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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultural globalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political globalization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_globalization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political globalization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Globalization_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Globalization and gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other dimensions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_dimensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other dimensions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movement_of_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Movement of people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Movement of information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization_and_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization_and_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Globalization and disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization_and_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Measurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Support and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Support and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Support_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Global democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_civics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_civics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Global civics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_civics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 International cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-globalization_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-globalization_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Anti-globalization movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-globalization_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_capital_market_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_capital_market_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Opposition to capital market integration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_capital_market_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-corporatism_and_anti-consumerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-corporatism_and_anti-consumerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Anti-corporatism and anti-consumerism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-corporatism_and_anti-consumerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_justice_and_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_justice_and_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Global justice and inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_justice_and_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9.1 Global justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9.2 Social inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-global_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-global_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Anti-global governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-global_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmentalist_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmentalist_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Environmentalist opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmentalist_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Globalization</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" > 137 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisierung" title="Globalisierung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Globalisierung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="عولمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عولمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="গোলকীকৰণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গোলকীকৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yv%C3%B3ra_%C3%B1emopete%C4%A9" title="Yvóra ñemopeteĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvóra ñemopeteĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qloballa%C5%9Fma" title="Qloballaşma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qloballaşma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87" title="کوره‌سل‌لشمه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوره‌سل‌لشمه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="বিশ্বায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C3%A2n-ki%C3%BB-h%C3%B2a" title="Choân-kiû-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choân-kiû-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Глобалләшеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Глобалләшеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Глабалізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глабалізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Глябалізацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глябалізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeladur" title="Bedeladur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bedeladur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Гүн хамтаралга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүн хамтаралга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalitzaci%C3%B3" title="Globalització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Globalització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizace" title="Globalizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Globalizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaleiddio" title="Globaleiddio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Globaleiddio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisierung" title="Globalisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Globalisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliseerumine" title="Globaliseerumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Globaliseerumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Παγκοσμιοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκοσμιοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globali%C5%9Basi%C3%B2un" title="Globaliśasiòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Globaliśasiòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutmondi%C4%9Do" title="Tutmondiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutmondiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizazio" title="Globalizazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Globalizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86" title="جهانی شدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جهانی شدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisvikaran" title="Vaisvikaran – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vaisvikaran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alheimsger%C3%B0" title="Alheimsgerð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alheimsgerð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondialisation" title="Mondialisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mondialisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisearring" title="Globalisearring – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Globalisearring" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhand%C3%BA" title="Domhandú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Domhandú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%B9th-chruinneas" title="Dlùth-chruinneas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dlùth-chruinneas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Globalización – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Globalización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A4%D9%86" title="جهانيأبؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جهانيأبؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="વૈશ્વિકરણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વૈશ્વિકરણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%ED%99%94" title="세계화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գլոբալացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլոբալացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वैश्वीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैश्वीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaligo" title="Globaligo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Globaligo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasion" title="Globalisasion – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Globalisasion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="বিশ্বায়ন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিশ্বায়ন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnattv%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" title="Hnattvæðing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hnattvæðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizzazione" title="Globalizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Globalizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="גלובליזציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלובליזציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C9%9By%C9%9B_kp%C9%9Bnd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಜಾಗತೀಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾಗತೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გლობალიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გლობალიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Жаһандану – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаһандану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollvyselheans" title="Ollvyselheans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ollvyselheans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utandawazi" title="Utandawazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utandawazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondyalizasyon" title="Mondyalizasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mondyalizasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83" title="Глобалдашуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Глобалдашуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ໂລກາພິວັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂລກາພິວັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizatio" title="Globalizatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Globalizatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliz%C4%81cija" title="Globalizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Globalizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalis%C3%A9ierung" title="Globaliséierung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Globaliséierung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globali" title="Globali – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Globali" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizzazion" title="Globalizzazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Globalizzazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Globalizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Globalizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Глобализација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глобализација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanatontoloana" title="Fanatontoloana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanatontoloana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ആഗോളവത്കരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഗോളവത്കരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जागतिकीकरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जागतिकीकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გლობალიზაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გლობალიზაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliza%C3%A7on" title="Globalizaçon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Globalizaçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Глобализациясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Глобализациясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Даяарчлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Даяарчлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂလိုဘယ်လိုက်ဇေးရှင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂလိုဘယ်လိုက်ဇေးရှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondialisering" title="Mondialisering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mondialisering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="विश्वव्यापीकरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्वव्यापीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="हलिमिकरण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हलिमिकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="グローバリゼーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グローバリゼーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Глобализаци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Глобализаци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacion" title="Globalizacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Globalizacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globallashuv" title="Globallashuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Globallashuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੰਸਾਰੀਕਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਸਾਰੀਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="گلوبلائزیشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلوبلائزیشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8" title="نړيوالتوب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړيوالتوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluobalaizieshan" title="Gluobalaizieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gluobalaizieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondialisassion" title="Mondialisassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mondialisassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisatschoon" title="Globalisatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Globalisatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacja" title="Globalizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Globalizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Globalização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Globalização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globallas%C4%B1w" title="Globallasıw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Globallasıw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizare" title="Globalizare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Globalizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisaziun" title="Globalisaziun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Globalisaziun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґлобалізація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґлобалізація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глобализация – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Глобализация" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वैश्वीकरणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वैश्वीकरणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation" title="Globalisation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Globalisation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizimi" title="Globalizimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Globalizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glubbalizzazzioni" title="Glubbalizzazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Glubbalizzazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ගෝලීයකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෝලීයකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Globalization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="عالمگيريت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عالمگيريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaliz%C3%A1cia" title="Globalizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Globalizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جیھانگیری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیھانگیری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Глобализација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глобализација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacija" title="Globalizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Globalizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Globalisasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisaatio" title="Globalisaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Globalisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Globalisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Globalisasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உலகமயமாதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலகமயமாதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Глобальләшү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Глобальләшү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="ప్రపంచీకరణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రపంచీకరణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="โลกาภิวัตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลกาภิวัตน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҷаҳонишудан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷаҳонишудан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCreselle%C5%9Fme" title="Küreselleşme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küreselleşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Глобалізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глобалізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="عالمگیریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمگیریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizacii" title="Globalizacii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Globalizacii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u_h%C3%B3a" title="Toàn cầu hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toàn cầu hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cleilmastumin%C3%B5" title="Üleilmastuminõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Üleilmastuminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Globalisasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizasyon" title="Globalizasyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Globalizasyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluobal%C4%97zac%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Gluobalėzacėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gluobalėzacėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全球化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Globalize" redirects here. For the JavaScript library, see <a href="/wiki/Globalize_(JavaScript_library)" title="Globalize (JavaScript library)">Globalize (JavaScript library)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Globalization_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Globalization (disambiguation)">Globalization (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/166px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/249px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/332px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg/168px-SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg/252px-SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg/336px-SocialDistancingWalmartCanada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:319px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:African_undersea_cables_v44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/African_undersea_cables_v44.jpg/338px-African_undersea_cables_v44.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/African_undersea_cables_v44.jpg/507px-African_undersea_cables_v44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/African_undersea_cables_v44.jpg/676px-African_undersea_cables_v44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="2332" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Top-left: showing early migration patterns of humans across the globe as part of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">history of globalization</a>. Top-right: the Namban ship carrying <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> to trade with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Middle-left: the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">United Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/International_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="International territory">international territory</a> within <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Middle-right: a branch of the American superstore <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">largest company in the world by revenue</a> as of 2021, in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Bottom: a map of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">undersea cable</a> connections around the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> continent to and from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>1700s: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a> </li></ul> 1800s: <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a> 1900s: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. 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also <a href="/wiki/Oxford_spelling" title="Oxford spelling">Oxford spelling</a> [UK]) or globalisation (non-Oxford <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British spelling</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-ise,_-ize_(-isation,_-ization)" title="American and British English spelling differences">see spelling differences</a>) is the process of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations">interaction</a> and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The term globalization first appeared in the early 20th century (supplanting an earlier French term mondialisation), developed its current meaning sometime in the second half of the 20th century, and came into popular use in the 1990s to describe the unprecedented international connectivity of the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post–Cold War world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-2">[2]</a> Its origins can be traced back to 18th and 19th centuries due to advances in <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communications_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications technology">communications technology</a>. This increase in global interactions has caused a growth in international <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that is associated with social and cultural aspects. However, disputes and international <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> are also large parts of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">history of globalization</a>, and of modern globalization. Economically, globalization involves goods, <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, data, technology, and the economic resources of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Albrow-3">[3]</a> The expansion of global markets liberalizes the economic activities of the exchange of goods and funds. Removal of cross-border trade barriers has made the formation of global markets more feasible.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Advances in transportation, like the <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Container_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Container ships">container ships</a>, and developments in telecommunication infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phones">mobile phones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>, have been major factors in globalization and have generated further interdependence of economic and cultural activities around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-Imagining-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stever_1972-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Though many scholars place the <a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">origins of globalization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern times</a>, others trace its history to long before the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> and voyages to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, and some even to the third millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-GL-H-09-8">[8]</a> Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s, and in the late 19th century and early 20th century drove a rapid expansion in the connectivity of the world's economies and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> was subsequently popularized by <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a> in her work The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (1991).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">transactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> movements, <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> and movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications-11">[11]</a> Globalizing processes affect and are affected by <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">work</a> organization, economics, sociocultural resources, and the natural environment. Academic literature commonly divides globalization into three major areas: <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">cultural globalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">political globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2008-146-12">[12]</a> Proponents of globalization point to <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and broader societal development as benefits, while opponents claim globalizing processes are detrimental to social well-being due to <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>, environmental consequences, and other potential drawbacks.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Between 1990 and 2010, globalisation progressed rapidly, driven by the information and communication technology revolution that lowered communication costs, along with trade liberalisation and the shift of manufacturing operations to emerging economies (particularly China). <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage">edit</a>]</div> The word globalization was used in the English language as early as the 1930s, but only in the context of education, and the term failed to gain traction. Over the next few decades, the term was occasionally used by other scholars and media, but it was not clearly defined.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-2">[2]</a> One of the first usages of the term in the meaning resembling the later, was by French economist <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Perroux" title="François Perroux">François Perroux</a> in his essays from the early 1960s (in his French works he used the term "mondialisation" (literarly worldization in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), also translated as mundialization).<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Levitt" title="Theodore Levitt">Theodore Levitt</a> is often credited with popularizing the term and bringing it into the mainstream business audience in the later in the middle of 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-2">[2]</a> Though often treated as synonyms, in French, globalization is seen as a stage following mondialisation, a stage that implies the dissolution of national identities and the abolishment of borders inside the world network of economic exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired competing definitions and interpretations. Its antecedents date back to the great movements of trade and empire across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bakari13-20">[20]</a> In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> noticed the increasing level of national inter-dependence brought on by <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and predicted the universal character of the modern world society. He states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. . . . In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></blockquote> Sociologists <a href="/wiki/Martin_Albrow" title="Martin Albrow">Martin Albrow</a> and Elizabeth King define globalization as "all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society."<a href="#cite_note-Albrow-3">[3]</a> In The Consequences of Modernity, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> writes: "Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a> which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Robertson" title="Roland Robertson">Roland Robertson</a>, professor of sociology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> and an early writer in the field, described globalization as "the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In Global Transformations, <a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a> and his co-writers state: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Although in its simplistic sense globalization refers to the widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnection, such a definition begs further elaboration. ... Globalization can be on a continuum with the local, national and regional. At one end of the continuum lie social and economic relations and networks which are organized on a local and/or national basis; at the other end lie social and economic relations and networks which crystallize on the wider scale of regional and global interactions. Globalization can refer to those spatial-temporal processes of change which underpin a transformation in the organization of human affairs by linking together and expanding human activity across regions and continents. Without reference to such expansive spatial connections, there can be no clear or coherent formulation of this term. ... A satisfactory definition of globalization must capture each of these elements: extensity (stretching), intensity, velocity and impact.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></blockquote> Held and his co-writers' definition of globalization in that same book as "transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions—assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact—generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows" was called "probably the most widely-cited definition" in the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Ghemawat" title="Pankaj Ghemawat">DHL Global Connectiveness Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DHL-25">[25]</a> Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization, states that globalization: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a> defines globalization with a more direct and historically contextualized emphasis: <blockquote>Globalization is the extension of social relations across world-space, defining that world-space in terms of the historically variable ways that it has been practiced and socially understood through changing world-time.<a href="#cite_note-James2005-27">[27]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Steger" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Steger">Manfred Steger</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">global studies</a> and research leader in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Cities_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Cities Institute">Global Cities Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a>, identifies four main empirical <a href="/wiki/Dimensions_of_globalization" title="Dimensions of globalization">dimensions of globalization</a>: economic, political, cultural, and <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a>. A fifth dimension—the ideological—cutting across the other four. The ideological dimension, according to Steger, is filled with a range of <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norms</a>, claims, beliefs, and narratives about the phenomenon itself.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> James and Steger stated that the concept of globalization "emerged from the intersection of four interrelated sets of '<a href="/wiki/Communities_of_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities of practice">communities of practice</a>' (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Wenger" title="Étienne Wenger">Wenger</a>, 1998): academics, journalists, publishers/editors, and librarians."<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-2">[2]</a>: 424  They note the term was used "in education to describe the global life of the mind"; in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> to describe the extension of the <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Common Market">European Common Market</a>, and in journalism to describe how the "American Negro and his problem are taking on a global significance".<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-2">[2]</a> They have also argued that four forms of globalization can be distinguished that complement and cut across the solely empirical dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-James2005-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> According to James, the oldest dominant form of globalization is embodied globalization, the movement of people. A second form is agency-extended globalization, the circulation of agents of different institutions, organizations, and <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> agents. Object-extended globalization, a third form, is the movement of <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> and other objects of exchange. He calls the transmission of ideas, images, knowledge, and information across world-space disembodied globalization, maintaining that it is currently the dominant form of globalization. James holds that this series of distinctions allows for an understanding of how, today, the most embodied forms of globalization such as the movement of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">migrants</a> are increasingly restricted, while the most disembodied forms such as the circulation of financial instruments and codes are the most <a href="/wiki/Deregulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deregulated">deregulated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The journalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas L. Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a> popularized the term <a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Flat" title="The World Is Flat">"flat world"</a>, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Global_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Global trade">globalized trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply-chaining</a>, and political forces had permanently changed the world, for better and worse. He asserted that the pace of globalization was quickening and that its impact on business organization and practice would continue to grow.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a> defined "economic globalization" as the opening and deregulation of <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labor_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor markets">labor markets</a> that led toward present <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> globalization. He used "political globalization" to refer to the emergence of a transnational <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Élite">élite</a> and a phasing out of the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>. Meanwhile, he used "cultural globalization" to reference the worldwide homogenization of culture. Other of his usages included "<a href="/wiki/Ideological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological">ideological</a> globalization", "<a href="/wiki/Technological" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological">technological</a> globalization", and "social globalization".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Lechner and Boli (2012) define globalization as more people across large distances becoming connected in more and different ways.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> "Globophobia" is used to refer to the fear of globalization, though it can also mean the <a href="/wiki/Balloon_phobia" title="Balloon phobia">fear of balloons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2008-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of globalization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_international_trade" title="Timeline of international trade">Timeline of international trade</a>.</div> There are both <a href="/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation" title="Proximate and ultimate causation">distal and proximate causes</a> which can be traced in the historical factors affecting globalization. Large-scale globalization began in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-When_Did_Globalization_Begin-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic">Archaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">Archaic globalization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaic_globalization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Archaic_globalization.svg/400px-Archaic_globalization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Archaic_globalization.svg/600px-Archaic_globalization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Archaic_globalization.svg/800px-Archaic_globalization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>The 13th century world-system, as described by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Janet Abu-Lughod</a></figcaption></figure> Archaic globalization conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> until roughly the 1600s. This term is used to describe the relationships between communities and <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> and how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and regional levels.<a href="#cite_note-M_45-38">[38]</a> In this schema, three main prerequisites are posited for globalization to occur. The first is the idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how <a href="/wiki/Western_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Western states">Western states</a> have adapted and implemented learned principles from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M_45-38">[38]</a> Without the spread of traditional ideas from the East, Western globalization would not have emerged the way it did. The interactions of states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to Asia, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and certain parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-M_45-38">[38]</a> With early globalization, it was difficult for states to interact with others that were not close. Eventually, technological advances allowed states to learn of others' existence and thus another phase of globalization can occur. The third has to do with inter-dependency, stability, and regularity. If a state is not dependent on another, then there is no way for either state to be mutually affected by the other. This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade; without either, globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> and resources to work. This is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization. It is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they are today.<a href="#cite_note-M_45-38">[38]</a> Also posited is a "multi-polar" nature to archaic globalization, which involved the active participation of non-Europeans. Because it predated the <a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a> in the nineteenth century, where <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_production" title="Industrial production">industrial production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_output" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic output">economic output</a>, archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by Europe but also by other economically developed <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> centers such as <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, coastal <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg/220px-NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg/330px-NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg/440px-NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, 17th-century Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban art</a></figcaption></figure> The German <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">historical economist</a> and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a> argues that a form of globalization began with the rise of trade links between <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> in the third millennium <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>. This archaic globalization existed during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Age">Hellenistic Age</a>, when commercialized urban centers enveloped the axis of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> culture that reached from India to Spain, including <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexandrine</a> cities. Early on, the geographic position of Greece and the necessity of importing wheat forced the Greeks to engage in maritime trade. Trade in ancient Greece was largely unrestricted: the state controlled only the supply of grain.<a href="#cite_note-GL-H-09-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2_macrobia_label_corrected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2_macrobia_label_corrected.png/300px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2_macrobia_label_corrected.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2_macrobia_label_corrected.png/450px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2_macrobia_label_corrected.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2_macrobia_label_corrected.png/600px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2_macrobia_label_corrected.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in the 1st century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG/220px-New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG/330px-New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG/440px-New_World_Domesticated_plants.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Native <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> crops <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">exchanged globally</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a>): Maize, tomato, potato, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, rubber, <a href="/wiki/Cacao_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacao bean">cacao</a>, tobacco</figcaption></figure> Trade on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> was a significant factor in the development of civilizations from China, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, opening long-distance political and economic interactions between them.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, common goods such as salt and sugar were traded as well; and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> philosophies, and various technologies, as well as diseases, also traveled along the Silk Routes. In addition to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The movement of people, such as refugees, artists, craftsmen, <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>, robbers, and envoys, resulted in the exchange of religions, art, languages, and new technologies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> From around 3000 BCE to 1000 CE, connectivity within <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> was centered upon the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> region, with the Silk Road later rising in importance with the Mongol Empire's consolidation of Asia in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">Proto-globalization</a></div> "<a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a>" or "proto-globalization" covers a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. The concept of "proto-globalization" was first introduced by historians <a href="/wiki/A._G._Hopkins" title="A. G. Hopkins">A. G. Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">Christopher Bayly</a>. The term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of high "modern globalization" in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This phase of globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 15th and 17th centuries, first the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> (1415) followed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> (1492), and later the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empires</a>. In the 17th century, world trade developed further when <a href="/wiki/Chartered_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered companies">chartered companies</a> like the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> (founded in 1600) and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (founded in 1602, often described as the first <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> was offered) were established.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chafariz_d%27el_Rei_(Flemish_School).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chafariz_d%27el_Rei_%28Flemish_School%29.jpg/220px-Chafariz_d%27el_Rei_%28Flemish_School%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chafariz_d%27el_Rei_%28Flemish_School%29.jpg/330px-Chafariz_d%27el_Rei_%28Flemish_School%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chafariz_d%27el_Rei_%28Flemish_School%29.jpg/440px-Chafariz_d%27el_Rei_%28Flemish_School%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Lisbon in the 1570s had many Africans due to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.</figcaption></figure> An alternative view from historians Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, postulated that: globalization began with the first circumnavigation of the globe under the <a href="/wiki/Magellan-Elcano_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan-Elcano expedition">Magellan-Elcano expedition</a> which preluded the rise of <a href="/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_19th_centuries" title="Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries">global silver trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Early modern globalization is distinguished from modern globalization on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>, the method of managing global trade, and the level of information exchange. The period is marked by the shift of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> to Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts between powerful nations such as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, and demand for commodities, most particularly <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a> made it possible for Europe to take advantage of resources within the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. The transfer of animal stocks, plant crops, and epidemic diseases associated with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred W. Crosby</a>'s concept of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a> also played a central role in this process. European, Middle Eastern, Indian, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a>, and Chinese merchants were all involved in early modern trade and communications, particularly in the Indian Ocean region. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg/220px-Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg/330px-Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg/440px-Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>The 1843 launch of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the revolutionary ship of <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/220px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/330px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/440px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> was a global <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> According to economic historians <a href="/wiki/Kevin_H._O%27Rourke" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin H. O'Rourke">Kevin H. O'Rourke</a>, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, and Guillaume Daudin, several factors promoted globalization in the period 1815–1870:<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <ul><li>The conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> brought in an era of relative peace in Europe.</li> <li>Innovations in transportation technology reduced trade costs substantially.</li> <li>New industrial military technologies increased the power of European states and the United States, and allowed these powers to forcibly open up markets across the world and extend their empires.</li> <li>A gradual move towards greater liberalization in European countries.</li></ul> During the 19th century, globalization approached its form as a direct result of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a> allowed standardized production of household items using <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> while rapid <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> created sustained demand for commodities. In the 19th century, steamships reduced the cost of international transportation significantly and railroads made inland transportation cheaper. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">transportation revolution</a> occurred some time between 1820 and 1850.<a href="#cite_note-When_Did_Globalization_Begin-37">[37]</a> More nations embraced <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-When_Did_Globalization_Begin-37">[37]</a> Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Asia</a>. The invention of shipping containers in 1956 helped advance the globalization of commerce.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After World War II, work by politicians led to the agreements of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a>, in which major governments laid down the framework for <a href="/wiki/International_monetary_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="International monetary systems">international monetary policy</a>, commerce, and finance, and the founding of several <a href="/wiki/International_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="International institution">international institutions</a> intended to facilitate economic growth by lowering <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">trade barriers</a>. Initially, the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) led to a series of agreements to remove trade restrictions. GATT's successor was the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), which provided a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements and a dispute resolution process. Exports nearly doubled from 8.5% of total gross world product in 1970 to 16.2% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The approach of using global agreements to advance trade stumbled with the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a> of trade negotiation. Many countries then shifted to bilateral or smaller multilateral agreements, such as the 2011 <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement">United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement</a>. Since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> has become increasingly affordable to <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open skies">Open skies</a> policies and <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carriers</a> have helped to bring <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competition</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a>. In the 1990s, the growth of low-cost communication networks cut the cost of communicating between countries. More work can be performed using a computer without regard to location. This included accounting, software development, and engineering design. <a href="/wiki/Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">Student exchange programs</a> became popular after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and are intended to increase the participants' understanding and tolerance of other cultures, as well as improving their language skills and broadening their social horizons. Between 1963 and 2006 the number of students studying in a foreign country increased 9 times.<a href="#cite_note-varghese-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Comet_4.jpg/220px-Comet_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Comet_4.jpg/330px-Comet_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Comet_4.jpg/440px-Comet_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">D.H. Comet</a>, the world's first commercial <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliner</a>, entered service in 1949.</figcaption></figure> Since the 1980s, modern globalization has spread rapidly through the expansion of capitalism and neoliberal ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> The implementation of neoliberal policies has allowed for the privatization of public industry, deregulation of laws or policies that interfered with the free flow of the market, as well as cut-backs to governmental social services.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> These neoliberal policies were introduced to many developing countries in the form of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) that were implemented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> These programs required that the country receiving monetary aid would open its markets to capitalism, privatize public industry, allow free trade, cut social services like healthcare and education and allow the free movement of giant multinational corporations.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> These programs allowed the World Bank and the IMF to become global financial market regulators that would promote neoliberalism and the creation of free markets for multinational corporations on a global scale.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowded_Bund_on_summer_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crowded_Bund_on_summer_evening.jpg/220px-Crowded_Bund_on_summer_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crowded_Bund_on_summer_evening.jpg/330px-Crowded_Bund_on_summer_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crowded_Bund_on_summer_evening.jpg/440px-Crowded_Bund_on_summer_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>With a population of 1.4 billion, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is the world's second-largest economy.</figcaption></figure> In the late 19th and early 20th century, the connectedness of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly. This slowed down from the 1910s onward due to the World Wars and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> but picked up again in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> in many parts of the world resulted in a significant expansion of global interconnectedness. The migration and movement of people can also be highlighted as a prominent feature of the globalization process. In the period between 1965 and 1990, the proportion of the labor force migrating approximately doubled. Most migration occurred between the <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> (LDCs).<a href="#cite_note-Saggi2002-60">[60]</a> As economic integration intensified workers moved to areas with higher wages and most of the developing world oriented toward the international market economy. The collapse of the Soviet Union not only ended the Cold War's division of the world – it also left the United States its sole policeman and an unfettered advocate of free market.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] It also resulted in the growing prominence of attention focused on the movement of diseases, the proliferation of popular culture and consumer values, the growing prominence of international institutions like the UN, and concerted international action on such issues as the environment and human rights.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Other developments as dramatic were the Internet's becoming influential in connecting people across the world; As of June 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-stats-63">[63]</a> Growth of globalization has never been smooth. One influential event was the <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession">late 2000s recession</a>, which was associated with lower growth (in areas such as <a href="/wiki/International_call" title="International call">cross-border phone calls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> usage) or even temporarily negative growth (in areas such as trade) of global interconnectedness.<a href="#cite_note-Signs_of_life-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a>, starting in 2018, negatively affected trade between the two largest national economies. The <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> included a massive decline in tourism and international business travel as many countries temporarily closed borders. The <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 global supply chain crisis">2021–2022 global supply chain crisis</a> resulted from temporary shutdowns of manufacturing and transportation facilities, and labor shortages. Supply problems incentivized some switches to domestic production.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> included a blockade of Ukrainian ports and <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">international sanctions on Russia</a>, resulting in some de-coupling of the Russian economy with global trade, especially with the European Union and other Western countries. Modern consensus for the last 15 years regards globalization as having run its course and gone into decline.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A common argument for this is that trade has dropped since its peak in 2008, and never recovered since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. New opposing views from some economists have argued such trends are a result of price drops and in actuality, trade volume is increasing, especially with agricultural products, natural resources and refined petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_globalization">Economic globalization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic globalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg/220px-1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg/330px-1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg/440px-1_singapore_city_skyline_dusk_panorama_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> is the top country in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Enabling_Trade_Report" title="Global Enabling Trade Report">Enabling Trade Index</a> as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit">[update]</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Trade_Balance_(1895%E2%80%932015)_and_Trade_Policies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png/290px-U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png/435px-U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png/580px-U.S._Trade_Balance_%281895%E2%80%932015%29_and_Trade_Policies.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Trade Balance and Trade Policy (1895–2015)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno,_N%C3%A1kupn%C3%AD_centrum_Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole_(7239).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brno%2C_N%C3%A1kupn%C3%AD_centrum_Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole_%287239%29.jpg/220px-Brno%2C_N%C3%A1kupn%C3%AD_centrum_Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole_%287239%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brno%2C_N%C3%A1kupn%C3%AD_centrum_Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole_%287239%29.jpg/330px-Brno%2C_N%C3%A1kupn%C3%AD_centrum_Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole_%287239%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brno%2C_N%C3%A1kupn%C3%AD_centrum_Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole_%287239%29.jpg/440px-Brno%2C_N%C3%A1kupn%C3%AD_centrum_Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole_%287239%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Dividends worth CZK 289 billion were paid to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_ownership" title="Foreign ownership">foreign owners</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> companies in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></figcaption></figure> Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-<a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a> movement of goods, services, technology, and capital.<a href="#cite_note-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009-71">[71]</a> Whereas the globalization of business is centered around the diminution of international trade regulations as well as <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, taxes, and other impediments that suppresses global trade, economic globalization is the process of increasing <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">economic integration</a> between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Depending on the paradigm, economic globalization can be viewed as either a positive or a negative phenomenon. Economic globalization comprises: globalization of production; which refers to the obtainment of goods and services from a particular source from locations around the globe to benefit from difference in cost and quality. Likewise, it also comprises globalization of markets; which is defined as the union of different and separate markets into a massive global marketplace. Economic globalization also includes<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> competition, technology, and corporations and industries.<a href="#cite_note-Joshi,_Rakesh_Mohan_2009-71">[71]</a> Current globalization trends can be largely accounted for by developed economies integrating with less developed economies by means of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, the reduction of trade barriers as well as other economic reforms, and, in many cases, immigration.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">International standards</a> have made trade in goods and services more efficient. An example of such standard is the <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">intermodal container</a>. <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> dramatically reduced the costs of transportation, supported the post-war boom in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, and was a major element in globalization.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson-50">[50]</a> International standards are set by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, which is composed of representatives from various national <a href="/wiki/Standards_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards organizations">standards organizations</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporation</a>, or worldwide enterprise,<a href="#cite_note-pitelis-75">[75]</a> is an organization that owns or controls the production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> It can also be referred to as an international corporation, a transnational corporation, or a stateless corporation.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade area">free-trade area</a> is the region encompassing a <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> whose member countries have signed a <a href="/wiki/Free-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> agreement (FTA). Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers – <a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">import quotas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> – and to increase trade of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> and services with each other.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> If people are also free to move between the countries, in addition to a free-trade agreement, it would also be considered an <a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">open border</a>. Arguably, the most significant free-trade area in the world is the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">politico</a>-<a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">27 member states</a> that are primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> has developed <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> through a standardized system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">free movement of people, goods, services, and capital</a> within the internal market,<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Internal_Market-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">Trade facilitation</a> looks at how procedures and controls governing the movement of goods across national borders can be improved to reduce associated cost burdens and maximize efficiency while safeguarding legitimate regulatory objectives. Global trade in services is also significant. For example, in India, <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing" title="Business process outsourcing">business process outsourcing</a> has been described as the "primary engine of the country's development over the next few decades, contributing broadly to <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> growth, employment growth, and poverty alleviation".<a href="#cite_note-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_I._Robinson" title="William I. Robinson">William I. Robinson</a>'s theoretical approach to globalization is a critique of Wallerstein's World Systems Theory. He believes that the global capital experienced today is due to a new and distinct form of globalization which began in the 1980s. Robinson argues not only are economic activities expanded across national boundaries but also there is a transnational fragmentation of these activities.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> One important aspect of Robinson's globalization theory is that production of goods are increasingly global. This means that one pair of shoes can be produced by six countries, each contributing to a part of the production process. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_globalization">Cultural globalization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultural globalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakira_Rio_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shakira_Rio_03.jpg/170px-Shakira_Rio_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shakira_Rio_03.jpg/255px-Shakira_Rio_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Shakira_Rio_03.jpg/340px-Shakira_Rio_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, a Colombian multilingual singer-songwriter, playing outside her home country</figcaption></figure> Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> media, and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a> is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a> is a related field of study. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">Cultural diffusion</a> is the spread of <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc. Cultural globalization has increased cross-cultural contacts, but may be accompanied by a decrease in the uniqueness of once-isolated communities. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> is available in Germany as well as Japan, but <a href="/wiki/Euro-Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Disney">Euro-Disney</a> outdraws the city of Paris, potentially reducing demand for "authentic" French pastry.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Globalization's contribution to the alienation of individuals from their traditions may be modest compared to the impact of modernity itself, as alleged by <a href="/wiki/Existentialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialists">existentialists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>. Globalization has expanded recreational opportunities by spreading pop culture, particularly via the Internet and satellite television. The cultural diffusion can create a homogenizing force, where globalization is seen as synonymous with homogenizing force via connectedness of markets, cultures, politics and the desire for modernizations through imperial countries sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Religions were among the earliest cultural elements to globalize, being spread by force, migration, <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelists</a>, imperialists, and traders. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and more recently sects such as <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> are among those religions which have taken root and influenced endemic cultures in places far from their origins.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonalds_in_St_Petersburg_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/McDonalds_in_St_Petersburg_2004.JPG/220px-McDonalds_in_St_Petersburg_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/McDonalds_in_St_Petersburg_2004.JPG/330px-McDonalds_in_St_Petersburg_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/McDonalds_in_St_Petersburg_2004.JPG/440px-McDonalds_in_St_Petersburg_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>McDonald's is commonly seen as a symbol of globalization, often called <a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a> of global society.</figcaption></figure> Globalization has strongly influenced sports.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> For example, the modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> has <a href="/wiki/Athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletes">athletes</a> from more than 200 nations participating in a variety of competitions.<a href="#cite_note-EB-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> is the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; a ninth of the entire population of the planet watched the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 FIFA World Cup Final">2006 FIFA World Cup Final</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2006coverage-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunmore2011-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wong2012-94">[94]</a> The term globalization implies transformation. Cultural practices including traditional music can be lost or turned into a fusion of traditions. Globalization can trigger a state of emergency for the preservation of musical heritage. Archivists may attempt to collect, record, or transcribe repertoires before melodies are assimilated or modified, while local musicians may struggle for <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_in_art" title="Authenticity in art">authenticity</a> and to preserve local musical traditions. Globalization can lead performers to discard traditional instruments. Fusion genres can become interesting fields of analysis.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Music has an important role in economic and cultural development during globalization. Music genres such as jazz and reggae began locally and later became international phenomena. Globalization gave support to the <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> phenomenon by allowing music from developing countries to reach broader audiences.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Though the term "World Music" was originally intended for ethnic-specific music, globalization is now expanding its scope such that the term often includes hybrid subgenres such as "world fusion", "global fusion", "ethnic fusion",<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worldbeat" title="Worldbeat">worldbeat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_(3195324838).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg/220px-Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg/330px-Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg/440px-Thai_curry_paste_at_the_market_so_good_I_brought_some_home_%283195324838%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Use of <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a> has spread from the Americas to cuisines around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bourdieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> claimed that the perception of consumption can be seen as self-identification and the formation of identity. Musically, this translates into each individual having their own musical identity based on likes and tastes. These likes and tastes are greatly influenced by culture, as this is the most basic cause for a person's wants and behavior. The concept of one's own culture is now in a period of change due to globalization. Also, globalization has increased the interdependency of political, personal, cultural, and economic factors.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A 2005 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> report<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> showed that cultural exchange is becoming more frequent from Eastern Asia, but that Western countries are still the main exporters of cultural goods. In 2002, China was the third largest exporter of cultural goods, after the UK and US. Between 1994 and 2002, both North America's and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s shares of cultural exports declined while Asia's cultural exports grew to surpass North America. Related factors are the fact that Asia's population and area are several times that of North America. Americanization is related to a period of high political American clout and of significant growth of America's shops, markets and objects being brought into other countries. Some critics of globalization argue that it harms the diversity of cultures. As a dominating country's culture is introduced into a receiving country through globalization, it can become a threat to the diversity of local culture. Some argue that globalization may ultimately lead to <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> or Americanization of culture, where the dominating cultural concepts of economically and politically powerful Western countries spread and cause harm to local cultures.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Globalization is a diverse phenomenon that relates to a multilateral political world and to the increase of cultural objects and markets between countries. The Indian experience particularly reveals the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">plurality</a> of the impact of cultural globalization.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transculturalism" title="Transculturalism">Transculturalism</a> is defined as "seeing oneself in the other".<a href="#cite_note-CS-105">[105]</a> Transcultural<a href="#cite_note-FD-106">[106]</a> is in turn described as "extending through all <a href="/wiki/Human_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Human culture">human cultures</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FD-106">[106]</a> or "involving, encompassing, or combining elements of more than one <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>".<a href="#cite_note-YD-107">[107]</a> Children brought up in transcultural backgrounds are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Third-culture_kid" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-culture kid">third-culture kids</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_globalization">Political globalization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political globalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_(8020913157).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/220px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/330px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/440px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">United Nations headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a>, both in size and complexity. That system includes national governments, their <a href="/wiki/Governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental organizations">governmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organizations">intergovernmental organizations</a> as well as government-independent elements of <a href="/wiki/Global_civil_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Global civil society">global civil society</a> such as <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International non-governmental organizations">international non-governmental organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_movement_organization" title="Social movement organization">social movement organizations</a>. One of the key aspects of the political globalization is the declining importance of the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> and the rise of other actors on the political scene. <a href="/wiki/William_R._Thompson" title="William R. Thompson">William R. Thompson</a> has defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed".<a href="#cite_note-ModelskiDevezas2007-108">[108]</a> Political globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic literature, with the two other being <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">cultural globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2008-146-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a> is a term in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> with two meanings. The first refers to a theory of regional integration originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hoffmann" title="Stanley Hoffmann">Stanley Hoffmann</a>; the second treats states and the national government as the primary factors for integration. <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_governance" title="Multi-level governance">Multi-level governance</a> is an approach in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration_theory" title="Public administration theory">public administration theory</a> that originated from studies on <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>. Multi-level governance gives expression to the idea that there are many interacting authority structures at work in the emergent global political economy. It illuminates the intimate entanglement between the domestic and international levels of authority. Some people are citizens of multiple nation-states. <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a>, also called dual citizenship or multiple nationality or dual nationality, is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> under the laws of those states. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_military_bases_in_the_world_2007.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_military_bases_in_the_world_2007.svg/300px-US_military_bases_in_the_world_2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_military_bases_in_the_world_2007.svg/450px-US_military_bases_in_the_world_2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_military_bases_in_the_world_2007.svg/600px-US_military_bases_in_the_world_2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>U.S. military presence around the world in 2007. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit">[update]</a>, the U.S. still had many <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">bases and troops stationed globally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> Increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> influence public policy across national boundaries, including <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanitarian aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">developmental efforts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-globall-110">[110]</a> Philanthropic organizations with global missions are also coming to the forefront of humanitarian efforts; charities such as the <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accion_International" title="Accion International">Accion International</a>, the Acumen Fund (now <a href="/wiki/Acumen_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Acumen Fund">Acumen</a>) and the Echoing Green have combined the <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> with <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>, giving rise to business organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Philanthropy_Group" title="Global Philanthropy Group">Global Philanthropy Group</a> and new associations of philanthropists such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Philanthropy_Forum" title="Global Philanthropy Forum">Global Philanthropy Forum</a>. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation projects include a current multibillion-dollar commitment to funding immunizations in some of the world's more impoverished but rapidly growing countries.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a> estimates total private philanthropic flows to developing countries at <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>59 billion in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> As a response to globalization, some countries have embraced <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> policies. For example, the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> government makes it very difficult for foreigners to enter the country and strictly monitors their activities when they do. Aid workers are subject to considerable scrutiny and excluded from places and regions the government does not wish them to enter. Citizens cannot freely leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-nkr-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-unhcr-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization_and_gender">Globalization and gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Globalization and gender">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel.jpg/220px-FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel.jpg/330px-FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel.jpg/440px-FEMEN_Ukraine_is_not_a_brothel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>From the documentary <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Is_Not_a_Brothel" title="Ukraine Is Not a Brothel">Ukraine Is Not a Brothel</a>. Radical group <a href="/wiki/Femen" title="Femen">Femen</a> protest against the increase in <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Sex tourism in Ukraine">sex tourism</a> into Ukraine.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Globalization">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Globalization%22">"Globalization"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Globalization%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Globalization%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Globalization%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Globalization%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Globalization%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Globalization has been a gendered process where giant multinational corporations have outsourced jobs to low-wage, low skilled, quota free economies like the ready made <a href="/wiki/Garment_industry_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment industry in Bangladesh">garment industry in Bangladesh</a> where poor women make up the majority of labor force. Despite a large proportion of women workers in the garment industry, women are still heavily underemployed compared to men. Most women that are employed in the garment industry come from the countryside of Bangladesh triggering migration of women in search of garment work. It is still unclear as to whether or not access to paid work for women where it did not exist before has empowered them. The answers varied depending on whether it is the employers perspective or the workers and how they view their choices. Women workers did not see the garment industry as economically sustainable for them in the long run due to long hours standing and poor working conditions. Although women workers did show significant autonomy over their personal lives including their ability to negotiate with family, more choice in marriage, and being valued as a wage earner in the family. This did not translate into workers being able to collectively organize themselves in order to negotiate a better deal for themselves at work.<a href="#cite_note-:1-115">[115]</a> Another example of outsourcing in manufacturing includes the <a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">maquiladora</a> industry in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico where poor women make up the majority of the labor force. Women in the maquiladora industry have produced high levels of turnover not staying long enough to be trained compared to men. A gendered two tiered system within the maquiladora industry has been created that focuses on training and worker loyalty. Women are seen as being untrainable, placed in un-skilled, low wage jobs, while men are seen as more trainable with less turnover rates, and placed in more high skilled technical jobs. The idea of training has become a tool used against women to blame them for their high turnover rates which also benefit the industry keeping women as temporary workers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_dimensions">Other dimensions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other dimensions">edit</a>]</div> Scholars also occasionally discuss other, less common dimensions of globalization, such as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">environmental globalization</a> (the internationally coordinated practices and regulations, often in the form of international treaties, regarding environmental protection)<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerer2006-1-117">[117]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">military globalization</a> (growth in global extent and scope of security relationships).<a href="#cite_note-Krishnan2016-118">[118]</a> Those dimensions, however, receive much less attention the three described above, as academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas: economic globalization, cultural globalization and political globalization.<a href="#cite_note-Ritzer2008-146-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_people">Movement of people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Movement of people">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World-airline-routemap-2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/World-airline-routemap-2009.png/220px-World-airline-routemap-2009.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/World-airline-routemap-2009.png/330px-World-airline-routemap-2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/World-airline-routemap-2009.png/440px-World-airline-routemap-2009.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Scheduled <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> traffic in 2009</figcaption></figure> An essential aspect of globalization is movement of people, and state-boundary limits on that movement have changed across history.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The movement of tourists and business people opened up over the last century. As transportation technology improved, travel time and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century. For example, travel across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> used to take up to 5 weeks in the 18th century, but around the time of the 20th century it took a mere 8 days.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-120">[120]</a> Today, modern aviation has made long-distance transportation quick and affordable. Tourism is travel for pleasure. The developments in technology and transportation infrastructure, such as <a href="/wiki/Jumbo_jets" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumbo jets">jumbo jets</a>, low-cost airlines, and more <a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">accessible</a> airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. At any given moment half a million people are in the air.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Barom2012-122">[122]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa</a> is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter and temporarily remain within, or to leave that country. Some countries – such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> – have agreements with other countries allowing each other's citizens to travel between them without visas (for example, Switzerland is part of a Schengen Agreement allowing easy travel for people from countries within the European Union). The <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> announced that the number of tourists who require a visa before traveling was at its lowest level ever in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> in order to settle or reside there, especially as <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residents">permanent residents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naturalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized">naturalized</a> citizens, or to take-up employment as a <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant worker</a> or temporarily as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign worker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCUK-126">[126]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit">[update]</a> there were an estimated 232 million international migrants in the world (defined as persons outside their country of origin for 12 months or more) and approximately half of them were estimated to be economically active (i.e. being employed or seeking employment).<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> International movement of labor is often seen as important to economic development. For example, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">freedom of movement for workers in the European Union</a> means that people can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BorisOC2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BorisOC2010.jpg/220px-BorisOC2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BorisOC2010.jpg/330px-BorisOC2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BorisOC2010.jpg/440px-BorisOC2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>2010 <a href="/wiki/London_Youth_Games" title="London Youth Games">London Youth Games</a> opening ceremony. About 69% of children born in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> Globalization is associated with a dramatic rise in <a href="/wiki/International_education" title="International education">international education</a>. The development of global <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_competence" title="Cross-cultural competence">cross-cultural competence</a> in the workforce through ad-hoc training has deserved increasing attention in recent times.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> More and more students are seeking higher education in foreign countries and many <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> now consider overseas study a stepping-stone to permanent residency within a country.<a href="#cite_note-gribble-131">[131]</a> The contributions that <a href="/wiki/Foreign_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign student">foreign students</a> make to host nation economies, both culturally and financially has encouraged major players to implement further initiatives to facilitate the arrival and integration of overseas students, including substantial amendments to <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> and visa policies and procedures.<a href="#cite_note-varghese-53">[53]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">transnational marriage</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> between two people from different countries. A variety of special issues arise in marriages between people from different countries, including those related to citizenship and culture, which add complexity and challenges to these kinds of relationships. In an age of increasing globalization, where a growing number of people have ties to networks of people and places across the globe, rather than to a current geographic location, people are increasingly marrying across national boundaries. Transnational marriage is a by-product of the movement and migration of people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_information">Movement of information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Movement of information">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 22em; clear: right; text-align: center;"> <caption>Internet users by region<a href="#cite_note-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023-132">[132]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Region </th> <th scope="col">2005 </th> <th scope="col">2010 </th> <th scope="col">2017 </th> <th scope="col">2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Africa </th> <td>2% </td> <td>10% </td> <td>21.8% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Americas </th> <td>36% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>65.9% </td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Arab States </th> <td>8% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>43.7% </td> <td>69% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Asia and Pacific </th> <td>9% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>43.9% </td> <td>66% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commonwealth of Independent States </th> <td>10% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>67.7% </td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Europe </th> <td>46% </td> <td>67% </td> <td>79.6% </td> <td>91% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Digital_Divide1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Global_Digital_Divide1.png/290px-Global_Digital_Divide1.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Global_Digital_Divide1.png/435px-Global_Digital_Divide1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Global_Digital_Divide1.png/580px-Global_Digital_Divide1.png 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">global digital divide</a>: Computers per 100 people per 2006</figcaption></figure> Before electronic communications, long-distance communications relied on mail. Speed of global communications was limited by the maximum speed of courier services (especially horses and ships) until the mid-19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraph</a> was the first method of instant long-distance communication. For example, before the first transatlantic cable, communications between Europe and the Americas took weeks because ships had to carry mail across the ocean. The first <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic cable</a> reduced communication time considerably, allowing a message and a response in the same day. Lasting transatlantic telegraph connections were achieved in the 1865–1866. The first wireless telegraphy transmitters were developed in 1895. The Internet has been instrumental in connecting people across geographical boundaries. For example, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a> which has more than 1.65 billion monthly active users as of 31 March 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Facebook-Newsroom-133">[133]</a> Globalization can be spread by Global journalism which provides massive information and relies on the internet to interact, "makes it into an everyday routine to investigate how people and their actions, practices, problems, life conditions, etc. in different parts of the world are interrelated. possible to assume that <a href="/wiki/Global_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Global threats">global threats</a> such as climate change precipitate the further establishment of global journalism."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization_and_disease">Globalization and disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Globalization and disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemic" title="Virgin soil epidemic">Virgin soil epidemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling_and_zoonoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses">Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease" title="Emerging infectious disease">Emerging infectious disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></div> In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places inaccessible, and increased global trade has brought more and more people into contact with animal diseases that have subsequently jumped species barriers (see <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonosis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">Coronavirus disease 2019</a>, abbreviated COVID-19, first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China in November 2019. More than 180 countries have reported cases since then.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> As of April 6, 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit">[update]</a>, the U.S. has the most confirmed active cases in the world.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> More than 3.4 million people from the worst-affected countries entered the U.S. in the first three months since the inception of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> This has caused a detrimental impact on the global economy, particularly for SME's and Microbusinesses with unlimited liability/self-employed, leaving them vulnerable to financial difficulties, increasing the market share for oligopolistic markets as well as increasing the barriers of entry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Measurement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_indices" title="List of globalization-related indices">List of globalization-related indices</a></div> One index of globalization is the KOF Index of Globalization, which measures three important dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Another is the <a href="/wiki/A.T._Kearney" class="mw-redirect" title="A.T. Kearney">A.T. Kearney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy Magazine">Foreign Policy Magazine</a> Globalization Index.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <caption> 2014 KOF Index of Globalization </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td style="width:50%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>2006 A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Measurements of economic globalization typically focus on variables such as <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment">Foreign Direct Investment</a> (FDI), <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">Gross Domestic Product</a> (GDP), <a href="/wiki/Portfolio_investment" title="Portfolio investment">portfolio investment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>. However, newer indices attempt to measure globalization in more general terms, including variables related to political, social, cultural, and even environmental aspects of globalization.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The DHL Global Connectedness Index studies four main types of cross-border flow: trade (in both goods and services), information, people (including tourists, students, and migrants), and capital. It shows that the depth of global integration fell by about one-tenth after 2008, but by 2013 had recovered well above its pre-crash peak.<a href="#cite_note-DHL-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Signs_of_life-64">[64]</a> The report also found a shift of economic activity to <a href="/wiki/Emerging_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging economies">emerging economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DHL-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_and_criticism">Support and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Support and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_conference_EU-Mercosul_on_June_26,_2019_(VII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Press_conference_EU-Mercosul_on_June_26%2C_2019_%28VII%29.jpg/220px-Press_conference_EU-Mercosul_on_June_26%2C_2019_%28VII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Press_conference_EU-Mercosul_on_June_26%2C_2019_%28VII%29.jpg/330px-Press_conference_EU-Mercosul_on_June_26%2C_2019_%28VII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Press_conference_EU-Mercosul_on_June_26%2C_2019_%28VII%29.jpg/440px-Press_conference_EU-Mercosul_on_June_26%2C_2019_%28VII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_free_trade_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement">European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement</a>, which would form one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> areas, has been denounced by environmental activists and indigenous rights campaigners.</figcaption></figure> Reactions to processes contributing to globalization have varied widely with a history as long as extraterritorial contact and trade. <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">Philosophical</a> differences regarding the costs and benefits of such processes give rise to a broad-range of <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a>. Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">expansion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a>, in general, view globalizing processes as desirable or necessary to the well-being of human <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sen1970-143">[143]</a> Antagonists view one or more globalizing processes as detrimental to social well-being on a global or local scale;<a href="#cite_note-Sen1970-143">[143]</a> this includes those who focus on social or <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> of long-term and continuous economic expansion, the social <a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">structural inequality</a> caused by these processes, and the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialistic">imperialistic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemonic">hegemonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> that underlie such processes. Globalization tends to bring people into contact with foreign people and cultures. <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a> is the fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Ingroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingroup">ingroup</a> towards an <a href="/wiki/Outgroup_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outgroup (sociology)">outgroup</a>, including a fear of losing identity, suspicion of its activities, aggression, and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity.<a href="#cite_note-auto-146">[146]</a> Critiques of globalization generally stem from discussions surrounding the impact of such processes on the planet as well as the human costs. They challenge directly traditional metrics, such as GDP, and look to other measures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index" title="Happy Planet Index">Happy Planet Index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and point to a "multitude of interconnected fatal consequences–social disintegration, a breakdown of democracy, more rapid and extensive deterioration of the environment, the spread of new diseases, increasing poverty and alienation"<a href="#cite_note-The_Hidden_Connections-149">[149]</a> which they claim are the <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> of globalization. Others point out that, while the forces of globalization have led to the spread of western-style democracy, this has been accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic tension and violence as free market economic policies combine with democratic processes of universal suffrage as well as an escalation in militarization to impose democratic principles and as a means to conflict resolution.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> On 9 August 2019, Pope Francis denounced <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> and hinted that the Catholic Church will embrace globalization at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_for_the_Pan-Amazon_region" title="Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region">October 2019 Amazonia Synod</a>, stating "the whole is greater than the parts. Globalization and unity should not be conceived as a sphere, but as a polyhedron: each people retains its identity in unity with others"<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> A 2005 study by Peer Fis and Paul Hirsch found a large increase in articles negative towards globalization in the years prior. In 1998, negative articles outpaced positive articles by two to one.<a href="#cite_note-Fiss_2005-153">[153]</a> The number of newspaper articles showing negative framing rose from about 10% of the total in 1991 to 55% of the total in 1999. This increase occurred during a period when the total number of articles concerning globalization nearly doubled.<a href="#cite_note-Fiss_2005-153">[153]</a> A number of international polls have shown that residents of Africa and Asia tend to view globalization more favorably than residents of Europe or North America. In Africa, a Gallup poll found that 70% of the population views globalization favorably.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The BBC found that 50% of people believed that economic globalization was proceeding too rapidly, while 35% believed it was proceeding too slowly.<a href="#cite_note-bbc08-155">[155]</a> In 2004, Philip Gordon stated that "a clear majority of Europeans believe that globalization can enrich their lives, while believing the European Union can help them take advantage of globalization's benefits while shielding them from its negative effects". The main opposition consisted of socialists, environmental groups, and nationalists. Residents of the EU did not appear to feel threatened by globalization in 2004. The EU job market was more stable and workers were less likely to accept wage/benefit cuts. Social spending was much higher than in the US.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In a Danish poll in 2007, 76% responded that globalization is a good thing.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Fiss, et al., surveyed US opinion in 1993. Their survey showed that, in 1993, more than 40% of respondents were unfamiliar with the concept of globalization. When the survey was repeated in 1998, 89% of the respondents had a polarized view of globalization as being either good or bad. At the same time, discourse on globalization, which began in the financial community before shifting to a heated debate between proponents and disenchanted students and workers. Polarization increased dramatically after the establishment of the WTO in 1995; this event and subsequent protests led to a large-scale anti-globalization movement.<a href="#cite_note-Fiss_2005-153">[153]</a> Initially, college educated workers were likely to support globalization. Less educated workers, who were more likely to compete with immigrants and workers in developing countries, tended to be opponents. The situation changed after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. According to a 1997 poll 58% of college graduates said globalization had been good for the US. By 2008 only 33% thought it was good. Respondents with high school education also became more opposed.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> According to Takenaka Heizo and Chida Ryokichi, as of 1998<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit">[update]</a> there was a perception in Japan that the economy was "Small and Frail". However, Japan was resource-poor and used exports to pay for its raw materials. Anxiety over their position caused terms such as <a href="/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">internationalization</a> and globalization to enter everyday language. However, Japanese tradition was to be as self-sufficient as possible, particularly in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Many in developing countries see globalization as a positive force that lifts them out of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-bhagwati-160">[160]</a> Those opposing globalization typically combine environmental concerns with nationalism. Opponents consider governments as agents of <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a> that are subservient to <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational corporations">multinational corporations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-visuality.org-161">[161]</a> Much of this criticism comes from the middle class; the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> suggested this was because the middle class perceived upwardly mobile low-income groups as threatening to their economic security.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/220px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/330px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/440px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> of China and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> meet while attending an <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> summit in Santiago de Chile, 2004.</figcaption></figure> The literature analyzing the economics of free trade is extremely rich with extensive work having been done on the theoretical and empirical effects. Though it creates winners and losers, the broad consensus among economists is that free trade is a large and unambiguous net gain for society.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In a 2006 survey of 83 American economists, "87.5% agree that the U.S. should eliminate remaining tariffs and other barriers to trade" and "90.1% disagree with the suggestion that the U.S. should restrict employers from outsourcing work to foreign countries."<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Quoting Harvard economics professor <a href="/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a>, "Few propositions command as much consensus among professional economists as that open world trade increases economic growth and raises living standards."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In a survey of leading economists, none disagreed with the notion that "freer trade improves productive efficiency and offers consumers better choices, and in the long run these gains are much larger than any effects on employment."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Most economists would agree that although increasing returns to scale might mean that certain industry could settle in a geographical area without any strong economic reason derived from comparative advantage, this is not a reason to argue against free trade because the absolute level of output enjoyed by both "winner" and "loser" will increase with the "winner" gaining more than the "loser" but both gaining more than before in an absolute level. In the book <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty" title="The End of Poverty">The End of Poverty</a>, Jeffrey Sachs discusses how many factors can affect a country's ability to enter the world market, including government <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>; legal and social disparities based on gender, ethnicity, or caste; diseases such as <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>; lack of infrastructure (including transportation, communications, health, and trade); unstable political landscapes; <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>; and geographic barriers.<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a>, a former adviser to the U.N. on globalization, holds that, although there are obvious problems with overly rapid development, globalization is a very positive force that lifts countries out of poverty by causing a virtuous economic cycle associated with faster economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-bhagwati-160">[160]</a> However, economic growth does not necessarily mean a reduction in poverty; in fact, the two can coexist. Economic growth is conventionally measured using indicators such as <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a> that do not accurately reflect the growing disparities in wealth.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfam International">Oxfam International</a> argues that poor people are often excluded from globalization-induced opportunities "by a lack of productive assets, weak infrastructure, poor education and ill-health;"<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> effectively leaving these marginalized groups in a <a href="/wiki/Poverty_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty trap">poverty trap</a>. Economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> is another staunch supporter of globalization and free trade with a record of disagreeing with many critics of globalization. He argues that many of them lack a basic understanding of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> and its importance in today's world.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The flow of migrants to advanced economies has been claimed to provide a means through which global wages converge. An IMF study noted a potential for skills to be transferred back to developing countries as wages in those a countries rise.<a href="#cite_note-12th_April_2000:_IMF_Publications-11">[11]</a> Lastly, the dissemination of knowledge has been an integral aspect of globalization. Technological innovations (or technological transfer) are conjectured to benefit most developing and least developing countries (LDCs), as for example in the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saggi2002-60">[60]</a> There has been a rapid economic growth in Asia after embracing <a href="/wiki/Market_orientation" title="Market orientation">market orientation</a>-based economic policies that encourage private <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, free enterprise and competition. In particular, in East Asian developing countries, <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> per head rose at 5.9% a year from 1975 to 2001 (according to 2003 <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">Human Development Report</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> of UNDP). Like this, the British economic journalist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wolf" title="Martin Wolf">Martin Wolf</a> says that incomes of poor developing countries, with more than half the world's population, grew substantially faster than those of the world's richest countries that remained relatively stable in its growth, leading to reduced international inequality and the incidence of poverty. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif/220px-Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif/330px-Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif/440px-Berg_Ostry_2011_Chart_4.gif 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Of the factors influencing the duration of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> in both developed and developing countries, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">income equality</a> has a more beneficial impact than trade openness, sound political institutions, and foreign investment.<a href="#cite_note-BergOstryEE-173">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> Certain demographic changes in the developing world after active <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> and international integration resulted in rising general welfare and, hence, reduced inequality. According to Wolf, in the developing world as a whole, life expectancy rose by four months each year after 1970 and infant mortality rate declined from 107 per thousand in 1970 to 58 in 2000 due to improvements in <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of living">standards of living</a> and health conditions. Also, adult literacy in developing countries rose from 53% in 1970 to 74% in 1998 and much lower illiteracy rate among the young guarantees that rates will continue to fall as time passes. Furthermore, the reduction in <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in the developing world as a whole from 4.1 births per woman in 1980 to 2.8 in 2000 indicates improved education level of women on fertility, and control of fewer children with more parental attention and investment.<a href="#cite_note-Wolf2004-174">[174]</a> Consequently, more prosperous and educated parents with fewer children have chosen to withdraw their children from the labor force to give them opportunities to be educated at school improving the issue of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>. Thus, despite seemingly unequal <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution of income">distribution of income</a> within these developing countries, their economic growth and development have brought about improved standards of living and welfare for the population as a whole. Per capita <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) growth among post-1980 globalizing countries accelerated from 1.4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2.9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3.5 percent in the 1980s and 5.0 percent in the 1990s. This acceleration in growth seems even more remarkable given that the rich countries saw steady declines in growth from a high of 4.7 percent in the 1960s to 2.2 percent in the 1990s. Also, the non-globalizing developing countries seem to fare worse than the globalizers, with the former's annual growth rates falling from highs of 3.3 percent during the 1970s to only 1.4 percent during the 1990s. This rapid growth among the globalizers is not simply due to the strong performances of China and India in the 1980s and 1990s—18 out of the 24 globalizers experienced increases in growth, many of them quite substantial.<a href="#cite_note-DDollar-175">[175]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg/250px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg/375px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg/500px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Worlds regions by total <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> (in trillions USD), 2018</figcaption></figure> The globalization of the late 20th and early 21st centuries has led to the resurfacing of the idea that the growth of economic <a href="/wiki/Interdependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdependence">interdependence</a> promotes peace.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> This idea had been very powerful during the globalization of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was a central doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberals">classical liberals</a> of that era, such as the young <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (1883–1946).<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Some opponents of globalization see the phenomenon as a promotion of corporate interests.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> They also claim that the increasing autonomy and strength of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_entities" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate entities">corporate entities</a> shapes the political policy of countries.<a href="#cite_note-The_Corporation-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit_Man-180">[180]</a> They advocate global institutions and policies that they believe better address the moral claims of poor and working classes as well as environmental concerns.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Economic arguments by <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more <a href="/wiki/Financial_leverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial leverage">financial leverage</a> (i.e. the rich) at the expense of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Globalization allows corporations to <a href="/wiki/Outsource" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsource">outsource</a> manufacturing and service jobs from high-cost locations, creating economic opportunities with the most competitive wages and worker benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Kuruvilla_2008_39–72-80">[80]</a> Critics of globalization say that it disadvantages poorer countries. While it is true that free trade encourages globalization among countries, some countries try to protect their domestic suppliers. The main export of poorer countries is usually <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural production">agricultural productions</a>. Larger countries often subsidize their <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">farmers</a> (e.g., the EU's <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>), which lowers the market price for foreign crops.<a href="#cite_note-Hurst_E._Charles_P.41-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_democracy">Global democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Global democracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></div> Democratic globalization is a movement towards an institutional system of global <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> that would give world citizens a say in political organizations. This would, in their view, bypass nation-states, corporate oligopolies, ideological <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGO), political cults and mafias. One of its most prolific proponents is the British political thinker <a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a>. Advocates of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">democratic globalization</a> argue that economic expansion and development should be the first phase of democratic globalization, which is to be followed by a phase of building <a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">global political institutions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Stipo" title="Francesco Stipo">Francesco Stipo</a>, Director of the United States Association of the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a>, advocates unifying nations under a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>, suggesting that it "should reflect the political and economic balances of world nations. A world confederation would not supersede the authority of the State governments but rather complement it, as both the States and the world authority would have power within their sphere of competence".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Senator">Canadian Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Roche" title="Douglas Roche">Douglas Roche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">O.C.</a>, viewed globalization as inevitable and advocated creating institutions such as a <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected">directly elected</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a> to exercise oversight over unelected international bodies.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_civics">Global civics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Global civics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Global_civics" title="Global civics">Global civics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a></div> Global civics suggests that <a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">civics</a> can be understood, in a global sense, as a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> between <a href="/wiki/Global_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Global citizens">global citizens</a> in the age of interdependence and interaction. The disseminators of the concept define it as the notion that we have certain rights and responsibilities towards each other by the mere fact of being human on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-case-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="World citizen">World citizen</a> has a variety of similar meanings, often referring to a person who disapproves of traditional <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a> divisions derived from national <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>. An early incarnation of this sentiment can be found in <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, whom <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> quoted as saying: "I am not an Athenian, or a Greek, but a citizen of the world."<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In an increasingly interdependent world, world citizens need a compass to frame their mindsets and create a shared consciousness and sense of global responsibility in world issues such as environmental problems and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-feasible-188">[188]</a> Baha'i-inspired author Meyjes, while favoring the single world community and emergent global consciousness, warns of globalization<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> as a cloak for an expeditious economic, social, and cultural Anglo-dominance that is insufficiently inclusive to inform the emergence of an optimal world civilization. He proposes a process of "<a href="/wiki/Universalism#Non-religious_Universalism" title="Universalism">universalization</a>" as an alternative. <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a> is the proposal that all human ethnic groups belong to a single <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> based on a shared <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>. A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called a cosmopolitan or cosmopolite.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> A cosmopolitan community might be based on an inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, or a political structure that encompasses different nations. The cosmopolitan community is one in which individuals from different places (e.g. nation-states) form relationships based on mutual respect. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a> suggests the possibility of a cosmopolitan community in which individuals from varying locations (physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs (religious, political, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Canadian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a> popularized the term <a href="/wiki/Global_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Village">Global Village</a> beginning in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> His view suggested that globalization would lead to a world where people from all countries will become more integrated and aware of common interests and shared humanity.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg/220px-Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg/330px-Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg/440px-Obama_and_Medvedev_sign_Prague_Treaty_2010.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3517" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> after signing the <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a> treaty in Prague, 2010</figcaption></figure> Military cooperation – Past examples of international cooperation exist. One example is the security cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union after the end of the Cold War, which astonished international society. Arms control and disarmament agreements, including the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (see <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">START I</a>, <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a>, <a href="/wiki/START_III" title="START III">START III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a>) and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s Partnership for Peace, the Russia NATO Council, and the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> Global Partnership against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, constitute concrete initiatives of arms control and de-nuclearization. The US–Russian cooperation was further strengthened by anti-terrorism agreements enacted in the wake of 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-globalpolicyjournal1-194">[194]</a> Environmental cooperation – One of the biggest successes of environmental cooperation has been the agreement to reduce <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbon</a> (CFC) emissions, as specified in the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>, in order to stop ozone depletion. The most recent debate around nuclear energy and the non-alternative coal-burning power plants constitutes one more consensus on what not to do. Thirdly, significant achievements in IC can be observed through development studies.<a href="#cite_note-globalpolicyjournal1-194">[194]</a> Economic cooperation – One of the biggest challenges in 2019 with globalization is that many believe the progress made in the past decades are now back tracking. The back tracking of globalization has coined the term "Slobalization." Slobalization is a new, slower pattern of globalization.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-globalization_movement">Anti-globalization movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-globalization movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-04-23_Anti-TTIP-Demonstration_in_Hannover,_(10118).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2016-04-23_Anti-TTIP-Demonstration_in_Hannover%2C_%2810118%29.jpg/220px-2016-04-23_Anti-TTIP-Demonstration_in_Hannover%2C_%2810118%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2016-04-23_Anti-TTIP-Demonstration_in_Hannover%2C_%2810118%29.jpg/330px-2016-04-23_Anti-TTIP-Demonstration_in_Hannover%2C_%2810118%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2016-04-23_Anti-TTIP-Demonstration_in_Hannover%2C_%2810118%29.jpg/440px-2016-04-23_Anti-TTIP-Demonstration_in_Hannover%2C_%2810118%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Anti-<a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership" title="Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership">TTIP</a> demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, Germany, 2016</figcaption></figure> Anti-globalization, or counter-globalization,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> consists of a number of criticisms of globalization but, in general, is critical of the globalization of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">corporate capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The movement is also commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">alter-globalization</a> movement, anti-globalist movement, <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporate">anti-corporate</a> globalization movement,<a href="#cite_note-Juris-198">[198]</a> or movement against <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> globalization. Opponents of globalization argue that power and respect in terms of international trade between the developed and underdeveloped countries of the world are unequally distributed.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The diverse subgroups that make up this movement include some of the following: trade unionists, environmentalists, anarchists, land rights and indigenous rights activists, organizations promoting human rights and sustainable development, opponents of privatization, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-sweatshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-sweatshop">anti-sweatshop</a> campaigners.<a href="#cite_note-stwr.org-200">[200]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites_and_the_Betrayal_of_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy">The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a> analyzed<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> the widening gap between the top and bottom of the social composition in the United States. For him, our epoch is determined by a social phenomenon: the revolt of the elites, in reference to <a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929) by the Spanish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>. According to Lasch, the new elites, i.e. those who are in the top 20% in terms of income, through globalization which allows total mobility of capital, no longer live in the same world as their fellow-citizens. In this, they oppose the old bourgeoisie of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which was constrained by its spatial stability to a minimum of rooting and civic obligations. Globalization, according to the sociologist, has turned elites into tourists in their own countries. The denationalization of business enterprise tends to produce a class who see themselves as "world citizens, but without accepting ... any of the obligations that citizenship in a polity normally implies". Their ties to an international culture of work, leisure, information – make many of them deeply indifferent to the prospect of national decline. Instead of financing public services and the public treasury, new elites are investing their money in improving their voluntary ghettos: private schools in their residential neighborhoods, private police, garbage collection systems. They have "withdrawn from common life". Composed of those who control the international flows of capital and information, who preside over philanthropic foundations and institutions of higher education, manage the instruments of cultural production and thus fix the terms of public debate. So, the political debate is limited mainly to the dominant classes and political ideologies lose all contact with the concerns of the ordinary citizen. The result of this is that no one has a likely solution to these problems and that there are furious ideological battles on related issues. However, they remain protected from the problems affecting the working classes: the decline of industrial activity, the resulting loss of employment, the decline of the middle class, increasing the number of the poor, the rising crime rate, growing drug trafficking, the urban crisis. D.A. Snow et al. contend that the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a> is an example of a <a href="/wiki/New_social_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New social movement">new social movement</a>, which uses tactics that are unique and use different resources than previously used before in other social movements.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> One of the most infamous tactics of the movement is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Seattle">Battle of Seattle</a> in 1999, where there were protests against the World Trade Organization's Third Ministerial Meeting. All over the world, the movement has held protests outside meetings of institutions such as the WTO, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the Group of Eight (G8).<a href="#cite_note-stwr.org-200">[200]</a> Within the Seattle demonstrations the protesters that participated used both creative and violent tactics to gain the attention towards the issue of globalization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_capital_market_integration">Opposition to capital market integration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Opposition to capital market integration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist movements">Anti-capitalist movements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg/220px-Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg/330px-Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg/440px-Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>World Bank Protester, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> Capital markets have to do with raising and investing money in various human enterprises. Increasing integration of these <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a> between countries leads to the emergence of a global capital marketplace or a single world market. In the long run, increased movement of capital between countries tends to favor owners of capital more than any other group; in the short run, owners and workers in specific sectors in capital-exporting countries bear much of the burden of adjusting to increased movement of capital.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Those opposed to capital market integration on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> issues are especially disturbed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] by the various abuses which they think are perpetuated by global and international institutions that, they say, promote <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> without regard to ethical standards. Common targets include the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> (WB), <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> treaties like the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas" title="Free Trade Area of the Americas">Free Trade Area of the Americas</a> (FTAA), the <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Agreement_on_Investment" title="Multilateral Agreement on Investment">Multilateral Agreement on Investment</a> (MAI) and the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">General Agreement on Trade in Services</a> (GATS). In light of the economic gap between rich and poor countries, movement adherents claim free trade without measures in place to protect the under-capitalized will contribute only to the strengthening the power of industrialized nations (often termed the "North" in opposition to the developing world's "South").<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-corporatism_and_anti-consumerism">Anti-corporatism and anti-consumerism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Anti-corporatism and anti-consumerism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporatism">Anti-corporatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">Corporatist</a> ideology, which privileges the rights of corporations (<a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">artificial or juridical persons</a>) over those of <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural persons</a>, is an underlying factor in the recent rapid expansion of global commerce.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In recent years, there have been an increasing number of books (<a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>'s 2000 <a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a>, for example) and films (e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a> & <a href="/wiki/Surplus_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surplus (film)">Surplus</a>) popularizing an <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporate">anti-corporate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> to the public. A related contemporary ideology, <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, which encourages the personal acquisition of goods and services, also drives globalization.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Anti-consumerism is a social movement against equating personal happiness with consumption and the purchase of material possessions. Concern over the treatment of consumers by large corporations has spawned substantial activism, and the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">consumer education</a> into school <a href="/wiki/Curricula" class="mw-redirect" title="Curricula">curricula</a>. Social activists hold materialism is connected to <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">global retail merchandizing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supplier_convergence" title="Supplier convergence">supplier convergence</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, greed, <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, and general social <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a> and discontent. One variation on this topic is activism by postconsumers, with the strategic emphasis on moving beyond addictive consumerism.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_justice_and_inequality">Global justice and inequality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Global justice and inequality">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_justice">Global justice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Global justice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_justice_movement" title="Global justice movement">Global justice movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png/220px-GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png/330px-GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png/440px-GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="3354" /></a><figcaption>Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>, as of 2018<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></figcaption></figure> The global justice movement is the loose collection of individuals and groups—often referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Movement_of_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement of movements">movement of movements</a>"—who advocate <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> rules and perceive current institutions of global economic integration as problems.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The movement is often labeled an anti-globalization movement by the mainstream media. Those involved, however, frequently deny that they are <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a>, insisting that they support the globalization of communication and people and oppose only the global expansion of corporate power.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The movement is based in the idea of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, desiring the creation of a society or institution based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>, the values of human rights, and the dignity of every human being.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Social inequality</a> within and between nations, including a growing <a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">global digital divide</a>, is a focal point of the movement. Many nongovernmental organizations have now arisen to fight these inequalities that many in Latin America, Africa and Asia face. A few very popular and well known <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) include: <a href="/wiki/War_Child_(charity)" title="War Child (charity)">War Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_The_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Free The Children">Free The Children</a> and <a href="/wiki/CARE_International" title="CARE International">CARE International</a>. They often create partnerships where they work towards improving the lives of those who live in developing countries by building schools, fixing infrastructure, cleaning water supplies, purchasing equipment and supplies for hospitals, and other aid efforts. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_total_wealth_(trillions_USD),_Credit_Suisse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png/260px-Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png/390px-Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png/520px-Countries_by_total_wealth_%28trillions_USD%29%2C_Credit_Suisse.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="3766" /></a><figcaption>Countries by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">total wealth</a> (trillions USD), <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_inequality">Social inequality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Social inequality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">Social inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png/260px-Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png/390px-Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png/520px-Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2017</figcaption></figure> The economies of the world have <a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">developed</a> unevenly, historically, such that entire geographical regions were left mired in poverty and disease while others began to reduce poverty and disease on a wholesale basis. From around 1980 through at least 2011, the GDP gap, while still wide, appeared to be closing and, in some more rapidly <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancies">life expectancies</a> began to rise.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> If we look at the Gini coefficient for world income, since the late 1980s, the gap between some regions has markedly narrowed—between Asia and the advanced economies of the West, for example—but huge gaps remain globally. Overall equality across humanity, considered as individuals, has improved very little. Within the decade between 2003 and 2013, income inequality grew even in traditionally egalitarian countries like Germany, Sweden and Denmark. With a few exceptions—France, Japan, Spain—the top 10 percent of earners in most advanced economies raced ahead, while the bottom 10 percent fell further behind.<a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz-215">[215]</a> By 2013, 85 multibillionaires had amassed wealth equivalent to all the wealth owned by the poorest half (3.5 billion) of the world's total population of 7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-WEF2014-216">[216]</a> Critics of globalization argue that globalization results in weak <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a>: the surplus in cheap labor coupled with an ever-growing number of companies in transition weakened labor unions in high-cost areas. Unions become less effective and workers their enthusiasm for unions when membership begins to decline.<a href="#cite_note-Hurst_E._Charles_P.41-183">[183]</a> They also cite an increase in the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>: countries with weak protections for children are vulnerable to infestation by rogue companies and criminal gangs who exploit them. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a>, salvage, and farm work as well as trafficking, bondage, forced labor, prostitution and pornography.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonds_Pavcni-217">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg/170px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg/255px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg/340px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Immigrant rights march for amnesty, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, on <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> Women often participate in the workforce in <a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">precarious work</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_employment" title="Export-oriented employment">export-oriented employment</a>. Evidence suggests that while globalization has expanded women's access to employment, the long-term goal[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">whose?</a>] of transforming <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequalities">gender inequalities</a> remains unmet and appears unattainable without regulation of capital and a reorientation and expansion of the state's role in funding public goods and providing a social safety net.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Furthermore, the intersectionality of gender, race, class, can be overlooked by scholars and commentators when assessing the impact of globalization.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In 2016, a study published by the IMF posited that <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, the ideological backbone of contemporary globalized capitalism, has been "oversold", with the benefits of neoliberal policies being "fairly difficult to establish when looking at a broad group of countries" and the costs, most significantly higher income inequality within nations, "hurt the level and sustainability of growth."<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-global_governance">Anti-global governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Anti-global governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></div> Beginning in the 1930s, opposition arose to the idea of a world government, as advocated by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement/Institute_for_Global_Policy" title="World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy">World Federalist Movement (WFM)</a>. Those who oppose global governance typically do so on objections that the idea is unfeasible, inevitably oppressive, or simply unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In general, these opponents are wary of the concentration of power or wealth that such governance might represent. Such reasoning dates back to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmentalist_opposition">Environmentalist opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environmentalist opposition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/220px-Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/330px-Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg/440px-Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> Highland Plateau has led to extensive <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a> and unstable flows of western <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_footprint_hotspots_of_foreign_final_consumption_in_China.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Carbon_footprint_hotspots_of_foreign_final_consumption_in_China.webp/220px-Carbon_footprint_hotspots_of_foreign_final_consumption_in_China.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Carbon_footprint_hotspots_of_foreign_final_consumption_in_China.webp/330px-Carbon_footprint_hotspots_of_foreign_final_consumption_in_China.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Carbon_footprint_hotspots_of_foreign_final_consumption_in_China.webp/440px-Carbon_footprint_hotspots_of_foreign_final_consumption_in_China.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>a shows carbon footprint (CF) hotspots of foreign final consumption in China. b–d show carbon footprint hotspots of the consumption of the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan, respectively. Among all foreign regions, the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan have the largest CFs in China, contributing ~23.0%, 10.8%, and 9.0%, respectively, to the total foreign CF in China in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> is a broad philosophy, ideology<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> and social movement regarding concerns for environmental <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> and improvement of the health of the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. Environmentalist concerns with globalization include issues such as <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, global <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water crises</a>, inequity in <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a>, transnational <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and pollution of the <a href="/wiki/World_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World ocean">world ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, world <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">species extinction</a>. One critique of globalization is that natural resources of the poor have been systematically taken over by the rich and the pollution promulgated by the rich is systematically dumped on the poor.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Some argue that Northern corporations are increasingly exploiting resources of less wealthy countries for their global activities while it is the South that is disproportionately bearing the environmental burden of the globalized economy. Globalization is thus leading to a type of" environmental <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Norberg-Hodge" title="Helena Norberg-Hodge">Helena Norberg-Hodge</a>, the director and founder of Local Futures/<a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Ecology_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="International Society for Ecology and Culture">International Society for Ecology and Culture</a>, criticizes globalization in many ways. In her book <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Futures" title="Ancient Futures">Ancient Futures</a>, Norberg-Hodge claims that "centuries of ecological balance and social harmony are under threat from the pressures of development and globalization." She also criticizes the standardization and rationalization of globalization, as it does not always yield the expected growth outcomes. Although globalization takes similar steps in most countries, scholars such as Hodge claim that it might not be effective to certain countries and that globalization has actually moved some countries backward instead of developing them.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> A related area of concern is the <a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution haven hypothesis</a>, which posits that, when large industrialized nations seek to set up factories or offices abroad, they will often look for the cheapest option in terms of resources and labor that offers the land and material access they require (see <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Unmaskingthe-228">[228]</a> This often comes at the cost of environmentally sound practices. Developing countries with cheap resources and labor tend to have less stringent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulations">environmental regulations</a>, and conversely, nations with stricter environmental regulations become more expensive for companies as a result of the costs associated with meeting these standards. Thus, companies that choose to physically invest in foreign countries tend to (re)locate to the countries with the lowest <a href="/wiki/Environmental_standard" title="Environmental standard">environmental standards</a> or weakest enforcement. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement">European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement</a>, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> has been denounced by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental activists">environmental activists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous rights</a> campaigners.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The fear is that the deal could lead to more <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">deforestation of the Amazon rainforest</a> as it expands market access to Brazilian beef.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">Franchising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_civics" title="Global civics">Global civics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global mobility">Global mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_regionalization" title="Global regionalization">Global regionalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_public_good" title="Global public good">Global public goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">List of bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_indices" title="List of globalization-related indices">List of globalization-related indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multilateral free-trade agreements">List of multilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_globalization" title="Middle East and globalization">Middle East and globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism (international relations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdevelopment_theory" title="Postdevelopment theory">Postdevelopment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_No-Nonsense_Guide_to_Globalization" title="The No-Nonsense Guide to Globalization">The No-Nonsense Guide to Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_cinema" title="Transnational cinema">Transnational cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_citizenship" title="Transnational citizenship">Transnational citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadization" title="Triadization">Triadization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">United Nations Millennium Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermeer%27s_Hat" title="Vermeer's Hat">Vermeer's Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Englishes" title="World Englishes">World Englishes</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScholte2008" class="citation journal cs1">Scholte, Jan Aart (2008). "Defining Globalisation". <a href="/wiki/The_World_Economy_(journal)" title="The World Economy (journal)">The World Economy</a>. 31 (11): 1471–1502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2007.01019.x">10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01019.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Economy&rft.atitle=Defining+Globalisation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1471-1502&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2007.01019.x&rft.aulast=Scholte&rft.aufirst=Jan+Aart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tandfonline.com-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline.com_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline.com_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline.com_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline.com_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline.com_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline.com_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesSteger2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Steger" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Steger">Steger, Manfred B.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rglo20/11/4">"A Genealogy of globalization: The career of a concept"</a>. 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History of Information Technologies. Elon University School of Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/150/1830.xhtml">the original</a> on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Information+Technologies&rft.atitle=Imagining+the+Internet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elon.edu%2Fe-web%2Fpredictions%2F150%2F1830.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stever_1972-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Stever_1972_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStever1972" class="citation journal cs1">Stever, H. Guyford (1972). "Science, Systems, and Society". 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Retrieved 4 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Olympic+Games&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F428005%2FOlympic-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006coverage-92"><a href="#cite_ref-2006coverage_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120073325/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/index.html">"2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3550727.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Digest&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Free+Trade&rft.volume=1997&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1193-42&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993SciAm.269e..42B&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpublications%2Fdigest%2F3550727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaples2006" class="citation journal cs1">Whaples, Robert (2006). "Do Economists Agree on Anything? Yes!". The Economists' Voice. 3 (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1553-3832.1156">10.2202/1553-3832.1156</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201123406">201123406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economists%27+Voice&rft.atitle=Do+Economists+Agree+on+Anything%3F+Yes%21&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2202%2F1553-3832.1156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201123406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whaples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankiw2006" class="citation web cs1">Mankiw, Gregory (7 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402023947/http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2006/05/outsourcing-redux.html">"Outsourcing Redux"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2006/05/outsourcing-redux.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outsourcing+Redux&rft.date=2006-05-07&rft.aulast=Mankiw&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgregmankiw.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F05%2Foutsourcing-redux.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622104941/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0dfr9yjnDcLh17m">"Poll Results | IGM Forum"</a>. www.igmchicago.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0dfr9yjnDcLh17m">the original</a> on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.igmchicago.org&rft.atitle=Poll+Results+%7C+IGM+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igmchicago.org%2Figm-economic-experts-panel%2Fpoll-results%3FSurveyID%3DSV_0dfr9yjnDcLh17m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_End_of_Poverty-168"><a href="#cite_ref-The_End_of_Poverty_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2005" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofpovertyecon00sach">The End of Poverty</a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-045-8"><bdi>978-1-59420-045-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57243168">57243168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Poverty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57243168&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-045-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendofpovertyecon00sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeetHartwick2015" class="citation book cs1">Peet, Richard; Hartwick, Elaine (2015). Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1957-6"><bdi>978-1-4625-1957-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908634816">908634816</a>. <q>But economic growth can occur without touching problems like inequality or poverty when all the increase in income goes to a relatively few people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Development%3A+Contentions%2C+Arguments%2C+Alternatives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908634816&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-1957-6&rft.aulast=Peet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hartwick%2C+Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaudetSchaferHaslam2012" class="citation book cs1">Beaudet, Pierre; Schafer, Jessica; Haslam, Paul A. (2012). Introduction to International Development: Approaches, Actors, and Issues. Oxford University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-544020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-544020-1"><bdi>978-0-19-544020-1</bdi></a>. <q>According to Oxfam International, the contrasting experiences of Latin America and East Asia illustrate that globalization-induced growth and poverty can co-exist. Even when the market expands, 'poor people are often excluded from opportunities by a lack of productive assets, weak infrastructure, poor education, and ill-health'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+International+Development%3A+Approaches%2C+Actors%2C+and+Issues&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-544020-1&rft.aulast=Beaudet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Schafer%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Haslam%2C+Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Conversi, Daniele (2009) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/Globalization.pdf">Globalization, ethnic conflict and nationalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607191631/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/Globalization.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>', in B. Turner (ed.) Handbook of Globalization Studies. London: Routledge/ Taylor & Francis; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarak_Barkawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarak Barkawi (page does not exist)">Barkawi, Tarak</a> (2005) Globalization and War. Rowman & Littlefield; Smith, Dennis (2006) Globalization: The Hidden Agenda. Cambridge: Polity Press. See also Barber, Benjamin R., <a href="/wiki/Jihad_vs._McWorld" title="Jihad vs. McWorld">Jihad vs. McWorld</a>. Ballantine Books, 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr03_complete.pdf">"Human Development Report 2003"</a> (PDF). UNDP. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418072827/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr03_complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2003&rft.pub=UNDP&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fhdr03_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BergOstryEE-173"><a href="#cite_ref-BergOstryEE_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergOstry2011" class="citation journal cs1">Berg, Andrew G.; Ostry, Jonathan D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/berg.htm">"Equality and Efficiency"</a>. Finance and Development. 48 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703033111/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/berg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finance+and+Development&rft.atitle=Equality+and+Efficiency&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rft.au=Ostry%2C+Jonathan+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F2011%2F09%2Fberg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf2004-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf2004_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Wolf2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin Wolf (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyglobalization00wolf">Why Globalization Works</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10252-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10252-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10252-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Globalization+Works&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10252-9&rft.au=Martin+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyglobalization00wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-DDollar-175"><a href="#cite_ref-DDollar_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollar,_DavidKraay,_Aart" class="citation web cs1">Dollar, David; Kraay, Aart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar.htm">"Trade, Growth, and Poverty"</a>. Finance and Development. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124849/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finance+and+Development&rft.atitle=Trade%2C+Growth%2C+and+Poverty&rft.au=Dollar%2C+David&rft.au=Kraay%2C+Aart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F2001%2F09%2Fdollar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> E.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyunLee2009" class="citation web cs1">Pyun, Ju Hyun; Lee, Jong-Wha (21 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voxeu.org/article/globalisation-promotes-peace">"Globalisation promotes peace"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025034256/http://www.voxeu.org/article/globalisation-promotes-peace">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Globalisation+promotes+peace&rft.date=2009-03-21&rft.aulast=Pyun&rft.aufirst=Ju+Hyun&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jong-Wha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voxeu.org%2Farticle%2Fglobalisation-promotes-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Harrod" title="Roy Harrod">Roy Harrod</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_John_Maynard_Keynes" title="The Life of John Maynard Keynes">The Life of John Maynard Keynes</a>, Macmillan, 1951; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006. Keynes had colourfully described the globalization before World War I in The Economic Consequences of the Peace, Macmillan, 1919, chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2007" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Laurence (17 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2ED53A8B-1058-49CF-B9FF-3D96639456D1.htm">"WTO blamed for India grain suicides"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519082251/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2ED53A8B-1058-49CF-B9FF-3D96639456D1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=WTO+blamed+for+India+grain+suicides&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2F2ED53A8B-1058-49CF-B9FF-3D96639456D1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Corporation-179"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Corporation_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Bakan" title="Joel Bakan">Bakan, Joel</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corporation00joel">The Corporation</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4744-3"><bdi>978-0-7432-4744-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corporation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4744-3&rft.aulast=Bakan&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorporation00joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit_Man-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit_Man_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Perkins_(author)" title="John Perkins (author)">Perkins, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confessionsofec000perk">Confessions of an Economic Hit Man</a>. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57675-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57675-301-9"><bdi>978-1-57675-301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+an+Economic+Hit+Man&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Berrett-Koehler&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57675-301-9&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfessionsofec000perk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/index.php?cd_language=2&id_menu=">"Fórum Social Mundial"</a>. 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New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-53748-3"><bdi>978-0-415-53748-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903247621">903247621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+development%2C+and+globalization%3A+economics+as+if+all+people+mattered&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903247621&rft.isbn=978-0-415-53748-3&rft.aulast=Lourdes&rft.aufirst=Bener%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForoohar2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Foroohar, Rana (3 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4356816/neoliberalism-imf-globalization/">"Globalization's True Believers Are Having Second Thoughts"</a>. 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New York: Harper Collins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50165-4">978-0-375-50165-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042425/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html">"Ideology and Sustainability"</a>. Formal.stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/ideology.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Sustainability&rft.pub=Formal.stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-formal.stanford.edu%2Fjmc%2Fprogress%2Fideology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Bailey_from_the_February_2002_issue2002" class="citation web cs1">Ronald Bailey from the February 2002 issue (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths">"Debunking Green Myths"</a>. Reason.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710221038/http://reason.com/archives/2002/02/01/debunking-green-myths">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debunking+Green+Myths&rft.pub=Reason.com&rft.date=2002-02&rft.au=Ronald+Bailey+from+the+February+2002+issue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2002%2F02%2F01%2Fdebunking-green-myths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Donald Gibson. Environmentalism: Ideology and Power. Nova Science Pub Inc. 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Low, Nicholas. (2002). Global Ethics and Environment. Routledge Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19735-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19735-9">978-0-415-19735-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Lechner, Frank J., and John Boli. 2012. The Globalization Reader, 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65563-4">978-0-470-65563-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorberg-Hodge1992" class="citation book cs1">Norberg-Hodge, Helena (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientfuturesl000norb">Ancient futures: learning from Ladakh</a> (Sierra Club Books paperback ed.). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87156-643-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87156-643-0"><bdi>978-0-87156-643-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+futures%3A+learning+from+Ladakh&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=Sierra+Club+Books+paperback&rft.pub=Sierra+Club+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87156-643-0&rft.aulast=Norberg-Hodge&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientfuturesl000norb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unmaskingthe-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Unmaskingthe_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinsonM._Scott_Taylor2008" class="citation journal cs1">Levinson, Arik; M. Scott Taylor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w10629.pdf">"Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Economic_Review" title="International Economic Review">International Economic Review</a>. 49 (1): 223–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2354.2008.00478.x">10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40982519">40982519</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602151508/http://www.nber.org/papers/w10629.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Unmasking+the+Pollution+Haven+Effect&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=223-54&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2354.2008.00478.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40982519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Arik&rft.au=M.+Scott+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw10629.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190629-eu-south-america-agriculture-trade-mercosur-farmers-environmentalists">"Farmers, environmentalists slam 'sell-out' EU-Mercosur trade deal"</a>. France24. 29 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825090453/https://www.france24.com/en/20190629-eu-south-america-agriculture-trade-mercosur-farmers-environmentalists">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farmers%2C+environmentalists+slam+%27sell-out%27+EU-Mercosur+trade+deal&rft.pub=France24&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190629-eu-south-america-agriculture-trade-mercosur-farmers-environmentalists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses">"EU urged to halt trade talks with S. America over Brazil abuses"</a>. France 24. 18 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825102307/https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=EU+urged+to+halt+trade+talks+with+S.+America+over+Brazil+abuses&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2019/jul/02/barter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil">"We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks"</a>. The Guardian. 2 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824153649/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2019/jul/02/barter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=We+must+not+barter+the+Amazon+rainforest+for+burgers+and+steaks&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fjul%2F02%2Fbarter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ampuja, Marko. Theorizing Globalization: A Critique of the Mediatization of Social Theory (Brill, 2012)</li> <li>Conner, Tom, and Ikuko Torimoto, eds. Globalization Redux: New Name, Same Game (University Press of America, 2004).</li> <li>Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. "Globalization." in Handbook of Political Anthropology (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).</li> <li>Frey, James W. "The Global Moment: The Emergence of Globality, 1866–1867, and the Origins of Nineteenth-Century Globalization." The Historian 81.1 (2019): 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-582097534/the-global-moment-the-emergence-of-globality-1866-1867">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203212404/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-582097534/the-global-moment-the-emergence-of-globality-1866-1867">Archived</a> 3 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, focus on trade and Suez Canal</li> <li>Gunder Frank, Andre, and Robert A. Denemark. ReOrienting the 19th Century: Global Economy in the Continuing Asian Age (Paradigm Publishers, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2020" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2020). The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World―and Globalization Began. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501194108" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501194108"><bdi>978-1501194108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+1000%3A+When+Explorers+Connected+the+World%E2%80%95and+Globalization+Began&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1501194108&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobalization" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hopkins, A.G., ed. Globalization in World History (Norton, 2003).</li> <li>Lechner, Frank J., and John Boli, eds. The Globalization Reader (4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).</li> <li>Leibler, Anat. "The Emergence of a Global Economic Order: From Scientific Internationalism to Infrastructural Globalism." in Science, Numbers and Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) pp. 121–145 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/59992228/Science_Numbers_and_Politics20190712-70585-1255i4e.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍].</li> <li>Mir, Salam. "Colonialism, Postcolonialism, Globalization, and Arab Culture." Arab Studies Quarterly 41.1 (2019): 33–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.41.1.0033">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Olstein" title="Diego Olstein">Olstein, Diego</a> (2015) "Proto-globalization and Proto-glocalizations in the Middle Millennium." In Kedar, Benjamin and Wiesner-Hanks, Merry (Eds.), Cambridge World History. Volume 5: Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conquest, 500–1500 CE. Cambridge University Press, pp. 665–684</li> <li>Pfister, Ulrich (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/globalization/ulrich-pfister-globalization?set_language=en&-C=">Globalization</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: 25 March 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060507">pdf</a>).</li> <li>Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. Globalization and culture: Global mélange (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).</li> <li>Rosenberg, Justin. "Globalization Theory: A Post Mortem," International Politics 42:1 (2005), 2–74.</li> <li>Steger, Manfred B. Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2017)</li> <li>Van Der Bly, Martha C.E. "Globalization: A Triumph of Ambiguity," Current Sociology 53:6 (November 2005), 875–893</li> <li>Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Globalization or the Age of Transition? A Long-Term View of the Trajectory of the World System," International Sociology 15:2 (June 2000), 251–267.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q7181" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q7181">globalisation (Q7181)</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Globalization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Globalization">globalization</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/globalisation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:globalisation">globalisation</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/globalization" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:globalization">globalization</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Globalization" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Globalization">Globalization</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Globalization <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Globalization&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Globalization">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Globalization&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp">Comprehensive discussion of the term at the Site Global Transformations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091012141330/http://www.polity.co.uk/global/whatisglobalization.asp">Archived</a> 12 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026043416/http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/">Globalization Website (Emory University) Links, Debates, Glossary etc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/business/2007/globalisation/default.stm">BBC News Special Report – "Globalisation"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/globalisation">Globalization</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/">"Globalization" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> Analysis of the idea and its history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AFA_CALC_IN3">OECD Globalization statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~mapglobe/HTML/home.html">Mapping Globalization, Princeton University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903090326/http://www.dataworldwide.org/websites/data_indexes.htm">List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_trade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_trade" title="Template:International trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_trade" title="Template talk:International trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_advantage" title="Absolute advantage">Absolute advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_account" title="Capital account">Capital account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">Current account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">Export-oriented industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_capital_outflow" title="Net capital outflow">Net capital outflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty" title="Bilateral investment treaty">Bilateral investment treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_the_Corn_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of the Corn Laws">Repeal of the Corn Laws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedollarisation" title="Dedollarisation">Dedollarisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan,_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia">Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Customs_Union" title="Arab Customs Union">Arab Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsaharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_exporting_countries_by_product_category" title="List of top exporting countries by product category">Exports by product</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_and_spacecraft_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports">Aircraft & Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_component_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft component exports">Aircraft parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aluminium_exports" title="List of countries by aluminium exports">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_automotive_component_exports" title="List of countries by automotive component exports">Car parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal#Major_exporters" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_exports" title="List of countries by coffee exports">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_computer_exports" title="List of countries by computer exports">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_copper_exports" title="List of countries by copper exports">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cotton_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by cotton exports">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_diamond_exports" title="List of countries by diamond exports">Diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity exports">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electronics_exports" title="List of countries by electronics exports">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_engine_exports" title="List of countries by engine exports">Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gas_turbine_exports" title="List of countries by gas turbine exports">Gas turbines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_exports" title="List of countries by gold exports">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_integrated_circuit_exports" title="List of countries by integrated circuit exports">Integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-ore_exports_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-ore exports by country">Iron ore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_live_animal_exports" title="List of countries by live animal exports">Live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_refined_petroleum_exports" title="List of countries by refined petroleum exports">Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pharmaceutical_exports" title="List of countries by pharmaceutical exports">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_photovoltaics_exports" title="List of countries by photovoltaics exports">Photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ship_exports" title="List of countries by ship exports">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production#Exports" title="List of countries by steel production">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telecommunications_equipment_exports" title="List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telephone_exports" title="List of countries by telephone exports">Telephones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_textile_exports" title="List of countries by textile exports">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_truck_exports" title="List of countries by truck exports">Trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicle_exports" title="List of countries by vehicle exports">Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine#Exporting_countries" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:International_trade" title="Category:International trade">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_trade" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International trade">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics / sociology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non–academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. 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