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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="أردواز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أردواز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loseta_(roca)" title="Loseta (roca) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Loseta (roca)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardou%C3%A8sa" title="Ardouèsa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ardouèsa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="স্লেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্লেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llicorella" title="Llicorella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llicorella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llechfaen" title="Llechfaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llechfaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonschiefer" title="Tonschiefer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tonschiefer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kilt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizarra_(roca)" title="Pizarra (roca) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pizarra (roca)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardezo" title="Ardezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ardezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbel" title="Arbel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arbel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD" title="سنگ لوح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ لوح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardoise" title="Ardoise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ardoise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinn" title="Slinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Slinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lousa" title="Lousa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lousa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%90%ED%8C%90%EC%95%94" title="점판암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="점판암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="परतदार पत्थर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परतदार पत्थर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardezo" title="Ardezo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ardezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_sabak" title="Batu sabak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu sabak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B6guberg" title="Flöguberg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flöguberg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardesia" title="Ardesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ardesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%97%D7%94" title="לווחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לווחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ფიქალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიქალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legh" title="Legh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Legh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grife" title="Grife – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Grife" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardesia" title="Ardesia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ardesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8jsjt%C3%A8%C3%A8" title="Lèjsjtèè – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lèjsjtèè" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_(k%C5%91zet)" title="Pala (kőzet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pala (kőzet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabak_(batuan)" title="Sabak (batuan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sabak (batuan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisteen" title="Leisteen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leisteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E6%9D%BF%E5%B2%A9" title="粘板岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="粘板岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="سلیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C3%B3sia" title="Ardósia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ardósia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardezie" title="Ardezie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ardezie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laqa" title="Laqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Laqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Аспидный сланец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аспидный сланец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardesia" title="Ardesia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ardesia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate" title="Slate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skril" title="Skril – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skril" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Аргилошист – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аргилошист" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glineni_%C5%A1kriljavac" title="Glineni škriljavac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glineni škriljavac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saviliuske" title="Saviliuske – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saviliuske" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiffer" title="Skiffer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skiffer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சிலேட்டுக் கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலேட்டுக் கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="หินชนวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินชนวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayrak" title="Kayrak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kayrak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metamorphic rock</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Slate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Slate (disambiguation)">Slate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Slate</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic Rock">Metamorphic rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Slate_(Knife_Lake_Formation,_metamorphism_at_2.7_Ga,_Neoarchean;_Rt._135_roadcut,_Gilbert,_Minnesota,_USA)_3_(23140002749).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Slate_%28Knife_Lake_Formation%2C_metamorphism_at_2.7_Ga%2C_Neoarchean%3B_Rt._135_roadcut%2C_Gilbert%2C_Minnesota%2C_USA%29_3_%2823140002749%29.jpg/220px-Slate_%28Knife_Lake_Formation%2C_metamorphism_at_2.7_Ga%2C_Neoarchean%3B_Rt._135_roadcut%2C_Gilbert%2C_Minnesota%2C_USA%29_3_%2823140002749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Slate_%28Knife_Lake_Formation%2C_metamorphism_at_2.7_Ga%2C_Neoarchean%3B_Rt._135_roadcut%2C_Gilbert%2C_Minnesota%2C_USA%29_3_%2823140002749%29.jpg/330px-Slate_%28Knife_Lake_Formation%2C_metamorphism_at_2.7_Ga%2C_Neoarchean%3B_Rt._135_roadcut%2C_Gilbert%2C_Minnesota%2C_USA%29_3_%2823140002749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Slate_%28Knife_Lake_Formation%2C_metamorphism_at_2.7_Ga%2C_Neoarchean%3B_Rt._135_roadcut%2C_Gilbert%2C_Minnesota%2C_USA%29_3_%2823140002749%29.jpg/440px-Slate_%28Knife_Lake_Formation%2C_metamorphism_at_2.7_Ga%2C_Neoarchean%3B_Rt._135_roadcut%2C_Gilbert%2C_Minnesota%2C_USA%29_3_%2823140002749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Slate at Knife Lake Formation</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> Specific gravity: 2.7 – 2.8,2.9</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Slate</b> is a fine-grained, <a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">foliated</a>, homogeneous, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> derived from an original <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ash_(volcanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash (volcanic)">ash</a> through low-grade, regional <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a>. It is the finest-grained foliated metamorphic rock.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering, but instead is in planes perpendicular to the direction of metamorphic compression.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foliation in slate, called "<a href="/wiki/Slaty_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaty cleavage">slaty cleavage</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-EG_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is caused by strong compression in which fine-grained clay forms flakes to regrow in planes perpendicular to the compression.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When expertly "cut" by striking parallel to the foliation with a specialized tool in the quarry, many slates display a property called <a href="/wiki/Fissility_(geology)" title="Fissility (geology)">fissility</a>, forming smooth, flat sheets of stone which have long been used for <a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">roofing</a>, floor tiles, and other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slate is frequently grey in color, especially when seen <i>en masse</i> covering roofs. However, slate occurs in a variety of colors even from a single locality; for example, slate from <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> can be found in many shades of grey, from pale to dark, and may also be purple, green, or cyan. Slate is not to be confused with shale, from which it may be formed, or <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>. </p><p>The word "slate" is also used for certain types of object made from slate rock. It may mean a single roofing tile made of slate, or a <a href="/wiki/Slate_(writing)" title="Slate (writing)">writing slate</a>, which was traditionally a small, smooth piece of the rock, often framed in wood, used with chalk as a notepad or notice board, and especially for recording charges in pubs and inns. The phrases "clean slate" and "<a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">blank slate</a>" come from this usage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slate_with_pyrite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slate_with_pyrite.JPG/250px-Slate_with_pyrite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slate_with_pyrite.JPG/330px-Slate_with_pyrite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slate_with_pyrite.JPG/500px-Slate_with_pyrite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Slate with <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Slate is a fine-grained, metamorphic rock that shows no obvious compositional layering but can easily be split into thin slabs and plates.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually formed by low-grade <a href="/wiki/Regional_metamorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional metamorphism">regional metamorphism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlattTracy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattTracy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mild degree of metamorphism produces a rock in which the individual mineral crystals remain microscopic in size,<sup id="cite_ref-BlattTracy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattTracy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> producing a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Slaty_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaty cleavage">slaty cleavage</a> in which fresh cleavage surfaces appear dull. This is in contrast to the silky cleaved surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">phyllite</a>, which is the next-higher grade of metamorphic rock derived from mudstone.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direction of cleavage is independent of any <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">sedimentary structures</a> in the original mudrock, reflecting instead the direction of regional compression.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slaty cleavage is continuous, meaning that the individual cleavage planes are too closely spaced to be discernible in hand samples. The <a href="/wiki/Texture_(geology)" title="Texture (geology)">texture</a> of the slate is totally dominated by these pervasive cleavage planes. Under a microscope, the slate is found to consist of very thin lenses of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> (QF-domains) separated by layers of <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> (M-domains).<sup id="cite_ref-Fossen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fossen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are typically less than 100 μm (micron) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because slate was formed in low heat and pressure, compared to most other metamorphic rocks, some <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> can be found in slate; sometimes even microscopic remains of delicate organisms can be found in slate.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of conversion of mudrock to slate involves a loss of up to 50% of the volume of the mudrock as it is compacted. Grains of platy minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">clay minerals</a>, are rotated to form parallel layers perpendicular to the direction of compaction, which begin to impart cleavage to the rock. Slaty cleavage is fully developed as the clay minerals begin to be converted to <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> and mica. Organic carbon in the rock is converted to <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198964,_170_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198964,_170-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slate is mainly composed of the minerals quartz, <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a>, and chlorite, which account for up to 95% of its composition. The most important accessory minerals are iron oxides (such as <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>), iron sulfides (such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>), and carbonate minerals. Feldspar may be present as <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a> or, less commonly, <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">orthoclase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, as in the purple slates of <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">North Wales</a>, ferrous (<a href="/wiki/Iron(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(II)">iron(II)</a>) reduction spheres form around iron nuclei, leaving a light-green, spotted texture. These spheres are sometimes deformed by a subsequent applied stress field into ovoids, which appear as ellipses when viewed on a cleavage plane of the specimen. However, some evidence shows that reduced spots may also form after deformation and acquire an elliptical shape from preferential infiltration along the cleavage direction, so caution is required in using reduction ellipsoids to estimate deformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFossen201661_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFossen201661-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the mid-19th century, the terms "slate", "<a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>" were not sharply distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of underground <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> in the United States, the term slate was commonly used to refer to shale well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, roof slate referred to shale above a <a href="/wiki/Coal_seam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal seam">coal seam</a>, and draw slate referred to shale that fell from the mine roof as the coal was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> recommends that the term "slate" be used in scientific writings only when very little else is known about the rock that would allow a more definite classification. For example, if the characteristics of the rock show definitely that it was formed by metamorphosis of shale, it should be described in scientific writings as a metashale. If its origin is uncertain, but the rock is known to be rich in mica, it should be described as a <a href="/wiki/Pelite" title="Pelite">pelite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Fagans_Tannery_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/St_Fagans_Tannery_7.jpg/220px-St_Fagans_Tannery_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/St_Fagans_Tannery_7.jpg/330px-St_Fagans_Tannery_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/St_Fagans_Tannery_7.jpg/440px-St_Fagans_Tannery_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A slate roof in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirche_wurzbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirche_wurzbach.jpg/220px-Kirche_wurzbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirche_wurzbach.jpg/330px-Kirche_wurzbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kirche_wurzbach.jpg/440px-Kirche_wurzbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2979" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>A slate-faced church and homes in <a href="/wiki/Wurzbach" title="Wurzbach">Wurzbach</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.leonhard-ffm002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/St.leonhard-ffm002.jpg/170px-St.leonhard-ffm002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/St.leonhard-ffm002.jpg/255px-St.leonhard-ffm002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/St.leonhard-ffm002.jpg/340px-St.leonhard-ffm002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A fine slate tile work, Saint Leonhard's Church in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SlateTremedda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SlateTremedda.jpg/250px-SlateTremedda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SlateTremedda.jpg/330px-SlateTremedda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SlateTremedda.jpg/500px-SlateTremedda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Slates with holes at a farm in <a href="/wiki/Tremedda" title="Tremedda">Tremedda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Slate can be made into roofing slate, a type of <a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">roof tile</a> which are installed by a <a href="/wiki/Slater" title="Slater">slater</a>. Slate has two lines of breakability—cleavage and grain—which make it possible to split the stone into thin sheets. When broken, slate retains a natural appearance while remaining relatively flat and easy to stack. A series of "slate booms" occurred in Europe from the 1870s until the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> following improvements in railway, road and waterway transportation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slate is particularly suitable as a roofing material as it has an extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4%, making the material resistant to frost damage.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural slate, which requires only minimal processing, has an <a href="/wiki/Embodied_energy" title="Embodied energy">embodied energy</a> that compares favorably with other roofing materials.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural slate is used by building professionals as a result of its beauty and durability. Slate is incredibly durable and can last several hundred years,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often with little or no maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural slate is also fire resistant and energy efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slate roof tiles are usually fixed (fastened) either with nails or with hooks (as is common with Spanish slate).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, fixing is typically with double nails onto timber battens (England and Wales)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or nailed directly onto timber sarking boards (Scotland and Northern Ireland).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nails were traditionally of copper, although there are modern alloy and stainless steel alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these methods, if used properly, provide a long-lasting weathertight roof with a lifespan of around 60–125 years.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mainland European slate suppliers suggest that using hook fixing means that:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Areas of weakness on the tile are fewer since no holes have to be drilled</li> <li>Roofing features such as valleys and domes are easier to create since narrow tiles can be used<sup id="cite_ref-SSQHook_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSQHook-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hook fixing is particularly suitable in regions subject to severe weather conditions, since there is greater resistance to wind uplift, as the lower edge of the slate is secured.<sup id="cite_ref-SSQHook_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSQHook-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The metal hooks are, however, visible and may be unsuitable for historic properties. </p><p>Slate tiles are often used for interior and exterior flooring,<sup id="cite_ref-bobvilafloor_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bobvilafloor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stairs,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> walkways<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wall cladding.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiles are installed and set on mortar and grouted along the edges. Chemical sealants are often used on tiles to improve durability and appearance,<sup id="cite_ref-thespruce_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thespruce-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increase stain resistance,<sup id="cite_ref-bobvilafloor_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bobvilafloor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduce <a href="/wiki/Efflorescence" title="Efflorescence">efflorescence</a>, and increase or reduce surface smoothness. Tiles are often sold gauged, meaning that the back surface is ground for ease of installation.<sup id="cite_ref-thespruce_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thespruce-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slate flooring can be slippery when used in external locations subject to rain. </p><p>Slate tiles were used in 19th century UK building construction (apart from roofs) and in slate quarrying areas such as <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethesda, Wales">Bethesda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> there are still many buildings wholly constructed of slate. Slates can also be set into walls to provide a rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">damp-proof membrane</a>. Small offcuts are used as <a href="/wiki/Shim_(spacer)" title="Shim (spacer)">shims</a> to level floor joists. In areas where slate is plentiful it is also used in pieces of various sizes for building walls and hedges, sometimes combined with other kinds of stone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because it is a good <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">electrical insulator</a> and fireproof, it was used to construct early-20th-century <a href="/wiki/Electric_switchboard" title="Electric switchboard">electric switchboards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> controls for large <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bowles1922_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowles1922-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its thermal stability and chemical inertness, slate has been used for laboratory bench tops and for <a href="/wiki/Billiard_table" title="Billiard table">billiard table</a> tops. </p><p>Slate was used by earlier cultures as <a href="/wiki/Whetstone_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whetstone (tool)">whetstone</a> to hone knives,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but whetstones are nowadays more typically made of quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 18th- and 19th-century schools, slate was extensively used for <a href="/wiki/Chalkboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalkboard">blackboards</a> and individual <a href="/wiki/Slate_(writing)" title="Slate (writing)">writing slates</a>, for which slate or chalk pencils were used.<sup id="cite_ref-bowles1922_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowles1922-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern homes slate is often used as table coasters. </p><p>In areas where it is available, high-quality slate is used for <a href="/wiki/Tombstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstones">tombstones</a> and commemorative tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases slate was used by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> to fashion <a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">stelae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slate was the traditional material of choice for black <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> stones in Japan, alongside <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">clamshell</a> for white stones. It is now considered to be a luxury.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania slate is widely used in the manufacture of turkey calls used for hunting turkeys. The tones produced from the slate, when scratched with various species of wood striker, imitates almost exactly the calls of all four species of <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a> in North America: eastern, Rio Grande, Osceola and Merriam's. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betjeman_memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="John Betjeman's grave with inscription on slate in Cornwall"><img alt="John Betjeman's grave with inscription on slate in Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Betjeman_memorial.JPG/90px-Betjeman_memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Betjeman_memorial.JPG/135px-Betjeman_memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Betjeman_memorial.JPG/180px-Betjeman_memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>'s grave with inscription on slate in Cornwall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bramer_-_Mors_Thriumphans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonard Bramer, painting Mors Triumphans (oil on slate)"><img alt="Leonard Bramer, painting Mors Triumphans (oil on slate)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leonard_Bramer_-_Mors_Thriumphans.jpg/120px-Leonard_Bramer_-_Mors_Thriumphans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leonard_Bramer_-_Mors_Thriumphans.jpg/180px-Leonard_Bramer_-_Mors_Thriumphans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leonard_Bramer_-_Mors_Thriumphans.jpg/240px-Leonard_Bramer_-_Mors_Thriumphans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3966" data-file-height="3353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bramer" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Bramer">Leonard Bramer</a>, painting <i>Mors Triumphans</i> (oil on slate)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldsworthySlateCone.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Slate Cone" in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh"><img alt=""Slate Cone" in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GoldsworthySlateCone.JPG/120px-GoldsworthySlateCone.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GoldsworthySlateCone.JPG/250px-GoldsworthySlateCone.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Slate Cone" in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction">Extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry" title="Slate industry">Slate industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergwerk-fell-hoffnung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bergwerk-fell-hoffnung.jpg/220px-Bergwerk-fell-hoffnung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bergwerk-fell-hoffnung.jpg/330px-Bergwerk-fell-hoffnung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bergwerk-fell-hoffnung.jpg/440px-Bergwerk-fell-hoffnung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fell_Exhibition_Slate_Mine" title="Fell Exhibition Slate Mine">Fell Exhibition Slate Mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergwerk-fell-stollen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bergwerk-fell-stollen2.jpg/220px-Bergwerk-fell-stollen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bergwerk-fell-stollen2.jpg/330px-Bergwerk-fell-stollen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bergwerk-fell-stollen2.jpg/440px-Bergwerk-fell-stollen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>The historical Vogelsberg 1 pit at Fell Exhibition Slate Mine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mules_carrying_slate._Dharamsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mules_carrying_slate._Dharamsala.jpg/220px-Mules_carrying_slate._Dharamsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mules_carrying_slate._Dharamsala.jpg/330px-Mules_carrying_slate._Dharamsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mules_carrying_slate._Dharamsala.jpg/440px-Mules_carrying_slate._Dharamsala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Mules carrying slate roof tiles on their backs in <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a>, India, in 1993</figcaption></figure><p>Slate is found in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and was used by <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> to make the blades for <a href="/wiki/Ulu" title="Ulu">ulus</a>. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has vast slate deposits; in recent years its export of finished and unfinished slate has increased. Deposits of slate exist throughout Australia, with large reserves quarried in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Willunga,_South_Australia" title="Willunga, South Australia">Willunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanmantoo,_South_Australia" title="Kanmantoo, South Australia">Kanmantoo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mid_North" title="Mid North">Mid North</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mintaro,_South_Australia#Slate_and_Flagstone" title="Mintaro, South Australia">Mintaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spalding,_South_Australia" title="Spalding, South Australia">Spalding</a>. Slate is abundant in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the world's second-largest producer of slate, around <a href="/wiki/Papagaios" title="Papagaios">Papagaios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, which extracts 95 percent of Brazil's slate. However, not all "slate" products from Brazil are entitled to bear the <a href="/wiki/CE_marking" title="CE marking">CE mark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mintaro_Slate_Quarry_1880.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Mintaro_Slate_Quarry_1880.jpeg/220px-Mintaro_Slate_Quarry_1880.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Mintaro_Slate_Quarry_1880.jpeg/330px-Mintaro_Slate_Quarry_1880.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Mintaro_Slate_Quarry_1880.jpeg/440px-Mintaro_Slate_Quarry_1880.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Workers mining slate at Mintaro Quarry in <a href="/wiki/Mintaro,_South_Australia" title="Mintaro, South Australia">Mintaro, South Australia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Most slate in Europe today <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Spain" title="Slate industry in Spain">comes from Spain</a>, the world's largest producer and exporter of natural slate, and 90 percent of Europe's natural slate used for roofing originates from the slate industry there. Lesser slate-producing regions in present-day Europe include <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Wales</a> (with UNESCO landscape status and a <a href="/wiki/National_Slate_Museum" title="National Slate Museum">museum at Llanberis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (famously the village of <a href="/wiki/Delabole" title="Delabole">Delabole</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Slate_Quarries" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington Slate Quarries">Burlington Slate Quarries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honister_Slate_Mine" title="Honister Slate Mine">Honister Slate Mine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skiddaw_Slate" title="Skiddaw Slate">Skiddaw Slate</a>) and, formerly in the West Highlands of Scotland, around <a href="/wiki/Ballachulish" title="Ballachulish">Ballachulish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slate_Islands,_Scotland" title="Slate Islands, Scotland">Slate Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Parts of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (Ardennes), <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, especially between the town of <a href="/wiki/Lavagna" title="Lavagna">Lavagna</a> (whose name is inherited as the term for <i>chalkboard</i> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) and Fontanabuona valley; <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> especially around <a href="/wiki/Valongo" title="Valongo">Valongo</a> in the north of the country. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moselle_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle River">Moselle River</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck" title="Hunsrück">Hunsrück</a> (with a former mine open as a museum at <a href="/wiki/Fell_Exhibition_Slate_Mine" title="Fell Exhibition Slate Mine">Fell</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald">Westerwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and north <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Alta_(town)" title="Alta (town)">Alta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (actually <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, not a true slate). Some of the slate from Wales and Cumbria is colored slate (non-blue): purple and formerly green in Wales and green in Cumbria. </p><p>In North America, slate is produced in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Slate" title="Buckingham Slate">Buckingham County, Virginia</a>, and the Slate Valley region in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, where colored slate is mined in the <a href="/wiki/Granville_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Granville (town), New York">Granville, New York</a>, area. A major slating operation existed in <a href="/wiki/Monson,_Maine" title="Monson, Maine">Monson, Maine</a>, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, where the slate is usually dark purple to blackish, and many local structures are roofed with slate tiles. The roof of <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the headstone of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s gravesite in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> are both made of Monson slate.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluestone#South_Australia" title="Bluestone">Bluestone in South Australia</a>, a form of slate used extensively in Adelaide 1850s–1920s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EG_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarshak" class="citation book cs1">Marshak, Stephen. <i>Essentials of Geology</i> (3rd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Geology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.aulast=Marshak&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Robertson, S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3226/1/RR99002.pdf">"BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Geological Survey Research Report</i>. RR 99-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403144017/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3226/1/RR99002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Geological+Survey+Research+Report&rft.atitle=BGS+Rock+Classification+Scheme%2C+Volume+2%3A+Classification+of+metamorphic+rocks&rft.volume=RR+99-02&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F3226%2F1%2FRR99002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2013" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Michael (2013). "Slate". <i>A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199653065" title="Special:BookSources/9780199653065"><bdi>9780199653065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slate&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Geology+and+Earth+Sciences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199653065&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Slate". <i>Glossary of Geology</i> (4th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0922152349" title="Special:BookSources/0922152349"><bdi>0922152349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slate&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Geology&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0922152349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlattTracy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlattTracy_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlattTracy_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlattTracy1996" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). <i>Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic</i> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716724383" title="Special:BookSources/0716724383"><bdi>0716724383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrology%3A+Igneous%2C+Sedimentary%2C+and+Metamorphic&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=365&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0716724383&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYardley1989" class="citation book cs1">Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). <i>An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology</i>. Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582300967" title="Special:BookSources/0582300967"><bdi>0582300967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Metamorphic+Petrology&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0582300967&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=B.+W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotterMaynardPryor1980" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Paul Edwin; Maynard, J. Barry; Pryor, Wayne A. 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"Preservation of tube feet in an ophiuroid (Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany and a redescription of <i>Bundenbachia beneckei</i> and <i>Palaeophiomyxa grandis</i>". <i>Paläontologische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>78</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PalZ...78...73G">2004PalZ...78...73G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03009131">10.1007/BF03009131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140689763">140689763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A4ontologische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Preservation+of+tube+feet+in+an+ophiuroid+%28Echinodermata%29+from+the+Lower+Devonian+Hunsr%C3%BCck+Slate+of+Germany+and+a+redescription+of+Bundenbachia+beneckei+and+Palaeophiomyxa+grandis&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140689763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03009131&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PalZ...78...73G&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Blake%2C+Daniel+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYardley198964,_170-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYardley198964,_170_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardley1989">Yardley 1989</a>, pp. 64, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, Joan A. 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Report into the "Technical properties of Bambui Slate from the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to ascertain its compliance with the Standard EN12326". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214213924/http://www.spanishslateuk.com/pdf/Brazilian_slate_summary.pdf">Brazilian Slate Report</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, retrieved on 27 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108054330/http://www.granville-ny.com/facts.htm">Granville: Facts</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> accessed 23 March 2011</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Page, William (ed.) (1906). <i>The Victoria History of the County of Cornwall</i>; vol. I. (Chapter on quarries.) Westminster: Constable.</li> <li>Hudson, Kenneth (1972). <i>Building Materials</i>; "Chapter 2: Stone and Slate". pp London: Longman, pp. 14–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-12791-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-12791-2">0-582-12791-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slate">Slate</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aditnow.co.uk/">AditNow</a>—Photographic database of mines</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slatevalleymuseum.org/">Granville Slate Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/pdf/Howers%20Lightning%20Slate%20Reckoner%201888%20-%201904.pdf"><i>Hower’s Lightning Slate Reckoner</i></a> (1884/1904), by F. M. Hower, Cherryville, Penn., on Stone Quarries and Beyond (PDF/18.95 MB)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoneroof.org.uk/historic/Historic_Roofs/Slate_taxonomy.html">Stone Roofing Association (U.K.) website with detailed information about stone roofing</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierpont1987" class="citation journal cs1">Pierpont, Robert N. (1987). "Slate Roofing". <i><a href="/wiki/APT_Bulletin" title="APT Bulletin">APT Bulletin</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1494158">10.2307/1494158</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1494158">1494158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APT+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Slate+Roofing&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1494158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1494158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pierpont&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlate" 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stonemasonry66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonemasonry" title="Template talk:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonemasonry66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of Masons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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