CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/, 'js'); </script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-3a3ee7b9e08776dceae",applicationID:"715493739"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Page not found | Journal of Democracy</title> <meta name="robots" content="noindex" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/#/schema/WebSite","url":"https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/","name":"Journal of Democracy","description":"The smartest analysis on democracy and authoritarianism around the world.","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/search/{search_term_string}/"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"WebPage","name":"Page not found | Journal of Democracy","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/#/schema/WebSite"},"breadcrumb":{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/#/schema/BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":"https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/","name":"Journal of Democracy"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Page not found"}]}}]}</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.journalofdemocracy.org' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='simple-banner-style-css' href='https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/plugins/simple-banner/simple-banner.css?ver=2.17.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='flickity-css' href='https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/flickity/dist/flickity.min.css?ver=1732355042' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='selectr-css' href='https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/mobius1-selectr/dist/selectr.min.css?ver=1732355042' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='site-css' href='https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/dist/site.min.css?ver=1732355042' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js?ver=1732355042" id="jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="simple-banner-script-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ const simpleBannerScriptParams = {"version":"2.17.0","hide_simple_banner":"yes","simple_banner_prepend_element":false,"simple_banner_position":"","header_margin":"","header_padding":"","simple_banner_z_index":false,"simple_banner_text":"COVID-19 Update: NED is continuing to operate during this worldwide health emergency, and to make grants in support of democracy.<br>However, our office is closed to the public and all in-person events and meetings have been postponed, cancelled or are occurring virtually.","pro_version_enabled":"","disabled_on_current_page":false,"debug_mode":"","id":false,"disabled_pages_array":[],"is_current_page_a_post":false,"disabled_on_posts":"","simple_banner_disabled_page_paths":false,"simple_banner_font_size":"","simple_banner_color":"#ff2600","simple_banner_text_color":"","simple_banner_link_color":"","simple_banner_close_color":"","simple_banner_custom_css":"font-weight: bold;","simple_banner_scrolling_custom_css":"","simple_banner_text_custom_css":"","simple_banner_button_css":"","site_custom_css":"","keep_site_custom_css":"","site_custom_js":"","keep_site_custom_js":"","wp_body_open_enabled":"","wp_body_open":true,"close_button_enabled":"","close_button_expiration":"","close_button_cookie_set":false,"current_date":{"date":"2024-11-24 01:54:48.135881","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"UTC"},"start_date":{"date":"2024-11-24 01:54:48.136191","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"UTC"},"end_date":{"date":"2024-11-24 01:54:48.136491","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"UTC"},"simple_banner_start_after_date":false,"simple_banner_remove_after_date":false,"simple_banner_insert_inside_element":false} /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/plugins/simple-banner/simple-banner.js?ver=2.17.0" id="simple-banner-script-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-json/" /><style type="text/css">.simple-banner{display:none;}</style><style type="text/css">.simple-banner{background:#ff2600;}</style><style type="text/css">.simple-banner .simple-banner-text{color: #ffffff;}</style><style type="text/css">.simple-banner .simple-banner-text a{color:#f16521;}</style><style type="text/css">.simple-banner{z-index: 99999;}</style><style type="text/css">.simple-banner{font-weight: bold;}</style><style id="simple-banner-site-custom-css-dummy" type="text/css"></style><script id="simple-banner-site-custom-js-dummy" type="text/javascript"></script><script id="mcjs">!function(c,h,i,m,p){m=c.createElement(h),p=c.getElementsByTagName(h)[0],m.async=1,m.src=i,p.parentNode.insertBefore(m,p)}(document,"script","https://chimpstatic.com/mcjs-connected/js/users/7085061aa49a2c74f66df0d20/f422f5df60e13eb7f1d8c09d5.js");</script> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .simple-banner { z-index: 0; display: none; } /* Article Wrap Shift */ .article__wrap { margin-top: 0px; } /* Article title shift Desktop */ @media (min-width: 1100px) { .article__header-wrap { top: 10em; } } /* Article image shift mobile */ @media (max-width: 480px) { .panels__figure>img { top: 100%; } } .category-online-exclusive .post-14578 { display: none; } </style> <style> main { text-align: center; } </style> </head> <body class="error404" data-template="404.php"> <header id="header" class="header"> <div class="header__wrap"> <div class="header__menu"> <button type="button" class="header__menu-open"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--menu"><title>menu</title><path d="M3 6h18v2.016h-18v-2.016zM3 12.984v-1.969h18v1.969h-18zM3 18v-2.016h18v2.016h-18z"></path></svg></button> <button type="button" class="header__menu-close"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--close"><title>close</title><path d="M18.984 6.422l-5.578 5.578 5.578 5.578-1.406 1.406-5.578-5.578-5.578 5.578-1.406-1.406 5.578-5.578-5.578-5.578 1.406-1.406 5.578 5.578 5.578-5.578z"></path></svg></button> </div> <figure class="header__logo"> <a href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org"><img src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/img/logo.png" alt="Journal of Democracy" srcset="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/img/logo@2x.png 570w, https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/img/logo@3x.png 855w"></a> </figure> <a href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org?s=" class="header__search header__search--mobile"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--search"><title>search</title><path d="M21.7 20.3l-3.7-3.7c1.2-1.5 2-3.5 2-5.6 0-5-4-9-9-9s-9 4-9 9c0 5 4 9 9 9 2.1 0 4.1-0.7 5.6-2l3.7 3.7c0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3s0.5-0.1 0.7-0.3c0.4-0.4 0.4-1 0-1.4zM4 11c0-3.9 3.1-7 7-7s7 3.1 7 7c0 1.9-0.8 3.7-2 4.9 0 0 0 0 0 0s0 0 0 0c-1.3 1.3-3 2-4.9 2-4 0.1-7.1-3-7.1-6.9z"></path></svg></a> <div class="header__content"> <nav class="nav nav--primary"><ul class="nav__menu nav__menu--level-0"><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--183 nav__menu-item--has-children nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/about/">About</a><button class="nav__menu-toggle">+</button><ul class="nav__menu nav__menu--level-1"><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--3704 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/about/masthead/">Masthead</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--3716 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/about/submissions/">Submissions</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--3705 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/about/reprints/">Reprints</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--3664 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/contact/">Contact</a></li></ul></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type_archive nav__menu-item--object-book nav__menu-item--179 nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/books/">Books</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--10586 nav__menu-item--has-children nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/issue/october-2024/">Articles</a><button class="nav__menu-toggle">+</button><ul class="nav__menu nav__menu--level-1"><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--3767 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/issues/">Issues</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type_archive nav__menu-item--object-article nav__menu-item--3708 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/">All Articles</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--3718 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/free/">Free Articles</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--14555 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/category/online-exclusive/">Online Exclusives</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-taxonomy nav__menu-item--object-section nav__menu-item--3709 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sections/books-in-review/">Books in Review</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--3713 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/authors/">Authors</a></li></ul></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--current-page-parent nav__menu-item--184 nav__menu-item--has-children nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/jod-online/">JoD Online</a><button class="nav__menu-toggle">+</button><ul class="nav__menu nav__menu--level-1"><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--4830 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/jod-online/">Main</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--14556 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/category/online-exclusive/">Online Exclusives</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-taxonomy nav__menu-item--object-category nav__menu-item--15922 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/category/elections/">Election Watch</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--4834 nav__menu-item--level-1"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/podcasts/">Audio Interviews</a></li></ul></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--5707 nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/subscribe-to-the-journal-of-democracy/">Subscribe</a></li></ul></nav> <a href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org?s=" class="header__search header__search--desktop"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--search"><title>search</title><path d="M21.7 20.3l-3.7-3.7c1.2-1.5 2-3.5 2-5.6 0-5-4-9-9-9s-9 4-9 9c0 5 4 9 9 9 2.1 0 4.1-0.7 5.6-2l3.7 3.7c0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3s0.5-0.1 0.7-0.3c0.4-0.4 0.4-1 0-1.4zM4 11c0-3.9 3.1-7 7-7s7 3.1 7 7c0 1.9-0.8 3.7-2 4.9 0 0 0 0 0 0s0 0 0 0c-1.3 1.3-3 2-4.9 2-4 0.1-7.1-3-7.1-6.9z"></path></svg></a> <nav class="header__social"> <a class="header__social--network" href="https://www.facebook.com/journalofdemocracy" title="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--facebook"><title>facebook</title><path d="M19 6h5v-6h-5c-3.86 0-7 3.14-7 7v3h-4v6h4v16h6v-16h5l1-6h-6v-3c0-0.542 0.458-1 1-1z"></path></svg></a></li> <a class="header__social--network" href="https://twitter.com/JoDemocracy" title="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--twitter"><title>twitter</title><path d="M32 7.075c-1.175 0.525-2.444 0.875-3.769 1.031 1.356-0.813 2.394-2.1 2.887-3.631-1.269 0.75-2.675 1.3-4.169 1.594-1.2-1.275-2.906-2.069-4.794-2.069-3.625 0-6.563 2.938-6.563 6.563 0 0.512 0.056 1.012 0.169 1.494-5.456-0.275-10.294-2.888-13.531-6.862-0.563 0.969-0.887 2.1-0.887 3.3 0 2.275 1.156 4.287 2.919 5.463-1.075-0.031-2.087-0.331-2.975-0.819 0 0.025 0 0.056 0 0.081 0 3.181 2.263 5.838 5.269 6.437-0.55 0.15-1.131 0.231-1.731 0.231-0.425 0-0.831-0.044-1.237-0.119 0.838 2.606 3.263 4.506 6.131 4.563-2.25 1.762-5.075 2.813-8.156 2.813-0.531 0-1.050-0.031-1.569-0.094 2.913 1.869 6.362 2.95 10.069 2.95 12.075 0 18.681-10.006 18.681-18.681 0-0.287-0.006-0.569-0.019-0.85 1.281-0.919 2.394-2.075 3.275-3.394z"></path></svg></a></li> <a class="header__social--network" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/journal-of-democracy/" title="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--linkedin"><title>linkedin</title><path d="M12 12h5.535v2.837h0.079c0.77-1.381 2.655-2.837 5.464-2.837 5.842 0 6.922 3.637 6.922 8.367v9.633h-5.769v-8.54c0-2.037-0.042-4.657-3.001-4.657-3.005 0-3.463 2.218-3.463 4.509v8.688h-5.767v-18z"></path><path d="M2 12h6v18h-6v-18z"></path><path d="M8 7c0 1.657-1.343 3-3 3s-3-1.343-3-3c0-1.657 1.343-3 3-3s3 1.343 3 3z"></path></svg></a></li> </nav> <div class="header__button"> <a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/98" class="button">Subscribers</a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="main" class="main"> <div class="main__wrap"> <h1>Error 404</h1> <p>The page you're looking for could not be found. Try searching.</p> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form search-form--404" action="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org"> <label class="search-form__label"><span class="search-form__label-text">Search for:</span><input type="text" class="search-form__field" placeholder="Type your search …" value="" name="s"><input type="hidden" name="orderby" value="date"><button type="submit" class="search-form__icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--search"><title>search</title><path d="M21.7 20.3l-3.7-3.7c1.2-1.5 2-3.5 2-5.6 0-5-4-9-9-9s-9 4-9 9c0 5 4 9 9 9 2.1 0 4.1-0.7 5.6-2l3.7 3.7c0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3s0.5-0.1 0.7-0.3c0.4-0.4 0.4-1 0-1.4zM4 11c0-3.9 3.1-7 7-7s7 3.1 7 7c0 1.9-0.8 3.7-2 4.9 0 0 0 0 0 0s0 0 0 0c-1.3 1.3-3 2-4.9 2-4 0.1-7.1-3-7.1-6.9z"></path></svg></button></label> </form> </div> </main> <footer id="footer" class="footer"> <div class="footer__wrap"> <div class="footer__cta"> <h6>Subscribe to view the full <i>Journal</i> archives.</h6> <p class="footer__buttons"> <a href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/subscribe-to-the-journal-of-democracy/" class="button button--light-blue">Subscribe</a> <a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/98" class="button button--light-blue">Archives</a> <a href="https://mailchi.mp/ned/odi9mel23g" class="button button--transparent">Get JoD Updates</a> </p> </div> <div class="footer__content"> <div class="footer__nav"> <nav class="footer__social"> <a href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org" class="footer__logo"><img src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/img/logo-footer.png" alt="Journal of Democracy" srcset="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/img/logo-footer@2x.png 520w, https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/img/logo-footer@3x.png 780w"></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/journalofdemocracy" class="footer__social-network" title="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--facebook"><title>facebook</title><path d="M19 6h5v-6h-5c-3.86 0-7 3.14-7 7v3h-4v6h4v16h6v-16h5l1-6h-6v-3c0-0.542 0.458-1 1-1z"></path></svg></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/JoDemocracy" class="footer__social-network" title="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--twitter"><title>twitter</title><path d="M32 7.075c-1.175 0.525-2.444 0.875-3.769 1.031 1.356-0.813 2.394-2.1 2.887-3.631-1.269 0.75-2.675 1.3-4.169 1.594-1.2-1.275-2.906-2.069-4.794-2.069-3.625 0-6.563 2.938-6.563 6.563 0 0.512 0.056 1.012 0.169 1.494-5.456-0.275-10.294-2.888-13.531-6.862-0.563 0.969-0.887 2.1-0.887 3.3 0 2.275 1.156 4.287 2.919 5.463-1.075-0.031-2.087-0.331-2.975-0.819 0 0.025 0 0.056 0 0.081 0 3.181 2.263 5.838 5.269 6.437-0.55 0.15-1.131 0.231-1.731 0.231-0.425 0-0.831-0.044-1.237-0.119 0.838 2.606 3.263 4.506 6.131 4.563-2.25 1.762-5.075 2.813-8.156 2.813-0.531 0-1.050-0.031-1.569-0.094 2.913 1.869 6.362 2.95 10.069 2.95 12.075 0 18.681-10.006 18.681-18.681 0-0.287-0.006-0.569-0.019-0.85 1.281-0.919 2.394-2.075 3.275-3.394z"></path></svg></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/journal-of-democracy/" class="footer__social-network" title="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--linkedin"><title>linkedin</title><path d="M12 12h5.535v2.837h0.079c0.77-1.381 2.655-2.837 5.464-2.837 5.842 0 6.922 3.637 6.922 8.367v9.633h-5.769v-8.54c0-2.037-0.042-4.657-3.001-4.657-3.005 0-3.463 2.218-3.463 4.509v8.688h-5.767v-18z"></path><path d="M2 12h6v18h-6v-18z"></path><path d="M8 7c0 1.657-1.343 3-3 3s-3-1.343-3-3c0-1.657 1.343-3 3-3s3 1.343 3 3z"></path></svg></a> </nav> <nav class="nav nav--footer"><ul class="nav__menu nav__menu--level-0"><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--183 nav__menu-item--has-children nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/about/">About</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type_archive nav__menu-item--object-book nav__menu-item--179 nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/books/">Books</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--10586 nav__menu-item--has-children nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/issue/october-2024/">Articles</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-post_type nav__menu-item--object-page nav__menu-item--current-page-parent nav__menu-item--184 nav__menu-item--has-children nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/jod-online/">JoD Online</a></li><li class=" nav__menu-item nav__menu-item--type-custom nav__menu-item--object-custom nav__menu-item--5707 nav__menu-item--level-0"><a class="nav__link" href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/subscribe-to-the-journal-of-democracy/">Subscribe</a></li></ul></nav> </div> <div class="footer__legal"> <div class="footer__address"> 1201 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20004, USA </div> <div class="footer__copyright"> Published for the National Endowment for Democracy by Johns Hopkins University Press </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="overlay"> <div class="overlay__content"> <div class="overlay__search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form search-form--overlay" action="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org"> <label class="search-form__label"><span class="search-form__label-text">Search for:</span><input type="text" class="search-form__field" placeholder="Type your search …" value="" name="s"><input type="hidden" name="orderby" value="date"><button type="submit" class="search-form__icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--search"><title>search</title><path d="M21.7 20.3l-3.7-3.7c1.2-1.5 2-3.5 2-5.6 0-5-4-9-9-9s-9 4-9 9c0 5 4 9 9 9 2.1 0 4.1-0.7 5.6-2l3.7 3.7c0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3s0.5-0.1 0.7-0.3c0.4-0.4 0.4-1 0-1.4zM4 11c0-3.9 3.1-7 7-7s7 3.1 7 7c0 1.9-0.8 3.7-2 4.9 0 0 0 0 0 0s0 0 0 0c-1.3 1.3-3 2-4.9 2-4 0.1-7.1-3-7.1-6.9z"></path></svg></button></label> </form> </div> </div> <button type="button" class="overlay__close"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" class="svg svg--close"><title>close</title><path d="M18.984 6.422l-5.578 5.578 5.578 5.578-1.406 1.406-5.578-5.578-5.578 5.578-1.406-1.406 5.578-5.578-5.578-5.578 1.406-1.406 5.578 5.578 5.578-5.578z"></path></svg></button> </div> <script> (function() { document.forms[0].s.value = decodeURIComponent(location.pathname) .replace(/^\/|\/$/g, '') .replace(/((^|\/)page\/[0-9]+)|([0-9]+\/)|(\.[\s\S]*$)/g, '') .replace(/[^\w0-9]/g, ' ') .trim(); })(); </script> <div class="wp-footer"> <div class="simple-banner simple-banner-text" style="display:none !important"></div><b id="res" style="display: none;"></b> <b id="res2" style="display: none;"></b> <script> var catsjs = ''; var dom = document.getElementById("res"); dom.innerHTML = catsjs; var authsjs = ''; var dom2 = document.getElementById("res2"); dom2.innerHTML = authsjs; (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = 67136; _sf_async_config.domain = 'journalofdemocracy.org'; //CHANGE THIS TO THE ROOT DOMAIN _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.useCanonicalDomain = true; _sf_async_config.sections = ''; // CHANGE THIS TO YOUR SECTION NAME(s) _sf_async_config.authors = ''; // CHANGE THIS TO YOUR AUTHOR NAME(s) /** CONFIGURATION END **/ function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script> <script async src="//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat_mab.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/dist/polyfill.min.js?ver=1732355042" id="polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/bows/dist/bows.min.js?ver=1732355042" id="bows-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-includes/js/clipboard.min.js?ver=2.0.11" id="clipboard-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/autocompleter/autocomplete.js?ver=1732355042" id="autocompleter-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/twig/twig.min.js?ver=1732355042" id="twig-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/flickity/dist/flickity.pkgd.min.js?ver=1732355042" id="flickity-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/vendor/mobius1-selectr/dist/selectr.min.js?ver=1732355042" id="selectr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/themes/jod/assets/dist/site.min.js?ver=1732355042" id="site-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="site-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.site = new Site(); /* ]]> */ </script> </div> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-3a3ee7b9e08776dceae","applicationID":"715493739","transactionName":"YgFRMhBTDUQCB0AIXFtLcgUWWwxZTFAEVQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":213,"atts":"TkZSRFhJHko=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>