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sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>dependent-marking language</b> has grammatical markers of <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case_government" title="Case government">case government</a> between the words of <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> that tend to appear more on <a href="/wiki/Dependent_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent (grammar)">dependents</a> than on <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">heads</a>. The distinction between <a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">head-marking</a> and dependent-marking was first explored by <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a> in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has since become a central criterion in language typology in which languages are classified according to whether they are more head-marking or dependent-marking. Many languages employ both head and dependent-marking, but some employ <a href="/wiki/Double-marking_language" title="Double-marking language">double-marking</a>, and yet others employ <a href="/wiki/Zero-marking_language" title="Zero-marking language">zero-marking</a>. However, it is not clear that the head of a clause has anything to do with the head of a noun phrase, or even what the head of a clause is. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English">In English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent-marking_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has few inflectional markers of agreement and so can be construed as zero-marking much of the time. Dependent-marking, however, occurs when a singular or plural noun demands the singular or plural form of the demonstrative determiner <i>this/these</i> or <i>that/those</i> and when a verb or preposition demands the subject or object form of a personal pronoun: <i>I/me</i>, <i>he/him</i>, <i>she/her</i>, <i>they/them</i>, <i>who/whom</i>. The following representations of <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency grammar</a> illustrate some cases:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dependent_marking_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dependent marking 1"><img alt="Dependent marking 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Dependent_marking_1.png" decoding="async" width="759" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Plural nouns in English require the plural form of a dependent demonstrative determiner, and prepositions require the object form of a dependent personal pronoun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_German">In German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent-marking_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Such instances of dependent-marking are a relatively rare occurrence in English, but dependent-marking occurs much more frequently in related languages, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. There, for instance, dependent-marking is present in most noun phrases. A noun marks its dependent determiner: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dependent_marking_2.1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dependent marking 2.1"><img alt="Dependent marking 2.1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Dependent_marking_2.1.png" decoding="async" width="707" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The noun marks the dependent determiner in gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter) and number (singular or plural). In other words, the gender and number of the noun determine the form of the determiner that must appear. Nouns in German also mark their dependent adjectives in gender and number, but the markings vary across determiners and adjectives. Also, a head noun in German can mark a dependent noun with the genitive case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent-marking_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">Constituent (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-marking_language" title="Double-marking language">Double-marking language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">Head (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">Head-marking language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-marking_language" title="Zero-marking language">Zero-marking language</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent-marking_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Nichols (1986, 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dependency grammar trees similar to the ones that appear here can be found en masse in Ágel et al. (2003/6).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent-marking_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ágel, V., L. Eichinger, H.-W. Eroms, P. Hellwig, H. Heringer, and H. Lobin (eds.) 2003/6. Dependency and valency: An international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</li> <li>Nichols, J. 1986. Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language 62, 1, 56-119.</li> <li>Nichols, J. 1992. Linguistic diversity in space and time. 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