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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle <video> element examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-<video>_element_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Multiple sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supported_video_and_audio_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supported_video_and_audio_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Supported video and audio formats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supported_video_and_audio_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Supported video and audio formats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Supported_video_and_audio_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Free formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MPEG-DASH_Support_via_the_Media_Source_Extensions_(MSE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MPEG-DASH_Support_via_the_Media_Source_Extensions_(MSE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 MPEG-DASH Support via the Media Source Extensions (MSE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MPEG-DASH_Support_via_the_Media_Source_Extensions_(MSE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Google's_purchase_of_On2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google's_purchase_of_On2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Google's purchase of On2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google's_purchase_of_On2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-free_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-free_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Non-free formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-free_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cisco_makes_a_licensed_H.264_binary_module_available_for_free" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cisco_makes_a_licensed_H.264_binary_module_available_for_free"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Cisco makes a licensed H.264 binary module available for free </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cisco_makes_a_licensed_H.264_binary_module_available_for_free-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Browser support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Browser_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Browser support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Browser_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Values </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparent_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparent_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Transparent video </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transparent_video-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transparent video subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transparent_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_browser_support_for_videos_with_alpha_channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_browser_support_for_videos_with_alpha_channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Web browser support for videos with alpha channel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_browser_support_for_videos_with_alpha_channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Earlier solutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_rights_management_(Encrypted_Media_Extensions)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_rights_management_(Encrypted_Media_Extensions)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Digital rights management (Encrypted Media Extensions) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_rights_management_(Encrypted_Media_Extensions)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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video" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_video" title="HTML5 video – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="HTML5 video" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5-a_video" title="HTML5-a video – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="HTML5-a video" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A9o_HTML5" title="Vidéo HTML5 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vidéo HTML5" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="HTML5 비디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="HTML5 비디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_video" title="HTML5 video – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="HTML5 video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_video" title="HTML5 video – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HTML5 video" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_element" title="Article element">article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">canvas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Basic" title="XHTML Basic">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">Mobile Profile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_element" title="Meta element">meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div_and_span" title="Div and span">div and span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blink_element" title="Blink element">blink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_element" title="Marquee element">marquee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">HTML attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt_attribute" title="Alt attribute">alt attribute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Frame (World Wide Web)">HTML frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Object_Model" title="Browser Object Model">Browser Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTMX" class="mw-redirect" title="HTMX">HTMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3D" title="Web3D">Web3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Validator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">Quirks mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">Rendering engine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Comparisons</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languages" title="Comparison of document markup languages">Document markup languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_browser_engines" title="Comparison of browser engines">Comparison of browser engines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTML" title="Template:HTML"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTML" title="Template talk:HTML"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HTML" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HTML"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> HTML video is a subject of the <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> specification as the standard way of playing video via the web. Introduced in <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>,<a href="#cite_note-spec-1">[1]</a> it is designed to partially replace the <a href="/wiki/Object_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Object element">object element</a> and the previous de facto standard of using the proprietary <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> plugin, though early adoption was hampered by lack of agreement as to which <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video coding formats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio coding formats</a> should be supported in web browsers. As of 2020, HTML video is the only widely supported video playback technology in modern browsers, with the Flash plugin being phased out. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_<video>_element">History of <video> element</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of <video> element">edit</a>]</div> The <code class="nowrap" style=""><video></code> element started being discussed by the <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> in October 2006.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The <code class="nowrap" style=""><video></code> element was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Opera_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Software">Opera Software</a> in February 2007.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Opera also released a preview build that was showcased the same day,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and a manifesto that called for video to become a first-class citizen of the web.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="<video>_element_examples"><video> element examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: <video> element examples">edit</a>]</div> The following HTML code fragment will embed a <a href="/wiki/WebM_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="WebM Project">WebM</a> video into a web page. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><video src="movie.webm" poster="movie.jpg" controls> This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag. </video> </pre></div> The "controls" attribute enables the browser's own user interface for controlling playback. Alternatively, playback can be controlled with <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, which the web designer can use to create a custom user interface. The optional "poster" attribute specifies an image to show in the video's place before playback is started. Its purpose is to be representative of the video. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_sources">Multiple sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multiple sources">edit</a>]</div> Video format support varies among browsers (see below), so a web page can provide video in multiple formats. For other features, <a href="/wiki/Browser_sniffing" title="Browser sniffing">browser sniffing</a> is used sometimes, which may be error-prone: any web developer's knowledge of browsers will inevitably be incomplete or not up-to-date. The browser in question "knows best" what formats it can use. The "video" element supports fallback through specification of multiple sources. Using any number of <source> elements, as shown below, the browser will choose automatically which file to download. Alternatively, the <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>canPlayType() function can be used to achieve the same. The "type" attribute specifies the <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">MIME type</a> and possibly a list of codecs, which helps the browser to determine whether it can decode the file without beginning to download it. The MIME type denotes the <a href="/wiki/Container_format" title="Container format">container format</a> of the file, and the container format defines the interpretation of the codec string.<a href="#cite_note-moz-codecs-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><video poster="poster.jpg" controls> <source src="av1.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="av01.0.00M.08, opus"'> <source src="avc.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'> <source src="vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9.0, opus"'> <source src="theora.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"'> <p>This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag.</p> </video> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supported_video_and_audio_formats">Supported video and audio formats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supported video and audio formats">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Ogg_formats_in_HTML5" title="Use of Ogg formats in HTML5">Use of Ogg formats in HTML5</a></div> The HTML specification does not specify which video and audio formats browsers should support. User agents are free to support any video formats they feel are appropriate, but content authors cannot assume that any video will be accessible by all complying user agents, since user agents have no minimal set of video and audio formats to support. The HTML5 Working Group considered it desirable to specify at least one video format which all user agents (browsers) should support. The ideal format in this regard would: <ul><li>Have good compression, good image quality, and low decode processor use.</li> <li>Be royalty-free.</li> <li>In addition to software decoders, a hardware <a href="/wiki/Video_decoder" title="Video decoder">video decoder</a> should exist for the format, as many embedded processors do not have the performance to decode video.</li></ul> Initially, <a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a> <a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a> was the recommended standard video format in HTML5, because it was not affected by any known patents. But on 10 December 2007, the HTML5 specification was updated,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> replacing the reference to concrete formats: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">User agents should support Theora video and Vorbis audio, as well as the Ogg container format.</blockquote> with a placeholder:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It would be helpful for interoperability if all browsers could support the same codecs. However, there are no known codecs that satisfy all the current players: we need a codec that is known to not require per-unit or per-distributor licensing, that is compatible with the open source development model, that is of sufficient quality as to be usable, and that is not an additional <a href="/wiki/Submarine_patent" title="Submarine patent">submarine patent</a> risk for large companies. This is an ongoing issue and this section will be updated once more information is available.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></blockquote> The result was a polarisation of HTML video between <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">industry-standard</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO-defined</a> but <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">patent</a>-encumbered formats, and <a href="/wiki/Open_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open format">open formats</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> format by <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a> aims to be both industry standard, royalty-free, and open, and has wide industry support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_formats">Free formats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Free formats">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a> and <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></div> Although Theora is not affected by known non-free patents, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> has expressed concern about <a href="/wiki/Patent_ambush" title="Patent ambush">unknown patents</a> that might affect it, whose owners might be waiting for a corporation with extensive financial resources to use the format before suing.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-apple-ogg-13">[13]</a> Formats like <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a> might also be subject to unknown patents in principle, but they have been deployed much more widely and so it is presumed that any patent-holders would have already made themselves known. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> has also opposed requiring Ogg format support in the HTML standard (even as a "should" requirement) on the grounds that some devices might support other formats much more easily, and that HTML has historically not required particular formats for anything.<a href="#cite_note-apple-ogg-13">[13]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developers</a> criticized the removal of the Ogg formats from the specification.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> A follow-up discussion also occurred on the W3C questions and answers blog.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Software">Opera</a> support only the open formats of <a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a> and <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>. Google stated its intention to remove support for H.264 in 2011, specifically for the HTML video tag.<a href="#cite_note-chromeonvideo-16">[16]</a> Although it has been removed from <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a>, as of January 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit">[update]</a> it has yet to be removed from <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> ten years later.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MPEG-DASH_Support_via_the_Media_Source_Extensions_(MSE)">MPEG-DASH Support via the Media Source Extensions (MSE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MPEG-DASH Support via the Media Source Extensions (MSE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP</a></div> The adaptive bitrate streaming standard MPEG-DASH can be used in Web browsers via the <a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">Media Source Extensions</a> (MSE)<a href="#cite_note-mse-19">[19]</a> and JavaScript-based DASH players. Such players are, e.g., the open-source project dash.js<a href="#cite_note-mse-19">[19]</a> of the DASH Industry Forum, but there are also products such as the HTML5 Video Player of <a href="/wiki/Bitmovin" title="Bitmovin">Bitmovin</a><a href="#cite_note-bitmovin_player-20">[20]</a> (using HTML with JavaScript, but also a Flash-based DASH players for legacy Web browsers not supporting the MSE). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Google's_purchase_of_On2">Google's purchase of On2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Google's purchase of On2">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s acquisition of <a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">On2</a> in 2010 resulted in its acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a> video format. Google has provided a <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> license to use VP8.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Google also started <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>, which combines the standardized open source VP8 video codec with <a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a> audio in a <a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> based container. The opening of VP8 was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> When Google announced in January 2011 that it would end native support of H.264 in Chrome,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> criticism came from many quarters including Peter Bright of <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and Microsoft web evangelist Tim Sneath, who compared Google's move to declaring <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> the official language of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, Haavard Moen of Opera Software strongly criticized the Ars Technica article<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and Google responded to the reaction by clarifying its intent to promote WebM in its products on the basis of openness.<a href="#cite_note-chromeonvideo-16">[16]</a> After the launch of WebM, Mozilla and Opera have called for the inclusion of VP8 in HTML.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On 7 March 2013, Google Inc. and <a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a>, LLC announced agreements covering techniques that "may be essential" to VP8, with Google receiving a license from MPEG LA and 11 patent holders, and MPEG LA ending its efforts to form a VP8 patent pool.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> was released by Google as a successor to VP8, also open and royalty free. At the end of 2017 the new <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> format developed by the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a> (AOMedia) as the evolution of VP9 has reached the feature freeze, and the bitstream freeze is expected for January 2018. Firefox nightly builds already include support for AV1.<a href="#cite_note-FFnightly-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-free_formats">Non-free formats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-free formats">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a></div> <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> is widely used, and has good speed, compression, hardware decoders, and video quality, but is patent-encumbered.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Users of H.264 need licenses either from the individual patent holders, or from the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a>, a group of patent holders including Microsoft and Apple, except for some Internet broadcast video uses.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> H.264 is usually used in the MP4 container format, together with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">Advanced Audio Coding</a> (AAC) audio. AAC is also covered by patents in itself, so users of MP4 will have to license both H.264 and AAC. In June 2009, the WHATWG concluded that no existing format was suitable as a specified requirement.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Apple still only supports H.264, but Microsoft now supports <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> and WebM, and has pledged support for <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cisco_makes_a_licensed_H.264_binary_module_available_for_free">Cisco makes a licensed H.264 binary module available for free</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cisco makes a licensed H.264 binary module available for free">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenH264" title="OpenH264">OpenH264</a></div> On 30 October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> announced that it was making a binary H.264 module available for download. Cisco will pay the costs of patent licensing for those binary modules when downloaded by the using software while it is being installed, making H.264 free to use in that specific case.<a href="#cite_note-openh264-faq-36">[36]</a> In the announcement, Cisco cited its desire of furthering the use of the <a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a> project as the reason, since WebRTC's video chat feature will benefit from having a video format supported in all browsers.<a href="#cite_note-cisco-264-release-37">[37]</a> The H.264 module will be available on "all popular or feasibly supportable platforms, which can be loaded into any application".<a href="#cite_note-h264_mozilla-38">[38]</a> Cisco is also planning to publish source code for those modules under <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD license</a>, but without paying the royalties,<a href="#cite_note-openh264-faq-36">[36]</a> so the code will practically be <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> only in countries without H.264 <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a>, which has already been true about other existing implementations. Also on 30 October 2013, Mozilla's <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> announced that Firefox would automatically download Cisco's H.264 module when needed by default. He also noted that the binary module is not a perfect solution, since users do not have full <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> rights to "modify, recompile, and redistribute without license agreements or fees". Thus Xiph and Mozilla continue the development of <a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-h264_mozilla-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-monty-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenH264" title="OpenH264">OpenH264</a> only supports the baseline profile of H.264, and does not by itself address the need for an AAC decoder. Therefore, it is not considered sufficient for typical MP4 web video, which is typically in the high profile with AAC audio.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> However, for use in WebRTC, the omission of AAC was justified in the release announcement: "the standards bodies have aligned on <a href="/wiki/Opus_(codec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opus (codec)">Opus</a> and <a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> as the common audio codecs for WebRTC".<a href="#cite_note-cisco-264-release-37">[37]</a> There is doubt as to whether a capped global licensing of AAC, like Cisco's for H.264, is feasible after AAC's licensing bureau removed the price cap shortly after the release of OpenH264.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Browser_support">Browser support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Browser support">edit</a>]</div> This table shows which video formats are likely to be supported by a given <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a>. Most of the browsers listed here use a <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_framework" title="Multimedia framework">multimedia framework</a> for decoding and display of video, instead of incorporating such software components. It is not generally possible to tell the set of formats supported by a multimedia framework without querying it, because that depends on the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and third party codecs.<a href="#cite_note-phonon-backs-44">[44]</a> In these cases, video format support is an attribute of the framework, not the browser (or its layout engine), assuming the browser properly queries its multimedia framework before rejecting unknown video formats. In some cases, the support listed here is not a function of either codecs available within the operating system's underlying media framework, or of codec capabilities built into the browser, but rather could be by a browser add-on that might, for example, bypass the browser's normal HTML parsing of the <video> tag to embed a plug-in based video player. Note that a video file normally contains both video and audio content, each encoded in its own format. The browser has to support both the video and audio formats. See <a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">HTML audio</a> for a table of which audio formats are supported by each browser. The video format can be specified by <a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">MIME type</a> in HTML (see <a href="#Multiple_sources">example</a>). MIME types are used for querying multimedia frameworks for supported formats.<a href="#cite_note-phonon-query-45">[45]</a> Of these browsers, only Firefox and Opera employ libraries for built-in decoding. In practice, Internet Explorer and Safari can also guarantee certain format support, because their manufacturers also make their multimedia frameworks. At the other end of the scale, Konqueror has identical format support to Internet Explorer when run on Windows, and Safari when run on Mac, but the selected support here for Konqueror is the typical for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, where Konqueror has most of its users. In general, the format support of browsers is much dictated by conflicting interests of vendors, specifically that <a href="/wiki/Media_Foundation" title="Media Foundation">Media Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> support commercial standards, whereas <a href="/wiki/GStreamer" title="GStreamer">GStreamer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonon_(software)" title="Phonon (software)">Phonon</a> cannot legally support other than free formats by default on the free operating systems that they are intended for.<a href="#cite_note-gpl-license-46">[46]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <caption>Status of video format support in each web browser </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Browser </th> <th>Operating System </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264</a> (<a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">MP4</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a> (<a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">MP4</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a> (<a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> (<a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> (<a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> browser </th> <td>Android </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 2.3<a href="#cite_note-androidformats-47">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 3.0<a href="#cite_note-androidformats-47">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 5.0<a href="#cite_note-androidformats-47">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 2.3<a href="#cite_note-androidformats-47">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 4.4<a href="#cite_note-androidformats-47">[47]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 10 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> </th> <td>Unix-like and Windows </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since r18297<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Via <a href="/wiki/FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<a href="#cite_note-chromium-codecs-51">[51]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since r47759<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since r172738<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> </th> <td>Unix-like, Android, macOS, and Windows </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 3.0<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-chrome-3-video-55">[55]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 3.0<a href="#cite_note-chrome-3-video-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Since 105 (software decoding; needs OS-level codecs) Since 107 (hardware decoding; needs hardware decoder)<a href="#cite_note-chrome-supports-hevc-streamingmedia-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-chrome-supports-hevc-bitmovin-59">[58]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 6.0<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 29.0<a href="#cite_note-64">[b]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 70<a href="#cite_note-AV1_Decode-65">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> </th> <td>Windows </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Via <a href="/wiki/OpenCodecs" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCodecs">OpenCodecs</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 9.0<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<a href="#cite_note-no_mainstream_hevc-67">[65]</a> </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Via <a href="/wiki/OpenCodecs" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCodecs">OpenCodecs</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows Phone </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 9.0<a href="#cite_note-HTML5_Video_Support_in_IE9_Mobile-68">[66]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows RT </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 10.0<a href="#cite_note-HTML5_Video_Support_in_IE9_Mobile-68">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a> </th> <td>Unix-like, macOS and Windows (Chromium) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since v79<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since v79 (only browser to support DRM PlayReady)<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<a href="#cite_note-no_mainstream_hevc-67">[65]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since v79<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[70]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since v79<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[70]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since v79<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows 10 (Legacy EdgeHTML) </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Since 17.0 (with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N5TDP8VCMHS">Web Media Extensions</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Edge-MediaExt-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-html5test-edge17-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-edge_better_webm-75">[73]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 12.0<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Needs hardware decoder<a href="#cite_note-edge_hevc-79">[c]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Since 17.0 (supports <video> tag with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N5TDP8VCMHS">Web Media Extensions</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9n4d0msmp0pt">VP9 Video Extensions</a>)<a href="#cite_note-html5test-edge17-74">[72]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Only enabled by default if hardware decoder present<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Since 17.0 (supports <video> tag with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N5TDP8VCMHS">Web Media Extensions</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9n4d0msmp0pt">VP9 Video Extensions</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Edge-MediaExt-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-html5test-edge17-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-edge_better_webm-75">[73]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Since 18.0 (with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9mvzqvxjbq9v">AV1 Video Extension</a>)<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows 10 Mobile </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 13.0<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Since 15.0 (only via <a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a>)<a href="#cite_note-edge_webrtc-83">[80]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Since 14.0 (only via <a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a>)<a href="#cite_note-edge_vp9-84">[81]</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a> </th> <td>Unix-like and Windows </td> <td colspan="6" style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Needs OS-level codecs<a href="#cite_note-konq-85">[d]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> </th> <td>Windows 7+ </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 3.5<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 21.0<a href="#cite_note-89">[e]</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<a href="#cite_note-no_mainstream_hevc-67">[65]</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 4.0<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 28.0<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 65.0 (64-bit)<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> Since 66.0 (32-bit)<a href="#cite_note-firefox_66_releasenotes-94">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows Vista </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 22.0<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows XP and N editions </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 46.0<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Linux </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">26.0 (via <a href="/wiki/GStreamer" title="GStreamer">GStreamer</a>)<a href="#cite_note-99">[f]</a> 43.0 (via <a href="/wiki/FFmpeg" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a>)<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 67.0[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Android </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 17.0<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nightly table-nightly">in Nightly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>macOS </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 34.0<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 66.0<a href="#cite_note-firefox_66_releasenotes-94">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Firefox OS </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 1.1<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Opera Mobile</a> </th> <td>Android, iOS, Symbian, and Windows Mobile </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 13.0 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 11.50 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 15.0 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 16.0 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">since 57.0<a href="#cite_note-AV1_Decode-65">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> </th> <td>macOS, Windows </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 10.50<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 24.0<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 10.60<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">since 57.0<a href="#cite_note-AV1_Decode-65">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Linux </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Needs codec library<a href="#cite_note-110">[g]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> </th> <td>iOS </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 3.1<a href="#cite_note-Mozilla_Developer_Network-111">[104]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 11<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 17.4 (fully supported)<a href="#cite_note-safari_17_4-113">[106]</a> Since 12.1 (only via <a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-safari_12_1-114">[107]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 17.4 (fully supported)<a href="#cite_note-safari_17_4-113">[106]</a> Since 14 (only via <a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-safari_tech_preview_110-115">[108]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Since 17.0 (needs hardware decoder; needs <a href="/wiki/MP4" class="mw-redirect" title="MP4">MP4</a> container[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>])<a href="#cite_note-safari_17_0-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[h]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>macOS </td> <td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Via <a href="/wiki/Xiph_QuickTime_Components" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiph QuickTime Components">Xiph QuickTime Components</a> (<a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">macOS 10.11</a> and earlier) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 14.1<a href="#cite_note-safari_14_1-118">[110]</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Since 14.1<a href="#cite_note-safari_14_1-118">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a> </th> <td>Linux and BSD </td> <td colspan="6" style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Needs OS-level codecs<a href="#cite_note-epiphany-121">[i]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values">Values</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Explanation_of_the_tables2&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Values">edit</a>]</div> These indicate the level of support for the given item in each engine. By default, the most recent version of the engine is implied. However, a specific version number can be listed; when this indicates full support, it's the initial version of the engine fully supporting the item. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Legend </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Value </th> <th scope="col">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th> <td>Fully supported </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </th> <td>Has never been supported </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial </th> <td>Only some values are supported </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="incorrect">Incorrect </th> <td>Not implemented correctly in all cases </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="experimental table-experimental">Experimental </th> <td>May be incomplete or buggy </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nightly table-nightly"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_build" title="Neutral build">Nightly build</a> </th> <td>Currently in development; full support is expected </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="depends table-depends">Depends </th> <td>Only supported for the specified conditions </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="dropped table-dropped">Dropped </th> <td>No longer supported </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> On 11 January 2011 the removal of support for H.264 was announced on Chromium Blog.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> As of 7 November 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit">[update]</a> neither actual support was removed, nor the change to this plan was announced. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> VP9 support in 25, turned off by default.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Enabled by default in version 29.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-edge_hevc-79"><a href="#cite_ref-edge_hevc_79-0">^</a> Available if the device has hardware support for HEVC.<a href="#cite_note-edge_hevc-77">[75]</a> No software decoding support was included because "HEVC is very computationally complex, this will provide a more consistent experience."<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-konq-85"><a href="#cite_ref-konq_85-0">^</a> Any format supported by Phonon backend. Available Phonon backends include <a href="/wiki/DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a>, <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a>, <a href="/wiki/GStreamer" title="GStreamer">GStreamer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xine" title="Xine">xine</a>; backends using <a href="/wiki/MPlayer" title="MPlayer">MPlayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC</a> are in development. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> As of version 20, prefed off by default.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Enabled by default beginning in version 21.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Disabled by default until version 26.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Also, depends on the codec on the system.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> A later version of libffmpeg.so has to be installed.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/IPhone_15_Pro" title="IPhone 15 Pro">iPhone 15 Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone_15_Pro_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 15 Pro Max">iPhone 15 Pro Max</a>, and any <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Apple_M3" title="Apple M3">Apple M3</a> SoC support <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> hardware decoding. </li> <li id="cite_note-epiphany-121"><a href="#cite_ref-epiphany_121-0">^</a> Any format supported by <a href="/wiki/GStreamer" title="GStreamer">GStreamer</a> on Webkit/GTK+.<a href="#cite_note-epiphany-webkit-announcement-119">[111]</a> The support for Ogg Theora, WebM and h.264 formats is included with base, good, and bad plugins respectively.<a href="#cite_note-gstreamer-plugins-120">[112]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transparent_video">Transparent video</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transparent video">edit</a>]</div> Transparent video, that is video with an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha Channel">alpha channel</a>, has multiple design advantages:<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> <ul><li>As it has no burnt-in background color / pattern / motif, you can change the background and/or neighboring objects in a web page any time later without the need to re-generate the video to fit into its surroundings properly, which was the far less flexible technique so far.</li> <li>You can very flexibly combine transparent videos with other elements (text, graphics, other videos or dynamically rendered content such as <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">canvas</a>) to achieve very dynamic layering effects.</li> <li>It opens a whole lot of possibilities also in terms of <a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">responsive web design</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_browser_support_for_videos_with_alpha_channel">Web browser support for videos with alpha channel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Web browser support for videos with alpha channel">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a> supports <a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a> and <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> encoded videos with an alpha channel served in a <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a> container, since version 31 in 2013-07.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> supports <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a> encoded videos with an alpha channel served in a <a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">MP4</a> container,<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> since <a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">iOS 13</a> (2019-09) and <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">macOS Catalina</a> (2019-10).</li> <li>There are some other proprietary <a href="/wiki/Polyfill_(programming)" title="Polyfill (programming)">polyfill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Legacy_system" title="Legacy system">legacy</a> solutions with a <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> based video player playing back a video which upon upload to the <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">SaaS</a> server got converted into a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_file_format" title="Proprietary file format">proprietary</a> video format.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_solutions">Earlier solutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Earlier solutions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Before the HTML5 era the only way to play back transparent video was by the help of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> and using the <code>transparent</code> <a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> flag in its embedding code.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_rights_management_(Encrypted_Media_Extensions)">Digital rights management (Encrypted Media Extensions)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital rights management (Encrypted Media Extensions)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">Encrypted Media Extensions</a></div> HTML has support for <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM, restricting how content can be used) via the <a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">Encrypted Media Extensions</a> (EME). The addition of DRM is controversial because it allows restricting users' freedom to use media restricted by DRM, even where fair use gives users the legal right to do so.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a> A main argument in W3C's approval of EME was that the video content would otherwise be delivered in plugins and apps, and not in the web browser.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> In 2013 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> added support for HTML video using EME, beside their old delivery method using a <a href="/wiki/Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a> plugin (also with DRM).<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, in the wake of Apple <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> launch and after <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_Flash" title="Thoughts on Flash">Apple mobile devices would not support Flash</a>, a number of high-profile sites began to serve H.264 HTML video instead of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> for user-agents identifying as iPad.<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> HTML video was not as widespread as Flash videos, though there were rollouts of experimental HTML-based video players from <a href="/wiki/DailyMotion" class="mw-redirect" title="DailyMotion">DailyMotion</a> (using Ogg Theora and Vorbis format),<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> YouTube (using the H.264 and WebM formats),<a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> and Vimeo (using the H.264 format).<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> Support for HTML video has been steadily increasing. In June 2013, Netflix added support for HTML video.<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> In January 2015, YouTube switched to using HTML video instead of Flash by default.<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> In December 2015, Facebook switched from Flash to HTML video for all video content.<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> As of 2016, Flash is still widely installed on desktops, while generally not being supported on mobile devices such as smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-flashphone-137">[128]</a> The Flash plugin is widely assumed, including by Adobe,<a href="#cite_note-flashphone-137">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a> to be destined to be phased out,<a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> which will leave HTML video as the only widely supported method to play video on the World Wide Web. Chrome,<a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> Firefox,<a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> Safari,<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> and Edge,<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> have plans to make almost all flash content click to play in 2017. The only major browser which does not have announced plans to deprecate Flash is Internet Explorer.<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> Adobe announced on 25 July 2017 that they would be permanently ending development of Flash in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">HTML audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML5_and_Flash" title="Comparison of HTML5 and Flash">Comparison of HTML5 and Flash</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spec-1"><a href="#cite_ref-spec_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813023244/http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/video.html#video">"The video element"</a>. 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Microsoft Edge DevBlog. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Edge+DevBlog&rft.atitle=Extending+User+Control+of+Flash+with+Click-to-Run&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.windows.com%2Fmsedgedev%2F2016%2F12%2F14%2Fedge-flash-click-run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeross-msft" class="citation web cs1">eross-msft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/microsoft-edge/enterprise-guidance-using-microsoft-edge-and-ie11">"Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer 11 (Microsoft Edge for IT Pros)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Edge+and+Internet+Explorer+11+%28Microsoft+Edge+for+IT+Pros%29&rft.au=eross-msft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fitpro%2Fmicrosoft-edge%2Fenterprise-guidance-using-microsoft-edge-and-ie11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.adobe.com/conversations/2017/07/adobe-flash-update.html">"Flash & The Future of Interactive Content"</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+%26+The+Future+of+Interactive+Content&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.adobe.com%2Fconversations%2F2017%2F07%2Fadobe-flash-update.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML_video&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"HTML Standard – The Video Element", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#the-video-element">What WG</a>, W3C, retrieved 10 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HTML+Standard+%E2%80%93+The+Video+Element&rft.btitle=What+WG&rft.pub=W3C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtml.spec.whatwg.org%2Fmultipage%2Fmedia.html%23the-video-element&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaoustHoschkaPatrikakis2010" class="citation cs2">Daoust, Francois; Hoschka, Philipp; Patrikakis, Charalampos Z (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2010/Talks/1014-html5-video-fd/video-html5.pdf">Towards Video on the Web with HTML5</a> (PDF), Barcelona: NEM Summit</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+Video+on+the+Web+with+HTML5&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=NEM+Summit&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Daoust&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft.au=Hoschka%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Patrikakis%2C+Charalampos+Z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2010%2FTalks%2F1014-html5-video-fd%2Fvideo-html5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonLauke2010" class="citation cs2">Lawson, Bruce; Lauke, Patrick H. (11 February 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.opera.com/articles/view/introduction-html5-video/">Introduction to HTML5 video</a>, Opera</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+HTML5+video&rft.pub=Opera&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Lauke%2C+Patrick+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.opera.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fintroduction-html5-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019004827/http://html5video.org/">HTML5 Video</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://html5video.org/">the original</a> on 19 October 2012, retrieved 20 November 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTML5+Video&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhtml5video.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988"> video platform software and news.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieters2010" class="citation cs2">Pieters, Simon (3 March 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.opera.com/core/blog/2010/03/03/everything-you-need-to-know-about-html5-video-and-audio-2">Everything you need to know about HTML5 video and audio</a>, Opera</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+HTML5+video+and+audio&rft.pub=Opera&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.aulast=Pieters&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmy.opera.com%2Fcore%2Fblog%2F2010%2F03%2F03%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-html5-video-and-audio-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML+video" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elstel.org/html5video/FlashVersusHtml5Video.html.en">HTML5 Video: A Practical Guide: Convert, Embed, Javascript and Flash Fallback for HTML5 Videos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Supported_media_formats">Mozilla's overview of media formats supported by browsers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange" title="Efficient XML Interchange">EXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">SRGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subresource_Integrity" title="Subresource Integrity">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">SSML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> (1993–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> (1994–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> (1994–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> (browser/editor, 1996–2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_interfaces" title="Template:Web interfaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_interfaces" title="Template talk:Web interfaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_interfaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web interfaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_interfaces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side"><a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">v2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">v3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Simple Common Gateway Interface">SCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastCGI" title="FastCGI">FCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_JServ_Protocol" title="Apache JServ Protocol">AJP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets" title="Web Services for Remote Portlets">WSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">COM ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Interface_for_.NET" title="Open Web Interface for .NET">CLI OWIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface)" title="Rack (web server interface)">Ruby Rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plack_(software)#PSGI" title="Plack (software)">Perl PSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_jk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod jk">mod_jk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_lisp" title="Mod lisp">mod_lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_perl" title="Mod perl">mod_perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">mod_php</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_ruby" title="Mod ruby">mod_ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture" title="Web-oriented architecture">WOA</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture" title="Resource-oriented architecture">ROA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_API" title="Open API">Open API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side"><a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">NaCl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications" title="XAML Browser Applications">XBAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-sent_events" title="Server-sent events">SSE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Messaging" 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href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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resource sharing">CORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_IDL" title="Web IDL">Web IDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting" title="Dynamic web page">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics">Related topics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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