution to the controversy was found.<sup id="cite_ref-Tear_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tear-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's Supreme Court">Israel's Supreme Court</a> upheld the ban on non-Orthodox worship at the Wall,<sup id="cite_ref-virtual_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtual-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> disallowing any women from reading publicly from the Torah or wearing traditional <a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">prayer shawls</a> at the plaza itself, but instructed the Israeli government to prepare the site of Robinson's Arch to host such events,<sup id="cite_ref-wound_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wound-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given that this area does not come under the direct control of the Rabbi of the Wall or the Ministry of Religious Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-virtual_121-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtual-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The government responded by allocating Robinson's Arch for such purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-wound_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wound-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Robinson's Arch worship site was inaugurated in August 2004 and has since hosted services by <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> groups, as well as services by the Women of the Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT13_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT13-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, critics still complained about the restrictions at the Western Wall, saying Israel had "turned a national monument into an ultra-Orthodox synagogue."<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2013 things came to a head. In response to the repeated arrest of women, including <a href="/wiki/Anat_Hoffman" title="Anat Hoffman">Anat Hoffman</a>, found flouting the law, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> observed 'the urgent need to reach a permanent solution and make the Western Wall once again a symbol of unity among the Jewish people, and not one of discord and strife."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT13_124-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT13-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish Agency leader <a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a> spearheaded a concept that would expand and renovate the Robinson's Arch area into an area where people may "perform worship rituals not based on the Orthodox interpretation of Jewish tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-forward.com_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward.com-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jerusalem District Court ruled that as long as there was no other appropriate area for pluralistic prayer, prayer according to non-Orthodox custom should be allowed at the Wall,<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a judge ruled that the 2003 Israeli Supreme Court ruling prohibiting women from carrying a Torah or wearing prayer shawls had been misinterpreted and that Women of the Wall prayer gatherings at the Wall should not be deemed as disturbing the public order.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT13_124-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT13-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azarat_Yisrael_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Azarat_Yisrael_Plaza.jpg/220px-Azarat_Yisrael_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Azarat_Yisrael_Plaza.jpg/330px-Azarat_Yisrael_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Azarat_Yisrael_Plaza.jpg/440px-Azarat_Yisrael_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Ezrat Yisrael Plaza (prayer platform), Robinson's Arch, opened August 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 25, 2013, a new 4,480 square foot prayer platform named "Ezrat Yisrael Plaza" was completed as part of this plan of facilitating non-Orthodox worship, with access to the platform at all hours, even when the rest of the area's archaeological park is closed to visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-platform_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Separate_—_but_not_equal_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Separate_—_but_not_equal-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some controversy regarding the question of authority over this prayer area, the announcement was made that it would come under the authority of a future government-appointed "pluralist council" that would include non-Orthodox representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-council_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, the Israeli Cabinet approved a plan to designate a new space at the Kotel that would be available for egalitarian prayer and that would not be controlled by the Rabbinate. Women of the Wall welcomed the decision,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2016_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2016-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Sephardic Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar of Jerusalem said creating a mixed-gender prayer section was paramount to destroying the Wall. The Chief Rabbinate said it would create an alternate plan.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2017, it was announced that the plan approved in January 2016 had been suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-jweekly1_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jweekly1-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prayer_notes">Prayer notes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes in the Western Wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prayer_Papers_in_the_Western_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Prayer_Papers_in_the_Western_Wall.jpg/170px-Prayer_Papers_in_the_Western_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Prayer_Papers_in_the_Western_Wall.jpg/255px-Prayer_Papers_in_the_Western_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Prayer_Papers_in_the_Western_Wall.jpg/340px-Prayer_Papers_in_the_Western_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Slips of paper containing prayers in the cracks of the Wall</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a much publicised practice of placing slips of paper containing <a href="/wiki/Kvitelach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvitelach">written prayers</a> into the crevices of the Wall. The earliest account of this practice describes <a href="/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar" title="Chaim ibn Attar">Chaim ibn Attar</a> (d. 1743) writing an amulet for a petitioner and instructing him to place it inside the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a million notes are placed each year<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the opportunity to e-mail notes is offered by a number of organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has become customary for visiting dignitaries to place notes too.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chabad_tefillin_stand">Chabad tefillin stand</h4></div> <p>Shortly after the Western Wall came under Israeli control in 1967, a stand of the <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> movement offering <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">phylacteries</a> (<i>tefillin</i>) was erected with permission from Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Meir_Getz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Meir Getz">Yehuda Meir Getz</a>, the first rabbi of the Kotel. The stand offers male visitors the chance to put on <i>tefillin</i>, a daily Jewish prayer ritual. In the months following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> an estimated 400,000 Jews observed this ritual at the stand.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stand is staffed by multilingual Chabad volunteers and an estimated 100,000 male visitors put on tefillin there annually.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilsonHoshAlBurak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WilsonHoshAlBurak.png/220px-WilsonHoshAlBurak.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WilsonHoshAlBurak.png/330px-WilsonHoshAlBurak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WilsonHoshAlBurak.png/440px-WilsonHoshAlBurak.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="3087" /></a><figcaption>South-west corner of the Haram from the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem" title="Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem">Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem</a>, 1865)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradition_of_the_place_of_tethering">Tradition of the place of tethering</h3></div> <p>Muslim reverence for the site is derived from the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> tied his winged mount <a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a> nearby during his <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">night journey</a> to Jerusalem. Various places have been suggested for the exact spot where Buraq was tethered, but for several centuries the preferred location has been the <a href="/wiki/Al-Buraq_Mosque" title="Al-Buraq Mosque">al-Buraq Mosque</a>, which is just inside the wall at the south end of the present Western Wall plaza. The mosque is located above an ancient passageway, which once came out through the long-sealed <a href="/wiki/Barclay%27s_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay's Gate">Barclay's Gate</a> whose huge lintel is still visible directly below the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrebi Gate">Maghrebi Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four different locations, along the southern, eastern, and western wall, with gates known successively or simultaneously as the Gate of the Prophet and al-Buraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Muslim_vs._Mamluk-period_traditions">Early Muslim vs. Mamluk-period traditions</h4></div> <p>US scholar Charles D. Matthews wrote in 1932 that, based on the work of Muslim authors of the 10th to 11th centuries (the later part of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine#Early_Muslim_period" title="History of Palestine">Early Muslim period</a>), the place where Prophet Muhammad had tethered Buraq and entered the <i>haram</i> was considered at the time to be the <a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates#Double_Gate" title="Huldah Gates">Double Gate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Temple Mount's southern wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reach this conclusion, which he shares with <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Wilson" title="Charles William Wilson">Charles Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Guy Le Strange</a>, he analysed the relevant texts by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih" title="Ibn al-Faqih">Ibn al-Faqih</a> (903), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_Rabbih" title="Ibn Abd Rabbih">Ibn Abd Rabbih</a> (913), and mainly by <a href="/wiki/Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqaddasi">Muqaddasi</a> (985) and <a href="/wiki/Nasir-i-Khusrau" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-i-Khusrau">Nasir-i-Khusrau</a> (1047).<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest authors who are more ambiguous, opening the possibility of identifying the Gate of the Prophet and al-Buraq with either the Double or Barclay's Gate, is Burhan ad-Din ibn al-Firkah of Damascus (d. 1329).<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk</a>-period writer, Mujir ad-Din (1496), is the first one to unambiguously identify Barclay's Gate as the Gate of al-Buraq or of the Prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mujir ad-Din's work is effectively a rework of earlier texts, with <a href="/wiki/As-Suyuti" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suyuti">as-Suyuti</a> (1471) being the main source—and he fails to mention that as—Suyuti stated that the <a href="/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Gate of the Inspector</a>, located close to the <i>northern</i> end of the western wall, was also known as the Gate of al-Buraq or of the Prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman-period_identification">Ottoman-period identification</h4></div> <p>To the previously mentioned variations in identification adds yet another gate, the now walled-up Funeral Gate (<i>bab al-jana'iz</i>), <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Rahma_Cemetery" title="Bab al-Rahma Cemetery">just south</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a>, also known as 'Gate of al-Buraq' and marked as such on a 1864 Temple Mount map by <a href="/wiki/Melchior_de_Vog%C3%BC%C3%A9" title="Melchior de Vogüé">Melchior de Vogüé</a>, based on the 1833 survey by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Catherwood" title="Frederick Catherwood">Frederick Catherwood</a><sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Necipoğlu_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Necipoğlu-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/bab_al_rahmah_cemetery_(jerusalem)">Bab al-Rahmah Cemetery</a> at MadainProject.com for a photo and short description). </p><p>When a British Jew asked the Egyptian authorities in 1840 for permission to re-pave the ground in front of the Western Wall, the governor of Syria wrote: </p> <dl><dd>It is evident from the copy of the record of the deliberations of the Consultative Council in Jerusalem that the place the Jews asked for permission to pave adjoins the wall of the Haram al-Sharif and also the spot where al-Buraq was tethered, and is included in the endowment charter of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Abu Madyan</a>, may God bless his memory; that the Jews never carried out any repairs in that place in the past. ... Therefore the Jews must not be enabled to pave the place.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandreczki" title="Carl Sandreczki">Carl Sandreczki</a>, who was charged with compiling a list of place names for <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Wilson" title="Charles William Wilson">Charles Wilson's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Jerusalem" title="Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem">Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem</a> in 1865, reported that the street leading to the Western Wall, including the part alongside the wall, belonged to the <i><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></i> (court/enclosure) of <i>al Burâk</i>, "not <i>Obrâk</i>, nor <i>Obrat</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Sandrecki_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandrecki-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, the Prussian Consul and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Rosen_(1821%E2%80%931891)" title="Georg Rosen (1821–1891)">Georg Rosen</a> wrote that "The Arabs call Obrâk the entire length of the wall at the wailing place of the Jews, southwards down to the house of Abu Su'ud and northwards up to the substructure of the Mechkemeh [Shariah court]. Obrâk is not, as was formerly claimed, a corruption of the word Ibri (Hebrews), but simply the neo-Arabic pronunciation of Bōrâk, ... which, whilst (Muhammad) was at prayer at the holy rock, is said to have been tethered by him inside the wall location mentioned above."<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Hosh al Buraq appeared on the maps of Wilson's 1865 survey, its revised editions of 1876 and 1900, and other maps in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Mandate">British Mandate</h4></div> <p>In 1922, Hosh al Buraq was the street name specified by the official <a href="/wiki/Pro-Jerusalem_Society" title="Pro-Jerusalem Society">Pro-Jerusalem Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscus_kotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Franciscus_kotel.jpg/220px-Franciscus_kotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Franciscus_kotel.jpg/330px-Franciscus_kotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Franciscus_kotel.jpg/440px-Franciscus_kotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> at the Western Wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that when Jerusalem came under Christian rule in the 4th century, there was a purposeful "transference" of respect for the Temple Mount and the Western Wall in terms of sanctity to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, while the sites around the Temple Mount became a refuse dump for Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the actions of many modern Christian leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, who visited the Wall and left prayer messages in its crevices, have symbolized for many Christians a restoration of respect and even veneration for this ancient religious site.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_views">Ideological views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish">Jewish</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_man_prays_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/A_man_prays_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-A_man_prays_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/A_man_prays_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-A_man_prays_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/A_man_prays_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-A_man_prays_at_the_Western_Wall_in_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>A Jew praying at the Western Wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Jews, religious and secular, consider the wall to be important to the Jewish people since it was originally built to hold the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. They consider the capture of the wall by Israel in 1967 as a historic event since it restored Jewish access to the site after a 19-year gap.<sup id="cite_ref-TOS_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOS-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli philosopher <a href="/wiki/Yeshayahu_Leibowitz" title="Yeshayahu Leibowitz">Yeshayahu Leibowitz</a> referred to the attitude towards the Western Wall as "idolatry"<sup id="cite_ref-huffpost.com_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpost.com-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and publicly decried the Israelis' triumphalism following the 1967 victory.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bahat" title="Dan Bahat">Dan Bahat</a>, former district archaeologist of Jerusalem who headed the Western Wall Tunnel excavations in the years 1986–2007, decried in 2018 the transformation of this iconic historical site into a regulated place of worship: "The Western Wall is sacrosanct. But out of a national monument, it has become a synagogue."<sup id="cite_ref-DB_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli">Israeli</h3></div> <p>A poll carried out in 2007 by the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies indicated that 96% of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> were against Israel relinquishing the Western Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Reiter" title="Yitzhak Reiter">Yitzhak Reiter</a> writes that "the Islamization and de-Judaization of the Western Wall are a recurrent motif in publications and public statements by the heads of the Islamic Movement in Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-Reiter08_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiter08-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim">Muslim</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_12.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_12.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_12.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>Western Wall and Dome of the Rock</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1973, King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Faisal of Saudi Arabia</a> stated that "Only Muslims and Christians have holy places and rights in Jerusalem". The Jews, he maintained, had no rights there at all. As for the Western Wall, he said, "Another wall can be built for them. They can pray against that".<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian">Palestinian</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>'s State Information Service (SIS) stated as fact that the Jews did not consider the Wall as a place for worship until after the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> was issued in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Dr. Hassan Khader, founder of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Quds_Encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Quds Encyclopedia (page does not exist)">Al Quds Encyclopedia</a>, told PA television that the first connection of the Jews to the Wall is "a recent one, which began in the 16th century...not ancient...like the roots of the Islamic connection".<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mufti_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufti of Jerusalem">Mufti of Jerusalem</a>, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ekrima_Sa%27id_Sabri" title="Ekrima Sa'id Sabri">Ekrima Sa'id Sabri</a> said in 2007 that "there never was a Jewish temple on the Temple Mount" and that "there is not a single stone with any relation at all to the history of the Hebrews."<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2010, an official paper published by the PA Ministry of Information denied Jewish rights to the Wall. It stated that "Al-Buraq Wall is in fact the western wall of Al-Aksa Mosque" and that Jews had only started using the site for worship after the 1917 Balfour Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American">American</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_visit_to_Israel,_May_2017_DSC_3714OSD_(34019020653).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/President_Trump_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3714OSD_%2834019020653%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3714OSD_%2834019020653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/President_Trump_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3714OSD_%2834019020653%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3714OSD_%2834019020653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/President_Trump_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3714OSD_%2834019020653%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_visit_to_Israel%2C_May_2017_DSC_3714OSD_%2834019020653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (right) visits the Western Wall, accompanied by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Rabinovitch" title="Shmuel Rabinovitch">Shmuel Rabinovitch</a> (center), 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>While recognizing the difficulties inherent in any ultimate peace agreement that involves the status of Jerusalem, the official position of the United States includes a recognition of the importance of the Wall to the Jewish people, and has condemned statements that seek to "delegitimize" the relationship between Jews and the area in general, and the Western Wall in particular. For example, in November 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> administration "strongly condemned a Palestinian official's claim that the Western Wall in the Old City has no religious significance for Jews and is actually Muslim property." The U.S. State Department noted that the United States rejects such a claim as "factually incorrect, insensitive and highly provocative."<sup id="cite_ref-cleveland_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleveland-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <p>After the 1967 Arab–Israeli war, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Meir_Getz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Meir Getz">Yehuda Meir Getz</a> was named the overseer of proceedings at the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Rabbi Getz's death in 1995, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Rabinowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shmuel Rabinowitz">Shmuel Rabinowitz</a> was given the position.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Wall Heritage Foundation">Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a> is the administrative body put in charge of the Wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_camera" title="Western Wall camera">Western Wall camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact meaning of this phrase (אחד מן הכתלים שהיו [נ"א +במקדש] בקדש הקדשים <i>which was one of the walls</i> [1 MS: +<i>in the Temple</i>] <i>in the holy of holies</i>) is obscure, confused by the preposition ב <i>in</i>. Most translators emend to "of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>," but Yisrael Ariel argues that the meaning of <i>Qodesh haqQodashim</i> (lit. 'Holy of Holies') had expanded to include a larger portion of the site, just as had those of <i>haBayyit hagGadol</i> (lit. 'the Great House') and <i>haAzarah</i> (lit. 'the court', but see following note).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Today <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">"Gate of Mercy"</a> refers to a literal gate on the eastern side of the platform. According to Samuel Rabinowitz (2012), <i>The Western Wall</i> [in Hebrew], p. 262, Benjamin intends "gate of mercy" as a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of art">term of art</a> meaning "place where prayer is received favorably" (cf. Talmudic idiom "he knocked on the gates of mercy" viz. "he prayed"); others, however, assume the reverse: that the Gate of Mercy was once known as the "western wall".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>azara</i> in its technical sense refers only to the inner court of the Temple, including the central building and the altars. However, Benjamin's contemporaries used it loosely to refer to a different part of, or even the whole of, the Temple site. See Yisrael Ariel, "Prayer on the Temple Mount" (1995) [in Hebrew] in <i>Memorial Volume for Rabbi Shlomo Goren</i>, ed. Yitzhak Alfasi, p. 268. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (c. 1000 CE) refers to a ritual on <a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> in which the Jews would "assemble in the <i>harhara</i> of Jerusalem" for a procession (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">The Chronology of Ancient Nations</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Sachau" title="Eduard Sachau">Eduard Sachau</a> (1879), p. 270), and one <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> letter refers to "Rabbi Musa who was killed in the <i>azara</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Ananites</a>" (<i>JQR</i> V p. 554).</span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/49\/He-Kotel.ogg\/He-Kotel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1241449095\">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:\"Ezra SIL SR\",\"Ezra SIL\",\"SBL Hebrew\",\"Taamey Frank CLM\",\"SBL BibLit\",\"Taamey Ashkenaz\",\"Frank Ruehl CLM\",\"Keter Aram Tsova\",\"Taamey David CLM\",\"Keter YG\",\"Shofar\",\"David CLM\",\"Hadasim CLM\",\"Simple CLM\",\"Nachlieli\",Cardo,Alef,\"Noto Serif Hebrew\",\"Noto Sans Hebrew\",\"David Libre\",David,\"Times New Roman\",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}<\/style><span class=\"script-hebrew\" style=\"font-size: 110%;\" lang=\"he\" dir=\"rtl\">\u05d4\u05b7\u05db\u05b9\u05bc\u05ea\u05b6\u05dc \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05b7\u05bc\u05e2\u05b2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d1\u05b4\u05d9<\/span>&#8206;"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Kotel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/He-Kotel.ogg/He-Kotel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" lang="he" dir="rtl">הַכֹּתֶל הַמַּעֲרָבִי</span>‎</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Kotel.ogg" title="File:He-Kotel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">translit.</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">HaKotel HaMa'aravi</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> pronunciation: <i>HaKosel HaMa'arovi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/temple-at-jerusalem/the-temple-mount-in-the-herodian-period/">"The Temple Mount in the Herodian Period (37 BC–70 AD)"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Society. July 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Temple+Mount+in+the+Herodian+Period+%2837+BC%E2%80%9370+AD%29&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2019-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-sites-places%2Ftemple-at-jerusalem%2Fthe-temple-mount-in-the-herodian-period%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goren-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goren_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamon2002" class="citation book cs1">Ramon, Amnon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru7dqV3a-LUC&pg=PA300">"Delicate balances at the Temple Mount, 1967–1999"</a>. In Marshall J. Breger; Ora Ahimeir (eds.). <i>Jerusalem: A City and Its Future</i>. Syracuse University Press for the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Institute_for_Israel_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies">Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies</a>. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815629139" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815629139"><bdi>978-0815629139</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delicate+balances+at+the+Temple+Mount%2C+1967%E2%80%931999&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+A+City+and+Its+Future&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press+for+the+Jerusalem+Institute+for+Israel+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0815629139&rft.aulast=Ramon&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRu7dqV3a-LUC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report1930-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report1930_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Löfgren, Eliel; Barde, Charles; Van Kempen, J. (December 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-183716/">Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem</a> (UNISPAL doc A/7057-S/8427, February 23, 1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halkin01-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halkin01_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halkin01_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halkin01_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halkin01_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halkin01_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalkin2001">Halkin 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_Conciliation_Commission1949" class="citation book cs1">UN Conciliation Commission (1949). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission_for_Palestine_Working_Paper_on_the_Holy_Places.djvu"><i>United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Working Paper on the Holy Places</i></a>. p. 26. <q>The Palestine Administration interpreted the Status Quo in respect of the Wailing Wall as being that the Jewish Community had a right of access to the pavement in front of the Wall for their devotions, but that the Wall itself, the pavement in front of it and the adjacent Moroccan Quarter, were legally Moslem property. The Jews might bring to the Wall only those appurtenances of worship that were allowed under the Ottoman regime. This position was in general reaffirmed by the International Commission appointed by the British Government in 1930, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to enquire into conflicting rights and claims concerning the Wailing Wall. The International Commission further ruled that although the Jews enjoyed no sort of proprietary rights to the Wall or the adjacent pavement, they should have free access to them at all times, subject to certain stipulations. The placing of benches and screens against the Wall was prohibited; the Moslems were similarly forbidden to carry out the Zikr ceremony during the progress of Jewish devotions or to cause annoyance to the Jews in any other way; no political speeches or demonstrations near the Wall were to be allowed; the Moslems' right to repair the pavement was affirmed, and if any repairs were not carried out by them in due time, the work was to be undertaken by the Government. The maintenance of the Wall itself was entrusted to the Government, but it was understood that repairs to it should be carried out only after consultation with the Supreme Moslem Council and the Chief Rabbinate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Conciliation+Commission+for+Palestine+Working+Paper+on+the+Holy+Places&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1949&rft.au=UN+Conciliation+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AUnited_Nations_Conciliation_Commission_for_Palestine_Working_Paper_on_the_Holy_Places.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCust1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_George_Archer_Cust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel George Archer Cust">Cust, L. G. A.</a> (1929). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Status_Quo_in_the_Holy_Places"><i>The Status Quo in the Holy Places</i></a>. H.M.S.O. for the High Commissioner of the Government of Palestine. pp. 44–45. <q>The immediate neighbourhood of the Wailing Wall is inhabited by a number of Moroccan families, who are the beneficiaries of the ancient Waqf dating from the thirteenth century of Abu Midian. Some of the dwellings are entered from the space in front of the Wall. The wall separating the garden to the north from the Wailing Wall was rebuilt without incident in 1929. The wall overlooking the Wailing Wall by the Bab-al-Mughrabi was also rebuilt at the same time. The Moslems wanted to erect a low wall, but it was ruled, to preserve the Status Quo, that the wall must be rebuilt to its former height. The Wailing Wall, as being one of the few relics of the Temple of Herod of undisputed authenticity, is held in very great veneration by the Jews. Jewish writers refer to it as "the Holiest possession of the fifteen millions of Jews throughout the world which they have not forgotten for one moment since the Dispersion." On Sabbaths and other Holy Days the Wall is thronged with worshippers, the American and European Jew mixing with the Orthodox Jew in his caftan and the Bokharan in his gorgeous silks. The Jewish custom of praying here is of considerable antiquity, being mentioned by Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela and has now become an established right. This right to pray has, however, become linked with the claim to the actual ownership of the Wall. The Moslems resist this on the ground that the Wall is an integral part of the enclosure wall of the Haram al Sharif, and that the space in front of it is a public way, and part of the premises of the Abu Midian Waqf. For this reason the Moslems have always protested against the placing of benches or chairs in front of the Wall by the Jews as causing an obstruction in this public way and implying possessory rights. Though benches have certainly from time to time been introduced, there is extant a resolution taken by the Administrative Council and confirmed by the Mutasarrif in 1912 that chairs or tents or curtains (to divide the women from the men) are not to be allowed. This is still enforced, but portable camp-stools or boxes or tins with cushions are permitted for the convenience of worshippers. This ruling was notified to the Jewish religious authorities and the Police by the District Governor in 1922, and confirmed in 1926 after a rather serious dispute had arisen on account of the introduction of some benches on the previous Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Status+Quo+in+the+Holy+Places&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=H.M.S.O.+for+the+High+Commissioner+of+the+Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=L.+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Status_Quo_in_the_Holy_Places&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiter17-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reiter17_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYitzhak_Reiter2017" class="citation book cs1">Yitzhak Reiter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieyfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26"><i>Contested Holy Places in Israel–Palestine: Sharing and Conflict Resolution</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99884-0"><bdi>978-1-351-99884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Holy+Places+in+Israel%E2%80%93Palestine%3A+Sharing+and+Conflict+Resolution&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-99884-0&rft.au=Yitzhak+Reiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieyfDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1984">Peters 1984</a> "One of the best documented endowments, one that embraced the entire quarter of Western Muslims or Maghrebis".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSR_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSR_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah">Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah</a>, ch. 2–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wailing Wall" appears, for example, in J.J. Reynolds, <i>Jewish Advocate for the Young</i> (1859). H. Bonar, <i>Days and Nights in the East</i> (1866) and <a href="/wiki/J.R._Macduff" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R. Macduff">J.R. Macduff</a>, <i>Memories of Olivet</i> (1868), and many later works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarclay1858">Barclay 1858</a>, p. 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1878">Warner 1878</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1881">Wilson 1881</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Rosen1866" class="citation book cs1">G. Rosen (1866). <i>Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria</i>. Gotha. pp. 9–10. <q>Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt, nicht, wie früher behauptet worden, eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri (Hebräer), sondern einfach die neu-arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk, [dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses,] welches [den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug] und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Haram+von+Jerusalem+und+der+Tempelplatz+des+Moria&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Gotha&rft.date=1866&rft.au=G.+Rosen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214002214/http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?Id=28">"The Story of the Kotel: Facts and Figures"</a>. The Western Wall Heritage Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?id=28">the original</a> on December 14, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Kotel%3A+Facts+and+Figures&rft.pub=The+Western+Wall+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.thekotel.org%2Fcontent.asp%3Fid%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1985" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman, Thomas L.</a> (December 1, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E2D81E38F932A35751C1A963948260">"Quarrying History in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Herod the Great certainly used it as the main quarry for building blocks needed to renovate the Temple and its retaining walls, including what is known today as the Wailing Wall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Quarrying+History+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=1985-12-01&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B05E2D81E38F932A35751C1A963948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefkovits2007" class="citation news cs1">Lefkovits, Etgar (September 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130619155456/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411466635&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">"Archeologists find 2nd Temple quarry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411466635&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on June 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2008</span>. <q>An ancient quarry where King Herod's workers chiseled huge high-quality limestones for the construction of the Second Temple, including the Western Wall, has been uncovered in Jerusalem, the Israel Antiquities Authority announced Sunday (...) Dozens of quarries have previously been uncovered in Jerusalem—including ones larger than the present find—but this is the first one that archeologists have found which they believe was used in the construction of the Temple Mount itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Archeologists+find+2nd+Temple+quarry&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.aulast=Lefkovits&rft.aufirst=Etgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1189411466635%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenDov83-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BenDov83_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BenDov83_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_DovNaorAner1983" class="citation book cs1">Ben Dov, Meir; Naor, Mordechai; Aner, Ze'ev (1983). "II: Architecture and Archaeology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernwall00bend/page/"><i>The Western Wall</i></a>. Israel: Ministry of Defence Publishing House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernwall00bend/page/">41–62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-05-0055-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-05-0055-3"><bdi>965-05-0055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II%3A+Architecture+and+Archaeology&rft.btitle=The+Western+Wall&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=41-62&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+Publishing+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=965-05-0055-3&rft.aulast=Ben+Dov&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft.au=Naor%2C+Mordechai&rft.au=Aner%2C+Ze%27ev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternwall00bend%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeritageF-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeritageF_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekotel.org/en/wailing-wall-western-wall/">"Facts and Figures: The Great Course (Nidbach Raba)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Wall Heritage Foundation">Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Figures%3A+The+Great+Course+%28Nidbach+Raba%29&rft.pub=Western+Wall+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekotel.org%2Fen%2Fwailing-wall-western-wall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJol2006" class="citation web cs1">Jol, H. M.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uwec.edu/jolhm/research_pub/publications.htm">"Publications, #79"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications%2C+%2379&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jol&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.uwec.edu%2Fjolhm%2Fresearch_pub%2Fpublications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JolBahat-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JolBahat_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JolBahat_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry M. Jol, Paul D. Bauman and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bahat" title="Dan Bahat">Dan Bahat</a>: <i>Looking into the Western Wall, Jerusalem, Israel</i>. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR 2006), June 19–22, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Papers on CD-ROM. Also in: Dan Bahat, <i>The Jerusalem Western Wall Tunnel</i>, Israel Exploration Society, 2013, pp. 395–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJWW-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EJWW_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EJWW_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Auerbach,_Dan_Bahat_and_Shaked_Gilboa2007" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Auerbach, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bahat" title="Dan Bahat">Dan Bahat</a> and Shaked Gilboa (2007). "Western Wall". <i>Encyclopedia Judaica</i>. Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 24–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028659282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028659282"><bdi>978-0028659282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Wall&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Judaica&rft.pages=24-27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0028659282&rft.au=Jacob+Auerbach%2C+Dan+Bahat+and+Shaked+Gilboa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Date is adjusted in some Jewish texts to read 422 BCE. See <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible#Rabbinic_traditions" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45419597">"Coin discovery sheds new light on sacred Jerusalem site (AP)"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. November 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Coin+discovery+sheds+new+light+on+sacred+Jerusalem+site+%28AP%29&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna45419597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103024430/http://www.antiquities.org.il/about_eng.asp?Modul_id=14">"Building the Western Wall: Herod Began it but Didn't Finish it"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/about_eng.asp?Modul_id=14">the original</a> on November 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+the+Western+Wall%3A+Herod+Began+it+but+Didn%27t+Finish+it&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Fabout_eng.asp%3FModul_id%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Date is adjusted in some Jewish texts to read 68 CE. See <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible#Rabbinic_traditions" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UJT-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UJT_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UJT_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2001" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (2001). "Judaism and the Land of Israel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingjew0000unse/page/"><i>Understanding Jewish Theology</i></a>. Global Academic Publishing. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58684-090-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58684-090-8"><bdi>1-58684-090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+and+the+Land+of+Israel&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jewish+Theology&rft.place=Global+Academic+Publishing&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-58684-090-8&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingjew0000unse%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2008" class="citation book cs1">Harman, Graham (2008). "The Holiness of the "Holy Land"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/page/"><i>A History of Palestine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11897-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holiness+of+the+%22Holy+Land%22&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11897-0&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpalesti00krea%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dore_Gold" title="Dore Gold">Gold, Dore</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightforjerusale00gold/page/"><i>The Fight for Jerusalem</i></a>. Regnery. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-029-7"><bdi>978-1-59698-029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+Jerusalem&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-029-7&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Dore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightforjerusale00gold%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/05/20/researchers-find-ancient-rooms-under-jerusalems-western-wall.html">"Researchers find ancient rooms under Jerusalem's Western Wall"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Researchers+find+ancient+rooms+under+Jerusalem%27s+Western+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2020%2F05%2F20%2Fresearchers-find-ancient-rooms-under-jerusalems-western-wall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Gitlitz & Linda Kay Davidson "Pilgrimage and the Jews" (Westport: CT: Praeger, 2006) 42–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann72-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann72_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Mann1972" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Mann (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6muQAAAAIAAJ"><i>Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature: Ḳaraitica</i></a>. Ktav Pub. House. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870680854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870680854"><bdi>978-0870680854</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>. <q>An improvement evidently took place after the Fatimid conquest in 970 when permission was granted to pray not at a gate but at the Western Wall (כותל מערבי). This permission may have been due to the intervention of Paltiel, the first Egyptian Nagid. Paltiel's son, Samuel, on the occasion of the transference' of his parents' remains to Jerusalem, donated among other gifts money for "oil for the sanctuary at the Western Wall, for the altar that is inside" (ושמן למקדש בכותל מערבי למזבח שבפנים).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+and+Studies+in+Jewish+History+and+Literature%3A+%E1%B8%B2araitica&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Ktav+Pub.+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0870680854&rft.au=Jacob+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6muQAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonfil09-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonfil09_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Bonfil2009" class="citation book cs1">R. Bonfil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QX6IYhQZ5MwC&pg=PA336"><i>History and Folklore in a Medieval Jewish Chronicle: The Family Chronicle of Aḥima'az Ben Paltiel</i></a>. Brill. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17385-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17385-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Folklore+in+a+Medieval+Jewish+Chronicle%3A+The+Family+Chronicle+of+A%E1%B8%A5ima%27az+Ben+Paltiel&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17385-9&rft.au=R.+Bonfil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQX6IYhQZ5MwC%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levanon80-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levanon80_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYosef_Levanon1980" class="citation book cs1">Yosef Levanon (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Jewish travellers in the twelfth century</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-1122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-1122-7"><bdi>978-0-8191-1122-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>. <q>The scroll of Ahim'as (11th century) speaks of a synagogue near the Western Wall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+travellers+in+the+twelfth+century&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-1122-7&rft.au=Yosef+Levanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpBtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldhill09-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldhill09_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Goldhill2009" class="citation book cs1">Simon Goldhill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoLEULaZHzAC&pg=PA74"><i>Jerusalem: City of Longing</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03468-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03468-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03468-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Perhaps the earliest evidence for the Western Wall being used for prayer is found in the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, who visited Jerusalem at some point between 1169 and 1171 on his long trip around the east from Spain, when the city was ruled by the Crusaders. […] This is a confused account: the Gate of Mercy is in the Eastern Wall. But it may imply that the Western Wall was also used for prayer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+City+of+Longing&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03468-6&rft.au=Simon+Goldhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoLEULaZHzAC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philipson68-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philipson68_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Philipson1968" class="citation book cs1">David Philipson (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mnu1AAAAMAAJ"><i>Hebrew Union College Annual</i></a>. Vol. 6 (1930 ed.). Hebrew Union College. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2013</span>. <q>How this confusion between the Golden Gate and the Western Wall could have arisen it is difficult to imagine, unless it be due to the fact that both spots may have been favourite places of prayer for the Jews of the Middle Ages, just as the Western or Wailing Wall continues to be still today. The fact that this confusion seems to have existed only with Jewish travellers would tend to corroborate this hypothesis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=1930&rft.pub=Hebrew+Union+College&rft.date=1968&rft.au=David+Philipson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMnu1AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_SkolnikMichael_Berenbaum2007" class="citation book cs1">Fred Skolnik; Michael Berenbaum (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkAOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i></a>. Macmillan Reference. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865949-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865949-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2013</span>. <q>In the 12th century Benjamin of Tudela mentions Jews coming to the Western Wall for prayers and to the "Mercy Gate," but it is possible that the other walls to the south and east also served a similar purpose. Later visiting rabbis (12th–15th centuries) also refer to the walls of the Temple Mount, but they too, are not specific in terms of a gathering spot for Jewish worship along the Western Wall. The Western Wall is not mentioned at all by Nahmanides (13th century) in his detailed account of the Temple site in 1267 nor in the report of <a href="/wiki/Ishtori_Haparchi" title="Ishtori Haparchi">Estori ha-Parhi</a> (14th century). It does not figure even in descriptions of Jerusalem in Jewish sources of the 15th century (e.g., Meshullam of Volterra, <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah ben Abraham">Obadiah of Bertinoro</a>, etc.). The name Western Wall, used by Obadiah, refers—as can be inferred from the context—to the southwestern corner of the wall, and there is no hint that there was a place of Jewish worship there. It is only from the 16th century that Jews began praying at the present location and this is clear from the available sources. Thenceforth all literary sources describe it as a place of assembly and prayer for Jews. Transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hagiz" title="Moses Hagiz">Moses Hagiz</a>, it was the sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, the conqueror of Jerusalem, who recovered the Wall from underneath the dungheap which was hiding it and granted permission to the Jews to hold prayers there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865949-7&rft.au=Fred+Skolnik&rft.au=Michael+Berenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkAOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MG1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1977). "The 'Wailing Wall' Under Ottoman rule 1517–1917". <i>Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies_of_British_Jews" title="Board of Deputies of British Jews">Board of Deputies of British Jews</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905648-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-905648-04-8"><bdi>0-905648-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Wailing+Wall%27+Under+Ottoman+rule+1517%E2%80%931917&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Illustrated+History+Atlas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Board+of+Deputies+of+British+Jews&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-905648-04-8&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaakov_Dovid1992" class="citation book cs1">Yaakov Dovid, Shulman (1992). "A Letter to My Father". <i>Pathway to Jerusalem</i>. US: CIS Publishers. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56062-130-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56062-130-3"><bdi>1-56062-130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Letter+to+My+Father&rft.btitle=Pathway+to+Jerusalem&rft.place=US&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=CIS+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56062-130-3&rft.aulast=Yaakov+Dovid&rft.aufirst=Shulman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span> Adler preferred the generic translation "western wall" rather than "Western Wall". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkan_Nathan_Adler1987" class="citation book cs1">Elkan Nathan Adler (1987). <i>Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages</i>. Dover. p. 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Travellers+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Elkan+Nathan+Adler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2008" class="citation book cs1">Harman, Graham (2008). "The Mufti and the Wailing Wall". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/page/"><i>A History of Palestine</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11897-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mufti+and+the+Wailing+Wall&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11897-0&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpalesti00krea%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricca07-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricca07_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicca2007" class="citation book cs1">Ricca, Simone (2007). "Notes to Chapter One". <i>Reinventing Jerusalem</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-387-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+to+Chapter+One&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Jerusalem&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-387-2&rft.aulast=Ricca&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KhalidiPI-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KhalidiPI_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1997" class="citation book cs1">Khalidi, Rashid (1997). <i>Palestinian Identity</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Identity&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1932" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Charles D. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.answering-islam.org/Books/MW/al-buraq.htm">"The Wailing Wall and Al Buraq. Is the 'Wailing Wall' in Jerusalem the 'Wall of al-Buraq' of Moslem tradition?"</a>. <i>The Moslem World</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 331–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1932.tb03757.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1932.tb03757.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4909">0027-4909</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2022</span> – via reprint in "Al-Haram ash-Sharif in Jerusalem: texts and studies", III, Collected and reprinted by <a href="/wiki/Fuat_Sezgin" title="Fuat Sezgin">Fuat Sezgin</a> et al., Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt/Main</a> (2007), pp. 225–235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moslem+World&rft.atitle=The+Wailing+Wall+and+Al+Buraq.+Is+the+%27Wailing+Wall%27+in+Jerusalem+the+%27Wall+of+al-Buraq%27+of+Moslem+tradition%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-339&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1932.tb03757.x&rft.issn=0027-4909&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.answering-islam.org%2FBooks%2FMW%2Fal-buraq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VilnayP61-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VilnayP61_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVilnay2003">Vilnay 2003</a>, pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagiz" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hagiz" title="Moses Hagiz">Hagiz, Moses</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/20699">"פרשת אלה מסעי"</a>. pp. 18ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94+%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99&rft.pages=18ff&rft.aulast=Hagiz&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F20699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenayahu1987" class="citation journal cs1">Benayahu, Meir (1987). "ספור דברים מורגלים בירושלים". <i>Asuppot</i>. <b>1</b>: 215–242 – via Otzar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asuppot&rft.atitle=%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=215-242&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Benayahu&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Siemiatycze1963" class="citation book cs1">of Siemiatycze, Gedaliah (1963). <i>קונטרס שאלו שלום ירושלים</i>. Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar. pp. 18–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A1+%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=18-22&rft.pub=Zalman+Shazar&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=of+Siemiatycze&rft.aufirst=Gedaliah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1850" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Joseph (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewish-history.com/Palestine/moriah.html">"Moriah, The Temple Mount"</a>. <i>Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: A. Hart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moriah%2C+The+Temple+Mount&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Geography+and+Brief+Historical+Sketch+of+Palestine&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=A.+Hart&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewish-history.com%2FPalestine%2Fmoriah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossoff1998" class="citation book cs1">Rossoff, Dovid (1998). "The Era of Suffering: 1800–1840". <i>Where Heaven Touches Earth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Guardian Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3"><bdi>0-87306-879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Era+of+Suffering%3A+1800%E2%80%931840&rft.btitle=Where+Heaven+Touches+Earth&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Guardian+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87306-879-3&rft.aulast=Rossoff&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANT-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANT_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANT_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baruch, Yuval. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=468">The Mughrabi Gate Access – the Real Story</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossoff1998" class="citation book cs1">Rossoff, Dovid (1998). "Bound Within the Walls: 1840–1870". <i>Where Heaven Touches Earth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Guardian Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3"><bdi>0-87306-879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bound+Within+the+Walls%3A+1840%E2%80%931870&rft.btitle=Where+Heaven+Touches+Earth&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Guardian+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87306-879-3&rft.aulast=Rossoff&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLC-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLC_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_DovNaorAner1983" class="citation book cs1">Ben Dov, Meir; Naor, Mordechai; Aner, Ze'ev (1983). "IV: Sanctity, Law and Customs". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernwall00bend/page/"><i>The Western Wall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: Ministry of Defence Publishing House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernwall00bend/page/">83–97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-05-0055-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-05-0055-3"><bdi>965-05-0055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV%3A+Sanctity%2C+Law+and+Customs&rft.btitle=The+Western+Wall&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=83-97&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+Publishing+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=965-05-0055-3&rft.aulast=Ben+Dov&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft.au=Naor%2C+Mordechai&rft.au=Aner%2C+Ze%27ev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternwall00bend%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_SkolnikMichael_Berenbaum2007" class="citation book cs1">Fred Skolnik; Michael Berenbaum (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj8OAQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ra-Sam</i></a>. Macmillan Reference in association with the Keter Pub. House. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865945-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865945-9</bdi></a>. <q>His brother, Mordecai Rosanes, financed the paving of the Western Wall area in Jerusalem in 1874.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica%3A+Ra-Sam&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+in+association+with+the+Keter+Pub.+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865945-9&rft.au=Fred+Skolnik&rft.au=Michael+Berenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGj8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHTE-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHTE_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHTE_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossoff1998" class="citation book cs1">Rossoff, Dovid (1998). "Beyond the Walls: 1870–1900". <i>Where Heaven Touches Earth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Guardian Press. pp. 330–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87306-879-3"><bdi>0-87306-879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Walls%3A+1870%E2%80%931900&rft.btitle=Where+Heaven+Touches+Earth&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=330-331&rft.pub=Guardian+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87306-879-3&rft.aulast=Rossoff&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockman-Shomron1984" class="citation book cs1">Stockman-Shomron, Israel (1984). "Jerusalem in Islam: Faith and Politics". <i>Israel, the Middle East and the Great Powers</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-287-000-5" title="Special:BookSources/965-287-000-5"><bdi>965-287-000-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+in+Islam%3A+Faith+and+Politics&rft.btitle=Israel%2C+the+Middle+East+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=965-287-000-5&rft.aulast=Stockman-Shomron&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang" class="citation web cs1">Lang, Yossef. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/bronfman/kesher29.heb.html">"The Hirschensohn Family of Publishers in Jerusalem, 1882–1908"</a>. <i>Kesher Issue 29</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kesher+Issue+29&rft.atitle=The+Hirschensohn+Family+of+Publishers+in+Jerusalem%2C+1882%E2%80%931908&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Yossef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Fhumanities%2Fbronfman%2Fkesher29.heb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1996). "War, 1914–1917". <i>Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9"><bdi>0-7011-3070-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War%2C+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7011-3070-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adv-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adv_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1ccAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Advocate: America's Jewish journal</i></a>. 1915. p. 638<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>. <q>According to a report in the Jaffa Hebrew weekly, Hapoel Hazair, the Commander of the Turkish Army, Djemal Pasha, has ordered a barricade to be placed across the approach to the Wailing Wall to prevent this place from being visited by Jews. The order is said to be based on sanitary grounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advocate%3A+America%27s+Jewish+journal&rft.pages=638&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1ccAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong08-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong08_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2001">Armstrong 2001</a> "In the 16th century, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent permitted the Jews to make the Western Wall their official holy place and had his court architect Sinan build an oratory for them there."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonen03-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gonen03_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonen2003">Gonen 2003</a>, pp. 135–137 "It is possible that official recognition of the right of Jews to pray by the Wall was granted already in the second half of the sixteenth century by a <i>firman</i> (official decree) issued by Suleiman the Magnificent. This firman may have been related to the efforts of the Ottoman ruler to lure Jews to Palestine as a counterbalance to the Arab population, which had rebelled against the new rulers, who were Turkish rather than Arabs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/59a92104ed00dc468525625b00527fea?OpenDocument">"Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem"</a>. United Nations. December 1930<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commission+appointed+by+His+Majesty%27s+Government+in+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland%2C+with+the+approval+of+the+Council+of+the+League+of+Nations%2C+to+determine+the+rights+and+claims+of+Moslems+and+Jews+in+connection+with+the+Western+or+Wailing+Wall+at+Jerusalem&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1930-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7%2F59a92104ed00dc468525625b00527fea%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin2002" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Hunt (2002). "Pilgrimages During the British Mandate and Under the Israelis (1917–2001)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourpathstojerus0000jani/page/"><i>Four Paths to Jerusalem</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1264-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1264-X"><bdi>0-7864-1264-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pilgrimages+During+the+British+Mandate+and+Under+the+Israelis+%281917%E2%80%932001%29&rft.btitle=Four+Paths+to+Jerusalem&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7864-1264-X&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourpathstojerus0000jani%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1996). "British Military Rule, 1918–1919". <i>Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9"><bdi>0-7011-3070-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Military+Rule%2C+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7011-3070-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BW-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BW_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstein, Bernard (2001). "Trouble on the Temple Mount". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dividedjerusalem0000wass/page/"><i>Divided Jerusalem</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Profile_Books" title="Profile Books">Profile Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dividedjerusalem0000wass/page/">323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86197-333-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86197-333-0"><bdi>1-86197-333-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trouble+on+the+Temple+Mount&rft.btitle=Divided+Jerusalem&rft.place=London&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86197-333-0&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdividedjerusalem0000wass%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1999" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Naomi (1999). "From Conquest to Colony". <i>Ploughing Sand: British Rule in Palestine</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5707-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5707-0"><bdi>0-7195-5707-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Conquest+to+Colony&rft.btitle=Ploughing+Sand%3A+British+Rule+in+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7195-5707-0&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonen2003">Gonen 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BWbook-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BWbook_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWbook_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWbook_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWbook_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhard_Wasserstein1978" class="citation book cs1">Bernhard Wasserstein (1978). <i>The British in Palestine</i>. London: Royal Historical Society. pp. 224–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+in+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=224-227&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Bernhard+Wasserstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Segev2001" class="citation book cs1">Tom Segev (2001). <i>One Palestine, Complete</i>. Abacus. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Palestine%2C+Complete&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Tom+Segev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1999" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Naomi (1999). "The Law Factory". <i>Ploughing Sand: British Rule in Palestine</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5707-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5707-0"><bdi>0-7195-5707-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Law+Factory&rft.btitle=Ploughing+Sand%3A+British+Rule+in+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7195-5707-0&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoJ-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoJ_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoJ_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanziger1990" class="citation book cs1">Danziger, Hillel (1990). "The Kosel Affair". <i>Guardian of Jerusalem</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll</a>. pp. 452–470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-458-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89906-458-2"><bdi>0-89906-458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kosel+Affair&rft.btitle=Guardian+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=452-470&rft.pub=Artscroll&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-89906-458-2&rft.aulast=Danziger&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PYIL-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PYIL_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PYIL_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassim1998" class="citation book cs1">Kassim, Anis F. (1998). "Special Report". <i>The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1996–1997</i>. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-1009-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-1009-7"><bdi>90-411-1009-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Special+Report&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Yearbook+of+International+Law+1996%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-411-1009-7&rft.aulast=Kassim&rft.aufirst=Anis+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayyālī1978" class="citation book cs1">Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978). "The Lull: 1923–1929". <i>Palestine: A Modern History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85664-635-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85664-635-0"><bdi>0-85664-635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lull%3A+1923%E2%80%931929&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-85664-635-0&rft.aulast=Kayy%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Wahh%C4%81b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OR-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OR_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OR_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvendale2004" class="citation book cs1">Ovendale, Ritchie (2004). "British Paramountcy over Arabs and Zionists". <i>The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars</i>. Pearson Education. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-82320-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-82320-X"><bdi>0-582-82320-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Paramountcy+over+Arabs+and+Zionists&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Wars&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-582-82320-X&rft.aulast=Ovendale&rft.aufirst=Ritchie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Dershowitz, Alan</a> (2003). "5: Were the Jews Unwilling to Share Palestine?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caseforisraelders00ders"><i>The Case For Israel</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-46502-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-46502-X"><bdi>0-471-46502-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Were+the+Jews+Unwilling+to+Share+Palestine%3F&rft.btitle=The+Case+For+Israel&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-46502-X&rft.aulast=Dershowitz&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaseforisraelders00ders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvendale2004" class="citation book cs1">Ovendale, Ritchie (2004). "The "Wailing Wall" Riots". <i>The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-82320-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-82320-X"><bdi>0-582-82320-X</bdi></a>. <q>The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonised by building works and noise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Wailing+Wall%22+Riots&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Wars&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-582-82320-X&rft.aulast=Ovendale&rft.aufirst=Ritchie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2008" class="citation book cs1">Harman, Graham (2008). "The Mufti and the Wailing Wall". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/page/"><i>A History of Palestine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11897-0</bdi></a>. <q>From 1929 onward, the Supreme Muslim Council intensified construction work on the Haram al-Sharif in order to demonstrate their exclusive claims to the Temple Mount (...) Not without reason, Jewish believers felt disturbed in their prayer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mufti+and+the+Wailing+Wall&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11897-0&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpalesti00krea%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VI-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VI_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VI_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_DovNaorAner1983" class="citation book cs1">Ben Dov, Meir; Naor, Mordechai; Aner, Ze'ev (1983). "VI: The Struggle for the Wall". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernwall00bend/page/"><i>The Western Wall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: Ministry of Defence Publishing House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernwall00bend/page/">123–137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-05-0055-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-05-0055-3"><bdi>965-05-0055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Wall&rft.btitle=The+Western+Wall&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=123-137&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+Publishing+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=965-05-0055-3&rft.aulast=Ben+Dov&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft.au=Naor%2C+Mordechai&rft.au=Aner%2C+Ze%27ev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternwall00bend%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023731157.0x000010">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'File 15/18 Foreign and Political Department Circulars Received From the Govt of India' IOR/R/15/2/1461"</a>. <i>Qatar Digital Library</i>. August 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qatar+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=%27File+15%2F18+Foreign+and+Political+Department+Circulars+Received+From+the+Govt+of+India%27+IOR%2FR%2F15%2F2%2F1461&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023731157.0x000010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayyālī1978" class="citation book cs1">Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978). "The Lull: 1923–1929". <i>Palestine: A Modern History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85664-635-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85664-635-0"><bdi>0-85664-635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lull%3A+1923%E2%80%931929&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-85664-635-0&rft.aulast=Kayy%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Wahh%C4%81b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1977). "Jerusalem, Zionism and the Arab Revolt 1920–1940". <i>Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies_of_British_Jews" title="Board of Deputies of British Jews">Board of Deputies of British Jews</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905648-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-905648-04-8"><bdi>0-905648-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem%2C+Zionism+and+the+Arab+Revolt+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Illustrated+History+Atlas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Board+of+Deputies+of+British+Jews&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-905648-04-8&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaz31-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaz31_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaz31_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Palestine (Western or Wailing Wall) Order in Council, 1931, Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, Gazette Extraordinary (Suppl. No. 8/1931), June 8, 1931, pp. 464–468; also printed in The Palestine Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 9, Iss. 1, pp. 411ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yale Avalon Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/arm03.asp">https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/arm03.asp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/arm03.asp">Israel-Jordan Armistice Agreement</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenDror-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BenDror_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-DrorZiedler2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Dror, Elad; Ziedler, Asaf (2015). "Israel, Jordan, and their Efforts to Frustrate the United Nations Resolutions to Internationalise Jerusalem". <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 636–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2015.1096685">10.1080/09592296.2015.1096685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155549524">155549524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Israel%2C+Jordan%2C+and+their+Efforts+to+Frustrate+the+United+Nations+Resolutions+to+Internationalise+Jerusalem&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=636-658&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2015.1096685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155549524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ben-Dror&rft.aufirst=Elad&rft.au=Ziedler%2C+Asaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert254-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert254_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996) p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israeli23-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israeli23_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israeli23_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2002" class="citation book cs1">Israeli, Raphael (2002). "Introduction: Everyday Life in Divided Jerusalem". <i>Jerusalem Divided: The Armistice Regime, 1947–1967</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5266-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5266-0"><bdi>0-7146-5266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Everyday+Life+in+Divided+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Divided%3A+The+Armistice+Regime%2C+1947%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7146-5266-0&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2007" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Marc Howard (2007). "Digging up the past to contest the present: politics and archeology in Jerusalem's Old City". <i>Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87013-9"><bdi>978-0-521-87013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Digging+up+the+past+to+contest+the+present%3A+politics+and+archeology+in+Jerusalem%E2%80%99s+Old+City&rft.btitle=Cultural+Contestation+in+Ethnic+Conflict&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87013-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Marc+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2002" class="citation book cs1">Israeli, Raphael (2002). "Introduction: Everyday Life in Divided Jerusalem". <i>Jerusalem Divided: The Armistice Regime, 1947–1967</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5266-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5266-0"><bdi>0-7146-5266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Everyday+Life+in+Divided+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Divided%3A+The+Armistice+Regime%2C+1947%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7146-5266-0&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narkiss70-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Narkiss70_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezalel_Narkiss1970" class="citation book cs1">Bezalel Narkiss (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWKFAAAAIAAJ"><i>Picture history of Jewish civilization</i></a>. H. N. Abrams. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810904002" title="Special:BookSources/9780810904002"><bdi>9780810904002</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2011</span>. <q>An Israeli soldier writes the Hebrew name on a street sign, which had previously had only Arabic and English lettering identifying the location as Wailing Wall Road.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picture+history+of+Jewish+civilization&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=H.+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780810904002&rft.au=Bezalel+Narkiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWKFAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuwayt-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuwayt_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJāmiʻat_al-KuwaytInstitute_for_Palestine_Studies_(Washington,_D.C.)Muʾassasat_al-Dirāsāt_al-Filasṭīnīyah1972" class="citation book cs1">Jāmiʻat al-Kuwayt; Institute for Palestine Studies (Washington, D.C.); Muʾassasat al-Dirāsāt al-Filasṭīnīyah (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmoMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of Palestine studies</i></a>. University of California Press for Kuwait University and the Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 187<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Palestine+studies&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press+for+Kuwait+University+and+the+Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1972&rft.au=J%C4%81mi%CA%BBat+al-Kuwayt&rft.au=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft.au=Mu%CA%BEassasat+al-Dir%C4%81s%C4%81t+al-Filas%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABn%C4%AByah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmoMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-בר2007-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-בר2007_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFדורון_בר2007" class="citation book cs1">דורון בר (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3JtAAAAMAAJ"><i>לקדש ארץ</i></a>. יד יצחק בן צבי. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652172686" title="Special:BookSources/9789652172686"><bdi>9789652172686</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The symbolic removal of a sign placed by the Jordanians in English and Arabic, which referred to the Western Wall plaza as al-Buraq, was part of the process of 'Judaization' and return of the site to the status of the most important holy place of the Jewish people, and now the most holy place inside Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789652172686&rft.au=%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD3JtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PL95-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PL95_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimon_PeresDavid_Landau1995" class="citation book cs1">Shimon Peres; David Landau (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlingforpeace00pere"><i>Battling for peace: a memoir</i></a></span>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlingforpeace00pere/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43617-1"><bdi>978-0-679-43617-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battling+for+peace%3A+a+memoir&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-43617-1&rft.au=Shimon+Peres&rft.au=David+Landau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlingforpeace00pere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR67-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JR67_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_David_JaphethP._K._Rajiv1967" class="citation book cs1">Maurice David Japheth; P. K. Rajiv (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qm7AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Arab Israel conflict: an Indian viewpoint</i></a>. Pearl Publications. p. 19. <q>The Chief Chaplain of the Army, Brigadier (Rabbi) Goren, offered prayers for four hours at the Wall. He proclaimed that Israel would never again relinquish the Wall. A little later, the Minister for Defence, Moshe Dayan, accompanied by the Chief of Staff, General Yitzhak Rabin, arrived. They repeated the pledge of the Rabbi. "Today we have reunited Jerusalem. We have returned to all that is holy in our land. We have returned, never to be parted from it again," Dayan said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Israel+conflict%3A+an+Indian+viewpoint&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Pearl+Publications&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Maurice+David+Japheth&rft.au=P.+K.+Rajiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qm7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabin1995" class="citation web cs1">Rabin, Yitzchak (May 29, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1995-1996/Address+to+the+Knesset+by+Prime+Minister+Rabin+on+Jerusalem.htm">"Address to the Knesset by Prime Minister Rabin on Jerusalem, May 29, 1995"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+to+the+Knesset+by+Prime+Minister+Rabin+on+Jerusalem%2C+May+29%2C+1995&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1995-05-29&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=Yitzchak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FForeign%2BRelations%2FIsraels%2BForeign%2BRelations%2Bsince%2B1947%2F1995-1996%2FAddress%2Bto%2Bthe%2BKnesset%2Bby%2BPrime%2BMinister%2BRabin%2Bon%2BJerusalem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorenberg200745-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorenberg200745_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorenberg2007">Gorenberg 2007</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joost R. Hiltermann, 'Teddy Kollek and the Native Question,' in Annelies Moors, Toine van Teeffelen, Sharif Kanaana, Ilham Abu Ghazaleh (eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsjgmSPiWvsC&pg=PA55"><i>Discourse and Palestine: Power, Text and Context,</i></a> Het Spinhuis, 1995 pp. 55–65 [55–56]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nir Hasson,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/rare-photograph-reveals-ancient-jerusalem-mosque-destroyed-in-1967.premium-1.436593">'Rare photograph reveals ancient Jerusalem mosque destroyed in 1967,'</a> at Haaretz, June 15, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Segev2007" class="citation book cs1">Tom Segev (2007). <i>1967</i>. Metropolitan Books. pp. 400–401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1967&rft.pages=400-401&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Tom+Segev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ari Shavit,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/jerusalem-born-thinker-meron-benvenisti-has-a-message-for-israelis-stop-whining.premium-1.469447">'Jerusalem-born thinker Meron Benvenisti has a message for Israelis: Stop whining,'</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, October 11, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Gorenberg" title="Gershom Gorenberg">Gershom Gorenberg</a>, <i>The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.</i> Oxford University Press, 2002 p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cattan" title="Henry Cattan">Henry Cattan</a>, <i>The Palestine Question,</i> Taylor & Francis, 1988 p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizman2007" class="citation book cs1">Weizman, Eyal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollowlandisrael00weiz"><i>Hollow Land</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-125-0"><bdi>978-1-84467-125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollow+Land&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-125-0&rft.aulast=Weizman&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollowlandisrael00weiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizman2007" class="citation book cs1">Weizman, Eyal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollowlandisrael00weiz"><i>Hollow Land</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-125-0"><bdi>978-1-84467-125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollow+Land&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-125-0&rft.aulast=Weizman&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollowlandisrael00weiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeller2022" class="citation book cs1">Teller, Matthew (2022). "12". <i>Nine Quarters of Jerusalem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Other_Press" title="Other Press">Other Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6354-2335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6354-2335-8"><bdi>978-1-6354-2335-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=Nine+Quarters+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Other+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-6354-2335-8&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeron_Benvenisti1976" class="citation book cs1">Meron Benvenisti (1976). <i>Jerusalem: the Torn City</i>. 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In Gideon Avni and Katharina Galor (ed.). <i>Unearthing Jerusalem: 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City</i>. pp. 475–490.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mamluk+and+Ottoman+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Unearthing+Jerusalem%3A+150+Years+of+Archaeological+Research+in+the+Holy+City&rft.pages=475-490&rft.au=Robert+Schick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicca2005" class="citation web cs1">Ricca, Simone (Summer 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/ViewArticle.aspx?id=104">"Heritage, Nationalism and the Shifting Symbolism of the Wailing Wall; June 1967: Erasing The Past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies" title="Institute for Palestine Studies">Institute of Jerusalem (Palestine) Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage%2C+Nationalism+and+the+Shifting+Symbolism+of+the+Wailing+Wall%3B+June+1967%3A+Erasing+The+Past&rft.pub=Institute+of+Jerusalem+%28Palestine%29+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ricca&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerusalemquarterly.org%2FViewArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-approves-23-million-plan-to-renovate-near-western-wall-1.325927">Israel approves $23 million plan to renovate near Western Wall</a>, <i>Haartez</i>, (November 21, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jta-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jta_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jta_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/2015/04/24/news-opinion/the-telegraph/from-the-archive-when-the-western-wall-battles-began">From the Archive: First rumblings in the battle for pluralism at the Western Wall</a> JTA, April 24, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jerusalem Post</i>, Sep 5, 1983, and <i>Jerusalem Post</i> International Edition, Sep 11–17, 1983, "U.S. Navy Chaplain Conducts Western Wall Interfaith Litany"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/News/122901/news_pf/NorthPinellas/Lion__lamb_reside_in_.shtml"><i>St Petersburg Times</i></a>, retrieved March 25, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-day-in-1983-when-the-israeli-government-gave-its-blessing-to-a-mixed-gender-prayer-service-at-the-western-wall">"The day Israel gave its blessing to egalitarian prayer at Western Wall"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i>.</cite><span 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Retrieved June 15, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeubauer1866" class="citation book cs1">Neubauer, Adolf (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lUFDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA109"><i>Aus der Petersburger Bibliothek: Beiträge und Documente zur Geschichte des Karäerthums und der karäischen Literatur</i></a> [<i>From the Petersburg Library: Contributions and Documents on the History of the Karaites and Karaite Literature</i>]. 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M. (1907), <i>The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela</i>, London; p. 23 (English) and p. 24 (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1863">Lee 1863</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch2003" class="citation book cs1">Deutsch, Nathaniel (2003). "In the Holy Land". <i>The Maiden of Ludmir</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23191-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23191-0"><bdi>0-520-23191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+the+Holy+Land&rft.btitle=The+Maiden+of+Ludmir&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23191-0&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1996). "The Second World War, 1939–1945". <i>Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9"><bdi>0-7011-3070-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7011-3070-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1996). "Towards the Twenty-First Century". <i>Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-3070-9"><bdi>0-7011-3070-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7011-3070-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarciano2005" class="citation news cs1">Marciano, Ilan (August 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3125587,00.html">"70,000 protest pullout at Western Wall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=70%2C000+protest+pullout+at+Western+Wall&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft.aulast=Marciano&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3125587%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzlav-Katz2007" class="citation web cs1">Ratzlav-Katz, Nissan (July 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/123174">"100,000 Jews At Western Wall for Tisha B'Av 5767"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100%2C000+Jews+At+Western+Wall+for+Tisha+B%27Av+5767&rft.pub=Arutz+Sheva&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.aulast=Ratzlav-Katz&rft.aufirst=Nissan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F123174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Weil. "Kosel Visitors record", <i>Jewish Tribune</i>, October 22, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Radbaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Radbaz">Radbaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">Responsa</a> 691: "Under the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">dome</a> on the Temple Mount, which the Arabs call El-Sakhrah, without a doubt, is the location of the Foundation Stone."; Ya'ari, Avraham: <i>Igrot Eretz Yisrael</i> by <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah ben Abraham">Obadiah ben Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a> 1971: "I sought the place of the Foundation Stone where the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> was placed, and many people told me it is under a tall and beautiful <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">dome</a> which the Arabs built in the Temple precinct."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Sternbuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Moishe Sternbuch">Sternbuch, Moishe</a> <i>Teshuvos Ve-hanhagos</i> Vol. 3, Ch. 39: "In truth they have erred, thinking that the stone upon they built their dome was in fact the Foundation Stone, however, most possibly, the Stone is located further to the south in the open space opposite the exposed section of the Western Wall."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KHB-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KHB_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHB_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHB_147-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHB_147-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHB_147-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frishman, Avraham; <i>Kum Hisalech Be’aretz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Radvaz 692</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorovitz2001" class="citation book cs1">Horovitz, Ahron (2001). <i>Jerusalem: Footsteps Through Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feldheim_Publishers" title="Feldheim Publishers">Feldheim</a>. <q>However, today there is no doubt that the wall is the western retaining wall of the Temple Mount and the Midrash refers to the Temple in its broader sense, that is, the Temple Mount.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+Footsteps+Through+Time&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Feldheim&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Horovitz&rft.aufirst=Ahron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a> 1:32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a> 2:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">Mishpatim</a> 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eybeschutz#Works" title="Jonathan Eybeschutz">Ya'arot Devash</a></i> Vol. 1, Ch. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <i><a href="/wiki/Kav_ha-Yashar" title="Kav ha-Yashar">Kav ha-Yashar</a></i> Ch. 93 and <i><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Joseph_David_Azulai#His_Shem_ha-Gedolim" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Joseph David Azulai">Shem Ha-gedolim</a></i> for a similar account with Rabbi Avraham Ha-levi of Safed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kav_ha-Yashar" title="Kav ha-Yashar">Kav ha-Yashar</a></i> Ch. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Avrohom_Bornsztain" title="Avrohom Bornsztain">Avnei Nezer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Yoreh_Deah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoreh Deah">Yoreh Deah</a> 450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YY-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YY_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YY_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYosef1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Yosef, Ovadia</a> (1990). <i><span></span></i><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Yosef" title="Yalkut Yosef">Yalkut Yosef</a><i><span></span></i>. Vol. 2, Laws of Kotel HaMa'aravi. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. 278–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yalkut+Yosef&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=278-282&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Yosef&rft.aufirst=Ovadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShragai2006" class="citation news cs1">Shragai, Nadav (October 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228021554/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/770030.html">"Western Wall rabbi forbids proposed burning of prayer notes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/770030.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Western+Wall+rabbi+forbids+proposed+burning+of+prayer+notes&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.aulast=Shragai&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F770030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moed_Katan" class="mw-redirect" title="Moed Katan">Moed Katan</a> 26a; <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Orach Chaim">Orach Chaim</a> 561; <a href="/wiki/Yoreh_Deah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoreh Deah">Yoreh Deah</a> 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bayit Chadash</i> to <a href="/wiki/Orach_Chaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Orach Chaim">Orach Chaim</a> 561. He contends that the city itself is in such a state of disrepair that once a person has reached the hills surrounding Jerusalem, he can immediately view the Western Wall.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Aurbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Zalman Aurbach">Minchas Shlomo</a> Vol. 1, Ch. 73. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjconline.org/hib52.htm">Tearing keriah for Jerusalem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501114501/http://www.rjconline.org/hib52.htm">Archived</a> May 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksy.org.il/AskTheRabbi.asp?QID=89">Ask the Rabbi: Kosel Keriah</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epstein, Donneal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fltQaoNFXX4C&dq=Halachos+for+the+Traveler+%22Our+Holy+Temple,+which+was+our+glory,+in+which+our+forefathers+praised+You%22&pg=PA70">Halachos for the Traveler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldheim_Publishers" title="Feldheim Publishers">Feldheim</a> 2000, p. 70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58330-439-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58330-439-8">1-58330-439-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer</a> 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Ganzfried#Kitzur_Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shlomo Ganzfried">Kitzur Shulchan Aruch</a></i> 18:10. The <i><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Chaim_Sofer" title="Yaakov Chaim Sofer">Kaf hachaim</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Orach_Chaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Orach Chaim">Orach Chaim</a> 94:1:4 citing <a href="/wiki/Radvaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Radvaz">Radvaz</a> Vol. 2; Ch. 648) rules that if a Jew was forced onto the Temple Mount and the time of prayer arrived while he's standing between the Western Wall and the place of the Holy of Holies, "he should pray facing towards the Holy of Holies even though his back will be facing the Western Wall."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiel2007" class="citation book cs1">Kiel, Dvora (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peGw2sZVN5QC&pg=PA486"><i>When the Time is Right: Manifestations of Divine Providence in everyday life</i></a>. Feldheim Publishers. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7371-29-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-7371-29-9"><bdi>978-965-7371-29-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Time+is+Right%3A+Manifestations+of+Divine+Providence+in+everyday+life&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-965-7371-29-9&rft.aulast=Kiel&rft.aufirst=Dvora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpeGw2sZVN5QC%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westernwallprayers.org/aboutwwp/originofthe40days.html">"Origin of the 40 Days"</a>. westernwallprayers.org. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+40+Days&rft.pub=westernwallprayers.org&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesternwallprayers.org%2Faboutwwp%2Foriginofthe40days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/130878/the-womens-wall">The Women's Wall</a> Tablet Magazine, April 30, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308072412/http://womenofthewall.org.il/about/mission-statement/">"Mission Statement"</a>. <i>Women of the Wall – נשות הכותל</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenofthewall.org.il/about/mission-statement/">the original</a> on March 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+of+the+Wall+%E2%80%93+%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9C&rft.atitle=Mission+Statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomenofthewall.org.il%2Fabout%2Fmission-statement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308070301/http://womenofthewall.org.il/about/history/">"History"</a>. <i>Women of the Wall – נשות הכותל</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Al-Aksa+Is+in+Danger%27+Libel%3A+The+History+of+a+Lie&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Shragai&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Fal-aksa-libel-advocate-mufti-haj-amin-al-husseini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilnay2003" class="citation book cs1">Vilnay, Zev (2003). "How the Wall was discovered". <i>Legends of Palestine</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4128-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4128-4"><bdi>0-7661-4128-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+the+Wall+was+discovered&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7661-4128-4&rft.aulast=Vilnay&rft.aufirst=Zev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1878" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Charles Dudley (1878). "Jerusalem". <i>In the Levant</i>. Houghton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem&rft.btitle=In+the+Levant&rft.pub=Houghton&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Charles+Dudley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1881" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Charles (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeintheholyland.com/wailing_wall_1800s.htm"><i>Picturesque Palestine</i></a>. Vol. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Picturesque+Palestine&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifeintheholyland.com%2Fwailing_wall_1800s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDrYAAAAMAAJ"><i>The World Book Encyclopedia</i></a>. World Book. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0107-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0107-4"><bdi>978-0-7166-0107-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=World+Book&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7166-0107-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDrYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Western_Wall" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Western Wall">Western Wall</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm">The political role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount question</a>, Yoel Cohen, from the Jewish Political Studies Review, Volume 11:1–2 (Spring 1999), accessed March 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekotel.org/en/">Official website</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">the Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-western-wall">Jewish Virtual Library: <i>The Western Wall</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2246/jewish/The-Shofar-and-the-Wall.htm">Chabad.org: <i>The Shofar and the Wall, 1930</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isracast.com/article.aspx?id=374">Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall: Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, June 7th, 1967</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shvilist.com/westernwall/">The Western Wall Online</a> – online services related to the Kotel: Prayer note, Live cam, and Information</li></ul> <p><b>Photographs</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifeintheholyland.com/wailing_wall_1960s.htm">Wailing Wall to Western Wall (1960s)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianandwendy.com/Israel/Jerusalem/Western_Wall/slideshow.htm">Photographs of the Western Wall (Summer 2007)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Google Street View</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=jerusalem&hl=en&ll=31.776611,35.234045&spn=0.004661,0.007682&sll=40.713956,-75.322266&sspn=33.880079,62.929688&hnear=Jerusalem,+Israel&t=m&z=17&layer=c&cbll=31.776673,35.234031&panoid=_UuBKNcQsc4lxDfjebqb4w&cbp=12,79.7,,0,-6.91">The Western Wall on Google Street View</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template talk:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Prayer Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Spirits" title="Dome of the Spirits">Dome of the Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha" title="Dome of Yusuf Agha">Dome of Yusuf Agha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qasim_Pasha" title="Fountain of Qasim Pasha">Fountain of Qasim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay" title="Fountain of Qayt Bay">Fountain of Qayt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-N%C4%81ranj_Pool" title="An-Nāranj Pool">An-Nāranj Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Library</a></li> <li>Madrasas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_al-Ashrafiyya" title="Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya">Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" title="Al-Uthmaniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Uthmaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Khatuniyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls and entries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound">Minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Inspector's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Merchants%27_Gate" title="Cotton Merchants' Gate">Cotton Merchants'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Chain Gate (Jerusalem)">Chain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">Al-Aqsa is in danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabitat" title="Murabitat">Murabitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqsa massacre (page does not exist)">Al-Aqsa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Flood">Al-Aqsa Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten_Sea" title="Molten Sea">Molten Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_treasury" title="Temple treasury">Temple treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schick_models_of_Jerusalem" title="Schick models of Jerusalem">Schick models of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">The Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughrabi_Bridge" title="Mughrabi Bridge">Mughrabi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotel_compromise" title="Kotel compromise">Kotel compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission</a></li> <li>Advocacy groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HaLiba" title="HaLiba">HaLiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Faithful" title="Temple Mount Faithful">Temple Mount Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_of_the_Wall" title="Platoon of the Wall">Platoon of the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93Wailing_Wall_Committee" title="Pro–Wailing Wall Committee">Pro–Wailing Wall Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">Women for the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallal" title="Kallal">Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wall" title="Eastern Wall">Eastern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birket_Israel" title="Birket Israel">Birket Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Baris" title="Hasmonean Baris">Hasmonean Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins" title="Monastery of the Virgins">Monastery of the Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Raranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool of Raranj">Pool of Raranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Baris" title="Ptolemaic Baris">Ptolemaic Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthion_Pool" title="Struthion Pool">Struthion Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Gate" title="Beautiful Gate">Beautiful Gate</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_the_Temple_Mount" title="Excavations at the Temple Mount">Excavations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Destruction_of_Antiquities_on_the_Temple_Mount" title="Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount">Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan#Assassination" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Assassination of Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_mosque_fire" title="Al-Aqsa mosque fire">1969 arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes">Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Temple Mount riots">1990 riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Temple_Mount_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Temple Mount clashes">2009 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 wave of violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">2017 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_shooting" title="2017 Temple Mount shooting">2017 shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">2022 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">2023 clashes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status quo of Holy Land sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Entry restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel of the World">Navel of the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Temple_Mount" title="Category:Temple Mount">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_places_in_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Template:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Template talk:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_places_in_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy places in Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_places_in_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_places#Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">Holy places</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Land_of_Israel(Laws_and_customs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Laws and customs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_cities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_cities_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy cities of Judaism">Holy cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jerusalem(Holiness)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Holiness</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Temple_inJerusalem" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in<br />Jerusalem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">Tombs of<br />biblical figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Matriarchs" title="Tomb of the Matriarchs">Matriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Benjamin" title="Tomb of Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David%27s_Tomb" title="David's Tomb">David</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea and Samaria">Judea and Samaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Joshua" title="Tomb of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Samuel" title="Tomb of Samuel">Samuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_Tomb" title="Ezekiel's Tomb">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum#Tomb" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra%27s_Tomb" title="Ezra's Tomb">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest#Tomb" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua the High Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Esther and Mordechai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_City_of_Jerusalem_and_its_walls" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_City_(Jerusalem)" title="Template:Old City (Jerusalem)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_City_(Jerusalem)" title="Template talk:Old City (Jerusalem)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_City_(Jerusalem)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old City (Jerusalem)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_City_of_Jerusalem_and_its_walls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem" title="Walls of Jerusalem">walls</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> since 1981</li> <li>Sorted by religions</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></i></li> <li>See also: <i><a href="/wiki/New_Church_of_the_Theotokos" title="New Church of the Theotokos">New Church of the Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus">Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Franciscans(Custos)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Franciscans</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custos</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Saviour" title="Monastery of Saint Saviour">Monastery of Saint Saviour</a></li> <li>Monastery of the Flagellation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Condemnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Condemnation">Church of the Condemnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Flagellation" title="Church of the Flagellation">Church of the Flagellation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Chapel of Simon of Cyrene">Chapel of Simon of Cyrene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_the_Sisters_of_Zion" title="Convent of the Sisters of Zion">Convent of the Sisters of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Anne,_Jerusalem" title="Church of Saint Anne, Jerusalem">Church of Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Family, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Family</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Church of Saint James Intercisus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Germans" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Germans">Church of Saint Mary of the Germans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Latins" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Latins">Church of Saint Mary of the Latins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Catholic</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Annunciation,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation, Jerusalem">Cathedral of the Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows,_Jerusalem" title="Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, Jerusalem">Church of Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Convent,_Jerusalem" title="Maronite Convent, Jerusalem">Maronite Convent</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern<br />Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greek_Orthodox(Patriarch)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Saint John the Baptist, Jerusalem">Church of Saint John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental<br />Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Orthodox</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_James,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem">Cathedral of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Archangels,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Archangels, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Toros" title="Church of Saint Toros">Church of Saint Toros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark" title="Monastery of Saint Mark">Monastery of Saint Mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem">Archbishop</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Episcopal_Church_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Middle_East" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Middle_East" title="Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East">Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Jerusalem" title="Christ Church, Jerusalem">Christ Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protestant_Church_in_Germany" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Redeemer,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem">Church of the Redeemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><b>Areas, quarters</b> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 334px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg/334px-Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="334" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg/501px-Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg/668px-Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="370" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:142px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:104px; top:172px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:204px; top:62px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)">Muslim<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:79px; top:222px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:202px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:244px; top:146px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple<br />Mount</a></div></div> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem">Gates</a></b><br />1. <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Zion_Gate" title="Zion Gate">Zion</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung</a> 4. <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden</a> 5. <a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions</a> 6. <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Gate" title="Herod's Gate">Herod</a><br />7. <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus</a> 8. <a href="/wiki/New_Gate" title="New Gate">New</a> (<i>Double, Single, Tanners<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a> </p> <b>Surrounding streets, roads</b>: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highway_60_(Israel%E2%80%93Palestine)#Highway_60_in_Jerusalem" title="Highway 60 (Israel–Palestine)">Highway 60</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Road</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Route_417_(Israel)#Jericho_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Route 417 (Israel)">Jericho</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_HaShalom" title="Ma'ale HaShalom">Ma'ale HaShalom</a></li><li>Ofel</li><li>Sultan Suleiman</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Islam</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Waqf</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Qibli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al-Ashrafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya">Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other mosques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buraq_Mosque" title="Al-Buraq Mosque">Al-Buraq Mosque</a></li> <li>Al-Yaqoubi Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khanqah_al-Salahiyya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque">Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Jerusalem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)">Mosque of Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Dissi_Mosque" title="Al Dissi Mosque">Al Dissi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidna_Omar_Mosque" title="Sidna Omar Mosque">Sidna Omar Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox<br />Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_Synagogue" title="Ramban Synagogue">Ramban Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ari Synagogue">Ari Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Sephardic_Synagogues" title="Four Sephardic Synagogues">Four Sephardic Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_ha-Chaim_Synagogue" title="Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue">Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzuf_Dvash_Synagogue" title="Tzuf Dvash Synagogue">Tzuf Dvash Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Yitzchak_Synagogue" title="Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue">Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Remnants or rebuilt buildings in <i>italic</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/24px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Synagogues_in_The_State_of_Israel_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Synagogues_in_Israel" title="Template:Synagogues in Israel"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Synagogues_in_Israel" title="Template talk:Synagogues in Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Synagogues_in_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Synagogues in Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Synagogues_in_The_State_of_Israel_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Israel" title="List of synagogues in Israel"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Synagogues</span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">The State of Israel</span></a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Central</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshurun_Central_Synagogue" title="Yeshurun Central Synagogue">Yeshurun Central</a> (Gedera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Petah_Tikva)" title="Great Synagogue (Petah Tikva)">Great</a> (Petah Tikva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Abu_Hurayra" title="Mausoleum of Abu Hurayra">Mausoleum of Abu Hurayra</a> (Yavne)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Haifa</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emet_veShalom" title="Emet veShalom">Emet veShalom</a> (Nahariya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Ya%27akov_Synagogue_(Zikhron_Ya%27akov)" title="Ohel Ya'akov Synagogue (Zikhron Ya'akov)">Ohel Ya'akov</a> (Zikhron Ya'akov)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Jerusalem" title="Category:Synagogues in Jerusalem"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Jerusalem</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ades_Synagogue" title="Ades Synagogue">Ades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv_Court_Museum" title="Old Yishuv Court Museum">Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Great_Synagogue" title="Belz Great Synagogue">Belz Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Sephardic_Synagogues" title="Four Sephardic Synagogues">Four Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue" title="Jerusalem Great Synagogue">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecht_Synagogue" title="Hecht Synagogue">Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichal_Shlomo" title="Heichal Shlomo">Heichal Shlomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Yitzchak_Synagogue" title="Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue">Ohel Yitzchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_ha-Chaim_Synagogue" title="Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue">Ohr ha-Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Motza_Synagogue" title="Old Motza Synagogue">Old Motza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yemenite_Synagogue_(Silwan)" title="Old Yemenite Synagogue (Silwan)">Old Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Zaruaa_Synagogue" title="Or Zaruaa Synagogue">Or Zaruaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressburg_Yeshiva_(Jerusalem)" title="Pressburg Yeshiva (Jerusalem)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Dr._I._Goldstein_Synagogue" title="Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue">Rabbi Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_Synagogue" title="Ramban Synagogue">Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemesh_Sedaqah_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemesh Sedaqah Synagogue">Shemesh Sedaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shira_Hadasha" title="Shira Hadasha">Shira Hadasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzuf_Dvash_Synagogue" title="Tzuf Dvash Synagogue">Tzuf Dvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoharei_Chama_Synagogue" title="Zoharei Chama Synagogue">Zoharei Chama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Northern</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Or_Torah_Synagogue" title="Or Torah Synagogue">Or Torah</a> (Acre)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuhav_Synagogue" title="Abuhav Synagogue">Abuhav</a> (Safed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue" title="Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue">Ari Ashkenazi</a> (Safed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Tel_Aviv" title="Category:Synagogues in Tel Aviv"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tel Aviv</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Daniel_Centers" title="The Daniel Centers">Beit Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbalista_Synagogue_and_Jewish_Heritage_Center" title="Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center">Cymbalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Tel_Aviv)" title="Great Synagogue (Tel Aviv)">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechal_Yehuda_Synagogue" title="Hechal Yehuda Synagogue">Hechal Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzkovitch_Synagogue" title="Itzkovitch Synagogue">Itzkovitch</a></li> <li>Kiryat Ono<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which synagogue? There are several in Kiryat Ono (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><i>Former</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Inactive <span style="font-size:85%;">(still standing)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peki%27in_Synagogue" title="Peki'in Synagogue">Peki'in</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Muallaq_Mosque" title="Al-Muallaq Mosque">Ramchal (Acre)</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(now a mosque)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Synagogue_of_Shfaram" title="Ancient Synagogue of Shfaram">Shfaram Ancient</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_synagogues_of_Tiberias" title="Old synagogues of Tiberias">Old synagogues of Tiberias</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Destroyed or in ruins<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(no longer standing)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anim_Synagogue" title="Anim Synagogue">Anim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbel#Ancient_synagogue" title="Arbel">Arbel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beth_Alpha" title="Beth Alpha">Beth Alpha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capernaum#Synagogue" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorazin#Synagogue" title="Chorazin">Chorazin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammat_Tiberias#Synagogues" title="Hammat Tiberias">Hammat Tiberias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurvat_Amudim#Synagogue" title="Hurvat Amudim">Hurvat Amudim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Bar%27am_synagogue" title="Kfar Bar'am synagogue">Kfar Bar'am</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafr_%27Inan#Roman_and_Byzantine_Kfar_Hanania" title="Kafr 'Inan">Kfar Hananiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Shema" title="Khirbet Shema">Khirbet Shema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maon_Synagogue" title="Maon Synagogue">Maon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maoz_Haim_Synagogue" title="Maoz Haim Synagogue">Maoz Haim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Synagogue" title="Migdal Synagogue">Migdal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabratein_synagogue" title="Nabratein synagogue">Nabratein</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shem_and_Eber_Cave" title="Shem and Eber Cave">Shem and Eber Cave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susya#Ancient_synagogue" title="Susya">Susya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tzippori_Synagogue" title="Tzippori Synagogue">Tzippori</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>Under restoration <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Tiferet Yisrael</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Qanatir" title="Umm el-Qanatir">Umm el-Qanatir</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Israel" title="List of synagogues in Israel"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of synagogues</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Israel" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Israel"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Jews and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Israel" title="Category:Synagogues in Israel"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_synagogues_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Category:Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134821#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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