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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="نجی سند" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">نجی سند</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pnb.wikipedia.org&uselang=pnb"><span>دان کرو</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Contribute</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9+%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ایہ تواڈے لئی چنگا اے جے تسیں کھاتہ کھولو تے لاگ ان ہوو؛ پر ایہ لازمی وی نئیں"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>کھاتہ بݨاؤ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9+%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ایہ بہتر اے کہ لاگ ان ہو جاؤ، فیر وی ایہ لازمی نئیں۔ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>لاگ‌ ان کرو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:MyTalk" title="ایس آئی پی پتے دیاں تبدیلیاں تے گل بات [n]" accesskey="n"><span>گل بات</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">لُکاؤ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-وجہ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#وجہ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>وجہ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-وجہ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-امریکی_جی_ڈی_پی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#امریکی_جی_ڈی_پی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>امریکی جی ڈی پی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-امریکی_جی_ڈی_پی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-امریکی_سونے_دی_مقدار" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#امریکی_سونے_دی_مقدار"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>امریکی سونے د‏‏ی مقدار</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-امریکی_سونے_دی_مقدار-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ماہر_معاشیات_دی_پیشنگوئی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ماہر_معاشیات_دی_پیشنگوئی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>ماہر معاشیات د‏‏ی پیشنگوئی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ماہر_معاشیات_دی_پیشنگوئی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-میک_فیڈن_دا_تبصرہ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#میک_فیڈن_دا_تبصرہ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۵</span> <span>میک فیڈن دا تبصرہ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-میک_فیڈن_دا_تبصرہ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ہندوستان_اُتے_اثرات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ہندوستان_اُتے_اثرات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۶</span> <span>ہندوستان اُتے اثرات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ہندوستان_اُتے_اثرات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-فیڈ_چیرمین_ایلن_گرین_اسپان_دا_اعتراف" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فیڈ_چیرمین_ایلن_گرین_اسپان_دا_اعتراف"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۷</span> <span>فیڈ چیرمین ایلن گرین اسپان دا اعتراف</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فیڈ_چیرمین_ایلن_گرین_اسپان_دا_اعتراف-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-فیڈ_چیرمین_بن_برنانہاں_دے_دا_اعتراف" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فیڈ_چیرمین_بن_برنانہاں_دے_دا_اعتراف"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۸</span> <span>فیڈ چیرمین بن برنانہاں دے دا اعتراف</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فیڈ_چیرمین_بن_برنانہاں_دے_دا_اعتراف-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-اقتباس" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#اقتباس"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۹</span> <span>اقتباس</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-اقتباس-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ہور_ویکھو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ہور_ویکھو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱۰</span> <span>ہور ویکھو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ہور_ویکھو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالے" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالے"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱۱</span> <span>حوالے</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالے-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">گریٹ ڈیپریشن</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ۱۱۶ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۱۶ بولیاں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Depressie" title="Groot Depressie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot Depressie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltwirtschaftskrise" title="Weltwirtschaftskrise – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weltwirtschaftskrise" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Depresi%C3%B3n" title="Gran Depresión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gran Depresión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الكساد الكبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكساد الكبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="كساد كبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كساد كبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="মহামন্দা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহামন্দা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Depresi%C3%B3n" title="Gran Depresión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Depresión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_b%C3%B6hran" title="Böyük böhran – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük böhran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A4%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بؤیوک بؤحران – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیوک بؤحران" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="اک چنگا آرٹیکل"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөйөк депрессия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк депрессия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97dliuoj%C4%97_akuonuom%C4%97n%C4%97_kr%C4%97z%C4%97" title="Dėdliuojė akuonuomėnė krėzė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dėdliuojė akuonuomėnė krėzė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вялікая дэпрэсія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая дэпрэсія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вялікая дэпрэсія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікая дэпрэсія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Голямата депресия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голямата депресия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="মহামন্দা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহামন্দা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkadenn_Veur" title="Enkadenn Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enkadenn Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_depresija" title="Velika depresija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velika depresija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Depressi%C3%B3" title="Gran Depressió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Depressió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Йоккха депресси – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоккха депресси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86" title="بێبازاڕیی مەزن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێبازاڕیی مەزن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_depressiya" title="Büyük depressiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Büyük depressiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_hospod%C3%A1%C5%99sk%C3%A1_krize" title="Velká hospodářská krize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velká hospodářská krize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirwasgiad_Mawr" title="Dirwasgiad Mawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dirwasgiad Mawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressionen" title="Depressionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Depressionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltwirtschaftskrise" title="Weltwirtschaftskrise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltwirtschaftskrise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%8D%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_1929" title="Παγκόσμια οικονομική ύφεση 1929 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκόσμια οικονομική ύφεση 1929" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Great Depression" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Depresio" title="Granda Depresio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Depresio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Depresi%C3%B3n" title="Gran Depresión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Depresión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clemaailmne_majanduskriis" title="Ülemaailmne majanduskriis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülemaailmne majanduskriis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresio_Handia" title="Depresio Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Depresio Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="رکود بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رکود بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930-luvun_lama" title="1930-luvun lama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1930-luvun lama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_majanduspits%C3%BCs" title="Suur majanduspitsüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suur majanduspitsüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_D%C3%A9pression" title="Grande Dépression – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande Dépression" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutte_Depresje" title="Grutte Depresje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grutte Depresje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Spealadh_M%C3%B3r" title="An Spealadh Mór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Spealadh Mór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grann_D%C3%A9presyon" title="Grann Dépresyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Grann Dépresyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Depresi%C3%B3n" title="Gran Depresión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Depresión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emboguejy_Guasu" title="Ñemboguejy Guasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemboguejy Guasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Great Depression" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="השפל הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השפל הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="महामन्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महामन्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Great Depression" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_gospodarska_kriza" title="Velika gospodarska kriza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika gospodarska kriza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwo_Depresyon" title="Gwo Depresyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gwo Depresyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_gazdas%C3%A1gi_vil%C3%A1gv%C3%A1ls%C3%A1g" title="Nagy gazdasági világválság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy gazdasági világválság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%B3%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Մեծ ճգնաժամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ ճգնաժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Depression" title="Grande Depression – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grande Depression" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresi_Besar" title="Depresi Besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Depresi Besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalatak_a_Depresion" title="Nalatak a Depresion – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nalatak a Depresion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiala_krizego_di_1929" title="Ekonomiala krizego di 1929 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekonomiala krizego di 1929" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreppan_mikla" title="Kreppan mikla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kreppan mikla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_depressione" title="Grande depressione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande depressione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%81%90%E6%85%8C" title="世界恐慌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界恐慌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griet_Dipreshan" title="Griet Dipreshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Griet Dipreshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დიდი დეპრესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი დეპრესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Ұлы тоқырау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы тоқырау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%A9" title="대공황 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대공황" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уллу депрессия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Уллу депрессия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iselweyth_Meur" title="Iselweyth Meur – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iselweyth Meur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Улуу Токуроо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуу Токуроо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressio_oeconomica_magna" title="Depressio oeconomica magna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Depressio oeconomica magna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresa_Grande" title="Depresa Grande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Depresa Grande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Depression" title="Granda Depression – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Granda Depression" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_ekonomin%C4%97_kriz%C4%97" title="Didžioji ekonominė krizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžioji ekonominė krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liel%C4%81_depresija" title="Lielā depresija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielā depresija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Големата депресија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големата депресија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മഹാസാമ്പത്തികമാന്ദ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹാസാമ്പത്തികമാന്ദ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Их хямрал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их хямрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Meleset" title="Zaman Meleset – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Meleset" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Depresson" title="Grande Depresson – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grande Depresson" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ကမ္ဘာ့စီးပွားပျက်ကပ်ကြီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာ့စီးပွားပျက်ကပ်ကြီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Depresschoon" title="Grote Depresschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grote Depresschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="महामन्दी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महामन्दी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="तधंगु मन्दी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तधंगु मन्दी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_van_de_jaren_1930" title="Crisis van de jaren 1930 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crisis van de jaren 1930" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_store_depresjonen" title="Den store depresjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den store depresjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_store_depresjonen" title="Den store depresjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den store depresjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_economica_de_1929" title="Crisi economica de 1929 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Crisi economica de 1929" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Стыр Депресси – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр Депресси" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੱਡਾ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮੰਦਵਾੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੱਡਾ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮੰਦਵਾੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_kryzys" title="Wielki kryzys – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki kryzys" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ستر بحران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستر بحران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Depress%C3%A3o" title="Grande Depressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Depressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisa_economica_mundiala" title="Crisa economica mundiala – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Crisa economica mundiala" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_criz%C4%83_economic%C4%83" title="Marea criză economică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea criză economică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великая депрессия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая депрессия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Велика депресія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Велика депресія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Улуу кэхтии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу кэхтии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressione_Manna" title="Depressione Manna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Depressione Manna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_ekonomska_kriza" title="Velika ekonomska kriza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika ekonomska kriza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Depression" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A1_hospod%C3%A1rska_kr%C3%ADza_(30._roky_20._storo%C4%8Dia)" title="Veľká hospodárska kríza (30. roky 20. storočia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľká hospodárska kríza (30. roky 20. storočia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_gospodarska_kriza" title="Velika gospodarska kriza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika gospodarska kriza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresioni_i_madh" title="Depresioni i madh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Depresioni i madh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Велика криза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика криза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_stora_depressionen" title="Den stora depressionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den stora depressionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdororo_Mkuu" title="Mdororo Mkuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mdororo Mkuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பெரும் பொருளியல் வீழ்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரும் பொருளியல் வீழ்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ภาวะเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำครั้งใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำครั้งใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawakang_Depresyon" title="Malawakang Depresyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Malawakang Depresyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Buhran" title="Büyük Buhran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Buhran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөек депрессия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек депрессия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Велика депресія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велика депресія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کساد عظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کساد عظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_depressiya" title="Buyuk depressiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk depressiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%27_depressii" title="Sur' depressii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sur' depressii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_kh%E1%BB%A7ng_ho%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Đại khủng hoảng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại khủng hoảng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duro_nga_Pagkabido" title="Duro nga Pagkabido – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Duro nga Pagkabido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大萧条" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დიდი დეპრესია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიდი დეპრესია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1" title="וועלט ווירטשאפט קריזיס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וועלט ווירטשאפט קריזיס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大萧条" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Da_Siau-ti%C3%A2u" title="Tōa Siau-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōa Siau-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%95%AD%E6%A2%9D" title="大蕭條 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大蕭條" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8698#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بولیاں دے آپسی جوڑ لکھو" class="wbc-editpage">جوڑ سودھو</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ناں تھاواں"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">لُکاؤ</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86"><span>پڑھو</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سودھو</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" 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href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=pnb" title="فائل چڑھاؤ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>فائل چڑھاؤ</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:SpecialPages" title="سارے خاص صفحیاں دی اک لسٹ [q]" accesskey="q"><span>خاص صفحے</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&oldid=667260" title="اس صفحے دے اس ورژن نال پکا جوڑ"><span>پکا جوڑ</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>صفحے بارے جاݨکاری</span></a></li><li id="n-اج-دے-رُجحان" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitrends/punjabi-most-visited-today.html"><span>اج دے رُجحان</span></a></li><li id="n-ہفتے-دے-رُجحان" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitrends/punjabi-most-visited-this-week.html"><span>ہفتے دے رُجحان</span></a></li><li id="n-مہینے-دے-رُجحان" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikitrends/punjabi-most-visited-this-month.html"><span>مہینے دے رُجحان</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:CiteThisPage&page=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&id=667260&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="اس صفحے دے حوالہ دے طریقہ دے بارے وچ معلومات"><span>ایس صفحے دا حوالہ دیو</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpnb.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%25B9_%25DA%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">لُکاؤ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا، وکیپیڈیا توں</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="pnb" dir="rtl"><p>گریٹ ڈیپریشن دوجی وڈی لڑائی تون پہلون ساری <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دنیا">دنیا</a> ج آن والا کم کاج مندا اے جینے ساری <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دنیا">دنیا</a> تے اثر پایا۔ اے 1929 چ امریکہ چ ٹریا تے فیر ساری <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دنیا">دنیا</a> ج پھیل گیا۔ </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/220px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/330px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/440px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="8066" /></a><figcaption>ڈوروتھیا لینگ د‏‏ی مشہور تصویر "مہاجر ماں" جو کیلیفورنیا دے مفلس کساناں د‏‏ی حالت د‏‏ی عکاس اے، تصویر دے وسط وچ 32 سالہ فلورنس اونز تھامسن نيں، جو ست بچےآں د‏‏ی ماں سن۔ مارچ 1936ء</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg/220px-Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg/330px-Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg/440px-Crowd_outside_nyse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>1929 دے گریٹ ڈپریشن دے دوران <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="وال اسٹریٹ">وال اسٹریٹ</a> اُتے نیو یارک اسٹاک ایکسچینج دے باہر لوک جمع ني‏‏‏‏ں۔</figcaption></figure> <p><b>کساد عظیم</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="انگریزی">انگریزی زبان</a>: The Great Depression) <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم">دوسری جنگ عظیم</a> تو‏ں پہلے د‏‏ی دہائی وچ اک عالمی اقتصادی بحران سی۔ مختلف ملکاں وچ ایہ مختلف ادوار وچ رہیا، لیکن بیشتر ملکاں وچ ایہ بحران <a href="/wiki/1929%D8%A1" title="1929ء">1929ء</a> تو‏ں لے ک‏ے <a href="/wiki/1930%D8%A1" title="1930ء">1930ء</a> د‏‏ی دہائی دے اواخر یا <a href="/wiki/1940%D8%A1" title="1940ء">1940ء</a> د‏‏ی دہائی دے اوائل تک رہیا۔ ایہ 20 واں صدی دا سب تو‏ں وڈا، سب تو‏ں وڈے علاقے اُتے محیط تے سب تو‏ں گہرا بحران سی تے اج 21 واں صدی وچ وی <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="عالمی معیشت">عالمی معیشت</a> دے زوال دے حوالے تو‏ں اس بحران د‏‏ی مثال دتی جاندی ا‏‏ے۔ بحران دا آغاز <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا">ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا</a> وچ <a href="/wiki/29_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="29 اکتوبر">29 اکتوبر</a> <a href="/wiki/1929%D8%A1" title="1929ء">1929ء</a> نو‏‏ں <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سہامی منڈی (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">بازار حصص</a> دے ٹوٹنے تو‏ں ہويا سی (جسنو‏ں <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سیاہ منگل (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">سیاہ منگل</a> کہیا جاندا اے )، لیکن انتہائی تیزی تو‏ں ایہ بحران دنیا دے ہر ملک تک پھیل گیا۔ </p><p>کساد عظیم نے دنیا دے تقریباً ہر ملک، غریب و امیر دونے، اُتے تباہ کن اثرات مرتب کیتے۔ ذا‏تی آمدنی، محصول د‏‏ی آمدنی، نفع و قیمتاں وچ کمی تے <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بین الاقوامی تجارت (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">بین الاقوامی تجارت</a> نصف تو‏ں دو تہائی رہ گئی۔ امریکا وچ بے روزگاری د‏‏ی شرح 25 فیصد ہوئے گئی تے چند ملکاں وچ تاں ایہ شرح 33 فیصد تک پہنچ گئی۔ دنیا بھر دے شہر بہت زیادہ متاثر ہوئے، خصوصاً اوہ جو بھاری صنعت اُتے انحصار کردے سن ۔ کئی ملکاں وچ تعمیرات دا کم تقریباً ختم ہوئے گیا۔ فصلاں د‏‏ی قیمتاں تقریباً 60 فیصد تک گرنے د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں کھیت‏‏ی باڑی تے پینڈو علاقے وی متاثر ہوئے۔ </p><p>اس بحران دے بعد 1930ء د‏‏ی دہائی دے وسط تو‏ں صورت حال بہتر ہونا شروع ہوئی، لیکن کئی ملکاں وچ کساد عظیم دے اثرات نے دوسری <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="جنگ عظیم">جنگ عظیم</a> دے آغاز تک معیشت نو‏‏ں جکڑے رکھیا۔<br /> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین">چین</a> اُتے کساد عظیم دا کوئی اثر نئيں ہويا کیونجے اس وقت تک اوہ ہارڈ کرنسی (چاندی دے سکےآں) اُتے ہی قائم سی۔ گریٹ ڈپریشن تو‏ں انہاں ملکاں وچ زیادہ تباہ کن اثرات ہوئے جتھ‏ے <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="کاغذی کرنسی">کاغذی کرنسی</a> وڈی حد تک استعمال ہونے لگی سی۔ </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="وجہ"><span id=".D9.88.D8.AC.DB.81"></span>وجہ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=1" title="حصہ لکھو: وجہ"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>اس عظیم <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کساد بازاری">کساد بازاری</a> د‏‏ی اصل وجہ <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="فیڈرل ریزرو">فیڈرل ریزرو</a> سی جداں کہ اس دے گورنر نے اعتراف کيت‏‏ا </p> <dl><dd>I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression. You're right, we did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="امریکی_جی_ڈی_پی"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.85.D8.B1.DB.8C.DA.A9.DB.8C_.D8.AC.DB.8C_.DA.88.DB.8C_.D9.BE.DB.8C"></span>امریکی جی ڈی پی</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=2" title="حصہ لکھو: امریکی جی ڈی پی"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td width="37" height="17">سال عیسوی </td> <td width="112">امریکی جی ڈی پی وچ اضافہ<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="118">سال دا اہ‏م واقعہ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="18">1930 </td> <td>-8.5% </td> <td align="right">برطانیہ نے ہندوستان وچ سونے دا نرخ ودھیا دتا تے کاغذی کرنسی دے بدلے ہندوستان دا سونا خریدنا شروع کر دتا </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="15">1931 </td> <td>-6.4% </td> <td align="right">اگلے دس سالاں وچ برطانیہ نے کاغذی کرنسی ادا ک‏ر ک‏ے ہندوستان دا 1337 ٹن سونا ہتھیا لیا </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="18">1932 </td> <td>-12.9% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="16">1933 </td> <td>-1.3% </td> <td align="right">امریکا نے گولڈ اسٹینڈرڈ ترک کر دتا تے اپنے عوام دا سونا ضبط ک‏ر ليا۔ بینکاں نو‏‏ں سٹے بازی تو‏ں روکنے دے لئی <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="گلاس اسٹیگل ایکٹ (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">Glass-Steagall Act</a> بنایا۔ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="15">1934 </td> <td>10.8% </td> <td align="right">امریکا نے <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سلور پرچیز ایکٹ (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">سلور پرچیز ایکٹ</a> بنا ک‏ے دنیا بھر د‏‏ی چاندی کاغذ چھاپ چھاپ کر خریدنا شروع کر دتی </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="17">1935 </td> <td>8.9% </td> <td align="right">چین نو‏‏ں سلور اسٹینڈرڈ ترک کرنے تے کاغذی کرنسی اپنانے اُتے مجبور کر دتا گیا </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="15">1936 </td> <td>12.9% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="15">1937 </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="15">1938 </td> <td>-3.3% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:11pt" valign="bottom"> <td align="right" height="15">1939 </td> <td>8.0% </td> <td align="right">امریکی حکومت نے چاندی د‏‏ی قیمت دا کنٹرول اپنے ہتھ وچ لے لیا۔ پہلی ستمبر 1939ء نو‏‏ں <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم">دوسری جنگ عظیم</a> شروع ہوئی۔ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="امریکی_سونے_دی_مقدار"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.85.D8.B1.DB.8C.DA.A9.DB.8C_.D8.B3.D9.88.D9.86.DB.92_.D8.AF.DB.8C_.D9.85.D9.82.D8.AF.D8.A7.D8.B1"></span>امریکی سونے د‏‏ی مقدار</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=3" title="حصہ لکھو: امریکی سونے د‏‏ی مقدار"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>سونا خوشحالی د‏‏ی علامت ا‏‏ے۔ اعداد و شمار دسدے نيں کہ گریٹ ڈپریشن دے دوران جدو‏ں عوام بھُکھیاں مر رہے سن، بینکاراں دے سونے وچ کم و بیش مسلسل اضافہ ہُندا رہیا۔ فروری 1934ء وچ سونے د‏‏ی سرکاری قیمت 20.67 تو‏ں لگ بھگ 70 فیصد ودھیا کر 35 ڈالر فی اونس کر دتی گئی سی۔ </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Historical US Gold Reserve </th></tr> <tr> <th>سال</th> <th>سونے د‏‏ی مالیت،<br /> <p>دس لکھ ڈالر وچ <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>سونے د‏‏ی سرکاری قیمت<br /> <p>ڈالر فی اونس </p> </th> <th>سونے د‏‏ی مقدار<br /> <p>میٹرک ٹن وچ </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1931</td> <td>$4,356</td> <td>20.67</td> <td>6555 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1932</td> <td>$4,129</td> <td>20.67</td> <td>6213 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1933</td> <td>$4,265</td> <td>20.67</td> <td>6418 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1934</td> <td>$4,033</td> <td>20.67</td> <td>6069 </td></tr> <tr> <td>فروری 1934</td> <td>$7,438</td> <td>35</td> <td>6610 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1935</td> <td>$8,391</td> <td>35</td> <td>7457 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1936</td> <td>$10,182</td> <td>35</td> <td>9049 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1937</td> <td>$11,538</td> <td>35</td> <td>10254 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1938</td> <td>$12,756</td> <td>35</td> <td>11336 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1939</td> <td>$14,682</td> <td>35</td> <td>13048 </td></tr> <tr> <td>جنوری 1940</td> <td>$17,931</td> <td>35</td> <td>15935 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ماہر_معاشیات_دی_پیشنگوئی"><span id=".D9.85.D8.A7.DB.81.D8.B1_.D9.85.D8.B9.D8.A7.D8.B4.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.AF.DB.8C_.D9.BE.DB.8C.D8.B4.D9.86.DA.AF.D9.88.D8.A6.DB.8C"></span>ماہر معاشیات د‏‏ی پیشنگوئی</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=4" title="حصہ لکھو: ماہر معاشیات د‏‏ی پیشنگوئی"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="جان مینارڈ کینز">جان مینارڈ کینز</a> جو اپنے وقت دا بہت وڈا ماہر معاشیات سمجھیا جاندا سی تے جس نے <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C#بریٹن_ووڈز_دا_معاہدہ" class="mw-redirect" title="کاغذی کرنسی">بریٹن اووڈز</a> دے معاہدے وچ مرکزی کردار ادا کيت‏‏ا سی، نے 1927 وچ پیشنگوئی کيت‏ی سی کہ ہن اسٹاک مارکیٹ وچ کوئی وڈا کریش نئيں ہوئے گا۔</li></ul> <dl><dd>"We will not have any more crashes in our time."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>اک امریکی ماہر معاشیات نے وی یقین دہانی کرائی سی کہ ہن کوئی اسٹاک مارکیٹ کریش نئيں ہوئے گا۔</li></ul> <dl><dd>“Stocks are now at a permanently high plateau” – Dr. Irving Fisher, 1929<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>اک دوسرے ماہر معاشیات <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فریڈرک ہائیک (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">فریڈرک ہائیک</a> نو‏‏ں اسٹاک مارکیٹ کریش تو‏ں صرف چند مہینے پہلے Kreditanstalt Bank وچ نہایت اعلیٰ ملازمت کيت‏‏ی پیشکش ہوئی مگر اس نے ایہ کہہ ک‏ے ٹھکرا دتی کہ وچ آنے والے کریش وچ ملوث نئيں ہونا چاہندا۔ بعد وچ اسنو‏ں <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نوبل انعام">نوبل انعام</a> دتا گیا۔<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="میک_فیڈن_دا_تبصرہ"><span id=".D9.85.DB.8C.DA.A9_.D9.81.DB.8C.DA.88.D9.86_.D8.AF.D8.A7_.D8.AA.D8.A8.D8.B5.D8.B1.DB.81"></span>میک فیڈن دا تبصرہ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=5" title="حصہ لکھو: میک فیڈن دا تبصرہ"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>کانگریس دے رکن <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="میک فیڈن (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">میک فیڈن</a> جو کرنسی کمیٹی دا چیئرمین وی سی، نے 1929 دے گریٹ ڈپریشن دے بارے وچ کہیا سی کہ "یہ کریش اک حادثہ نئيں سی۔ ایہ اک سازش دا نتیجہ سی۔ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بین الاقوامی (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">بین الاقوامی</a> بینکار مایوسی د‏‏ی اک ایسی فضا پیدا کرنا چاہندے سن جس دے نتیجے وچ اوہ ساڈے حکمران بن دے اُبھراں" <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> اس دے بعد <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="بینک فار انٹرنیشنل سیٹلمنٹ">بینک فار انٹرنیشنل سیٹلمنٹ</a> دا قیام عمل وچ آیا جو پس پردہ دنیا اُتے حکمرانی کردا ا‏‏ے۔ دوسری جنگ عظیم وچ <a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ہٹلر">ہٹلر</a> نے کئی ملکاں اُتے قبضہ ک‏ر ليا مگر <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" class="mw-redirect" title="سوئیزرلینڈ">سوئیزرلینڈ</a> اُتے حملے د‏‏ی جرات نہ کر سکيت‏‏ا حالانکہ سوئیزرلینڈ د‏‏ی کوئی فوج وی نئيں ا‏‏ے۔ </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Epsilon-theory-ben-hunt-westworld-may-11-2017-graph-wealth-inequality.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Epsilon-theory-ben-hunt-westworld-may-11-2017-graph-wealth-inequality.png/400px-Epsilon-theory-ben-hunt-westworld-may-11-2017-graph-wealth-inequality.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Epsilon-theory-ben-hunt-westworld-may-11-2017-graph-wealth-inequality.png/600px-Epsilon-theory-ben-hunt-westworld-may-11-2017-graph-wealth-inequality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Epsilon-theory-ben-hunt-westworld-may-11-2017-graph-wealth-inequality.png/800px-Epsilon-theory-ben-hunt-westworld-may-11-2017-graph-wealth-inequality.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>پچھلے سو سالاں وچ امیر ترین تے عام لوکاں د‏‏ی آمدنیاں دا فرق۔ گریٹ ڈپریشن دے دوران جدو‏ں عام لوکاں د‏‏ی آمدنی کم ترین سطح اُتے سی اس وقت امیر ترین لوکاں د‏‏ی آمدنی بلند ترین سطح اُتے سی۔</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ہندوستان_اُتے_اثرات"><span id=".DB.81.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.88.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.8F.D8.AA.DB.92_.D8.A7.D8.AB.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>ہندوستان اُتے اثرات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=6" title="حصہ لکھو: ہندوستان اُتے اثرات"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:GG-Freeman_Freeman-Thomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/GG-Freeman_Freeman-Thomas.jpg/220px-GG-Freeman_Freeman-Thomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/GG-Freeman_Freeman-Thomas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فریمین فریمین-تھامس (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">ویلنگڈن</a> جو گریٹ ڈپریشن دے زمانے وچ ہندوستان دا وائسرائے سی۔</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>"جو سونا ہندوستان لندن بھیج رہیا سی اوہ کرب و افلاس دا نتیجہ سی۔ لوک زیور بیچ کر روٹی کپڑ‏ے خریدتے سن تے ٹیکس ادا کردے سن ۔"</dd> <dd>Much of the gold that India was exporting was “distress” gold, that is, gold which the people had sold to buy food and clothing and to pay Government dues.</dd></dl> <p>یکم اکتوبر 1931 تو‏ں دسمبر 1932 تک 8 کروڑ پاونڈ د‏‏ی مالیت دا سونا ہندوستان تو‏ں لندن بھیجیا گیا۔ </p> <dl><dd>From October 1, 1931, to December 1932 gold exports amounted to Rs. 107.08 crores or £ 80.125 million.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>وائس رائے لارڈ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فریمین فریمین-تھامس (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">ویلنگڈن</a> نے خوشی دا اظہار کيت‏‏ا سی کہ تریخ وچ پہلی دفعہ معاشی حالات د‏‏ی وجہ تو‏ں ہندوستانی اپنا سونا اُگل رہے ني‏‏‏‏ں۔ اساں پچھلے دو تن مہینےآں وچ ڈھائی کروڑ پاونڈ دا سونا لندن بھیجیا تے مینو‏ں امید اے کہ ایہ سلسلہ جاری رہے گا۔ </p> <dl><dd>For the first time in history, owing to the economic situation, Indians are disgorging gold. We have sent to London in the past two or three months, 25,000,000 sterling and I hope that the process will continue.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The Viceroy, Lord Willingdon remarked </p><p>سرکاری اعداد و شمار دے مطابق اپریل 1932 تو‏ں مارچ 1941 تک ہندوستان د‏‏ی برطانوی حکومت نے 1337.5 ٹن سونا برطانیہ بھیجیا جس د‏‏ی اُس وقت مالیت 375 کروڑ روپے سی۔ اُس وقت اس سونے د‏‏ی اوسط قیمت 33 روپے فی تولہ تو‏ں وی کم سی۔ اس سونے تو‏ں <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="بینک آف انگلینڈ">بینک آف انگلینڈ</a> نو‏‏ں سونے دا ذخیرہ بنانے وچ وڈی مدد ملی۔<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> جے اج دے سونے دے نرخ تو‏ں دیکھیا جائے تاں ایہ 50 ارب ڈالر تو‏ں زیادہ مالیت دا سونا سی۔ </p> <dl><dd>"However, the price of gold in India, on the basis of the exchange rate of the rupee around 1S.6d., was lower than the price prevailing abroad practically throughout; the disparity in prices made the export of the metal profitable, which phenomenon continued for almost a decade. Thus, in 1931–32, there were net exports of 7.7 million ounces, valued at Rs. 57.98 crores. In the following year, both the quantity and the price rose further, net exports totaling 8.4 million ounces, valued at Rs.65.52 crores. In the ten years ended March 1941, total net exports were of the order of 43 million ounces (1337.3 Tons) valued at about Rs. 375 crores, or an average price of Rs. 32-12-4 per tola."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="فیڈ_چیرمین_ایلن_گرین_اسپان_دا_اعتراف"><span id=".D9.81.DB.8C.DA.88_.DA.86.DB.8C.D8.B1.D9.85.DB.8C.D9.86_.D8.A7.DB.8C.D9.84.D9.86_.DA.AF.D8.B1.DB.8C.D9.86_.D8.A7.D8.B3.D9.BE.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.AF.D8.A7_.D8.A7.D8.B9.D8.AA.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.81"></span>فیڈ چیرمین ایلن گرین اسپان دا اعتراف</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=7" title="حصہ لکھو: فیڈ چیرمین ایلن گرین اسپان دا اعتراف"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>اپنی کتاب Gold and Economic Freedom وچ امریکی فیڈرل ریزرو دے چیرمین <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ایلن گرین اسپان">ایلن گرین اسپان</a> نے 1967ء وچ لکھیا کہ </p> <dl><dd>"(بہت زیادہ کاغذی کرنسی چھاپ کر) فیڈ کامیاب ہوئے گیا کیونجے اس نے (برطانیہ تو‏ں امریکا د‏‏ی طرف) سونے دے بہاو نو‏‏ں روک دتا مگر اس کاروائ وچ اس نے دنیا بھر د‏‏ی معیشت نو‏‏ں تباہی دے دہانے اُتے پہنچیا دتا۔ بہت زیادہ کرنسی مارکیٹ وچ چھڈنے اُتے <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="اسٹاک مارکیٹ">اسٹاک مارکیٹ</a> وچ سٹہ بازی اپنی انتہا نو‏‏ں پہنچ گئی۔ اس دے بعد فیڈ نے جدو‏ں رقم دینا بند کری تاں سٹہ بازی تاں قابو وچ آ گئی لیکن بہت دیر ہوئے چک‏ی سی۔ 1929 تک اسٹاک دا بلبلہ بہت پھُل چکيا سی تے اچانک رقم د‏‏ی فراہمی بند ہونے تو‏ں بزنس اُتے اعتماد ختم ہونے لگیا۔ اس دے نتیجے وچ امریکی معیشت بیٹھ گئی۔ برطانیہ نو‏‏ں زیادہ نقصان ہويا۔ برطانیہ نے اپنی پرانی غلطی (یعنی <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="شرح سود">شرح سود</a> کم نہ کرنے) د‏‏ی تلافی کرنے د‏‏ی بجائے 1931ء وچ گولڈ اسٹینڈرڈ بالکل ترک کر دتا۔ اعتماد دا نازک پارچہ پھٹ گیا تے دنیا بھر دے بینک فیل ہونے لگے۔ اس طرح عالمی معیشت 1930ء د‏‏ی دہائی دے کساد عظیم دا شکار ہوئے گئی۔۔۔۔ حقیقت ایہ اے کہ 1913ء تو‏ں اسيں گولڈ اسٹینڈرڈ اُتے نئيں سن بلکہ اک "مِلے جُلے گولڈ اسٹینڈرڈ" اُتے سن ۔ لیکن فیر وی گولڈ نو‏‏ں بدنام کيت‏‏ا گیا "</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The "Fed" succeeded; it stopped the gold loss, but it nearly destroyed the economies of the world in the process. The excess credit which the Fed pumped into the economy spilled over into the stock market -- triggering a fantastic speculative boom. Belatedly, Federal Reserve officials attempted to sop up the excess reserves and finally succeeded in braking the boom. But it was too late: by 1929 the speculative imbalances had become so overwhelming that the attempt precipitated a sharp retrenching and a consequent demoralizing of business confidence. As a result, the American economy collapsed. Great Britain fared even worse, and rather than absorb the full consequences of her previous folly, she abandoned the gold standard completely in 1931, tearing asunder what remained of the fabric of confidence and inducing a world-wide series of bank failures. The world economies plunged into the Great Depression of the 1930's....(The irony was that since 1913, we had been, not on a gold standard, but on what may be termed "a mixed gold standard"; yet it is gold that took the blame.)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="فیڈ_چیرمین_بن_برنانہاں_دے_دا_اعتراف"><span id=".D9.81.DB.8C.DA.88_.DA.86.DB.8C.D8.B1.D9.85.DB.8C.D9.86_.D8.A8.D9.86_.D8.A8.D8.B1.D9.86.D8.A7.D9.86.DB.81.D8.A7.DA.BA_.D8.AF.DB.92_.D8.AF.D8.A7_.D8.A7.D8.B9.D8.AA.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.81"></span>فیڈ چیرمین بن برنانہاں دے دا اعتراف</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=8" title="حصہ لکھو: فیڈ چیرمین بن برنانہاں دے دا اعتراف"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"بینکنگ نظام نو‏‏ں "بحال" کرنے دے لئی انہاں چھوٹے بینکاں نو‏‏ں جڑ تو‏ں اکھاڑ سُٹنا ضروری سی جو فیڈرل ریزرو دے ارکان وی نئيں سن ۔ اس موقعے اُتے فیڈرل ریزرو نے انہاں چھوٹے بینکاں د‏‏ی کوئی مدد نئيں کيتی۔ دوسرے وڈے بینک وی مسابقت تو‏ں بچنے دے لئی انہاں چھوٹے بینکاں تو‏ں جان چھڑانا چاہندے سن ۔" </p> <dl><dd>that weeding out “weak” banks was a harsh but necessary prerequisite to the recovery of the banking system. Moreover, most of the failing banks were small banks (as opposed to what we would now call money-center banks) and not members of the Federal Reserve System. Thus the Fed saw no particular need to try to stem the panics. At the same time, the large banks – which would have intervened before the founding of the Fed – felt that protecting their smaller brethren was no longer their responsibility. Indeed, since the large banks felt confident that the Fed would protect them if necessary, the weeding out of small competitors was a positive good, from their point of view. – Ben Bernanke<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="اقتباس"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.82.D8.AA.D8.A8.D8.A7.D8.B3"></span>اقتباس</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=9" title="حصہ لکھو: اقتباس"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>انفلیشن د‏‏ی کزن سٹہ بازی ا‏‏ے۔<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>کئی صدیاں د‏‏ی تریخ دسدی اے کہ وڈا بحران گلوبلسٹ نو‏‏ں نواں عالمی نظام نافذ کرنے دا موقع فراہ‏م کردا ا‏‏ے۔</li></ul> <dl><dd>The onset of crises have been shown over the centuries to be an opening for globalists to advance their goals for a ‘new world order‘.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>اس طرح گریٹ ڈپریشن دا آغاز ہويا جس دے بہانے امریکی صدر <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فرینکلن روزویلٹ (صفحہ مَوجود نہیں اے)">فرینکلن روزویلٹ</a> نے سونے چاندی دے سکےآں اُتے مشتمل دھات‏‏ی کرنسی ختم ک‏ر ک‏ے بینکاں د‏‏ی جاری کردہ کاغذی کرنسی دا نظام نافذ کيت‏‏ا۔</li></ul> <dl><dd>That led to the Great Depression, which President Franklin Roosevelt used as the excuse for converting America’s gold-coin, silver-coin system to one based on irredeemable Federal Reserve paper notes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ہور_ویکھو"><span id=".DB.81.D9.88.D8.B1_.D9.88.DB.8C.DA.A9.DA.BE.D9.88"></span>ہور ویکھو</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=10" title="حصہ لکھو: ہور ویکھو"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="کاغذی کرنسی">کاغذی کرنسی</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="قحط">قحط</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جزیرہ جیکل دا عفریت">جزیرہ جیکل دا عفریت</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%88%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="دا شوک ڈوکٹرائن">دا شوک ڈوکٹرائن</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالے"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.DB.92"></span>حوالے</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&action=edit&section=11" title="حصہ لکھو: حوالے"><span>سودھو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; {{# گزینه: | small= font-size:small; | below= font-size:smaller; }}"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2002/20021108/default.htm">Remarks by FED Governor Ben S. Bernanke</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-06-10/why-markets-are-overdue-gigantic-bust">Why The Markets Are Overdue For A Gigantic Bust</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertyclassroom.com/forums/topic/depression-gold-standard/">Depression, gold standard</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/bms/1914-1941/section14.pdf">FED St. Louis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prudentmoney.com/Prudent-Money-Daily-Blog/quotes-and-political-qspinq-of-a-different-era.html">Quotes and Political "Spin" of a Different Era</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2019-04-14/make-stock-buybacks-illegal">Make Stock Buybacks Illegal?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-6c8a944c">Lua error in ماڈیول:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/ar at line 45: attempt to compare number with nil.</span></strong></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/102778/9/09_chapter-iv.pdf">finance and commerce – Shodhganga</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.quora.com/Why-was-India-not-affected-by-The-Great-Depression-of-1930">[۱]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/89635.pdf">"pdf:ریزرو بینک آف انڈیا د‏‏ی یاد داشت"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>۔ rbidocs.rbi.org.in</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpnb.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9+%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86&rft.atitle=pdf%3A%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88+%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9+%D8%A2%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7+%D8%AF%8F%8F%DB%8C+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbidocs.rbi.org.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbidocs.rbi.org.in%2Frdocs%2Fcontent%2FPDFs%2F89635.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r677498">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-right:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-6c8a944c">Lua 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