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income ineqaulity</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: gender income ineqaulity"> <meta name="keywords" content="gender income ineqaulity"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="gender income ineqaulity"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3735</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: gender income ineqaulity</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3735</span> Breaking the Stained-Glass Ceiling: Personality Traits and Ambivalent Sexism in Shaping Gender Income Equality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiza%20Shahid">Shiza Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saba%20Shahid"> Saba Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenji%20Noguchi"> Kenji Noguchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raegan%20Bishop"> Raegan Bishop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Stepanova"> Elena Stepanova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2020, in the United States, women who worked full-time earned only 82 cents for every dollar earned by men who worked full-time, year-round. This study examined how personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience) interacts with ambivalent sexism to influence acceptance of gender income inequality. Using a quantitative method approach, this study collected data from a sample of N=150 students from Social Science Online Subject Pool (SONA). The study predicted that (a) extraversion and openness to experience would be positively related to acceptance of gender income inequality, while emotional stability and agreeableness would be negatively related to acceptance of gender income inequality, (b) Individuals who scored higher on measures of hostile sexism would show greater acceptance of gender income inequality than individuals who score higher on measures of benevolent sexism. The results were reported according to the predictions for the study. This study broadens the importance of addressing the underlying factors contributing to attitudes towards gender income inequality and contributes to ongoing efforts to achieve gender equality, which is important for promoting economic well-being. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20income%20ineqaulity" title="gender income ineqaulity">gender income ineqaulity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambivalent%20sexism" title=" ambivalent sexism"> ambivalent sexism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personality%20traits" title=" personality traits"> personality traits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development%20goals" title=" sustainable development goals"> sustainable development goals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179264/breaking-the-stained-glass-ceiling-personality-traits-and-ambivalent-sexism-in-shaping-gender-income-equality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3734</span> Impact of Financial Inclusion on Gender Inequality: An Empirical Examination</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumanta%20Kumar%20Saha">Sumanta Kumar Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jie%20Qin"> Jie Qin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study analyzes the impact of financial inclusion on gender inequality in 126 countries belonging to different income groups during the 2005–2019 period. Due to its positive influence on poverty alleviation, economic growth, women empowerment, and income inequality reduction, financial inclusion may help reduce gender equality. This study constructs a novel composite financial inclusion index and applies both fixed-effect panel estimation and instrumental variable approach to examine the impact of financial inclusion on gender inequality. The results indicate that financial inclusion can reduce gender inequality in developing and low- and lower-middle-income countries, but not in higher-income countries. The impact is not always immediate. Past financial inclusion initiatives have a significant influence on future gender inequality. Financial inclusion is also significant if the poverty level is high and women's access to financial services is low compared to men. When the poverty level is low, or women have equal access to financial services, financial inclusion does not significantly affect gender inequality. The study finds that compulsory education and improvement in institutional quality promote gender equality in developing countries apart from financial inclusion. The study proposes that lower-income countries use financial inclusion initiatives to improve gender equality. Other countries need to focus on other aspects such as promoting educational support and institutional quality improvements to achieve gender equality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20inclusion" title="financial inclusion">financial inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20inequality" title=" gender inequality"> gender inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutional%20quality" title=" institutional quality"> institutional quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20empowerment" title=" women empowerment"> women empowerment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148324/impact-of-financial-inclusion-on-gender-inequality-an-empirical-examination" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3733</span> Gender Differences in the Prediction of Smartphone Use While Driving: Personal and Social Factors </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erez%20Kita">Erez Kita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gil%20Luria"> Gil Luria</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines gender as a boundary condition for the relationship between the psychological variable of mindfulness and the social variable of income with regards to the use of smartphones by young drivers. The use of smartphones while driving increases the likelihood of a car accident, endangering young drivers and other road users. The study sample included 186 young drivers who were legally permitted to drive without supervision. The subjects were first asked to complete questionnaires on mindfulness and income. Next, their smartphone use while driving was monitored over a one-month period. This study is unique as it used an objective smartphone monitoring application (rather than self-reporting) to count the number of times the young participants actually touched their smartphones while driving. The findings show that gender moderates the effects of social and personal factors (i.e., income and mindfulness) on the use of smartphones while driving. The pattern of moderation was similar for both social and personal factors. For men, mindfulness and income are negatively associated with the use of smartphones while driving. These factors are not related to the use of smartphones by women drivers. Mindfulness and income can be used to identify male populations that are at risk of using smartphones while driving. Interventions that improve mindfulness can be used to reduce the use of smartphones by male drivers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mindfulness" title="mindfulness">mindfulness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=using%20smartphones%20while%20driving" title=" using smartphones while driving"> using smartphones while driving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income" title=" income"> income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20drivers" title=" young drivers"> young drivers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118529/gender-differences-in-the-prediction-of-smartphone-use-while-driving-personal-and-social-factors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3732</span> Gender Equality for the Environment: Positioning India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nivedita%20Roy">Nivedita Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aparajita%20Chattopadhyay"> Aparajita Chattopadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gender discrimination is already one of the major factors why India is still in the list of the 3rd World Countries, but, when it comes to gender inclusion in the environmental arena, this umbrella concept is quite unheard of by our countrymen. The main objective was to assess gender equality for the environment through calculating Environment and Gender Index on a country level, India, in this case. 22 states out of 29 were considered for calculation. Also, out of the 72 countries chosen by IUCN to calculate EGI, the lower middle income group of countries was chosen to assess the position of India, also a lower middle income group country, among them. Linear Regression is executed through SPSS and simple graphs and tables are prepared through MS-EXCEL for analysis. India portrays good governance, reporting activities well to the UN but in terms of basic livelihood and gender equality, the performance is comparatively weak. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title="environment">environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood" title=" livelihood"> livelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rights" title=" rights"> rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participation" title=" participation"> participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title=" conservation"> conservation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34444/gender-equality-for-the-environment-positioning-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34444.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3731</span> The Value Relevance of Components of Other Comprehensive Income When Net Income Is Disaggregated</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taisier%20A.%20Zoubi">Taisier A. Zoubi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feras%20Salama"> Feras Salama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmud%20Hossain"> Mahmud Hossain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yass%20A.%20Alkafaji"> Yass A. Alkafaji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to examine the equity pricing of other comprehensive income when earnings are disaggregated into several components. Our findings indicate that other comprehensive income can better explain variation in stock returns when net income is reported in a disaggregated form. Additionally, we found that disaggregating both net income and other comprehensive income can explain more of the variation in the stock returns than the two summary components of comprehensive income. Our results survive a series of robustness checks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20valuation" title="market valuation">market valuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=other%20comprehensive%20income" title=" other comprehensive income"> other comprehensive income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value-relevance" title=" value-relevance"> value-relevance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incremental%20information%20content" title=" incremental information content "> incremental information content </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31604/the-value-relevance-of-components-of-other-comprehensive-income-when-net-income-is-disaggregated" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3730</span> Gendered Effects on Productivity Gap Due to Information Asymmetry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shruti%20Sengupta">Shruti Sengupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the nationally representative data, about 73% of India's rural workforce is engaged in agriculture. While women make significant contributions to total agriculture production, they contribute to about one-third in India. In terms of gender composition, about 80% of the female and 69% of the male workforce is engaged in agriculture in rural India. Still, it is common to find gender differences in plot management within the household. In the last two and half years, India's agri-food system has undergone several changes due to this pandemic, both the demand and supply side, making agriculture more information and knowledge-intensive. Therefore, this paper investigates, using a nationally representative sample, how information asymmetry affects the net returns per hectare of land between female and male farm managers. Empirical results show that information intensity has a significant positive effect on net farm returns per hectare. Results suggest that if females have the same access to technical information as their male counterparts, their farm income can go up by .96 pp compared to male-headed farms. Results also indicate that literate females have higher farm incomes than non-literate females. The study contributes to the literature by employing gender differentials in farm income due to the information gap. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20asymmetry" title=" information asymmetry"> information asymmetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farm%20income" title=" farm income"> farm income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20bias" title=" social bias"> social bias</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153772/gendered-effects-on-productivity-gap-due-to-information-asymmetry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3729</span> Gendered Effects on Productivity Gap Due to Information Asymmetry in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shruti%20Sengupta">Shruti Sengupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the nationally representative data, about 73% of India's rural workforce is engaged in agriculture. While women make significant contributions to total agriculture production, they contribute to about one-third in India. In terms of gender composition, about 80% of the female and 69% of the male workforce is engaged in agriculture in rural India. Still, it is common to find gender differences in plot management within the household. In the last two and half years, India's agri-food system has undergone several changes due to this pandemic, both the demand and supply side, making agriculture more information and knowledge-intensive. Therefore, this paper investigates, using a nationally representative sample, how information asymmetry affects the net returns per hectare of land between female and male farm managers. Empirical results show that information intensity has a significant positive effect on net farm returns per hectare. Results suggest that if females have the same access to technical information as their male counterparts, their farm income can go up by .96 pp compared to male-headed farms. Results also indicate that literate females have higher farm incomes than non-literate females. The study contributes to the literature by employing gender differentials in farm income due to the information gap. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20asymmetry" title=" information asymmetry"> information asymmetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farm%20income" title=" farm income"> farm income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20bias" title=" social bias"> social bias</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154149/gendered-effects-on-productivity-gap-due-to-information-asymmetry-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3728</span> Poverty Status and Determinants of Income Diversification among Rural Households of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saba%20Javed">Saba Javed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Majeed%20Nadeem"> Abdul Majeed Nadeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Qaiser"> Imran Qaiser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Asif%20Kamran"> Muhammad Asif Kamran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azka%20Amin"> Azka Amin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is designed to determine the poverty status and determinants of income diversification in rural areas of Pakistan using cross sectional data of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) for 2010-2011. The variables used for measuring income diversification are demographic indicators, poverty status, and income of households. Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures show that 43.1% poor and 56.9% non-poor resided in rural areas of Pakistan. A Tobit model was employed to examine the determinants of livelihood diversification among households. The result showed that age, gender, marital status, household size and province have significant impact on income diversification. The data show that non-poor and female headed household with higher family size diversify more as compared to poor, male headed household with small size of family members. The place of residence (province used as proxy for place) also plays important role for income diversification as Sindh Province was found more diversified as compared to Punjab and Khyber Pakhtoon Kha (KPK). It is recommended to improve the ways of income diversification among rural household to reduce poverty among them. This can be done by more investment in education with universal access for poor and remote localities households. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poverty" title="poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income%20diversification" title=" income diversification"> income diversification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20Pakistan" title=" rural Pakistan"> rural Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tobit%20regression%20model" title=" Tobit regression model"> Tobit regression model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FGT" title=" FGT "> FGT </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12533/poverty-status-and-determinants-of-income-diversification-among-rural-households-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12533.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3727</span> Contribution of Income Diversification to Total Rural Households Income in the Upper East Region, Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yakubu%20Abdulai">Yakubu Abdulai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenichi%20Matsui"> Kenichi Matsui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The agricultural industry has faced a variety of challenges in meeting the expanding income demand of the rural population. As a result, rural households must diversify their income sources to meet their income demand. Although income diversification strategies help rural households, it contributes to total household income, and the socio-demographic determinants are not known in the Upper East Region of Ghana. For these reasons, the purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of income diversification strategies to household income and the socio-demographic factors influencing it. We conducted a questionnaire survey among 360 rural households in the Upper East Region of Ghana. We asked about their socio-demographic information, their choice of income diversification strategies, and their remittances through rural-city migration. The questionnaire survey findings demonstrate that the main livelihood income source contributes 22%, and on-farm income diversification contributes the most to household total income (47%), followed by non-farm diversification income (16%) and off-farm diversification income (15%). Calculations from the income diversity index showed that the average income diversification strategy was 0.5 out of 1. The calculation of the income dependence index also showed that the average dependent on a particular source of income was 0.2 out of 1. All the respondents said household members temporarily migrate to contribute to household income through remittances. The results further reveal that their choice of income diversification is influenced by their age, educational background, experience, and farm size. The paper recommends the promotion of rural development policies that increase income-generating activities and educate rural households on how to increase returns from their investment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income%20diversification" title="income diversification">income diversification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poverty%20alleviation" title=" poverty alleviation"> poverty alleviation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20households" title=" rural households"> rural households</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upper%20east%20region" title=" upper east region"> upper east region</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158048/contribution-of-income-diversification-to-total-rural-households-income-in-the-upper-east-region-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158048.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3726</span> Bound By Patriarchy: Women’s Experience of Internal Migration in Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fouzia%20Mannan">Fouzia Mannan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepa%20Joshi"> Deepa Joshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Millions of Bangladeshis move from low-income agrarian villages to the country’s urban landscape with the hope to gain from the rapidly-growing middle-income urban, industrial future. However, the economic gains are mostly offset by new forms of extreme depravity, indignity, and inequality. Nonetheless, many scholars report unique gendered gains through migration - the rupture of traditional, entrenched inequalities by gender, providing women not only reliable incomes but also the opportunity to re-negotiate gendered roles, responsibilities and identities. In this study, we present the reflections of ten long-term urban migrant women in Dhaka city: of their gains, their losses as well as their aspirations for the future. Our findings show the incredibly high costs of a migration that is induced by desperate rural poverty. Further, we find that patriarchy persists - within the often 'kutcha' walls of urban low-income homes to the nature of so-called economic opportunities - in the constant intertwining of capitalism, globalization, and patriarchy. Caught in between, women have little choice but to cope with these new vulnerabilities by relying on the very norms and boundaries established by patriarchy and by recreating patriarchy to celebrate the (if) gains from displacement and migration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20migration" title=" internal migration"> internal migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patriarchy" title=" patriarchy"> patriarchy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urbanization" title=" urbanization"> urbanization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87257/bound-by-patriarchy-womens-experience-of-internal-migration-in-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87257.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3725</span> 'Gender' and 'Gender Equalities': Conceptual Issues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moustafa%20Ali">Moustafa Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to discuss and question some of the widely accepted concepts within the conceptual framework of gender from terminological, scientific, and Muslim cultural perspectives, and to introduce a new definition and a model of gender in the Arab and Muslim societies. This paper, therefore, uses a generic methodology and document analysis and comes in three sections and a conclusion. The first section discusses some of the terminological issues in the conceptual framework of gender. The second section highlights scientific issues, introduces a definition and a model of gender, whereas the third section offers Muslim cultural perspectives on some issues related to gender in the Muslim world. The paper, then, concludes with findings and recommendations reached so far. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20definition" title="gender definition">gender definition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20equalities" title=" gender equalities"> gender equalities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sex-gender%20separability" title=" sex-gender separability"> sex-gender separability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fairness-based%20model%20of%20gender" title=" fairness-based model of gender"> fairness-based model of gender</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119455/gender-and-gender-equalities-conceptual-issues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3724</span> The Erasure of Sex and Gender Minorities by Misusing Sex and Gender in Public Health</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tessalyn%20Morrison">Tessalyn Morrison</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexis%20Dinno"> Alexis Dinno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taurica%20Salmon"> Taurica Salmon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sex and gender conflation continue to perpetuate the invisibility of gender minorities and obscure information about the ways that biological sex and gender affect health. The misuse of sex and gender terms, and their respective binaries, can yield inaccurate results. But more importantly, it contributes to the erasure of sex and gender minority health experiences. This paper discusses ways in which public health researchers can use sex and gender terms correctly and center the health experiences of intersex, transgender, non binary, and a-gender individuals. It includes promoting sensitivity in approaching minority communities, improving survey questions, and collaborating with sex and gender minority communities to improve research quality and participant experiences. Improving our standards for the quality of sex and gender term usage and centering sex and gender minorities in public health research are imperative to address the health inequalities faced by sex and gender minorities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epidemiology" title="epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersex" title=" intersex"> intersex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20methods" title=" research methods"> research methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sex" title=" sex"> sex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transgender" title=" transgender"> transgender</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130169/the-erasure-of-sex-and-gender-minorities-by-misusing-sex-and-gender-in-public-health" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3723</span> Consent, Agency and Abuse: Intimate Partner Violence in the Indian Context: A Primary Study Based on Working Women from Lower Income Groups in Smart Cities across North India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shirin%20Abbas">Shirin Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Kumar%20Dubey"> Sandeep Kumar Dubey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most common forms of gender-based violence (GBV) and is classified as discrimination on the basis of gender. Article 2 of the non-binding UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (DEVAW). This was adopted in 1993 as the first international pronouncement regarding violence against women, including physical, sexual, and psychological violence in the family (i.e., domestic violence, marital rape, battery, statutory rape, rape by male members of the family, etc.) While crime against women continues unabated, the Indian government has strongly refuted the 2018 study by the Thomson Reuters Foundation categorizing India as a risky country for women due to the high risk of sexual violence and being forced into slave labour, according to a poll of global experts. This paper has explored consent, agency, and abuse through the lens of intimate partner violence among women from lower income groups in smart cities in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Using focused mapping, the paper has explored the situation on IPV internationally and studied the status of working women from lower income groups to ascertain if their lot was any different where IPV was concerned to study. The findings of the study also vindicate global reports which rate India as a country unsafe for women, even within marriage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consent%20and%20agency" title="consent and agency">consent and agency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20violence" title=" domestic violence"> domestic violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20based%20violence%20GBV" title=" gender based violence GBV"> gender based violence GBV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intimate%20partner%20violence%20IPV" title=" intimate partner violence IPV"> intimate partner violence IPV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159113/consent-agency-and-abuse-intimate-partner-violence-in-the-indian-context-a-primary-study-based-on-working-women-from-lower-income-groups-in-smart-cities-across-north-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3722</span> Ex-Post Export Data for Differentiated Products Revealing the Existence of Productcycles </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranajoy%20Bhattcharyya">Ranajoy Bhattcharyya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We estimate international product cycles as shifting product spaces by using 1976 to 2010 UN Comtrade data on all differentiated tradable products in all countries. We use a product space approach to identify the representative product baskets of high-, middle and low-income countries and then use these baskets to identify the patterns of change in comparative advantage of countries over time. We find evidence of a product cycle in two senses: First, high-, middle- and low-income countries differ in comparative advantage, and high-income products migrate to the middle-income basket. A similar pattern is observed for middle- and low-income countries. Our estimation of the lag shows that middle-income countries tend to quickly take up the products of high-income countries, but low-income countries take a longer time absorbing these products. Thus, the gap between low- and middle-income countries is considerably higher than that between middle- and high-income nations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=product%20cycle" title="product cycle">product cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20advantage" title=" comparative advantage"> comparative advantage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=representative%20product%20basket" title=" representative product basket"> representative product basket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ex-post%20data" title=" ex-post data "> ex-post data </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22221/ex-post-export-data-for-differentiated-products-revealing-the-existence-of-productcycles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22221.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3721</span> The Effect of Human Capital and Oil Revenue on Income Distribution in Real Sample</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marjan%20Majdi">Marjan Majdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MohammadAli%20Moradi"> MohammadAli Moradi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Samarikhalaj"> Elham Samarikhalaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Income distribution is one of the most topics in macro economic theories. There are many categories in economy such as income distribution that have the most influenced by economic policies. Human capital has an impact on economic growth and it has significant effect on income distributions. The results of this study confirm that the effects of oil revenue and human capital on income distribution are negative and significant but the value of the estimated coefficient is too small in a real sample in period time (1969-2006). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gini%20coefficient" title="gini coefficient">gini coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20capital" title=" human capital"> human capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income%20distribution" title=" income distribution"> income distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20revenue" title=" oil revenue"> oil revenue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27395/the-effect-of-human-capital-and-oil-revenue-on-income-distribution-in-real-sample" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">636</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3720</span> The Role of ICT for Income Inequality: The Model and the Simulations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoji%20Katagiri">Shoji Katagiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is to clarify the relationship between ICT and income inequality. To do so, we develop the general equilibrium model with ICT investment, obtain the equilibrium solutions, and then simulate the model with these solutions for some OECD countries. As a result, generally, during the corresponding periods we confirm that the relationship between ICT investment and income inequality is positive. In this mode, the increment of the ratio of ICT investment to the aggregated investment in stock enhances the capital’s share of income, and finally leads to income inequality such as the increase of the share of the top decile income. Although we confirm the positive relationship between ICT investment and income inequality, the upward trend for that relationship depends on the values of parameters for the making use of the simulations and these parameters are not deterministic in the magnitudes on the calculated results for the simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICT" title="ICT">ICT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequality" title=" inequality"> inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capital%20accumulation" title=" capital accumulation"> capital accumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology" title=" technology"> technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82723/the-role-of-ict-for-income-inequality-the-model-and-the-simulations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3719</span> Low-Income African-American Fathers' Gendered Relationships with Their Children: A Study Examining the Impact of Child Gender on Father-Child Interactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Lim%20Haslip">M. Lim Haslip</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This quantitative study explores the correlation between child gender and father-child interactions. The author analyzes data from videotaped interactions between African-American fathers and their boy or girl toddler to explain how African-American fathers and toddlers interact with each other and whether these interactions differ by child gender. The purpose of this study is to investigate the research question: 'How, if at all, do fathers’ speech and gestures differ when interacting with their two-year-old sons versus daughters during free play?' The objectives of this study are to describe how child gender impacts African-American fathers’ verbal communication, examine how fathers gesture and speak to their toddler by gender, and to guide interventions for low-income African-American families and their children in early language development. This study involves a sample of 41 low-income African-American fathers and their 24-month-old toddlers. The videotape data will be used to observe 10-minute father-child interactions during free play. This study uses the already transcribed and coded data provided by Dr. Meredith Rowe, who did her study on the impact of African-American fathers’ verbal input on their children’s language development. The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES program), created to study conversational interactions, was used for transcription and coding of the videotape data. The findings focus on the quantity of speech, diversity of speech, complexity of speech, and the quantity of gesture to inform the vocabulary usage, number of spoken words, length of speech, and the number of object pointings observed during father-toddler interactions in a free play setting. This study will help intervention and prevention scientists understand early language development in the African-American population. It will contribute to knowledge of the role of African-American fathers’ interactions on their children’s language development. It will guide interventions for the early language development of African-American children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20engagement" title="parental engagement">parental engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20language%20development" title=" early language development"> early language development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African-American%20families" title=" African-American families"> African-American families</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantity%20of%20speech" title=" quantity of speech"> quantity of speech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity%20of%20speech" title=" diversity of speech"> diversity of speech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complexity%20of%20speech%20and%20the%20quantity%20of%20gesture" title=" complexity of speech and the quantity of gesture"> complexity of speech and the quantity of gesture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129738/low-income-african-american-fathers-gendered-relationships-with-their-children-a-study-examining-the-impact-of-child-gender-on-father-child-interactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129738.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3718</span> Impact of the Government Ghana Block Farm Program on Rural Households in Northern Ghana </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antwi%20Kwaku%20Dei">Antwi Kwaku Dei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyford%20Conrad%20Power"> Lyford Conrad Power</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the outcome of participating in the government of Ghana block farm program on rural households’ farm productivity, income, food security and nutritional status in Northern Ghana using cross-sectional data. Data analysis was done using the Instrumental Variable and the Heckman Selection Bias procedures. Our analysis indicates that participation in the block farm program significantly increased directly the productivity of maize, rice, and soybean by 21.3 percent, 15.8 percent, and 12.3 percent respectively. Also, the program participation was found to increase households’ farm income by 20 percent in northern Ghana. Furthermore, program participation was found to improve household food security and nutrition by 19 percent and 14 percent respectively through income effect. Based on the benefit-cost ratio of 1.59 the results from the study recommends that the program is expanded to other communities in the northern region. Further analysis indicates that rural households’ decision to participate in food security intervention programs is significantly influenced by factors including the gender of the household head, the age of the household head, and household size. Results of the study further show that gender of household head, household size, household monthly income, household assets, women educational status, the age of women, marital status of women, are significant determinants of food security and nutrition status in Northern Ghana. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20farm%20program" title="block farm program">block farm program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farm%20productivity" title=" farm productivity"> farm productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=""></a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20food%20security" title=" household food security"> household food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Northern%20Ghana" title=" Northern Ghana"> Northern Ghana</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82027/impact-of-the-government-ghana-block-farm-program-on-rural-households-in-northern-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82027.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3717</span> Tax Evasion and Macroeconomic (In)stability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Neng%20Wang">Wei-Neng Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jhy-Yuan%20Shieh"> Jhy-Yuan Shieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jhy-Hwa%20Chen"> Jhy-Hwa Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juin-Jen%20Chang"> Juin-Jen Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper incorporate tax evasion into a one-sector real business cycle (RBC) model to explores the quantitative interrelations between income tax rate and equilibrium (in)determinacy, and income tax rate is endogenously determined in order to balance the government budget. We find that the level of the effective income tax rate is key factor for equilibrium (in)determinacy, instead of the level of income tax rate in a tax evasion economy. Under an economy with tax evasion, the higher income tax rate is not sufficiently to lead to equilibrium indeterminate, it must combine with a necessary condition which is the lower fraction of tax evasion and that can result in agents' optimistic expectations to become self-fulfilling and sunspot fluctuation more likely to occur. On the other hand, an economy with tax evasion can see its macroeconomy become more stabilize, and a higher fraction of income tax evasion may has a stronger stabilizing effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tax%20evasion" title="tax evasion">tax evasion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=balanced-budget%20rule" title=" balanced-budget rule"> balanced-budget rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equlibirium%20%28in%29determinacy" title=" equlibirium (in)determinacy"> equlibirium (in)determinacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20income%20tax%20rate" title=" effective income tax rate"> effective income tax rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181651/tax-evasion-and-macroeconomic-instability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3716</span> Theorizing Income Inequality in the Face of Financial Globalization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Sheng">Li Sheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on an extended post-Keynesian model, we find that the association between the savings rate and income inequality is negative if savers’ funds are borrowed by spending households for consumption but positive if savings are channeled to investing firms for production. A negative association, such as the one that exists in the U.S., hinges on an income illusion created by an asset bubble and cheap credit. Thus, financial globalization leads consumption and income inequality to diverge, and the divergence is more extreme if lower-income groups have higher debt ratios. A positive association, such as the one that exists in China, relates to liquidity constraints faced by consumers such that consumption inequality closely follows income inequality. Our results imply that income inequality must be reduced in both types of countries to increase savings in deficit economies with negative associations and to reduce savings in surplus economies with positive associations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=savings%20rate" title="savings rate">savings rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income%20inequality" title=" income inequality"> income inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20globalization" title=" financial globalization"> financial globalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20imbalances" title=" global imbalances"> global imbalances</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20776/theorizing-income-inequality-in-the-face-of-financial-globalization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20776.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3715</span> Income Diversification of Small Holder Farmers in Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oladipo%20Joseph%20Ajayi">Oladipo Joseph Ajayi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yakubu%20Muhammed"> Yakubu Muhammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caleb%20Galadima"> Caleb Galadima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to examine the income diversification of smallholder farmers in Bosso Local Government area of Niger state, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, identify the sources of income among the farmers, determine the pattern of income diversification and evaluate the determinants of income diversification of farmers in the study area. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 94 respondents for the study. Primary data were used, and these were collected with aid of a well structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, diversity index, and Tobit regression model were employed to analyze the data. The mean age of the farmers was 44 years. The average household size was 8 members per household, and the average farming experience was 12 years. 21.27 percent did not have formal education. It was further found that 69.1 percent of the respondents had an income diversity index of 0.3-0.4. This indicated that their level of income diversification was moderately low. The determinants of income diversification in the study area were education, household size, marital status, and primary income. These variables were positively related to income diversification. The study revealed that diversification into various income sources has helped to increase household income to sustain the family demands even though their level of income diversification was low within the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversification" title="diversification">diversification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income" title=" income"> income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=households" title=" households"> households</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smallholder%20farmers" title=" smallholder farmers"> smallholder farmers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87504/income-diversification-of-small-holder-farmers-in-bosso-local-government-area-of-niger-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3714</span> The Influence of Grammatical Gender on Socially Constructed Gender in English, Dutch, and German</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noah%20Brandon">Noah Brandon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Grammatical gender can create a restrictive roadblock for the usage of gender-inclusive language. This research describes grammatical gender structures used in English, Dutch, and German and considers how these structures restrict the implementation of gender inclusivity in spoken and written discourse. This restriction is measured by the frequency with which gender-inclusive & generic masculine forms are used and by the morphosyntactic complexity of the gender-inclusive forms available in these languages. These languages form a continuum of grammatical gender structures, with English having the least articulated structures and German having the most. This leads to a comparative analysis intended to establish a correlation between the complexity of gender structure and the difficulty of using gender-inclusive forms. English, on one side of the continuum, maintains only remnants of a formal grammatical gender system and imposes the fewest restrictions on the creation of neo-pronouns and the use of gender-inclusive alternatives to gendered agentive nouns. Next, the Dutch have a functionally two-gender system with less freedom using gender-neutral forms. Lastly, German, on the other end, has a three-gender system requiring a plethora of morphosyntactic and orthographic alternatives to avoid using generic masculine. The paper argues that the complexity of grammatical gender structures correlates with hindered use of gender-inclusive forms. Going forward, efforts will focus on gathering further data on the usage of gender-inclusive and generic masculine forms within these languages. The end goal of this research is to establish a definitive objective correlation between grammatical gender complexity and impediments in expressing socially constructed gender. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociolinguistics" title="sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20and%20gender" title=" language and gender"> language and gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Germanic%20linguistics" title=" Germanic linguistics"> Germanic linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammatical%20gender" title=" grammatical gender"> grammatical gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=German" title=" German"> German</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dutch" title=" Dutch"> Dutch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English" title=" English"> English</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172818/the-influence-of-grammatical-gender-on-socially-constructed-gender-in-english-dutch-and-german" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3713</span> Beyond Matchmaking: Exploring the Mechanisms from Assortative Mating to Child Aggression in a Chinese Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shan%20Jiang">Shan Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Child aggression represents a significant global issue, with its familial determinants being crucial. Family is a vital context for child development, but prior research on the impact of parental assortative mating on child aggression is limited. This study investigates the effects of assortative mating on child aggression, elucidating the mediating mechanisms involved and examining gender-specific responses, within a substantial sample of 10,570 parents and their children, grades 1-6, in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. The findings indicate that children exhibit a significant increase in aggressive behaviors when maternal income surpasses paternal income, contrasted with families where the father's income is higher. The study identifies family communication, co-parenting quality, and parental problem-solving strategies as significant mediators in the relationship between parental income/education differences and child aggression. This research contributes to understanding the parental influence on child behavior within the family system and offers valuable implications for child protection policy and intervention strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assortative%20mating" title="assortative mating">assortative mating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggression" title=" aggression"> aggression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family" title=" family"> family</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183401/beyond-matchmaking-exploring-the-mechanisms-from-assortative-mating-to-child-aggression-in-a-chinese-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3712</span> Gender Differences in the Descriptions of Shape</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shu-Feng%20Chang">Shu-Feng Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the past years, gender issues have been discussed in many fields. It causes such differences not only in physical field but also in mental field. Gender differences also appear in our daily life, especially in the communication of spoken language. This statement was proved in the descriptions of color. However, the research about describing shape was fewer. The purpose of the study was to determine the description of the shape was different or alike due to gender. If it was different, this difference was dissimilar or as the same as the conclusion of color. Data were collected on the shape descriptions by 15 female and 15male participants in describing five pictures. As a result, it was really different for the descriptions of shape due to gender factor. The findings of shape descriptions were almost as the same as color naming with gender factor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title="gender">gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naming" title=" naming"> naming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shape" title=" shape"> shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociolinguistics" title=" sociolinguistics"> sociolinguistics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81193/gender-differences-in-the-descriptions-of-shape" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81193.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3711</span> Income Inequality among Selected Entrepreneurs in Ondo State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.O.%20Ehinmowo">O.O. Ehinmowo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.I.%20Fatuase"> A.I. Fatuase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.F.%20Oke"> D.F. Oke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigeria is endowed with resources that could boost the economy as well as generate income and provide jobs to the teaming populace. One of the keys of attaining this is by making the environment conducive for the entrepreneurs to excel in their respective enterprises so that more income could be accrued to the entrepreneurs. This study therefore examines income inequality among selected entrepreneurs in Ondo State, Nigeria using primary data. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents for the study with the aid of structured questionnaire and personal interview. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Double - Log regression model. Results revealed that majority of the entrepreneurs (63%) were males and 90% were married with an average age of 44 years. About 40% of the respondents spent at most 12 years in school with 81% of the respondents had 4-6 members per household, while hair dressing (43.5%) and fashion designing (31.5%) were the most common enterprises among the sampled respondents. The findings also showed that majority of the entrepreneurs in hairdressing, fashion designing and laundry service earned below N200,000 per annum while the majority of those in restaurant and food vending earned between N400,000 – N600,000 followed by the entrepreneurs in pure water enterprise where majority earned N800,000 and above per annum. The result of the Gini coefficient (0.58) indicated that there was presence of inequality among the entrepreneurs which was also affirmed by the Lorenz curve. The Regression results showed that gender, household size and number of employees significantly affected the income of the entrepreneurs in the study area. Therefore, more female households should be encouraged into entrepreneurial businesses and government should give incentive cum conductive environment that could bridge the disparity in the income of the entrepreneurs in their various enterprises. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurs" title="entrepreneurs">entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gini%20coefficient" title=" Gini coefficient"> Gini coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income%20inequality" title=" income inequality"> income inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lorenz%20curve" title=" Lorenz curve"> Lorenz curve</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35191/income-inequality-among-selected-entrepreneurs-in-ondo-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3710</span> The Effect of Satisfaction with the Internet on Online Shopping Attitude With TAM Approach Controlled By Gender</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Velly%20Anatasia">Velly Anatasia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last few decades extensive research has been conducted into information technology (IT) adoption, testing a series of factors considered to be essential for improved diffusion. Some studies analyze IT characteristics such as usefulness, ease of use and/or security, others focus on the emotions and experiences of users and a third group attempts to determine the importance of socioeconomic user characteristics such as gender, educational level and income. The situation is similar regarding e-commerce, where the majority of studies have taken for granted the importance of including these variables when studying e-commerce adoption, as these were believed to explain or forecast who buys or who will buy on the internet. Nowadays, the internet has become a marketplace suitable for all ages and incomes and both genders and thus the prejudices linked to the advisability of selling certain products should be revised. The objective of this study is to test whether the socioeconomic characteristics of experienced e-shoppers such as gender rally moderate the effect of their perceptions of online shopping behavior. Current development of the online environment and the experience acquired by individuals from previous e-purchases can attenuate or even nullify the effect of these characteristics. The individuals analyzed are experienced e-shoppers i.e. individuals who often make purchases on the internet. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was broadened to include previous use of the internet and perceived self-efficacy. The perceptions and behavior of e-shoppers are based on their own experiences. The information obtained will be tested using questionnaires which were distributed and self-administered to respondent accustomed using internet. The causal model is estimated using structural equation modeling techniques (SEM), followed by tests of the moderating effect of socioeconomic variables on perceptions and online shopping behavior. The expected findings of this study indicated that gender moderate neither the influence of previous use of the internet nor the perceptions of e-commerce. In short, they do not condition the behavior of the experienced e-shopper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Internet%20shopping" title="Internet shopping">Internet shopping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=age%20groups" title=" age groups"> age groups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income" title=" income"> income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20commerce" title=" electronic commerce"> electronic commerce</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26593/the-effect-of-satisfaction-with-the-internet-on-online-shopping-attitude-with-tam-approach-controlled-by-gender" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3709</span> Ways to Spend Time at an Airport before Boarding a Flight</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amol%20Parikh">Amol Parikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this study is to understand the most preferred ways to spend time at an airport while waiting for a flight to board. Survey was done on 1639 people of the United States of America. In the overall data, it was found that majority people always preferred spending time doing something in their mobile phone. Second most preferred option was reading something, followed by wanting a companion to talk to or to eat/drink. Least preferred option was to eat/drink alone. Overall data was then filtered based on age, gender, income and urban density groups. Percentage of people wanting to use a mobile phone was highest in the age group of 18-24. People aged 45 and above chose reading as the most preferred option. In any of the ranges of income, gender or urban density using mobile phone was the most preferred option. Conclusion of this study is that introducing a mobile app to search for a companion at an airport to do like minded activity would get noticed by majority travelers and would be a business idea worth trying as wanting a companion to talk or eat/drink with is not the least preferred option. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waiting%20for%20a%20flight" title="waiting for a flight">waiting for a flight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=airport" title=" airport"> airport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20phone" title=" mobile phone"> mobile phone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=companion" title=" companion"> companion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50877/ways-to-spend-time-at-an-airport-before-boarding-a-flight" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50877.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3708</span> Gender Differences in Attitudes to Technology in Primary Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radek%20Novotn%C3%BD">Radek Novotný</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martina%20Man%C4%9Bnov%C3%A1"> Martina Maněnová</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article presents a summary of reviews on gender differences in perception of information and communication technology (ICT) by pupils in primary education. The article outlines the meaning of ICT in primary education then summarizes different studies of the use of ICT in primary education from the point of view of gender. The article also presents the specific differences of gender in the knowledge of modalities of use of specialized digital tools and the perception and value assigned to ICT, accordingly the article provides insight into the background of gender differences in performance in relation to ICT to determinate the complex meaning of pupils attitudes to the ICT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICT%20in%20primary%20education" title="ICT in primary education">ICT in primary education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitudes%20to%20ICT" title=" attitudes to ICT"> attitudes to ICT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20differences" title=" gender differences"> gender differences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20and%20ICT" title=" gender and ICT"> gender and ICT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60878/gender-differences-in-attitudes-to-technology-in-primary-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3707</span> Gender and Older People: Reframing Gender Analysis through Lifecycle Lens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Supriya%20Akerkar">Supriya Akerkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The UN Decade on Healthy Ageing (2021-2030) provides a new opportunity to address ageing and gender issues in different societies. The concept of gender has been used to unpack and analyse the power and constructions of gender relations in different societies. Such analysis has been employed and used to inform policy and practices of governments and non-governmental organisations to further gender equalities in their work. Yet, experiences of older women and men are often left out of such mainstream gender analysis, marginalising their existence and issues. This paper argues that new critical analytical tools are needed to capture the realities and issues of interest to older women and men. In particular, it argues that gender analysis needs to integrate analytical concepts of ageing and lifecycle approach in its framework. The paper develops such a framework by critical interrogation of the gender analysis tools that are currently applied for framing gender issues in international development and humanitarian work. Informed by the realities and experiences of older women and men, developed through a synthesis of available literature, the paper will develop a new framework for gender analysis that can be used by governments and non-government organisations in their work to further gender justice across the life cycle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ageing" title="ageing">ageing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=older%20people" title=" older people"> older people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20inclusion" title=" social inclusion"> social inclusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138412/gender-and-older-people-reframing-gender-analysis-through-lifecycle-lens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3706</span> Corruption and Income: Case of Independent Turkish Republic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahime%20H%C3%BClya%20%20%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk">Rahime Hülya Öztürk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Along with the development of globalization, the relationship between economic, politic and commercial behaviors became unlimited. The liberalization of capital has many advantages for countries, but it also has some disadvantages. In these disadvantages the most important one is corruption. Especially in Developing Countries and Underdeveloped countries, corruption is very extensive. Corruption causes inefficient use of resources and promotes income inequality. Especially in the transition period of economies corruption increases and sometimes governments don’t interfere. To fight against corruption domestic and international measures are taken. Corruption is an economic problem, but it also has social and moral effects. The aim of this study is to define the relationship between corruption and income in Independent Turkish State. In the first part of the study, the concept of corruption is examined. In the second part of the study, information about The Independent Turkish Republic is given. In the third part of the study, country’s relationship between corruption and income is analyzed with panel data analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title="corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income" title=" income"> income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independent%20Turkish%20Republic" title=" independent Turkish Republic"> independent Turkish Republic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20of%20income" title=" distribution of income"> distribution of income</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52431/corruption-and-income-case-of-independent-turkish-republic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light 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