Program Download, Technique T0843 - ICS

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Check out the <a href='https://medium.com/mitre-attack/attack-v16-561c76af94cf'>blog post</a> for more information. </div> </div> </div> <div class="row flex-grow-1 flex-shrink-0">   <div class="sidebar nav sticky-top flex-column pr-0 pt-4 pb-3 pl-3" id="v-tab" role="tablist" aria-orientation="vertical"> <div class="resizer" id="resizer"></div>  <div id="sidebars"></div>  </div> <div class="tab-content col-xl-9 pt-4" id="v-tabContent"> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="v-attckmatrix" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="v-attckmatrix-tab"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/ics">Techniques</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/techniques/ics">ICS</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item">Program Download</li> </ol> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="v-" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="v--tab"></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xl-12"> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-fluid"> <div class="container-fluid"> <h1 id=""> Program Download </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <div class="description-body"> <p>Adversaries may perform a program download to transfer a user program to a controller. </p><p>Variations of program download, such as online edit and program append, allow a controller to continue running during the transfer and reconfiguration process without interruption to process control. However, before starting a full program download (i.e., download all) a controller may need to go into a stop state. This can have negative consequences on the physical process, especially if the controller is not able to fulfill a time-sensitive action. Adversaries may choose to avoid a download all in favor of an online edit or program append to avoid disrupting the physical process. An adversary may need to use the technique Detect Operating Mode or Change Operating Mode to make sure the controller is in the proper mode to accept a program download.</p><p>The granularity of control to transfer a user program in whole or parts is dictated by the management protocol (e.g., S7CommPlus, TriStation) and underlying controller API. Thus, program download is a high-level term for the suite of vendor-specific API calls used to configure a controllers user program memory space. </p><p><a href="/techniques/T0821">Modify Controller Tasking</a> and <a href="/techniques/T0889">Modify Program</a> represent the configuration changes that are transferred to a controller via a program download.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T0843 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-techniques: </span> No sub-techniques </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactic:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0109">Lateral Movement</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>None </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.1 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>21 May 2020 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>13 October 2023 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T0843" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T0843/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T0843" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T0843/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1045"> S1045 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1045"> INCONTROLLER </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1045">INCONTROLLER</a> can use the CODESYS protocol to download programs to Schneider PLCs.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Jimmy Wylie. (2022, August). Analyzing PIPEDREAM: Challenges in Testing an ICS Attack Toolkit. Defcon 30."data-reference="Wylie-22"><sup><a href="https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2030/DEF%20CON%2030%20presentations/Jimmy%20Wylie%20-%20Analyzing%20PIPEDREAM%20Challenges%20in%20testing%20an%20ICS%20attack%20toolkit.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Nathan Brubaker, Keith Lunden, Ken Proska, Muhammad Umair, Daniel Kapellmann Zafra, Corey Hildebrandt, Rob Caldwell. (2022, April 13). INCONTROLLER: New State-Sponsored Cyber Attack Tools Target Multiple Industrial Control Systems. Retrieved September 28, 2022."data-reference="Brubaker-Incontroller"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/incontroller-state-sponsored-ics-tool" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span> </p><p><a href="/software/S1045">INCONTROLLER</a> can modified program logic on Omron PLCs using either the program download or backup transfer functions available through the HTTP server.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Jimmy Wylie. (2022, August). Analyzing PIPEDREAM: Challenges in Testing an ICS Attack Toolkit. Defcon 30."data-reference="Wylie-22"><sup><a href="https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2030/DEF%20CON%2030%20presentations/Jimmy%20Wylie%20-%20Analyzing%20PIPEDREAM%20Challenges%20in%20testing%20an%20ICS%20attack%20toolkit.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1006"> S1006 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1006"> PLC-Blaster </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1006">PLC-Blaster</a> utilizes the PLC communication and management API to load executable Program Organization Units. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Spenneberg, Ralf, Maik Brggemann, and Hendrik Schwartke 2016, March 31 Plc-blaster: A worm living solely in the plc. Retrieved. 2017/09/19 "data-reference="Spenneberg, Ralf, Maik Brggemann, and Hendrik Schwartke March 2016"><sup><a href="https://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-16/materials/asia-16-Spenneberg-PLC-Blaster-A-Worm-Living-Solely-In-The-PLC-wp.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0603"> S0603 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0603"> Stuxnet </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0603">Stuxnet</a>'s infection sequence consists of code blocks and data blocks that will be downloaded to the PLC to alter its behavior. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien 2011, February W32.Stuxnet Dossier (Version 1.4) Retrieved. 2017/09/22 "data-reference="Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien February 2011"><sup><a href="https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2011/02/Symantec-Stuxnet-Update-Feb-2011.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1009"> S1009 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1009"> Triton </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1009">Triton</a> leveraged the TriStation protocol to download programs onto Triconex Safety Instrumented System. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Jos Wetzels 2018, January 16 Analyzing the TRITON industrial malware Retrieved. 2019/10/22 "data-reference="Jos Wetzels January 2018"><sup><a href="https://www.midnightbluelabs.com/blog/2018/1/16/analyzing-the-triton-industrial-malware" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0030"> C0030 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0030"> Triton Safety Instrumented System Attack </a> </td> <td> <p>In the <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0030">Triton Safety Instrumented System Attack</a>, <a href="/groups/G0088">TEMP.Veles</a> downloaded multiple rounds of control logic to the Safety Instrumented System (SIS) controllers through a program append operation.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Blake Johnson, Dan Caban, Marina Krotofil, Dan Scali, Nathan Brubaker, Christopher Glyer. (2017, December 14). Attackers Deploy New ICS Attack Framework "TRITON" and Cause Operational Disruption to Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved January 12, 2018."data-reference="FireEye TRITON Dec 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/attackers-deploy-new-ics-attack-framework-triton.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="assets">Targeted Assets</h2> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2" aria-describedby="asset-table"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Asset</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/assets/A0003"> A0003 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/assets/A0003"> Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/assets/A0010"> A0010 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/assets/A0010"> Safety Controller </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0801"> M0801 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0801"> Access Management </a> </td> <td> <p>Authenticate all access to field controllers before authorizing access to, or modification of, a device's state, logic, or programs. Centralized authentication techniques can help manage the large number of field controller accounts needed across the ICS.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0947"> M0947 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0947"> Audit </a> </td> <td> <p>Provide the ability to verify the integrity of programs downloaded on a controller. While techniques like CRCs and checksums are commonly used, they are not cryptographically secure and can be vulnerable to collisions. Preferably cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA-2, SHA-3) should be used. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="IEC 2019, February Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-2: Technical security requirements for IACS components Retrieved. 2020/09/25 "data-reference="IEC February 2019"><sup><a href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/34421" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0800"> M0800 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0800"> Authorization Enforcement </a> </td> <td> <p>All field controllers should restrict the download of programs, including online edits and program appends, to only certain users (e.g., engineers, field technician), preferably through implementing a role-based access mechanism.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0945"> M0945 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0945"> Code Signing </a> </td> <td> <p>Utilize code signatures to verify the integrity and authenticity of programs downloaded to the device.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0802"> M0802 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0802"> Communication Authenticity </a> </td> <td> <p>Protocols used for device management should authenticate all network messages to prevent unauthorized system changes.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0937"> M0937 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0937"> Filter Network Traffic </a> </td> <td> <p>Filter for protocols and payloads associated with program download activity to prevent unauthorized device configurations.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0804"> M0804 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0804"> Human User Authentication </a> </td> <td> <p>All field controllers should require users to authenticate for all remote or local management sessions. The authentication mechanisms should also support <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M0936">Account Use Policies</a>, <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M0927">Password Policies</a>, and <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M0918">User Account Management</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0807"> M0807 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0807"> Network Allowlists </a> </td> <td> <p>Use host-based allowlists to prevent devices from accepting connections from unauthorized systems. For example, allowlists can be used to ensure devices can only connect with master stations or known management/engineering workstations. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Department of Homeland Security 2016, September Retrieved. 2020/09/25 "data-reference="Department of Homeland Security September 2016"><sup><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0930"> M0930 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0930"> Network Segmentation </a> </td> <td> <p>Segment operational network and systems to restrict access to critical system functions to predetermined management systems. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Department of Homeland Security 2016, September Retrieved. 2020/09/25 "data-reference="Department of Homeland Security September 2016"><sup><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0813"> M0813 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M0813"> Software Process and Device Authentication </a> </td> <td> <p>Authenticate connections from software and devices to prevent unauthorized systems from accessing protected management functions.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0015"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0015">DS0015</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0015">Application Log</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0015/#Application%20Log%20Content">Application Log Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor devices configuration logs which may contain alerts that indicate whether a program download has occurred. Devices may maintain application logs that indicate whether a full program download, online edit, or program append function has occurred.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0039"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0039">DS0039</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0039">Asset</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0039/#Asset%20Inventory">Asset Inventory</a> </td> <td> <p>Consult asset management systems to understand expected program versions.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0029"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">DS0029</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">Network Traffic</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Content">Network Traffic Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for protocol functions related to program download or modification. Program downloads may be observable in ICS automation protocols and remote management protocols.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0040"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0040">DS0040</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0040">Operational Databases</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0040/#Device%20Alarm">Device Alarm</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor device alarms for program downloads, although not all devices produce such alarms.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2030/DEF%20CON%2030%20presentations/Jimmy%20Wylie%20-%20Analyzing%20PIPEDREAM%20Challenges%20in%20testing%20an%20ICS%20attack%20toolkit.pdf" target="_blank"> Jimmy Wylie. (2022, August). Analyzing PIPEDREAM: Challenges in Testing an ICS Attack Toolkit. Defcon 30. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/incontroller-state-sponsored-ics-tool" target="_blank"> Nathan Brubaker, Keith Lunden, Ken Proska, Muhammad Umair, Daniel Kapellmann Zafra, Corey Hildebrandt, Rob Caldwell. (2022, April 13). INCONTROLLER: New State-Sponsored Cyber Attack Tools Target Multiple Industrial Control Systems. Retrieved September 28, 2022. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-3" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-3" href="https://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-16/materials/asia-16-Spenneberg-PLC-Blaster-A-Worm-Living-Solely-In-The-PLC-wp.pdf" target="_blank"> Spenneberg, Ralf, Maik Brggemann, and Hendrik Schwartke 2016, March 31 Plc-blaster: A worm living solely in the plc. Retrieved. 2017/09/19 </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-4" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-4" href="https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2011/02/Symantec-Stuxnet-Update-Feb-2011.pdf" target="_blank"> Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, Eric Chien 2011, February W32.Stuxnet Dossier (Version 1.4) Retrieved. 2017/09/22 </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="col"> <ol start="5.0"> <li> <span id="scite-5" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-5" href="https://www.midnightbluelabs.com/blog/2018/1/16/analyzing-the-triton-industrial-malware" target="_blank"> Jos Wetzels 2018, January 16 Analyzing the TRITON industrial malware Retrieved. 2019/10/22 </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-6" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-6" href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/attackers-deploy-new-ics-attack-framework-triton.html" target="_blank"> Blake Johnson, Dan Caban, Marina Krotofil, Dan Scali, Nathan Brubaker, Christopher Glyer. (2017, December 14). Attackers Deploy New ICS Attack Framework “TRITON” and Cause Operational Disruption to Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved January 12, 2018. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-7" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-7" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/34421" target="_blank"> IEC 2019, February Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-2: Technical security requirements for IACS components Retrieved. 2020/09/25 </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-8" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-8" href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf" target="_blank"> Department of Homeland Security 2016, September Retrieved. 2020/09/25 </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="overlay search" id="search-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="overlay-inner">  <div class="search-header"> <div class="search-input"> <input type="text" id="search-input" placeholder="search"> </div> <div class="search-icons"> <div class="search-parsing-icon spinner-border" style="display: none" id="search-parsing-icon"></div> <div class="close-search-icon" id="close-search-icon">×</div> </div> </div>  <div id="search-body" class="search-body"> <div class="results" id="search-results">  </div> <div id="load-more-results" class="load-more-results"> <button class="btn btn-default" id="load-more-results-button">load more results</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row flex-grow-0 flex-shrink-1">  <footer class="col footer"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row row-footer"> <div class="col-2 col-sm-2 col-md-2"> <div class="footer-center-responsive my-auto"> <a href="https://www.mitre.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="MITRE"> <img src="/theme/images/mitrelogowhiteontrans.gif" class="mitre-logo-wtrans"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 col-sm-2 footer-responsive-break"></div> <div class="footer-link-group"> <div class="row row-footer"> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/engage-with-attack/contact" class="footer-link">Contact Us</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/legal-and-branding/terms-of-use" class="footer-link">Terms of Use</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/legal-and-branding/privacy" class="footer-link">Privacy Policy</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/resources/changelog.html" class="footer-link" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-html="true" title="ATT&CK content v16.1Website v4.2.1">Website Changelog</a></u> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <small class="px-3"> © 2015 - 2024, The MITRE Corporation. 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