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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lusitanu" title="Idioma lusitanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma lusitanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusit%C3%A0" title="Lusità – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lusità" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanische_Sprache" title="Lusitanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lusitanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lusitano" title="Idioma lusitano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma lusitano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitaniera" title="Lusitaniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lusitaniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitain" title="Lusitain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lusitain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lusitana" title="Lingua lusitana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua lusitana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8B%9C%ED%83%80%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="루시타니아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루시타니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lusitania" title="Bahasa Lusitania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Lusitania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lusitana" title="Lingua lusitana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua lusitana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzit%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Luzitán nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luzitán nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Луситански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луситански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ルシタニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルシタニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_luzyta%C5%84ski" title="Język luzytański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język luzytański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_lusitana" title="Língua lusitana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua lusitana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Лузитанский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лузитанский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanian_kieli" title="Lusitanian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lusitanian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanca" title="Lusitanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lusitanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лузітанська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лузітанська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="卢西坦语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢西坦语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Iberia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Lusitanian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusitano2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lusitano2.jpg/320px-Lusitano2.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lusitano2.jpg/480px-Lusitano2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lusitano2.jpg/640px-Lusitano2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">One of the inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_la_Luz" title="Arroyo de la Luz">Arroyo de la Luz</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Inland central-west <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Beira_Alta_Province" title="Beira Alta Province">Beira Alta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beira_Baixa_Province" title="Beira Baixa Province">Beira Baixa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alto_Alentejo_Province" title="Alto Alentejo Province">Alto Alentejo</a> Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salamanca" title="Province of Salamanca">province of Salamanca</a> Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2nd century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> (?)<sup id="cite_ref-Prosper2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosper2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villar2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villar2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or<br />para-<a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (?)<sup id="cite_ref-kruta_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kruta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stifter1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stifter1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Lusitanian</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xls" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xls">xls</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xls">xls</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lusi1235">lusi1235</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Lusitanian</b> (so named after the Lusitani or <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>) was an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">Paleohispanic language</a>. There has been support for either a connection with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-Prosper2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosper2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villar2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villar2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kruta_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kruta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stifter1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stifter1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known from only six sizeable inscriptions, dated from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></span>, and numerous names of places (<a href="/wiki/Toponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyms">toponyms</a>) and of gods (<a href="/wiki/Theonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theonyms">theonyms</a>). The language was spoken in the territory inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> tribes, from the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> rivers, territory that today falls in central <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_related_languages">Classification and related languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification and related languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_theory">Celtic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Celtic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Jurgen_Untermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurgen Untermann">Untermann</a> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identify toponymic and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroponymic">anthroponymic</a> radicals which are clearly linked to Celtic materials: <i>briga</i> ‘hill, fortification’, <i>bormano</i> ‘thermal’ (Cf. theonym <i><a href="/wiki/Bormo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bormo">Bormo</a></i>), <i>karno</i> ‘cairn’, <i>krouk</i> ‘hillock, mound’, <i>crougia</i> ‘monument, stone altar’, etc. Others, like Anderson (1987),<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> point to results of inscriptional comparisons between Lusitania and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> that they argue show, somewhat indirectly, that Lusitanian and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a> formed a fairly homogeneous linguistic group.<sup id="cite_ref-persee.fr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-persee.fr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous divine names in Portugal and Galicia frequently revolve around the gods or goddesses <i><a href="/wiki/Bandua" title="Bandua">Bandu</a></i> (or <i>Bandi</i>), <i>Cossu</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nabia" title="Nabia">Nabia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Reo_(deity)" title="Reo (deity)">Reve</a></i>: </p> <ul><li><i>Bandei Brialcacui</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beira_Baixa_(intermunicipal_community)" title="Beira Baixa (intermunicipal community)">Beira-Baixa</a>)</li> <li><i>Coso Udaviniago</i> (<a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>)</li> <li><i>Cosiovi Ascanno</i> (Asturias)</li> <li><i>deo domeno Cusu Neneoeco</i> (Douro)</li> <li><i>Reo Paramaeco</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a>)</li> <li><i>Reve Laraucu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ourense" title="Ourense">Ourense</a>)</li> <li><i>Reve Langanidaeigui</i> (Beira-Baixa)</li></ul> <p>The Lusitanian and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a> divine name <i>Lucubos</i>, for example, also occurs outside the peninsula, in the plural, in Celtic <a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a>, where the nominative form is <i><a href="/wiki/Lugoves" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugoves">Lugoves</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lug</a> was also an Irish god, and the ancient name of <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> was <i>Lug dunum</i> and may have a connection with the Lusitanian and Gallaecian word, suggesting therefore a north-western Iberian <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a> with Lusitanian as a dialect, not a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Evans" title="Ellis Evans">Ellis Evans</a> believes that Gallaecian-Lusitanian were one same language (not separate languages) of the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Brittonic_languages" title="Gallo-Brittonic languages">“P” Celtic</a> variant.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While chronology, migrations and diffusion of Hispanic Indo-European peoples are still far from clear, it has been argued there is a case for assuming a shared Celtic dialect for ancient Portugal and Galicia-Asturias. Linguistic similarities between these Western Iberian Indo-Europeans, the Celtiberians, the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic peoples of Great Britain</a> indicate an affiliation in vocabulary and linguistic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-persee.fr_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-persee.fr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, scholars such as Koch say there is no unambiguous example of the reflexes of the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Resonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonants">resonants</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*l̥, *r̥, *m̥, *n̥</span></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirate</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*bʱ, *dʱ, *ɡʱ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, names in the inscriptions can be read as undoubtedly Celtic, such as AMBATVS, CAELOBRIGOI and VENDICVS.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2011_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dagmar Wodtko argues that it is hard to identify Lusitanian personal or place-names that are actually not Celtic.<sup id="cite_ref-wodtko2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wodtko2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arguments contradict the hypothesis that the <i>p-</i> in PORCOM alone excludes Lusitanian from the Celtic group of pre-Roman languages of Europe<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it can be classed as a Celtic dialect but one that preserved Indo-European <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*p</span></span> (or possibly an already phonetically weakened <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸ]</span>, written P as an archaism).<sup id="cite_ref-koch2011_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is based largely on numerous Celtic personal, deity, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">place</a> names.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quintela_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quintela-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lusitanian possibly shows <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> from Indo-European <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*kʷ</span></span> in PVMPI, pronominal PVPPID from <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*kʷodkʷid</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-koch2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PETRANIOI derived from <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*kʷetwor-</span></span> 'four',<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that is a feature found in many Indo-European languages from various branches (including <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic">P-Celtic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Osco-Umbrian">Osco-Umbrian</a>, and partially in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> where it <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimm's Law">subsequently evolved into /f/</a>, but notably <i>not</i> <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a>), and by itself, it has no bearing on the question of whether Lusitanian is Celtic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bua Carballo suggests that pairings on different inscriptions such as <i>Proeneiaeco</i> and <i>Proinei</i> versus <i>Broeneiae</i>, and <i>Lapoena</i> versus <i>Laboena</i>, may cast doubt on the presence of a P sound in Lusitanian.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para-Celtic_theory">Para-Celtic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Para-Celtic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars have proposed that it may be a para-Celtic language, which evolved alongside Celtic or formed a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> or sprachbund with <a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a> and Gallaecian. This is tied to a theory of an Iberian origin for the Celtic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodtko_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodtko-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cunliffe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunliffe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that the Q-Celtic languages alone, including <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a>, originated in western Iberia (a theory that was first put forward by Welsh historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a> in 1707) or shared a common linguistic ancestor with Lusitanian.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Celtic_theory">Non-Celtic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-Celtic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg/300px-Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg/450px-Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg/600px-Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c6ffff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lusitanian language in the context of <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">paleohispanic languages</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In general, philologists consider Lusitanian to be an Indo-European language, but not Celtic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witczak (1999) is highly critical of the name-correspondences of Lusitanian and Celtic by Anderson (1985) and Untermann (1987), describing them as "unproductive" and agrees with Karl Horst Schmidt that they are insufficient proof of a genetic relationship because they could have come from language contact [with Celtic]. He concludes that Lusitanian is an Indo-European language, likely of a western but non-Celtic branch, as it differs from Celtic speech by some phonological phenomena, e.g. in Lusitanian Indo-European *p is preserved but Indo-European *d is changed into r; <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Common Celtic</a>, on the contrary, retains Indo-European *d and loses *p.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Villar and Pedrero (2001) propose a connection between Lusitanian and contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">ancient Ligurian</a>, which was spoken mostly in north-west Italy, between the Gaulish and Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">sprachraums</a>). There are two major, unresolved lacunae in this hypothesis. Firstly, Ligurian remains unclassified and is usually considered to be either Celtic,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Para-Celtic", which does not resolve the question of dissimilarities between Lusitanian and canonical Celtic languages (including Iberoceltic). Secondly, the hypothesis is based partly on shared grammatical elements, parallels in <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonyms</a> and possible cognate lexemes, between Lusitanian and third languages that have no known connection to Ligurian, such as <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian</a>, an Italic language. (Villar and Pedrero report possible cognates including e.g. Lusitanian <i>comaim</i> and Umbrian <i>gomia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Villar2000_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villar2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) It is therefore at least as likely that Lusitanian had a closer connection to Italic languages (than it did to Ligurian). </p><p>Jordán Colera (2007) does not consider Lusitanian or more broadly Gallo-Lusitanian, as a Celtic corpus, although he claims it has some Celtic linguistic features.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Blanca_Mar%C3%ADa_Pr%C3%B3sper" title="Blanca María Prósper">Blanca María Prósper</a> (1999), Lusitanian cannot be considered a Celtic language under existing definitions of linguistic celticity because, along with other non-Celtic features, it retains Indo-European <i>*p</i> in positions where Celtic languages would not, specifically in PORCOM 'pig' and PORGOM.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, Prósper (2021) has confirmed her earlier readings of inscriptions with the help of a newly discovered inscription from <a href="/wiki/Plasencia" title="Plasencia">Plasencia</a>, showing clearly that the morphs of the dative and locative endings definitely separates Lusitanian from Celtic and approaches it to Italic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prósper (1999) argues that Lusitanian predates the arrival of Celtic in the Iberian Peninsula and points out that it retains elements of <a href="/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy" title="Old European hydronymy">Old European</a>, making its origins possibly even older.<sup id="cite_ref-prosper99_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prosper99-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides some support to the proposals of Mallory and Koch et al., who have postulated that the ancient <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> originated from either <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italic">Proto-Italic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> speaking populations who spread from Central Europe into Western Europe after new <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> migrations into the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> valley, while <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> may have developed east of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, in present-day Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moving north and spreading with the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007360_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007360-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a>, may have been ancestral to not only Italic and Celtic but also Germanic and Balto-Slavic.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallory_(2013)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory_(2013)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luján (2019) follows a similar line of thought but places the origin of Lusitanian even earlier. He argues that the evidence shows that Lusitanian must have diverged from the other western Indo-European dialects before the kernel of what would then evolve into the Italic and Celtic language families had formed. This points to Lusitanian being so ancient that it predates both the Celtic and Italic linguistic groups. Contact with subsequent Celtic migrations into the Iberian Peninsula are likely to have led to the <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">linguistic assimilation</a> of the Celtic elements found in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lusitanian_language_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Lusitanian_language_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of known Lusitanian inscriptions (black). The northern inscriptions in Galicia, 10 and 11, are dedications to Lugus, and are probably Celtic<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Inscriptions have been found Cabeço das Fráguas (in <a href="/wiki/Guarda,_Portugal" title="Guarda, Portugal">Guarda</a>), in Moledo (<a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_de_la_Luz" title="Arroyo de la Luz">Arroyo de la Luz</a> (in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a>) and most recently in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribeira_da_Venda,_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribeira da Venda, Portugal (page does not exist)">Ribeira da Venda</a>. Taking into account Lusitanian theonyms, anthroponyms and toponyms, the Lusitanian sphere would include modern northern Portugal and adjacent areas in southern Galicia,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the centre in <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Estrela" title="Serra da Estrela">Serra da Estrela</a>. </p><p>The most famous inscriptions are those from Cabeço das Fráguas and Lamas de Moledo in Portugal and Arroyo de la Luz in Spain. Ribeira da Venda is the most recently discovered (2008). </p><p>A bilingual Lusitanian–Latin <a href="/wiki/Votive" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive">votive</a> inscription is reported to attest the ancient name of Portuguese city of <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a>: <i>Vissaîegobor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the known inscriptions are written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, which was borrowed by bilingual Lusitanians, to write Lusitanian since Lusitanian had no writing system of its own. It is difficult to determine if the letters have a different pronunciation than the Latin values<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lusitanian_language#Dubious" title="Talk:Lusitanian language">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but the frequent alternations of <i>c</i> with <i>g</i> (<i>porcom</i> vs. <i>porgom</i>) and <i>t</i> with <i>d</i> (<i>ifadem</i> vs. <i>ifate</i>), and the frequent loss of <i>g</i> between vowels, points to a <a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a> pronunciation compared to Latin. In particular, between vowels and after <i>r</i>, <i>b</i> may have represented the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/</span>, and correspondingly <i>g</i> was written for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span>, and <i>d</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to limited attestation, only rudimentary hints of Lusitanian grammar can be deduced. The following is based on Luján (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-Lujan_2019_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lujan_2019-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Prósper (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives come after the nouns they modify. </p><p>Noun phrases may be joined by the copulative conjunction <i>indi</i> "and", for instance in <i>oilam Trebopala indi porcom Laebo</i> "a sheep for Trebopala and a pig for L." and in <i>Ampilva indi Loemina</i> "Ampilva and Loemina". </p><p>The unmarked word order in Lusitanian is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO); however, <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV) is also attested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns in Lusitanian decline for at least three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> (nominative, accusative, dative), at least two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine and feminine) and two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular and plural). The genitive case and neuter gender are not attested in the surviving corpus. </p><p>Only two declension types are securely attested; they are the first declension (ā-stems) and second declension (o-stems). The third declension (consonant- and i-stems) has also been postulated. Their attested endings are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Lusitanian nominal declension endings </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>ā-stems </th> <th>o-stems </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>*-a </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-am </td> <td>-om </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ae, -ai, -a </td> <td>-oi </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Plural </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>? </td> <td>-i </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-as </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-abo </td> <td>-obo </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs">Verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lusitanian preserves the thematic third-person singular present-tense ending <i>-eti</i> (in <i>rueti</i> "(it) runs") and the athematic third-person plural ending <i>-enti</i> (in <i>doenti</i> "they give"). </p><p>The second and third person person future imperative ending <i>-tōd</i> appears in <i>singeieto</i>, which Prósper compares to Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sancio#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sancio">sanciō</a></i>, future imperative <i>sancītō</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><div style="float: left;"> <p><b>Lamas de Moledo:</b><sup id="cite_ref-wodtko2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wodtko2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>RUFUS ET<br /> TIRO SCRIP<br /> SERUNT<br /> VEAMINICORI<br /> DOENTI<br /> ANGOM<br /> LAMATICOM<br /> CROUCEAI<br /> MAGA<br /> REAICOI PETRANIOI R[?]<br /> ADOM PORGOMIOUEA [or ...IOUEA<u>I</u>]<br /> CAELOBRIGOI </p> </div></blockquote> </div><div style="float: left;"> <p><b>Cabeço das Fráguas:</b><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>OILAM TREBOPALA<br /> INDO PORCOM LAEBO<br /> COMAIAM ICONA LOIM<br /> INNA OILAM USSEAM<br /> TREBARUNE INDI TAUROM<br /> IFADEM REUE... </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Translation:<sup id="cite_ref-Quintela_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quintela-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>A sheep [lamb?] for Trebopala<br /> and a pig for Laebo,<br /> [a sheep] of the same age for Iccona Loiminna,<br /> a one year old sheep for<br /> <a href="/wiki/Trebaruna" title="Trebaruna">Trebaruna</a> and a fertile bull...<br /> for Reve... </p> </div></blockquote> </div><div style="float: left;"> <p><b>Arroyo de la Luz (I & II):</b><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>AMBATVS<br /> SCRIPSI<br /> CARLAE PRAISOM<br /> SECIAS ERBA MVITIE<br /> AS ARIMO PRAESO<br /> NDO SINGEIETO<br /> INI AVA INDI VEA<br /> VN INDI VEDAGA<br /> ROM TEVCAECOM<br /> INDI NVRIM INDI<br /> VDEVEC RVRSENCO<br /> AMPILVA<br /> INDI<br /> LOEMINA INDI ENV<br /> PETANIM INDI AR<br /> IMOM SINTAMO<br /> M INDI TEVCOM<br /> SINTAMO </p> </div></blockquote> </div><div style="float: left;"> <p><b>Arroyo de la Luz (III):</b><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>ISACCID·RVETI ·<br /> PVPPID·CARLAE·EN<br /> ETOM·INDI·NA.[<br /> ....]CE·IOM·<br /> M· </p> </div></blockquote> </div><div style="float: left;"> <p><b>Ribeira da Venda:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Prosper2009_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosper2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>[- - - - - -] AM•OILAM•ERBAM [---]<br /> HARASE•OILA•X•BROENEIAE•H[------]<br /> [....]OILA•X•REVE AHARACVI•TAV[---]<br /> IFATE•X•BANDI HARACVI AV[---]<br /> MVNITIE CARIA CANTIBIDONE•[--<br /> APINVS•VENDICVS•ERIACAINV[S]<br /> OVGVI[-]ANI<br /> ICCINVI•PANDITI•ATTEDIA•M•TR<br /> PVMPI•CANTI•AILATIO </p> </div></blockquote> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_300BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/350px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/525px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/700px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Main language areas in Iberia c. 300 BC</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian (ancient language)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prosper2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prosper2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prosper2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prosper2009_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrósperVillar2009" class="citation journal cs1">Prósper, Blanca Maria; Villar, Francisco (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emerita.revistas.csic.es/index.php/emerita/article/view/304/313">"Nueva inscripción lusitana procedente de Portalegre"</a>. <i>Emerita</i>. <b>LXXVII</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Femerita.2009.v77.i1.304">10.3989/emerita.2009.v77.i1.304</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701182052/http://emerita.revistas.csic.es/index.php/emerita/article/view/304/313">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerita&rft.atitle=Nueva+inscripci%C3%B3n+lusitana+procedente+de+Portalegre&rft.volume=LXXVII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Femerita.2009.v77.i1.304&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Maria&rft.au=Villar%2C+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femerita.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Femerita%2Farticle%2Fview%2F304%2F313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villar2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villar2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villar2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villar2000_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillar2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villar, Francisco (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7zC8UCvmo0C"><i>Indoeuropeos y no indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana</i></a> (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7800-968-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-7800-968-X"><bdi>84-7800-968-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231222127/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7zC8UCvmo0C">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indoeuropeos+y+no+indoeuropeos+en+la+Hispania+Prerromana&rft.place=Salamanca&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ediciones+Universidad+de+Salamanca&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=84-7800-968-X&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7zC8UCvmo0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kruta-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kruta_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kruta_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta1991" class="citation book cs1">Kruta, Venceslas (1991). <i>The Celts</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stifter1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stifter1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stifter1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2006" class="citation book cs1">Stifter, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CqOZYQAx_xIC&pg=PA3"><i>Sengoídelc (Old Irish for Beginners)</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 3, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-3072-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-3072-7"><bdi>0-8156-3072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sengo%C3%ADdelc+%28Old+Irish+for+Beginners%29&rft.pages=3%2C+7&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8156-3072-7&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCqOZYQAx_xIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koch2011_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2011_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2011_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2011_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2011" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723195518/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow"><i>Tartessian 2: The Inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the Verbal Complex. Preliminaries to Historical Phonology</i></a>. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907029-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907029-07-3"><bdi>978-1-907029-07-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow">the original</a> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tartessian+2%3A+The+Inscription+of+Mesas+do+Castelinho+ro+and+the+Verbal+Complex.+Preliminaries+to+Historical+Phonology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books%2C+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907029-07-3&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbowbooks.com%2Fbookinfo.cfm%2FID%2F91450%2F%2FLocation%2FOxbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lusitanisch, Keltiberisch, Keltisch", Studia Palaeohispanica. Jurgen Untermann, 1987. 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(2004). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Páramo" o del problema del la */p/ en celtoide". <i>Studi Celtici</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+Celtici&rft.atitle=%22P%C3%A1ramo%22+o+del+problema+del+la+%2A%2Fp%2F+en+celtoide&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ballester&rft.aufirst=X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmusBraid2014" class="citation book cs1">Asmus, Sabine; Braid, Barbara (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDYyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Unity in Diversity, Volume 2: Cultural and Linguistic Markers of the Concept</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6589-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6589-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-6589-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+in+Diversity%2C+Volume+2%3A+Cultural+and+Linguistic+Markers+of+the+Concept&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6589-0&rft.aulast=Asmus&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.au=Braid%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDYyBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/36477/chapter-abstract/321084624?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Alejandro G. Sinner (ed.), Javier Velaza (ed.), Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, OUP, 2019: Chapter 11, p.304</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redib.org/Record/oai_articulo474796-indo-european-origin-two-lusitanian-theonyms-laebo-reve">Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak, <b>On the Indo-European origin of two Lusitanian theonyms ("Laebo" and "Reve"</b>), 1999, p.67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey2008" class="citation book cs1">Markey, Thomas (2008). <i>Shared Symbolics, Genre Diffusion, Token Perception and Late Literacy in North-Western Europe</i>. NOWELE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Symbolics%2C+Genre+Diffusion%2C+Token+Perception+and+Late+Literacy+in+North-Western+Europe&rft.pub=NOWELE&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Merida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic. The latter are the same features found in well-documented contemporary inscriptions in the region occupied by the Lusitanians, and therefore belonging to the variety known as LUSITANIAN, or more broadly as GALLO-LUSITANIAN. As we have already said, we do not consider this variety to belong to the Celtic language family." Jordán Colera 2007: p.750</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanca María Prósper <i>The inscription of Cabéço das Fraguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the west of the Iberian Peninsula.</i> Transactions of the Philological Society 97, 1999, 151-83,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50649582/The_Lusitanian_oblique_cases_revisited_new_light_on_the_dative_endings">Blanca Maria Prósper, The Lusitanian oblique cases revisted: New light on the dative endings, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9d33/b2dc2558eae37421f91acb5f435da54c2978.pdf">Eustaquio Sánchez Salor, Julio Esteban Ortega, <i>Un testimonio del dios Labbo en una inscripción lusitana de Plasencia, Cáceres. ¿Labbo también en Cabeço das Fráguas?</i>, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prosper99-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prosper99_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósper1999" class="citation journal cs1">Prósper, BM (1999). "The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula". <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. <b>97</b> (2). Wiley: <span class="nowrap">151–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-968X.00047">10.1111/1467-968X.00047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=The+inscription+of+Cabe%C3%A7o+das+Fr%C3%A1guas+revisited.+Lusitanian+and+Alteurop%C3%A4isch+populations+in+the+West+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-968X.00047&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=BM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony, David W.</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 368, 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2"><bdi>978-0-691-14818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language&rft.pages=368%2C+380&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14818-2&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.P._Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Mallory">Mallory, J.P.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth</i></a></span> (reprint ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 108, <span class="nowrap">244–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7"><bdi>978-0-500-27616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27616-7&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007360-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007360_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory_(2013)-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_(2013)_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Mallory2013" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="James P. Mallory">James P. Mallory</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326210720/https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html">"The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe"</a>. In J. T. Koch; B. Cunliffe (eds.). <i>Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Indo-Europeanization+of+Atlantic+Europe&rft.btitle=Celtic+From+the+West+2%3A+Rethinking+the+Bronze+Age+and+the+Arrival+of+Indo%E2%80%93European+in+Atlantic+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.au=James+P.+Mallory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbowbooks.com%2Foxbow%2Fceltic-from-the-west-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The number of inscriptions written totally or partially in Lusitanian is limited: only six or seven with Lusitanian vocabulary and/or grammatical words, usually dated to the first two centuries CE. All are written in the Latin alphabet, and most are bilingual, displaying code-switching between Latin and Lusitanian. There are also many deity names in Latin inscriptions. The chapter summarizes Lusitanian phonology, morphology, and syntax, though entire categories are not attested at all. Scholarly debate about the classification of Lusitanian has focused on whether it should be considered a Celtic language. The chapter reviews the main issues, such as the fate of Indo-European */p/ or the outcome of voiced aspirate stops. The prevailing opinion is that Lusitanian was not Celtic. It must have diverged from western Indo-European dialects before the kernel of what would evolve into the Celtic and Italic families had been constituted. An appendix provides the text of extant Lusitanian inscriptions and representative Latin inscriptions displaying Lusitanian deity names and/or their epithets." E.R. Luján 2019: p.304-334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuján2019" class="citation book cs1">Luján, E. R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198790822.001.0001/oso-9780198790822-chapter-11">"Language and writing among the Lusitanians"</a>. <i>Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011">10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879082-2"><bdi>978-0-19-879082-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+writing+among+the+Lusitanians&rft.btitle=Palaeohispanic+Languages+and+Epigraphies&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879082-2&rft.aulast=Luj%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.001.0001%2Foso-9780198790822-chapter-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodtko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wodtko, Dagmar (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/379">"Lusitanisch"</a>. <i>Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua</i> (20): <span class="nowrap">689–</span>719. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.379">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.379</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241467632">241467632</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica.+Revista+sobre+lenguas+y+culturas+de+la+Hispania+Antigua&rft.atitle=Lusitanisch&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E689-%3C%2Fspan%3E719&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241467632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1578-5386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.379&rft.aulast=Wodtko&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fpalaeohispanica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruiz, J. Siles. "Sobre la inscripción lusitano-latina de Visseu". In: <i>Nuevas interpretaciones del Mundo Antiguo: papers in honor of professor José Luis Melena on the occasion of his retirement</i> / coord. por Elena Redondo Moyano, María José García Soler, 2016. pp. 347-356. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9082-481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9082-481-8">978-84-9082-481-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lujan_2019-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lujan_2019_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuján2019" class="citation book cs1">Luján, Eugenio (28 February 2019). "Language and writing among the Lusitanians". <i>Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">304–</span>334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011">10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879082-2"><bdi>978-0-19-879082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+writing+among+the+Lusitanians&rft.btitle=Palaeohispanic+Languages+and+Epigraphies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879082-2&rft.aulast=Luj%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósper2021" class="citation journal cs1">Prósper, Blanca María (2021). "Latin <i>sancītō</i> vs. Lusitanian SINGEIETO. Is the Lusitanian inscription of Arroyo de la Luz I the westernmost lex sacra?". <i>Studia Philologica Valentina</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">339–</span>350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Philologica+Valentina&rft.atitle=Latin+sanc%C4%ABt%C5%8D+vs.+Lusitanian+SINGEIETO.+Is+the+Lusitanian+inscription+of+Arroyo+de+la+Luz+I+the+westernmost+lex+sacra%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hübner, E. (ed.) <i>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</i> vol. II, Supplementum. Berlin: G. Reimer (1892)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untermann, J. <i>Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum</i> (1980–97)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardim Ribeiro, José (2021). «La Inscripción Lusitana De Sansueña ("Arroyo I"»). In: <i>Palaeohispanica. Revista Sobre Lenguas Y Culturas De La Hispania Antigua</i> 21 (diciembre), pp. 237-99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v21i0.420">https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v21i0.420</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villar, F. and Pedrero, R. <i>La nueva inscripción lusitana: Arroyo de la Luz III</i> (2001) (in Spanish)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>General studies</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, James M. (1985). "Preroman indo-european languages of the hispanic peninsula". <i>Revue des Études Anciennes</i>. <b>87</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frea.1985.4212">10.3406/rea.1985.4212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Anciennes&rft.atitle=Preroman+indo-european+languages+of+the+hispanic+peninsula&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frea.1985.4212&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony, David W.</a> (2007): <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i>. Princeton, NJ. pp. 360–380.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlažek2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek" title="Václav Blažek">Blažek, Václav</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/114048">"Lusitanian language"</a>. <i>Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity</i>. <b>55</b> (11). N, Řada klasická = Graeco-Latina Brunensia: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib%2F114048">11222.digilib/114048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1211-6335">1211-6335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sborn%C3%ADk+prac%C3%AD+Filozofick%C3%A9+fakulty+brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9+univerzity&rft.atitle=Lusitanian+language&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11222.digilib%2F114048&rft.issn=1211-6335&rft.aulast=Bla%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A1clav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F11222.digilib%2F114048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrochategui1985–1986" class="citation journal cs1">Gorrochategui, Joaquín (1985–1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/17436">"En torno a la clasificación del lusitano"</a>. <i>Veleia: Revista de prehistoria, historia antigua, arqueología y filología clásicas</i>. <b><span class="nowrap">2–</span>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-2095">0213-2095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veleia%3A+Revista+de+prehistoria%2C+historia+antigua%2C+arqueolog%C3%ADa+y+filolog%C3%ADa+cl%C3%A1sicas&rft.atitle=En+torno+a+la+clasificaci%C3%B3n+del+lusitano&rft.volume=2-3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1985%2F1986&rft.issn=0213-2095&rft.aulast=Gorrochategui&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddi.ehu.es%2Fhandle%2F10810%2F17436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuján2019" class="citation book cs1">Luján, Eugenio (2019). "Language and writing among the Lusitanians". <i>Paleohispanic Languages and Epigraphies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">304–</span>334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011">10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191833274" title="Special:BookSources/9780191833274"><bdi>9780191833274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+writing+among+the+Lusitanians&rft.btitle=Paleohispanic+Languages+and+Epigraphies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0011&rft.isbn=9780191833274&rft.aulast=Luj%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Mallory, J.P. (2016): <i>Archaeology and language shift in Atlantic Europe</i>, in Celtic from the West 3, eds Koch, J.T. & Cunliffe, B.. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 387–406.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallejo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vallejo, José M.ª (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/165">"Hacia Una Definición Del Lusitano"</a>. <i>Palaeohispanica. Revista Sobre Lenguas y Culturas de la Hispania Antigua</i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">273–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i13.165">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i13.165</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica.+Revista+Sobre+Lenguas+y+Culturas+de+la+Hispania+Antigua&rft.atitle=Hacia+Una+Definici%C3%B3n+Del+Lusitano&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i13.165&rft.aulast=Vallejo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+M.%C2%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fpalaeohispanica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUntermann1985–1986" class="citation journal cs1">Untermann, Jürgen (1985–1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/35788/Veleia%202-3%2057-76.pdf?sequence=1">"Lusitanisch, Keltiberisch, Keltisch"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Veleia: Revista de prehistoria, historia antigua, arqueología y filología clásicas</i>. <b><span class="nowrap">2–</span>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-2095">0213-2095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veleia%3A+Revista+de+prehistoria%2C+historia+antigua%2C+arqueolog%C3%ADa+y+filolog%C3%ADa+cl%C3%A1sicas&rft.atitle=Lusitanisch%2C+Keltiberisch%2C+Keltisch&rft.volume=2-3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1985%2F1986&rft.issn=0213-2095&rft.aulast=Untermann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddi.ehu.es%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10810%2F35788%2FVeleia%25202-3%252057-76.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodtko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.379">"Lusitanisch"</a>. <i>Palaeohispanica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua</i>. <b>20</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">689–</span>719. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.379">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.379</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241467632">241467632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica%3A+Revista+sobre+lenguas+y+culturas+de+la+Hispania+antigua&rft.atitle=Lusitanisch&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E689-%3C%2Fspan%3E719&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241467632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1578-5386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.379&rft.aulast=Wodtko&rft.aufirst=Dagmar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36707%252Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <p><b>Studies on epigraphy</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardim_Ribeiro2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cardim Ribeiro, José (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14195%2F1647-8657_53_4">"We give you this lamb, o Trebopala!": the lusitanian invocation of Cabeço das Fráguas (Portugal)"</a>. <i>Conímbriga</i>. <b>53</b>: <span class="nowrap">99–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14195%2F1647-8657_53_4">10.14195/1647-8657_53_4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Con%C3%ADmbriga&rft.atitle=We+give+you+this+lamb%2C+o+Trebopala%21%22%3A+the+lusitanian+invocation+of+Cabe%C3%A7o+das+Fr%C3%A1guas+%28Portugal%29&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14195%2F1647-8657_53_4&rft.aulast=Cardim+Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14195%252F1647-8657_53_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardim_Ribeiro2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cardim Ribeiro, José (2009). 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Revista Sobre Lenguas Y Culturas De La Hispania Antigua</i> 21 (diciembre), 301-52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v21i0.416">https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v21i0.416</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósperVillar2009" class="citation journal cs1">Prósper, Blanca M.; Villar, Francisco (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/814019">"NUEVA INSCRIPCIÓN LUSITANA PROCEDENTE DE PORTALEGRE"</a>. <i>EMERITA, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica</i>. <b>LXXVII</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Femerita.2009.v77.i1.304">10.3989/emerita.2009.v77.i1.304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-6662">0013-6662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMERITA%2C+Revista+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+y+Filolog%C3%ADa+Cl%C3%A1sica&rft.atitle=NUEVA+INSCRIPCI%C3%93N+LUSITANA+PROCEDENTE+DE+PORTALEGRE&rft.volume=LXXVII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Femerita.2009.v77.i1.304&rft.issn=0013-6662&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=Blanca+M.&rft.au=Villar%2C+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F814019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Prósper, Blanca Maria.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50649582/The_Lusitanian_oblique_cases_revisited_new_light_on_the_dative_endings"><i>The Lusitanian oblique cases revisited: New light on the dative endings</i></a>. In: <i>Curiositas nihil recusat. Studia Isabel Moreno Ferrero dicata: estudios dedicados a Isabel Moreno Ferrero</i>. Juan Antonio González Iglesias (ed. lit.), Julián Víctor Méndez Dosuna (ed. lit.), Blanca María Prósper (ed. lit.), 2021. págs. 427-442. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-1311-643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-1311-643-3">978-84-1311-643-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_SalorEsteban_Ortega2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez Salor, Eustaquio; Esteban Ortega, Julio (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Femerita.2021.05.2028">"Un testimonio del dios Labbo en una inscripción lusitana de Plasencia, Cáceres. ¿Labbo también en Cabeço das Fráguas?"</a>. <i>Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica</i>. <b>LXXXIX</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Femerita.2021.05.2028">10.3989/emerita.2021.05.2028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10662%2F18053">10662/18053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-6662">0013-6662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236256764">236256764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerita%2C+Revista+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+y+Filolog%C3%ADa+Cl%C3%A1sica&rft.atitle=Un+testimonio+del+dios+Labbo+en+una+inscripci%C3%B3n+lusitana+de+Plasencia%2C+C%C3%A1ceres.+%C2%BFLabbo+tambi%C3%A9n+en+Cabe%C3%A7o+das+Fr%C3%A1guas%3F&rft.volume=LXXXIX&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10662%2F18053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236256764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-6662&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Femerita.2021.05.2028&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Salor&rft.aufirst=Eustaquio&rft.au=Esteban+Ortega%2C+Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3989%252Femerita.2021.05.2028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovar1966" class="citation journal cs1">Tovar, Antonio (1966). "L'inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens". <i>Études Celtiques</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fecelt.1966.2167">10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Celtiques&rft.atitle=L%27inscription+du+Cabe%C3%A7o+das+Fr%C3%A1guas+et+la+langue+des+Lusitaniens&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fecelt.1966.2167&rft.aulast=Tovar&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALusitanian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Untermann, Jürgen (1997): <i><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Linguarum_Hispanicarum" title="Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum">Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum</a>. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften</i>, Wiesbaden.</li> <li>Villar, Francisco (1996): <i>Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa</i>, Madrid.</li> <li>Villar, Francisco; Pedrero Rosa (2001): «La nueva inscripción lusitana: Arroyo de la Luz III», <i>Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania</i>, pp. 663–698.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026130535/http://geocities.com/linguaeimperii/Celtic/lusitan_es.html">Lusitanian</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027155556/http://www.geocities.com/linguaeimperii/Hispanic/hispanic_es.html">LINGVÆ·IMPERII</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090623012253/http://www.cidehus.uevora.pt/textos/artigos/acarneiro_inscricaovotiva_lusitanica.pdf">Study of the Ribeira da Venda inscription (Portuguese)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/889/what-is-necessary-to-decide-if-lusitanian-is-a-celtic-language">What is necessary to decide if Lusitanian is a Celtic language?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Insular_Celtic43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italic_languages343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italic_languages" title="Template:Italic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italic_languages" title="Template talk:Italic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italic_languages343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages#Lanuvian" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Lanuvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages#Praenestinian" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Praenestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculian" title="Siculian">Siculian</a>? (possibly not Italic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oscan group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hernici#Language" title="Hernici">Hernican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrucini#Language" title="Marrucini">Marrucinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucanians#Language_and_writing" title="Lucanians">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites#Etymology" title="Samnites">Samnite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeligni#Language" title="Paeligni">Paelignian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidicini" title="Sidicini">Sidicini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestinian_language" title="Vestinian language">Vestinian</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Samnite_language" title="Pre-Samnite language">Pre-Samnite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabines#Language" title="Sabines">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Picene_language" title="South Picene language">South Picene</a></li> <li>Umbrian group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aequian_language" title="Aequian language">Aequian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsian_language" title="Marsian language">Marsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volscian_language" title="Volscian language">Volscian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a>?</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lusitanian</a>? (possibly Celtic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, transitional or independent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>All <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a> except <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (and its descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>) are now <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a>; Latin is still used as a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&oldid=1275752148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lusitanian_language&oldid=1275752148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Portugal" title="Category:Languages of Portugal">Languages of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lusitanians" 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