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aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental/Insular_Celtic_and_P/Q-Celtic_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental/Insular_Celtic_and_P/Q-Celtic_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Continental/Insular Celtic and P/Q-Celtic hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental/Insular_Celtic_and_P/Q-Celtic_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eska_(2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eska_(2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eska (2010)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eska_(2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italo-Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italo-Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Italo-Celtic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italo-Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Comparison table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_members_of_the_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_members_of_the_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Possible members of the family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_members_of_the_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celtic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelties" title="Kelties – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kelties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_Sprachen" title="Keltische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Keltische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ኬልታዊ ቋንቋዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬልታዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акельт бызшәақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акельт бызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات قلطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات قلطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_celtas" title="Luengas celtas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas celtas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_celtes" title="Llingües celtes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües celtes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt_dill%C9%99ri" title="Kelt dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kelt dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سلت دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سلت دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="কেল্টীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেল্টীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кельцкія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кельцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кельцкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кельцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Келтски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Келтски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejtische_Sprochn" title="Kejtische Sprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kejtische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltski_jezici" title="Keltski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Keltski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_keltiek" title="Yezhoù keltiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù keltiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_c%C3%A8ltiques" title="Llengües cèltiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües cèltiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кельт чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кельт чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Keltské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keltské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Celtaidd" title="Ieithoedd Celtaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Celtaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_sprog" title="Keltiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Keltiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelttala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Kelttalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kelttalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_Sprachen" title="Keltische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keltische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Keltiske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Keltiske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldi_keeled" title="Keldi keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keldi keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κελτικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κελτικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_celtas" title="Lenguas celtas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas celtas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelta_lingvaro" title="Kelta lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kelta lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_zeltak" title="Hizkuntza zeltak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza zeltak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های سلتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های سلتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltisk_m%C3%A1l" title="Keltisk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Keltisk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_celtiques" title="Langues celtiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues celtiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltyske_talen" title="Keltyske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keltyske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Ceilteacha" title="Teangacha Ceilteacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Ceilteacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Celtiagh" title="Çhengaghyn Celtiagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Celtiagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanan_Ceilteach" title="Cànanan Ceilteach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanan Ceilteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_c%C3%A9lticas" title="Linguas célticas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas célticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%88%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="켈트어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="켈트어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կելտական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կելտական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="केल्टी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केल्टी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Keltiske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Keltiske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltski_jezici" title="Keltski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Keltski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelta_lingui" title="Kelta lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kelta lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Keltik" title="Rumpun bahasa Keltik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Keltik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_celtic" title="Linguas celtic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas celtic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_lingues" title="Celtic lingues – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Celtic lingues" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Кельтаг æвзæгтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кельтаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltnesk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Keltnesk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Keltnesk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_celtiche" title="Lingue celtiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue celtiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות קלטיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות קלטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კელტური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კელტური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Кельт тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кельт тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_Keltek" title="Yethow Keltek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow Keltek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kiselti" title="Lugha za Kiselti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kiselti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Кельт кывъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кельт кывъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_kelt%C3%AE" title="Zimanên keltî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên keltî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кельт тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кельт тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Celticae" title="Linguae Celticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Celticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6eltu_valodas" title="Ķeltu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķeltu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Keltų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keltų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_taole" title="Keltische taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Keltische taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_celta" title="Linguas celta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas celta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguv_celtich" title="Lenguv celtich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguv celtich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelta_nyelvek" title="Kelta nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelta nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Келтски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келтски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_keltika" title="Fiteny keltika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny keltika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सेल्टिक भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेल्टिक भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კელტური ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კელტური ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلتی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سلتی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Celtik" title="Bahasa-bahasa Celtik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Celtik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_talen" title="Keltische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keltische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiese_talen" title="Keltiese talen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keltiese talen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="ケルト語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルト語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltisch" title="Keltisch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Keltisch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Keltiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keltiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Keltiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Keltiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_Celtique" title="Langue Celtique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Langue Celtique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_celticas" title="Lengas celticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas celticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt_tillari" title="Kelt tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kelt tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਕੈਲਟੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਲਟੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کیلٹی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلٹی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_s%C3%A9ltiche" title="Lenghe séltiche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe séltiche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_celtyckie" title="Języki celtyckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki celtyckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_celtas" title="Línguas celtas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas celtas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_celtice" title="Limbi celtice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi celtice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilta_rimaykuna" title="Kilta rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kilta rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кельтские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кельтские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_leids" title="Celtic leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Celtic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiske_Sproaken" title="Keltiske Sproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Keltiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_keltike" title="Gjuhët keltike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët keltike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Celtic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Keltské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Keltské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltski_jeziki" title="Keltski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Keltski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Келтски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Келтски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltski_jezici" title="Keltski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Keltski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelttil%C3%A4iset_kielet" title="Kelttiläiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kelttiläiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Keltiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Keltiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Selta" title="Mga wikang Selta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Selta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செல்திக்கு மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செல்திக்கு மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="กลุ่มภาษาเคลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเคลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои келтӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои келтӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt_dilleri" title="Kelt dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kelt dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt_dilleri" title="Kelt dilleri – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kelt dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кельтські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кельтські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="کلٹی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلٹی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngoe_seltiche" title="Łéngoe seltiche – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngoe seltiche" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel%27ti%C5%BEed_keled" title="Kel'tižed keled – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kel'tižed keled" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Celt" title="Ngữ tộc Celt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Celt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayel" title="Gayel – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gayel" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltische_toaln" title="Keltische toaln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Keltische toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_pinulongan_Keltiko" title="Mga pinulongan Keltiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mga pinulongan Keltiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="凯尔特语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="凯尔特语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="蓋爾特語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蓋爾特語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Celtic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Formerly widespread in much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>; today <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1.4 million</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Celtic</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cel" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cel">cel</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>50= (phylozone)</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/celt1248">celt1248</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/300px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Celtic speakers: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff43; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> area, 6th century BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#97ffb6; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Maximal Celtic expansion, c. 275 BC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2ffd2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> area; Celtic affiliation unclear</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#27c600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Areas where Celtic languages were spoken in the Middle Ages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1A8000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>Central Asia</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Nuristanis</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Celtic languages</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KEL</span>-tik</i></a>) are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>, descended from the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a> in 1707,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following <a href="/wiki/Paul-Yves_Pezron" title="Paul-Yves Pezron">Paul-Yves Pezron</a>, who made the explicit link between the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> described by classical writers and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Today, they are restricted to the northwestern fringe of Europe and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_diaspora_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Celtic diaspora (disambiguation)">a few diaspora communities</a>. There are six living languages: the four continuously living languages <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and the two <a href="/wiki/Revived_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Revived language">revived languages</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>. All are minority languages in their respective countries, though there are continuing efforts at <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revitalisation</a>. Welsh is an official language in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and Irish is an official language of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. The Cornish and Manx languages became extinct in modern times but have been revived. Each now has several hundred second-language speakers. </p><p>Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic form the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic languages</a>, while Welsh, Cornish and Breton are <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a>. All of these are <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, since Breton, the only living Celtic language spoken in continental Europe, is descended from the language of settlers from Britain. There are a number of extinct but attested <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">continental Celtic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>. Gaulish is more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a> than either of these two are to Celtiberian; together, Gaulish and Insular Celtic form the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Celtic">Nuclear Celtic</a> subfamily. Beyond that, there is no agreement on the subdivisions of the Celtic language family. They may be divided into <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">P-Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Q-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-Celtic">Q-Celtic</a>. </p><p>The Celtic languages have <a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">a rich literary tradition</a>. The earliest specimens of written Celtic are <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a> inscriptions from the 6th century BC in the Alps. Early Continental inscriptions used <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Italic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> scripts. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, Irish and <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> were occasionally written in an original script, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin script</a> came to be used for all Celtic languages. Welsh has had <a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">a continuous literary tradition</a> from the 6th century AD. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_languages">Living languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Living languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a> lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are: the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, both descended from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> (Brittonic) and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> (Goidelic), died out in modern times<sup id="cite_ref-Koch06_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch06-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with their presumed last native speakers in <a href="/wiki/Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">1777</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ned_Maddrell" title="Ned Maddrell">1974</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Revitalisation</a> movements in the 2000s led to the reemergence of native speakers for both languages following their adoption by adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-iomtoday.co.im_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iomtoday.co.im-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 21st century, there were roughly one million total speakers of Celtic languages,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing to 1.4 million speakers by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Language</th> <th scope="col" width="150pt">Native name</th> <th scope="col">Grouping</th> <th scope="col" width="200pt">Number of native speakers</th> <th scope="col" width="220pt">Number of skilled speakers</th> <th scope="col">Area of origin<br /><small>(still spoken)</small></th> <th scope="col" width="200pp"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by/language body</a></th> <th scope="col">Estimated number of speakers in major cities </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaedhilg</i></span> / <p><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaelainn</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilig</i></span> / <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilic</i></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> </td> <td>40,000–80,000<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />In the Republic of Ireland, 73,803 people use Irish daily outside the education system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Total speakers: <b>1,887,437</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>: 1,774,437<sup id="cite_ref-csoi2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csoi2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: 95,000<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: 18,000 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>: 184,140<br /><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>: 37,614<br /><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>: 57,318<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>: 14,086<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg</i></span> / <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Y Gymraeg</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> </td> <td>538,000 (17.8% of the population of Wales) claim that they "can speak Welsh" (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Total speakers: ≈ <b>947,700</b> (2011)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>: 788,000 speakers (26.7% of the population)<sup id="cite_ref-Stats_Wales_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stats_Wales-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: 150,000<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: 5,000<sup id="cite_ref-WAG_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAG-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: 2,500<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: 2,200<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a><br />The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a><br />(previously the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg</i></span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: 54,504<br /><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>: 45,085<br /><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>: 18,490<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a>: 7,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Brezhoneg</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></td> <td>206,000 </td> <td>356,000<sup id="cite_ref-ofis-stats_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofis-stats-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><span lang="br" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ofis_Publik_ar_Brezhoneg" title="Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg">Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg</a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>: 7,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>: 40,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>: 4,000<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gàidhlig</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> </td> <td>57,375 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Scotland_Census_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Scotland_Census-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Scotland: 87,056 (2011),<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Scotland_Census_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Scotland_Census-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1.7% of the population) <p>130,156 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2.5% of the population)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada: 1,275 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><span lang="gd" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>: 5,726<br /><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: 3,220<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>: 1,397<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernowek / Kernewek</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> </td> <td>563<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,000<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_BBC/British_Council_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_BBC/British_Council-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akademi_Kernewek" title="Akademi Kernewek">Akademi Kernewek</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Language_Partnership" title="Cornish Language Partnership">Cornish Language Partnership</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek</i></span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a>: 118<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Gaelg</i></span> / <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Gailck</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> </td> <td>100+,<sup id="cite_ref-iomtoday.co.im_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iomtoday.co.im-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a small number of children who are new native speakers<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,823<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><span lang="gv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coonceil_ny_Gaelgey" title="Coonceil ny Gaelgey">Coonceil ny Gaelgey</a></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>: 507<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_languages">Mixed languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mixed languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a>, Highland travellers' language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a>, based largely on <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> (some 86,000 speakers in 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_language_family_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Celtic_language_family_tree.svg/250px-Celtic_language_family_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Celtic_language_family_tree.svg/375px-Celtic_language_family_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Celtic_language_family_tree.svg/500px-Celtic_language_family_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Classification of Celtic languages according to Insular vs. Continental hypothesis. <i>(click to enlarge)</i></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanTree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/250px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/375px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg/500px-IndoEuropeanTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Classification of Indo-European languages. <i>(click to enlarge)</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/250px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="481" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/375px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg/500px-Map_of_Celtic_Nations-flag_shades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>, where Celtic languages are spoken today, or were spoken into the modern era: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009E60; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0072C6; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3B04A; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>)</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronce_de_Botorrita_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bronce_de_Botorrita_II.jpg/250px-Bronce_de_Botorrita_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bronce_de_Botorrita_II.jpg/375px-Bronce_de_Botorrita_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bronce_de_Botorrita_II.jpg/500px-Bronce_de_Botorrita_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>The second of the four <a href="/wiki/Botorrita_plaque" title="Botorrita plaque">Botorrita plaques</a>. The third plaque is the longest text discovered in any ancient Celtic language. However, this plaque is inscribed in Latin script.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Celtic is divided into various branches: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a>, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Schumacher_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumacher-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anciently spoken in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and in Northern-Central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Coins with Lepontic inscriptions have been found in <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kruta2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kruta2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a>, also called Eastern or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic, spoken in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Old_Castile" title="Old Castile">Old Castile</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>. Modern provinces: Segovia, Burgos, Soria, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Zaragoza and Teruel. The relationship of Celtiberian with <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a>, in northwest Iberia, is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a>, also known as Western or Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, anciently spoken in the northwest of the peninsula (modern <a href="/wiki/Northern_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Portugal">Northern Portugal</a>, and the Spanish regions of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> languages, including <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a>. These were once spoken in a wide arc from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. They are now all extinct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Including the living languages <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and the lost <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a>, though Pictish may be a sister language rather than a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the arrival of Scotti on the Isle of Man in the 9th century, there may have been a Brittonic language there. The theory of a Brittonic <a href="/wiki/Iverni#O'Rahilly's_theory" title="Iverni">Ivernic language</a> predating Goidelic speech in Ireland has been suggested, but is not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch06_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch06-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a>, including the extant <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental/Insular_Celtic_and_P/Q-Celtic_hypotheses"><span id="Continental.2FInsular_Celtic_and_P.2FQ-Celtic_hypotheses"></span>Continental/Insular Celtic and P/Q-Celtic hypotheses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continental/Insular Celtic and P/Q-Celtic hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarly handling of Celtic languages has been contentious owing to scarceness of primary source data. Some scholars (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) posit that the primary distinction is between <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a>, arguing that the differences between the Goidelic and Brittonic languages arose after these split off from the Continental Celtic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars (such as Schmidt 1988) make the primary distinction between P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages based on the replacement of initial Q by initial P in some words. Most of the Gallic and Brittonic languages are P-Celtic, while the Goidelic and Hispano-Celtic (or Celtiberian) languages are Q-Celtic. The P-Celtic languages (also called <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">Gallo-Brittonic</a>) are sometimes seen (for example by Koch 1992) as a central innovating area as opposed to the more conservative peripheral Q-Celtic languages. According to <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Ranko Matasović</a> in the introduction to his 2009 <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i>: "Celtiberian ... is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Breton language is Brittonic, not Gaulish, though there may be some input from the latter,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been introduced from Southwestern regions of Britain in the post-Roman era and having evolved into Breton. </p><p>In the P/Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto-Celtic was Gaelic. It has characteristics that some scholars see as archaic, but others see as also being in the Brittonic languages (see Schmidt). In the Insular/Continental classification schema, the split of the former into Gaelic and Brittonic is seen as being late. </p><p>The distinction of Celtic into these four sub-families most likely occurred about 900 BC according to Gray & Atkinson<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, because of estimation uncertainty, it could be any time between 1200 and 800 BC. However, they only considered Gaelic and Brythonic. A controversial paper by Forster & Toth<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included Gaulish and put the break-up much earlier at 3200 BC ± 1500 years. They support the Insular Celtic hypothesis. The early Celts were commonly associated with the archaeological <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>, though the earlier assumption of association between language and culture is now considered to be less strong.<sup id="cite_ref-Renfrew_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renfrew-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-James_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are legitimate scholarly arguments for both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and the P-/Q-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness of the other's categories. However, since the 1970s the division into Insular and Continental Celtic has become the more widely held view (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995), but in the middle of the 1980s, the P-/Q-Celtic theory found new supporters (Lambert 1994), because of the inscription on the Larzac piece of lead (1983), the analysis of which reveals another common phonetical innovation <i>-nm-</i> > <i>-nu</i> (Gaelic <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ainm</i></span> / Gaulish <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">anuana</i></span>, Old Welsh <span title="Old Welsh-language text"><i lang="owl">enuein</i></span> 'names'), that is less accidental than only one. The discovery of a third common innovation would allow the specialists to come to the conclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">Gallo-Brittonic</a> dialect (Schmidt 1986; Fleuriot 1986). </p><p>The interpretation of this and further evidence is still quite contested, and the main argument for Insular Celtic is connected with the development of verbal morphology and the syntax in Irish and British Celtic, which Schumacher regards as convincing, while he considers the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic division unimportant and treats Gallo-Brittonic as an outdated theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumacher_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumacher-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stifter affirms that the Gallo-Brittonic view is "out of favour" in the scholarly community as of 2008 and the Insular Celtic hypothesis "widely accepted".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When referring only to the modern Celtic languages, since no Continental Celtic language has living descendants, "Q-Celtic" is equivalent to "Goidelic" and "P-Celtic" is equivalent to "Brittonic". </p><p>How the family tree of the Celtic languages is ordered depends on which hypothesis is used: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 50%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <p>"<b>Insular Celtic hypothesis</b>" </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>"<b>P/Q-Celtic hypothesis</b>" </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> <ul><li>Q-Celtic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">P-Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eska_(2010)"><span id="Eska_.282010.29"></span>Eska (2010)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eska (2010)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eska<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evaluates the evidence as supporting the following tree, based on <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method#Terminology" title="Comparative method">shared innovations</a>, though it is not always clear that the innovations are not <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal features</a>. It seems likely that Celtiberian split off before Cisalpine Celtic, but the evidence for this is not robust. On the other hand, the unity of Gaulish, Goidelic, and Brittonic is reasonably secure. Schumacher (2004, p. 86) had already cautiously considered this grouping to be likely genetic, based, among others, on the shared reformation of the sentence-initial, fully inflecting relative pronoun <i>*i̯os, *i̯ā, *i̯od</i> into an uninflected enclitic particle. Eska sees <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a> as more akin to Lepontic than to Transalpine Gaulish. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Celtic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Celtic" title="Cisalpine Celtic">Cisalpine Celtic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Core Celtic (secure) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaulish" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaulish">Transalpine Gaulish</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> ("Transalpine Celtic")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Eska considers a division of Transalpine–Goidelic–Brittonic into Transalpine and Insular Celtic to be most probable because of the greater number of innovations in Insular Celtic than in P-Celtic, and because the Insular Celtic languages were probably not in great enough contact for those innovations to spread as part of a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a>. However, if they have another explanation (such as an <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SOV</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> language), then it is possible that P-Celtic is a valid clade, and the top branching would be: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Core Celtic (P-Celtic hypothesis) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">Gallo-Brittonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaulish" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaulish">Transalpine Gaulish</a> ("Transalpine Celtic") <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italo-Celtic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a> in a common <a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a> subfamily. This hypothesis fell somewhat out of favour after reexamination by American linguist <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Calvert Watkins</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irrespectively, some scholars such as Ringe, Warnow and Taylor and many others have argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic grouping in 21st century theses.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are many differences between the individual Celtic languages, they do show many family resemblances. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a> (Insular Celtic only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">inflected prepositions</a> (Insular Celtic only)</li> <li>two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> (modern Insular Celtic only; Old Irish and the Continental languages had three genders, although Gaulish may have merged the neuter and masculine in its later forms)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> number system (counting by twenties) <ul><li>Cornish <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">hwetek ha dew ugens</i></span> "fifty-six" (literally "sixteen and two twenty")</li></ul></li> <li>verb–subject–object (VSO) word order (probably Insular Celtic only)</li> <li>an interplay between the subjunctive, future, imperfect, and habitual, to the point that some tenses and moods have ousted others</li> <li>an impersonal or autonomous verb form serving as a <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a> <ul><li>Welsh <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">dysgaf</i></span> "I teach" vs. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">dysgir</i></span> "is taught, one teaches"</li> <li>Irish <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">múinim</i></span> "I teach" vs. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">múintear</i></span> "is taught, one teaches"</li></ul></li> <li>no <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a>, replaced by a quasi-nominal verb form called the verbal noun or <a href="/wiki/Verbnoun" title="Verbnoun">verbnoun</a></li> <li>frequent use of vowel mutation as a morphological device, e.g. formation of plurals, verbal stems, etc.</li> <li>use of preverbal particles to signal either subordination or illocutionary force of the following clause <ul><li>mutation-distinguished subordinators/relativisers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> for <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">negation</a>, interrogation, and occasionally for affirmative declarations</li></ul></li> <li>pronouns positioned between particles and verbs</li> <li>lack of simple verb for the <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> "have" process, with possession conveyed by a composite structure, usually BE + preposition <ul><li>Cornish <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Yma kath dhymm</i></span> "I have a cat", literally "there is a cat to me"</li> <li>Welsh <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Mae cath gyda fi</i></span> "I have a cat", literally "a cat is with me"</li> <li>Irish <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Tá cat agam</i></span> "I have a cat", literally "there is a cat at me"</li></ul></li> <li>use of <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> constructions to express verbal tense, voice, or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspectual</a> distinctions</li> <li>distinction by function of the two versions of BE verbs traditionally labelled substantive (or existential) and <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a></li> <li>bifurcated <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> structure</li> <li>suffixed pronominal supplements, called confirming or supplementary pronouns</li> <li>use of singulars or special forms of counted nouns, and use of a singulative suffix to make singular forms from plurals, where older singulars have disappeared</li></ul> <p>Examples: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Ná bac le mac an bhacaigh is ní bhacfaidh mac an bhacaigh leat.</i></dd> <dd>(Literal translation) <i>Do not bother with son the beggar's and not will-bother son the beggar's with-you.</i> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhacaigh</i></span> is the genitive of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bacach</i></span>. The <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">igh</i></span> the result of <a href="/wiki/Affection_(linguistics)" title="Affection (linguistics)">affection</a>; the <span class="nowrap">⟨bh⟩</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_consonant_mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish initial consonant mutations">lenited</a> form of <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>.</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">leat</i></span> is the second person singular inflected form of the preposition <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">le</i></span>.</li> <li>The order is verb–subject–object (VSO) in the second half. Compare this to English or French (and possibly Continental Celtic) which are normally subject–verb–object in word order.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">pedwar ar bymtheg a phedwar ugain</i></dd> <dd>(Literally) <i>four on fifteen and four twenties</i> <ul><li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">bymtheg</i></span> is a mutated form of <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pymtheg</i></span>, which is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pump</i></span> ("five") plus <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">deg</i></span> ("ten"). Likewise, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">phedwar</i></span> is a mutated form of <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pedwar</i></span>.</li> <li>The multiples of ten are <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">deg, ugain, deg ar hugain, deugain, hanner cant, trigain, deg a thrigain, pedwar ugain, deg a phedwar ugain, cant</i></span>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table">Comparison table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> between the different Celtic languages is apparent in their <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">core vocabulary</a>, especially in terms of <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">actual pronunciation</a>. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">differences between languages</a> are often the product of regular <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> or Ø). </p><p>The table below has words in the modern languages that were <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">inherited direct</a> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a>, as well as a few old <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> that made their way into all the daughter languages. There is often a closer match between Welsh, Breton and Cornish on the one hand and Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx on the other. For a fuller list of comparisons, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Celtic_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Celtic Swadesh lists">Swadesh list for Celtic</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">English</th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Brittonic</th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Goidelic </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Welsh</th> <th scope="col">Breton<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th scope="col">Cornish</th> <th scope="col">Irish <p>Gaelic<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Scottish <p>Gaelic<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Manx </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">bee</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwenynen</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">gwenanenn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">gwenenen</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">beach</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">seillean</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">shellan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">big</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mawr</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">meur</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">meur</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mór</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">mòr</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">mooar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">dog</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">ci</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">ki</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">ki</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">madra</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gadhar</i></span> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cú</i></span> "hound") </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cù</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">coo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">fish</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pysgodyn</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">pesk</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">pysk</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iasc</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">iasg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">yeeast</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">full</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">llawn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">leun</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">leun</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">lán</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">làn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">lane</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">goat</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gafr</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">gavr</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">gaver</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gabhar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">gobhar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">goayr</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">house</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tŷ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">ti</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">chi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">teach, tigh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">taigh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">thie</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">lip (anatomical)</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwefus</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">gweuz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">gweus</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">liopa, beol</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bile</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">meill</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">mouth of a river</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">aber</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">aber</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">aber</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">inbhear</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">inbhir</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">inver</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">four</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pedwar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">pevar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">peswar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceathair, cheithre</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">ceithir</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">kiare</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">night</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">nos</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">noz</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">nos</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">oíche</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">oidhche</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">oie</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">number<sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">rhif, nifer</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">niver</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">niver</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">uimhir</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">àireamh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">earroo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">three</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tri</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">tri</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">tri</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">trí</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">trì</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">tree</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">milk</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">llaeth</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">laezh</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">leth</i></span><sup>†</sup></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bainne, leacht</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bainne, leachd</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">bainney</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">you (sg)</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">ti</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">te</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">ty</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tú, thú</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">thu, tu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">oo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">star</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">seren</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">steredenn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">steren</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">réalta</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">reult, rionnag</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">rollage</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">today</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">heddiw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">hiziv</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">hedhyw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">inniu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">an-diugh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">jiu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">tooth</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">dant</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">dant</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">dans</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fiacail</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">déad</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">fiacaill, deud</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">feeackle</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">(to) fall</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">cwympo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">kouezhañ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">kodha</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">tit(im)</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">tuit(eam)</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">tuitt(ym)</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">(to) smoke</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">ysmygu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">mogediñ, butuniñ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">megi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caith(eamh) tobac</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">smocadh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">toghtaney, smookal</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">(to) whistle</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">chwibanu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">c'hwibanat</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">hwibana</i></span></td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">feadáil</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">fead</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">fed</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">time, weather</td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">amser</i></span></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">amzer</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">amser</i></span> "time", <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">kewer</i></span> "weather"</td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">aimsir</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">aimsir</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">emshyr</i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><sup>† Borrowings from Latin.</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: <i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>: <i lang="gv">Ta dagh ooilley pheiagh ruggit seyr as corrym ayns ard-cheim as kiartyn. Ren Jee feoiltaghey resoon as cooinsheanse orroo as by chair daue ymmyrkey ry cheilley myr braaraghyn.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Tha gach uile dhuine air a bhreith saor agus co-ionnan ann an urram 's ann an còirichean. Tha iad air am breith le reusan is le cogais agus mar sin bu chòir dhaibh a bhith beò nam measg fhèin ann an spiorad bràthaireil.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: <i lang="br">Dieub ha par en o dellezegezh hag o gwirioù eo ganet an holl dud. Poell ha skiant zo dezho ha dleout a reont bevañ an eil gant egile en ur spered a genvreudeuriezh.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: <i lang="kw">Genys frank ha par yw oll tus an bys yn aga dynita hag yn aga gwiryow. Enduys yns gans reson ha kowses hag y tal dhedha omdhon an eyl orth y gila yn spyrys a vrederedh.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_members_of_the_family">Possible members of the family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Possible members of the family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several poorly-documented languages may have been Celtic. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></b> is an extinct language spoken in the first millennium BC in the <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alps">Central Alps</a>. It has recently been proposed that it was a Celtic language.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iverni#O'Rahilly's_theory" title="Iverni">Ivernic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></b>, on the Northern Mediterranean Coast straddling the southeast French and northwest Italian coasts, including parts of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. Xavier Delamarre argues that Ligurian was a Celtic language similar to Gaulish.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ligurian-Celtic question is also discussed by Barruol (1999). Ancient Ligurian is listed as either Celtic (epigraphic),<sup id="cite_ref-kruta1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kruta1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Para-Celtic (onomastic).<sup id="cite_ref-kruta2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kruta2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></b>, spoken in the area between the Douro and Tagus rivers of western <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> (a region straddling the present border of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). Known from only five inscriptions and various place names.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodtko_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodtko-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an Indo-European language and some scholars have proposed that it may be a para-Celtic language that evolved alongside Celtic or formed a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a> with Tartessian and Gallaecian. This is tied to a theory of an Iberian origin for the Celtic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodtko_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodtko-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cunliffe_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunliffe-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that the Q-Celtic languages alone, including Goidelic, originated in western Iberia (a theory that was first put forward by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a> in 1707) or shared a common linguistic ancestor with Lusitanian.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary evidence for this hypothesis has been found in research by biological scientists, who have identified (1) deep-rooted similarities in human DNA found precisely in both the former <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and; (2) the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution#Lusitanian_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">Lusitanian distribution</a>" of animals and plants unique to western Iberia and Ireland. Both phenomena are now generally thought to have resulted from human emigration from Iberia to Ireland, in the late <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> eras.<sup id="cite_ref-Mascheretti_et_al._(2003)_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mascheretti_et_al._(2003)-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars see greater linguistic affinities between Lusitanian, <a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Italic_language" title="Old Gallo-Italic language">Old Gallo-Italic</a> (particularly with <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy" title="Old European hydronymy">Old European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Villar2000_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villar2000-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent modern linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Evans" title="Ellis Evans">Ellis Evans</a>, believe <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallaecian">Gallaecian</a>-Lusitanian was in fact one same language (not separate languages) of the "P" Celtic variant.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></b>, spoken in central <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and the Alpine regions of northeast <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Documented by a limited number of short inscriptions (found through Northern Italy and Western Austria) in two variants of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>. Its linguistic categorisation is not clearly established, and it presents a confusing mixture of what appear to be <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, and uncertain other elements. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">Howard Hayes Scullard</a> argues that Rhaetian was also a Celtic language.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></b>, spoken in the southwest of the Iberia Peninsula (mainly southern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and southwest Spain).<sup id="cite_ref-koch2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tartessian is known by 95 inscriptions, with the longest having 82 readable signs.<sup id="cite_ref-cunliffe_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunliffe-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colera_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colera-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-koch2011_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2011-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a> argues that Tartessian was also a Celtic language.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2011_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2011-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celts (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Celtic_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Celtic Swadesh lists">A Swadesh list of the modern Celtic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2010" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (2010). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+Census+of+Canada%3A+Topic+based+tabulations%3A+Various+Languages+Spoken+%28147%29%2C+Age+Groups+%2817A%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2006+Census+%E2%80%93+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%3A80%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Ftbt%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FA%3DR%26APATH%3D3%26D1%3D0%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D0%26D4%3D0%26D5%3D0%26D6%3D0%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D01%26GID%3D837928%26GK%3D1%26GRP%3D1%26LANG%3DE%26O%3DD%26PID%3D89189%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D88971%252C97154%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26TABID%3D1%26THEME%3D70%26Temporal%3D2006%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231222127/https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Welsh-Language/WelshLanguageSkills-by-LocalAuthority-Gender-DetailedAgeGroups-2011Census">"Welsh language skills by local authority, gender and detailed age groups, 2011 Census"</a>. <i>StatsWales</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatsWales&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+skills+by+local+authority%2C+gender+and+detailed+age+groups%2C+2011+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.wales.gov.uk%2FCatalogue%2FWelsh-Language%2FWelshLanguageSkills-by-LocalAuthority-Gender-DetailedAgeGroups-2011Census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ofis-stats-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ofis-stats_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofis-bzh.org/fr/langue_bretonne/chiffres_cles/index.php">Données clés sur breton, Ofis ar Brezhoneg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315110648/http://www.ofis-bzh.org/fr/langue_bretonne/chiffres_cles/index.php/">Archived</a> 15 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPole_Études_et_Développement_Observatoire_des_Pratiques_Linguistiques" class="citation web cs1">Pole Études et Développement Observatoire des Pratiques Linguistiques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fr.brezhoneg.bzh/46-situation-de-la-langue.htm">"Situation de la Langue"</a>. Office Public de la Langue Bretonne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122618/http://www.fr.brezhoneg.bzh/46-situation-de-la-langue.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situation+de+la+Langue&rft.pub=Office+Public+de+la+Langue+Bretonne&rft.au=Pole+%C3%89tudes+et+D%C3%A9veloppement+Observatoire+des+Pratiques+Linguistiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fr.brezhoneg.bzh%2F46-situation-de-la-langue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_Scotland_Census-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Scotland_Census_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Scotland_Census_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html">2011 Scotland Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200212/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Table QS211SC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion"</a>. <i>Scotland's Census</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Scotland%E2%80%99s+Census+2022+-+Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2F2022-results%2Fscotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=12&Data=Count&SearchText=Nova%20Scotia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=12">"National Household Survey Profile, Nova Scotia, 2011"</a>. Statistics Canada. 11 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513084229/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=12&Data=Count&SearchText=Nova%20Scotia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=12">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Household+Survey+Profile%2C+Nova+Scotia%2C+2011&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D12%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DNova%2520Scotia%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26A1%3DAll%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html">"Standard Outputs"</a>. <i>Scotland's Census</i>. National Records of Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005011314/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Standard+Outputs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fods-web%2Fstandard-outputs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampsie2014" class="citation web cs1">Campsie, Alison (9 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/uncategorized/48308/new-bid-to-get-us-speaking-in-gaelic/">"New bid to get us speaking in Gaelic"</a>. <i>The Press and Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310172949/https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/uncategorized/48308/new-bid-to-get-us-speaking-in-gaelic/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Press+and+Journal&rft.atitle=New+bid+to+get+us+speaking+in+Gaelic&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.aulast=Campsie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressandjournal.co.uk%2Ffp%2Funcategorized%2F48308%2Fnew-bid-to-get-us-speaking-in-gaelic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS024/editions/2021/versions/3">"Main language (detailed)"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Main+language+%28detailed%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS024%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> (UK 2021 Census)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Geographic_distribution_and_number_of_speakers" title="Cornish language">Number of Cornish speakers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_BBC/British_Council-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_BBC/British_Council_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Around 2,000 fluent speakers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108190250/http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/uk-languages/south-west">"South West"</a>. <i>TeachingEnglish.org.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/uk-languages/south-west">the original</a> on 8 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TeachingEnglish.org.uk&rft.atitle=South+West&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teachingenglish.org.uk%2Fuk-languages%2Fsouth-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEqualities_and_Wellbeing_Division" class="citation web cs1">Equalities and Wellbeing Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/articles/languageinenglandandwales/2013-03-04">"Language in England and Wales: 2011"</a>. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100420/http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/articles/languageinenglandandwales/2013-03-04">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+in+England+and+Wales%3A+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.au=Equalities+and+Wellbeing+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Flanguage%2Farticles%2Flanguageinenglandandwales%2F2013-03-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911095902/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/anyone-here-speak-jersey-657175.html">"Anyone here speak Jersey?"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 11 April 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/anyone-here-speak-jersey-657175.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Anyone+here+speak+Jersey%3F&rft.date=2002-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Fanyone-here-speak-jersey-657175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728060024/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=glv">"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: glv"</a>. Sil.org. 14 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=glv">the original</a> on 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentation+for+ISO+639+identifier%3A+glv&rft.pub=Sil.org&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3Dglv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105003928/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf">"Isle of Man Census Report 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Economic Affairs Division, Isle of Man Government Treasury. April 2012. p. 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isle+of+Man+Census+Report+2011&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Economic+Affairs+Division%2C+Isle+of+Man+Government+Treasury&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.im%2Flib%2Fdocs%2Ftreasury%2Feconomic%2Fcensus%2Fcensus2011reportfinalresized.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2015" class="citation web cs1">Whitehead, Sarah (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man">"How the Manx language came back from the dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020940/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Manx+language+came+back+from+the+dead&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2015%2Fapr%2F02%2Fhow-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sth">"Shelta"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629003323/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sth">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shelta&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dsth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&dq=botorrita+ii&pg=PA233">Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025501/https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&lpg=PA233&ots=p-RudfBy1H&dq=botorrita%20ii&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q=botorrita%20ii&f=false">Archived</a> 31 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Koch, John T.; Vol 1, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumacher-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacherSchulze-Thulinaan_de_Wiel2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta; aan de Wiel, Caroline (2004). <i>Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon</i> (in German). Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85124-692-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-85124-692-6"><bdi>3-85124-692-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+keltischen+Prim%C3%A4rverben.+Ein+vergleichendes%2C+etymologisches+und+morphologisches+Lexikon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Kulturen%2C+University+of+Innsbruck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-85124-692-6&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Schulze-Thulin%2C+Britta&rft.au=aan+de+Wiel%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercivaldi2003" class="citation book cs1">Percivaldi, Elena (2003). <i>I Celti: una civiltà europea</i>. Giunti Editore. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Celti%3A+una+civilt%C3%A0+europea&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Giunti+Editore&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Percivaldi&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kruta2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kruta2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kruta2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta1991" class="citation book cs1">Kruta, Venceslas (1991). <i>The Celts</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2008" class="citation book cs1">Stifter, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/download/Stifter/oldcelt2008_1_general.pdf"><i>Old Celtic Languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002035607/http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/download/Stifter/oldcelt2008_1_general.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Celtic+Languages&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Findogermanistik%2Fdownload%2FStifter%2Foldcelt2008_1_general.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MORANDI 2004, pp. 702-703, n. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósper2002" class="citation book cs1">Prósper, B.M. (2002). <i>Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica</i>. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. <span class="nowrap">422–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7800-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-7800-818-7"><bdi>84-7800-818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenguas+y+religiones+prerromanas+del+occidente+de+la+pen%C3%ADnsula+ib%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E422-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Ediciones+Universidad+de+Salamanca&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-7800-818-7&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villar F., B. M. Prósper. (2005). <i>Vascos, Celtas e Indoeuropeos: genes y lenguas. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca</i>. pgs. 333–350. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7800-530-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-7800-530-7">84-7800-530-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Merida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic. The latter are the same features found in well-documented contemporary inscriptions in the region occupied by the Lusitanians, and therefore belonging to the variety known as LUSITANIAN, or more broadly as GALLO-LUSITANIAN. As we have already said, we do not consider this variety to belong to the Celtic language family." Jordán Colera 2007: p.750</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth H. Jackson</a> suggested that there were two Pictish languages, a pre-Indo-European one and a <i><a href="/wiki/Pritennic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritennic">Pritenic</a></i> Celtic one. This has been challenged by some scholars. See <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Forsyth" title="Katherine Forsyth">Katherine Forsyth</a>'s <i>"Language in Pictland: the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" </i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/archive/00002081/01/languagepictland.pdf">"Etext"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219054300/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/archive/00002081/01/languagepictland.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etext&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2Farchive%2F00002081%2F01%2Flanguagepictland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27.8 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>)</span>. See also the introduction by James & Taylor to the <i>"Index of Celtic and Other Elements in W. J. Watson's 'The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220054951/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/institutes/sassi/spns/INDEX2INTRO.pdf">"Etext"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/institutes/sassi/spns/INDEX2INTRO.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etext&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Finstitutes%2Fsassi%2Fspns%2FINDEX2INTRO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(172 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> )</span>. Compare also the treatment of Pictish in Price's <i>The Languages of Britain</i> (1984) with his <i>Languages in Britain & Ireland</i> (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalmedievalist.com/opinionated-celtic-faqs/celtic-languages/">"What are the Celtic Languages?"</a>. <i>Celtic Studies Resources</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010203551/http://www.digitalmedievalist.com/opinionated-celtic-faqs/celtic-languages/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celtic+Studies+Resources&rft.atitle=What+are+the+Celtic+Languages%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalmedievalist.com%2Fopinionated-celtic-faqs%2Fceltic-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1">Matasović, Ranko (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i></a>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 13 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbour_and_Carmichael2000" class="citation book cs1">Barbour and Carmichael, Stephen and Cathie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ixmu8Iga7gC&q=Breton%20Gaulish%20words&pg=PA56"><i>Language and nationalism in Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823671-9"><bdi>978-0-19-823671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+nationalism+in+Europe&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823671-9&rft.aulast=Barbour+and+Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Stephen+and+Cathie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ixmu8Iga7gC%26q%3DBreton%2520Gaulish%2520words%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1">"Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>426</b> (6965): <span class="nowrap">435–</span>439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..435G">2003Natur.426..435G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02029">10.1038/nature02029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647380">14647380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42340">42340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Language-tree+divergence+times+support+the+Anatolian+theory+of+Indo-European+origin&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=6965&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E439&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14647380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.426..435G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Russell+D.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ad6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexovaFryntaZrzavy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rexova, K.; Frynta, D.; Zrzavy, J. (2003). 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B.; Gündüz, I.; Fredga, K.; Searle, J. B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691416">"How did pygmy shrews colonize Ireland? Clues from a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences"</a>. <i>Proc. R. Soc. 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Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7800-968-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-7800-968-X"><bdi>84-7800-968-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231222127/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7zC8UCvmo0C">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indoeuropeos+y+no+indoeuropeos+en+la+Hispania+Prerromana&rft.place=Salamanca&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ediciones+Universidad+de+Salamanca&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=84-7800-968-X&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7zC8UCvmo0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula</i> Transactions of the Philological Society vol. 97 (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf">Callaica_Nomina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930005923/https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf">Archived</a> 30 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ilg.usc.es</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=Evans+lusitanian+celt+linguist&pg=PA484"><i>Celtic Culture: A-Celti</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094400"><bdi>9781851094400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A-Celti&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851094400&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3DEvans%2Blusitanian%2Bcelt%2Blinguist%26pg%3DPA484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScullard1967" class="citation book cs1">Scullard, HH (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etruscancitiesro0000scul"><i>The Etruscan Cities and Rome</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801403736" title="Special:BookSources/9780801403736"><bdi>9780801403736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+Cities+and+Rome&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780801403736&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=HH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetruscancitiesro0000scul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch2-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koch2_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbow Books">Oxbow Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">292–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4"><bdi>978-1-84217-410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+Chapter+9%3A+Paradigm+Shift%3F+Interpreting+Tartessian+as+Celtic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-410-4&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colera-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colera_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCólera2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cólera, Carlos Jordán (16 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624081159/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf">"The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>E-Keltoi</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">749–</span>750. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi&rft.atitle=The+Celts+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula%3ACeltiberian&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E749-%3C%2Fspan%3E750&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.aulast=C%C3%B3lera&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Jord%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_17%2Fjordan_6_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch2011-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koch2011_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2011_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723195518/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow"><i>Tartessian 2: The Inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the Verbal Complex. Preliminaries to Historical Phonology</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbow Books">Oxbow Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907029-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907029-07-3"><bdi>978-1-907029-07-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow">the original</a> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tartessian+2%3A+The+Inscription+of+Mesas+do+Castelinho+ro+and+the+Verbal+Complex.+Preliminaries+to+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907029-07-3&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbowbooks.com%2Fbookinfo.cfm%2FID%2F91450%2F%2FLocation%2FOxbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ball, Martin J. & James Fife (ed.) (1993). <i>The Celtic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01035-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01035-7">0-415-01035-7</a>.</li> <li>Borsley, Robert D. & Ian Roberts (ed.) (1996). <i>The Syntax of the Celtic Languages: A Comparative Perspective</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521481600" title="Special:BookSources/0521481600">0521481600</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowgill1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cowgill" title="Warren Cowgill">Cowgill, Warren</a> (1975). "The origins of the Insular Celtic conjunct and absolute verbal endings". In H. Rix (ed.). <i>Flexion und Wortbildung: Akten der V. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Regensburg, 9.–14. September 1973</i>. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920153-40-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-920153-40-5"><bdi>3-920153-40-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+the+Insular+Celtic+conjunct+and+absolute+verbal+endings&rft.btitle=Flexion+und+Wortbildung%3A+Akten+der+V.+Fachtagung+der+Indogermanischen+Gesellschaft%2C+Regensburg%2C+9.%E2%80%9314.+September+1973&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=3-920153-40-5&rft.aulast=Cowgill&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Celtic Linguistics, 1700–1850</i> (2000). London; New York: Routledge. 8 vols comprising 15 texts originally published between 1706 and 1844.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsterToth2003" class="citation journal cs1">Forster, Peter; Toth, Alfred (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166441">"Toward a phylogenetic chronology of ancient Gaulish, Celtic, and Indo-European"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA</i>. <b>100</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">9079–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.9079F">2003PNAS..100.9079F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1331158100">10.1073/pnas.1331158100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166441">166441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12837934">12837934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+USA&rft.atitle=Toward+a+phylogenetic+chronology+of+ancient+Gaulish%2C+Celtic%2C+and+Indo-European&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9079-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166441%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12837934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1331158100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..100.9079F&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Toth%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1">"Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>426</b> (6965): <span class="nowrap">435–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..435G">2003Natur.426..435G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02029">10.1038/nature02029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647380">14647380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42340">42340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Language-tree+divergence+times+support+the+Anatolian+theory+of+Indo-European+origin&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=6965&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14647380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.426..435G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Russell+D.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ad6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindley1990" class="citation book cs1">Hindley, Reg (1990). <i>The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04339-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04339-5"><bdi>0-415-04339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+the+Irish+Language%3A+A+Qualified+Obituary&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-04339-5&rft.aulast=Hindley&rft.aufirst=Reg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewis, Henry & <a href="/wiki/Holger_Pedersen_(linguist)" title="Holger Pedersen (linguist)">Holger Pedersen</a> (1989). <i>A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar</i>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-26102-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-26102-0">3-525-26102-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCone1991" class="citation journal cs1">McCone, Kim (1991). "The PIE stops and syllabic nasals in Celtic". <i>Studia Celtica Japonica</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Celtica+Japonica&rft.atitle=The+PIE+stops+and+syllabic+nasals+in+Celtic&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=McCone&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCone1992" class="citation book cs1">McCone, Kim (1992). "Relative Chronologie: Keltisch". In R. Beekes; A. Lubotsky; J. Weitenberg (eds.). <i>Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie: Akten Der VIII. Fachtagung Der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31 August – 4 September 1987</i>. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85124-613-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-85124-613-6"><bdi>3-85124-613-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relative+Chronologie%3A+Keltisch&rft.btitle=Rekonstruktion+und+relative+Chronologie%3A+Akten+Der+VIII.+Fachtagung+Der+Indogermanischen+Gesellschaft%2C+Leiden%2C+31+August+%E2%80%93+4+September+1987&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachwissenschaft+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-85124-613-6&rft.aulast=McCone&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCone1996" class="citation book cs1">McCone, Kim (1996). <i>Towards a Relative Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Celtic Sound Change</i>. Maynooth: Department of Old and Middle Irish, St. Patrick's College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901519-40-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-901519-40-5"><bdi>0-901519-40-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Relative+Chronology+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Celtic+Sound+Change&rft.place=Maynooth&rft.pub=Department+of+Old+and+Middle+Irish%2C+St.+Patrick%27s+College&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-901519-40-5&rft.aulast=McCone&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1995" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Paul (1995). <i>An Introduction to the Celtic Languages</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582100828" title="Special:BookSources/0582100828"><bdi>0582100828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Celtic+Languages&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0582100828&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1988" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, K. H. (1988). "On the reconstruction of Proto-Celtic". In G. W. MacLennan (ed.). <i>Proceedings of the First North American Congress of Celtic Studies, Ottawa 1986</i>. Ottawa: Chair of Celtic Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">231–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-693260-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-693260-0"><bdi>0-09-693260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+reconstruction+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+North+American+Congress+of+Celtic+Studies%2C+Ottawa+1986&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Chair+of+Celtic+Studies&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-09-693260-0&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schrijver" title="Peter Schrijver">Schrijver, Peter</a> (1995). <i>Studies in British Celtic historical phonology</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5183-820-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-5183-820-4"><bdi>90-5183-820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+British+Celtic+historical+phonology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-5183-820-4&rft.aulast=Schrijver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacherSchulze-Thulinaan_de_Wiel2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta; aan de Wiel, Caroline (2004). <i>Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon</i> (in German). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen der Universität Innsbruck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85124-692-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-85124-692-6"><bdi>3-85124-692-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+keltischen+Prim%C3%A4rverben.+Ein+vergleichendes%2C+etymologisches+und+morphologisches+Lexikon&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Kulturen+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-85124-692-6&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Schulze-Thulin%2C+Britta&rft.au=aan+de+Wiel%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Markey, Thomas L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Flinguistica.46.1.145-172">"Early Celticity in Slovenia and at Rhaetic Magrè (Schio)"</a>. <i>Linguistica</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Flinguistica.46.1.145-172">10.4312/linguistica.46.1.145-172</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistica&rft.atitle=Early+Celticity+in+Slovenia+and+at+Rhaetic+Magr%C3%A8+%28Schio%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4312%2Flinguistica.46.1.145-172&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4312%252Flinguistica.46.1.145-172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sims-Williams, Patrick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774320000098">"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774320000098">10.1017/S0959774320000098</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437">2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216484936">216484936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Alternative+to+%27Celtic+from+the+East%27+and+%27Celtic+from+the+West%27&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216484936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774320000098&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0959774320000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stifter, David (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/12914/1/Stifter">"The early Celtic epigraphic evidence and early literacy in Germanic languages"</a>. <i>NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution</i>. <b>73</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fnowele.00037.sti">10.1075/nowele.00037.sti</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0108-8416">0108-8416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219024967">219024967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOWELE%3A+North-Western+European+Language+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+early+Celtic+epigraphic+evidence+and+early+literacy+in+Germanic+languages&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219024967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0108-8416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fnowele.00037.sti&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmural.maynoothuniversity.ie%2F12914%2F1%2FStifter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtic_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Celtic languages</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Celtic_languages" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Celtic languages">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Celtic_languages" class="extiw" title="c:category:Celtic languages">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Celtic_languages" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Celtic languages">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Languages of Europe">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Celtic_languages" class="extiw" title="v:Category:Celtic languages">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25293" class="extiw" title="d:Q25293">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abdn.ac.uk/celtic">Aberdeen University Celtic Department</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208012252/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/celtic">Archived</a> 8 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerlands.com/crossroads/celticlanguage/labara1.html">"Labara: An Introduction to the Celtic Languages", by Meredith Richard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breizh.net/icdbl/saozg/Celtic_Languages.pdf">Celts and Celtic Languages</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Insular_Celtic43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unclassified)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_language#Tocharian_A_and_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian language">Tocharian A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25293#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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