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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s_to_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s_to_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1920s to 1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s_to_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_self-proclaimed_graphic_novels:_1976–1978" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_self-proclaimed_graphic_novels:_1976–1978"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First self-proclaimed graphic novels: 1976–1978</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_self-proclaimed_graphic_novels:_1976–1978-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Adoption of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_adoption_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_adoption_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>European adoption of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_adoption_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphic novel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="رواية مصورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رواية مصورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrafik_roman" title="Qrafik roman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrafik roman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="গ্রাফিক উপন্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রাফিক উপন্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang-%C3%A1_si%C3%A1u-soat" title="Ang-á siáu-soat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ang-á siáu-soat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Графичен роман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графичен роман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel%C2%B7la_gr%C3%A0fica" title="Novel·la gràfica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Novel·la gràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisk_roman" title="Grafisk roman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grafisk roman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_Novel" title="Graphic Novel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graphic Novel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novela_gr%C3%A1fica" title="Novela gráfica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novela gráfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_novelo" title="Grafika novelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grafika novelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleberri_grafiko" title="Eleberri grafiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eleberri grafiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="رمان گرافیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمان گرافیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_graphique" title="Roman graphique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roman graphique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striproman" title="Striproman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Striproman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novela_gr%C3%A1fica" title="Novela gráfica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Novela gráfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD_%EB%85%B8%EB%B8%94" title="그래픽 노블 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그래픽 노블" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA" title="Գրաֆիկական վեպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրաֆիկական վեպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्राफिक उपन्यास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्राफिक उपन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_grafik" title="Novel grafik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Novel grafik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanzo_a_fumetti" title="Romanzo a fumetti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Romanzo a fumetti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99" title="רומן גרפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומן גרפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiskais_rom%C4%81ns" title="Grafiskais romāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafiskais romāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_Novel" title="Graphic Novel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Graphic Novel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafinis_romanas" title="Grafinis romanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grafinis romanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9preg%C3%A9nyalbum" title="Képregényalbum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képregényalbum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_grafik" title="Novel grafik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Novel grafik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striproman" title="Striproman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Striproman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="グラフィックノベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラフィックノベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisk_roman" title="Grafisk roman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grafisk roman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafisk_roman" title="Grafisk roman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grafisk roman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powie%C5%9B%C4%87_graficzna" title="Powieść graficzna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powieść graficzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_gr%C3%A1fico" title="Romance gráfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romance gráfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_grafic" title="Roman grafic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roman grafic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Графический роман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графический роман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Graphic novel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Graphic novel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ڕۆمانی وێنەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆمانی وێنەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Графички роман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Графички роман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjakuvaromaani" title="Sarjakuvaromaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarjakuvaromaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serieroman" title="Serieroman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Serieroman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="นวนิยายภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นวนิยายภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_roman" title="Grafik roman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafik roman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Графічний роман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графічний роман" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book with primarily comics contents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_fiction" title="Illustrated fiction">illustrated fiction</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">Graphic novel</caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_balloon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/40px-Speech_balloon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/60px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Speech_balloon.svg/80px-Speech_balloon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">Speech balloon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Media formats</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">Comics by country and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentine comics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">Bande dessinées</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="French comics">France</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazilian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">British comics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Welsh-language</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canadian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">German comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungarian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Irish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexican comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistani comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portuguese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>graphic novel</b> is a long-form work of <a href="/wiki/Sequential_art" title="Sequential art">sequential art</a>. The term <i>graphic novel</i> is often applied broadly, including fiction, non-fiction, and <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthologized</a> work, though this practice is highly contested by comics scholars and industry professionals. It is, at least in the United States, typically distinct from the term <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a></i>, which is generally used for comics <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperbacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Comics_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics historian">Fan historian</a> Richard Kyle coined the term <i>graphic novel</i> in an <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> in the November 1964 issue of the comics <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzine</a> <i>Capa-Alpha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term gained popularity in the comics community after the publication of <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Contract_with_God" title="A Contract with God">A Contract with God</a></i> (1978) and the start of the <i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Graphic_Novel" title="Marvel Graphic Novel">Marvel Graphic Novel</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Line_(comics)" title="Line (comics)">line</a> (1982) and became familiar to the public in the late 1980s after the commercial successes of the first volume of <a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a></i> in 1986, the collected editions of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i> in 1986 and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Gibbons" title="Dave Gibbons">Dave Gibbons</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen" title="Watchmen">Watchmen</a></i> in 1987. The <a href="/wiki/Book_Industry_Study_Group" title="Book Industry Study Group">Book Industry Study Group</a> began using <i>graphic novel</i> as a category in book stores in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term is not strictly defined, though <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>'s dictionary definition is "a fictional story that is presented in comic-strip format and published as a <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collections of <a href="/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a> that do not form a continuous story, <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthologies</a> or collections of loosely related pieces, and even <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> are stocked by <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bookstores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookstores">bookstores</a> as graphic novels (similar to the manner in which dramatic stories are included in "comic" books).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term is also sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a <a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">story arc</a> from a comic book series published in book form.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In continental Europe, both original book-length stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_Salty_Sea" title="The Ballad of the Salty Sea">The Ballad of the Salty Sea</a></i> (1967) by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Pratt" title="Hugo Pratt">Hugo Pratt</a> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La rivolta dei racchi</i></span> (1967) by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Buzzelli" title="Guido Buzzelli">Guido Buzzelli</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and collections of <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> have been commonly published in hardcover volumes, often called <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">albums</a></i>, since the end of the 19th century (including such later <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comics</a> series as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> in the 1930s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the exact definition of the graphic novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation. </p><p><i>The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck</i> is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end.<sup id="cite_ref-coville_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coville-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated as the 1828 publication <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_Mr._Vieux_Bois" title="Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois">Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois</a></i> by Swiss caricaturist <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer" title="Rodolphe Töpffer">Rodolphe Töpffer</a>, and was first published in English translation in 1841 by London's Tilt & Bogue, which used an 1833 Paris pirate edition.<sup id="cite_ref-beerbohm_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beerbohm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is <i>Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags</i> by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by <i>The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-beerbohm_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beerbohm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, <a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache" title="Caran d'Ache">Caran d'Ache</a> broached the idea of a "drawn novel" in a letter to the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> and started work on a 360-page wordless book (which was never published).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, there is a long tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897, the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Kid" title="The Yellow Kid">The Yellow Kid</a></i> by Richard Outcault and it quickly became a best seller.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_to_1960s">1920s to 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1920s to 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1920s saw a revival of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> tradition, with Belgian <a href="/wiki/Frans_Masereel" title="Frans Masereel">Frans Masereel</a> cited as "the undisputed king" of this revival.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works include <i><a href="/wiki/Passionate_Journey" title="Passionate Journey">Passionate Journey</a></i> (1919).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Lynd_Ward" title="Lynd Ward">Lynd Ward</a> also worked in this tradition, publishing <i>Gods' Man</i>, in 1929 and going on to publish more during the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other prototypical examples from this period include American <a href="/wiki/Milt_Gross" title="Milt Gross">Milt Gross</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/He_Done_Her_Wrong" title="He Done Her Wrong">He Done Her Wrong</a></i> (1930), a wordless comic published as a hardcover book, and <i><a href="/wiki/Une_semaine_de_bont%C3%A9" title="Une semaine de bonté">Une semaine de bonté</a></i> (1934), a novel in sequential images composed of collage by the surrealist painter <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon" title="Charlotte Salomon">Charlotte Salomon</a>'s <i>Life? or Theater?</i> (composed 1941–43) combines images, narrative, and captions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItRhymesWithLust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ItRhymesWithLust.jpg/220px-ItRhymesWithLust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ItRhymesWithLust.jpg/330px-ItRhymesWithLust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ItRhymesWithLust.jpg/440px-ItRhymesWithLust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1837" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Digest-sized" class="mw-redirect" title="Digest-sized">digest-sized</a> "picture novel" <i>It Rhymes with Lust</i> (1950), one precursor of the graphic novel. Cover art by <a href="/wiki/Matt_Baker_(artist)" title="Matt Baker (artist)">Matt Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Osrin" title="Ray Osrin">Ray Osrin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1940s saw the launching of <i><a href="/wiki/Classics_Illustrated" title="Classics Illustrated">Classics Illustrated</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Comic-book" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic-book">comic-book</a> series that primarily adapted notable, <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> novels into standalone comic books for young readers. <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_13660" title="Citizen 13660">Citizen 13660</a></i>, an illustrated, novel length retelling of <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese internment during World War II</a>, was published in 1946. In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Comics" title="Fawcett Comics">Fawcett Comics</a> published <i>Comics Novel</i> #1: "Anarcho, Dictator of Death", a 52-page comic dedicated to one story.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/St._John_Publications" title="St. John Publications">St. John Publications</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Digest-sized" class="mw-redirect" title="Digest-sized">digest-sized</a>, adult-oriented "picture novel" <i><a href="/wiki/It_Rhymes_with_Lust" title="It Rhymes with Lust">It Rhymes with Lust</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>-influenced slice of steeltown life starring a scheming, manipulative redhead named Rust. Touted as "an original full-length novel" on its cover, the 128-page digest by <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonymous</a> writer "Drake Waller" (<a href="/wiki/Arnold_Drake" title="Arnold Drake">Arnold Drake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Waller" title="Leslie Waller">Leslie Waller</a>), penciler <a href="/wiki/Matt_Baker_(artist)" title="Matt Baker (artist)">Matt Baker</a> and inker <a href="/wiki/Ray_Osrin" title="Ray Osrin">Ray Osrin</a> proved successful enough to lead to an unrelated second picture novel, <i>The Case of the Winking Buddha</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp novelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Manning_Lee_Stokes" title="Manning Lee Stokes">Manning Lee Stokes</a> and illustrator Charles Raab.<sup id="cite_ref-ken_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ken-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_Books" title="Gold Medal Books">Gold Medal Books</a> released <i>Mansion of Evil</i> by Joseph Millard.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presaging Will Eisner's multiple-story graphic novel <i>A Contract with God</i> (1978), cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Kurtzman" title="Harvey Kurtzman">Harvey Kurtzman</a> wrote and drew the four-story mass-market paperback <i><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Kurtzman%27s_Jungle_Book" title="Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book">Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a> #338K), published in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. <a href="/wiki/Gil_Kane" title="Gil Kane">Gil Kane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_(comics)" title="Archie Goodwin (comics)">Archie Goodwin</a> self-published a 40-page, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a>-format comics novel, <i><a href="/wiki/His_Name_Is..._Savage" title="His Name Is... Savage">His Name Is... Savage</a></i> (Adventure House Press) in 1968—the same year <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> published two issues of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectacular_Spider-Man" title="The Spectacular Spider-Man">The Spectacular Spider-Man</a></i> in a similar format. Columnist and comic-book writer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Grant" title="Steven Grant">Steven Grant</a> also argues that <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ditko" title="Steve Ditko">Steve Ditko</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Strange" title="Doctor Strange">Doctor Strange</a> story in <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Tales" title="Strange Tales">Strange Tales</a></i> #130–146, although published serially from 1965 to 1966, is "the first American graphic novel".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, critic Jason Sacks referred to the 13-issue "Panther's Rage"—comics' first-known titled, self-contained, multi-issue story arc—that ran from 1973 to 1975 in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Panther (comics)">Black Panther</a> series in Marvel's <i><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Action" title="Jungle Action">Jungle Action</a></i> as "Marvel's first graphic novel".<sup id="cite_ref-sacks_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacks-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a></i> led to long-form narratives published initially as serials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 1968, <i><a href="/wiki/Vida_del_Che" title="Vida del Che">Vida del Che</a></i> was published in Argentina, a graphic novel written by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Germ%C3%A1n_Oesterheld" title="Héctor Germán Oesterheld">Héctor Germán Oesterheld</a> and drawn by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Breccia" title="Alberto Breccia">Alberto Breccia</a>. The book told the story of <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> in comics form, but the military dictatorship confiscated the books and destroyed them. It was later re-released in corrected versions. </p><p>By 1969, the author <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on "<a href="/wiki/The_death_of_the_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="The death of the novel">the death of the novel</a>". Updike offered examples of new areas of exploration for novelists, declaring he saw "no intrinsic reason why a doubly talented artist might not arise and create a comic strip novel masterpiece".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Blackmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="361" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Detail from <i>Blackmark</i> (1971) by scripter <a href="/wiki/Archie_Goodwin_(comics)" title="Archie Goodwin (comics)">Archie Goodwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a>-plotter <a href="/wiki/Gil_Kane" title="Gil Kane">Gil Kane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin's <i><a href="/wiki/Blackmark" title="Blackmark">Blackmark</a></i> (1971), a <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sorcery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword-and-sorcery">sword-and-sorcery</a> paperback published by <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>, did not use the term originally; the back-cover blurb of the 30th-anniversary edition (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-456-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-456-7">978-1-56097-456-7</a>) calls it, retroactively, the first American graphic novel. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a> presented Kane with a special 1971 <a href="/wiki/Shazam_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Shazam Award">Shazam Award</a> for what it called "his paperback comics novel". Whatever the nomenclature, <i>Blackmark</i> is a 119-page story of comic-book art, with captions and <a href="/wiki/Word_balloons" class="mw-redirect" title="Word balloons">word balloons</a>, published in a traditional book format. </p><p>European creators were also experimenting with the longer narrative in comics form. In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Briggs" title="Raymond Briggs">Raymond Briggs</a> was producing works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_(graphic_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Christmas (graphic novel)">Father Christmas</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snowman_(book)" title="The Snowman (book)">The Snowman</a></i> (1978), which he himself described as being from the "bottomless abyss of strip cartooning", although they, along with such other Briggs works as the more mature <i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Wind_Blows_(graphic_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="When the Wind Blows (graphic novel)">When the Wind Blows</a></i> (1982), have been re-marketed as graphic novels in the wake of the term's popularity. Briggs noted, however, that he did not like that term too much.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_self-proclaimed_graphic_novels:_1976–1978"><span id="First_self-proclaimed_graphic_novels:_1976.E2.80.931978"></span>First self-proclaimed graphic novels: 1976–1978</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First self-proclaimed graphic novels: 1976–1978"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodstar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Bloodstar.jpg/220px-Bloodstar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Bloodstar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><i>Bloodstar</i> (1976) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Corben" title="Richard Corben">Richard Corben</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1976, the term "graphic novel" appeared in print to describe three separate works: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandler:_Red_Tide" title="Chandler: Red Tide">Chandler: Red Tide</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Steranko" title="Jim Steranko">Jim Steranko</a>, published in August 1976 under the <a href="/wiki/Fiction_Illustrated" title="Fiction Illustrated">Fiction Illustrated</a> imprint and released in both regular 8.5 x 11" size, and a <a href="/wiki/Digest_size" title="Digest size">digest size</a> designed to be sold on newsstands, used the term "graphic novel" in its introduction and "a <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a>" on its cover, predating by two years the usage of this term for <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Contract_with_God" title="A Contract with God">A Contract with God</a></i>. It is therefore considered the first modern graphic novel to be done as an original work, and not collected from previously published segments.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloodstar" title="Bloodstar">Bloodstar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Corben" title="Richard Corben">Richard Corben</a> (adapted from a story by <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>), Morning Star Press, 1976, also a non-reprinted original presentation, used the term 'graphic novel' to categorize itself as well on its dust jacket and introduction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Metzger_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Metzger (artist)">George Metzger</a>'s <i>Beyond Time and Again</i>, serialized in <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground comix</a> from 1967 to 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was subtitled "A Graphic Novel" on the inside title page when collected as a 48-page, black-and-white, hardcover book published by Kyle & Wheary.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following year, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Nantier" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry Nantier">Terry Nantier</a>, who had spent his teenage years living in Paris, returned to the United States and formed <a href="/wiki/Flying_Buttress_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Buttress Publications">Flying Buttress Publications</a>, later to incorporate as <a href="/wiki/NBM_Publishing" title="NBM Publishing">NBM Publishing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nantier,_Beall,_Minoustchine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantier, Beall, Minoustchine">Nantier, Beall, Minoustchine</a>), and published <i>Racket Rumba</i>, a 50-page spoof of the <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">noir</a>-<a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a> genre, written and drawn by the single-name French artist Loro. Nantier followed this with <a href="/wiki/Enki_Bilal" title="Enki Bilal">Enki Bilal</a>'s <i>The Call of the Stars</i>. The company marketed these works as "graphic albums".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first six issues of writer-artist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Katz_(artist)" title="Jack Katz (artist)">Jack Katz</a>'s 1974 <a href="/wiki/Comics_and_Comix_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Comics and Comix Co.">Comics and Comix Co.</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Kingdom">The First Kingdom</a></i> were collected as a <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperback</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a>, March 1978),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which described itself as "the first graphic novel". Issues of the comic had described themselves as "graphic prose", or simply as a novel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly, <i><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(graphic_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabre (graphic novel)">Sabre: Slow Fade of an Endangered Species</a></i> by writer <a href="/wiki/Don_McGregor" title="Don McGregor">Don McGregor</a> and artist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gulacy" title="Paul Gulacy">Paul Gulacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Comics" title="Eclipse Comics">Eclipse Books</a>, August 1978) — the first graphic novel sold in the newly created "<a href="/wiki/Direct_market" title="Direct market">direct market</a>" of United States comic-book shops<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — was called a "graphic album" by the author in interviews, though the publisher dubbed it a "comic novel" on its credits page. "Graphic album" was also the term used the following year by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Day" title="Gene Day">Gene Day</a> for his hardcover short-story collection <i>Future Day</i> (<a href="/wiki/NBM_Publishing" title="NBM Publishing">Flying Buttress Press</a>). </p><p>Another early graphic novel, though it carried no self-description, was <i>The Silver Surfer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marvel_Fireside_Books" title="Marvel Fireside Books">Simon & Schuster/Fireside Books</a>, August 1978), by Marvel Comics' <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a>. Significantly, this was published by a traditional book publisher and distributed through bookstores, as was <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Feiffer" title="Jules Feiffer">Jules Feiffer</a>'s <i>Tantrum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>, 1979)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described on its dust jacket as a "novel-in-pictures". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_of_the_term">Adoption of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adoption of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabre_graphic_novel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Sabre_graphic_novel.jpg/220px-Sabre_graphic_novel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/09/Sabre_graphic_novel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><i>Sabre</i> (1978), one of the first modern graphic novels. Cover art by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gulacy" title="Paul Gulacy">Paul Gulacy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hyperbolic descriptions of longer <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> as "novels" appear on covers as early as the 1940s. Early issues of <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>' <i>All-Flash</i>, for example, described their contents as "novel-length stories" and "full-length four chapter novels".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its earliest known citation, comic-book reviewer Richard Kyle used the term "graphic novel" in <i>Capa-Alpha</i> #2 (November 1964), a newsletter published by the Comic Amateur Press Alliance, and again in an article in <a href="/wiki/Bill_Spicer" title="Bill Spicer">Bill Spicer</a>'s magazine <i>Fantasy Illustrated</i> #5 (Spring 1966).<sup id="cite_ref-rcharvey_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcharvey-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kyle, inspired by European and East Asian graphic albums (especially Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></i>), used the label to designate comics of an artistically "serious" sort.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, Spicer, with Kyle's acknowledgment, edited and published a periodical titled <i><a href="/wiki/Graphic_Story_Magazine" title="Graphic Story Magazine">Graphic Story Magazine</a></i> in the fall of 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-rcharvey_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcharvey-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sinister_House_of_Secret_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sinister House of Secret Love">The Sinister House of Secret Love</a></i> #2 (Jan. 1972), one of <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>' line of extra-length, 48-page comics, specifically used the phrase "a graphic novel of Gothic terror" on its cover.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "graphic novel" began to grow in popularity months after it appeared on the cover of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperback</a> edition (though not the <a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> edition) of <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Contract_with_God" title="A Contract with God">A Contract with God</a></i> (October 1978). This collection of <a href="/wiki/Short_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Short stories">short stories</a> was a mature, complex work focusing on the lives of ordinary people in the real world based on Eisner's own experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One scholar used graphic novels to introduce the concept of graphiation, the theory that the entire personality of an artist is visible through his or her visual representation of a certain character, setting, event, or object in a novel, and can work as a means to examine and analyze drawing style.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though Eisner's <i>A Contract with God</i> was published in 1978 by a smaller company, Baronet Press, it took Eisner over a year to find a publishing house that would allow his work to reach the mass market.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its introduction, Eisner cited Lynd Ward's 1930s woodcuts as an inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The critical and commercial success of <i>A Contract with God</i> helped to establish the term "graphic novel" in common usage, and many sources have incorrectly credited Eisner with being the first to use it. These included the <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine website in 2003, which said in its correction: "Eisner acknowledges that the term 'graphic novel' had been coined prior to his book. But, he says, 'I had not known at the time that someone had used that term before'. Nor does he take credit for creating the first graphic book".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_Eisner_(San_Diego_Comic_Con,_2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg/170px-Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg/255px-Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg/340px-Will_Eisner_%28San_Diego_Comic_Con%2C_2004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Will Eisner in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest contemporaneous applications of the term post-Eisner came in 1979, when <i>Blackmark</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> sequel—published a year after <i>A Contract with God</i> though written and drawn in the early 1970s—was labeled a "graphic novel" on the cover of Marvel Comics' black-and-white comics magazine <i>Marvel Preview</i> #17 (Winter 1979), where <i>Blackmark: The Mind Demons</i> premiered: its 117-page contents remained intact, but its panel-layout reconfigured to fit 62 pages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following this, Marvel from 1982 to 1988 published the <i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Graphic_Novel" title="Marvel Graphic Novel">Marvel Graphic Novel</a></i> line of 10" × 7" trade paperbacks—although numbering them like comic books, from #1 (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Starlin" title="Jim Starlin">Jim Starlin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mar-Vell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar-Vell">The Death of Captain Marvel</a></i>) to #35 (<a href="/wiki/Dennis_O%27Neil" title="Dennis O'Neil">Dennis O'Neil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Kaluta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Kaluta">Mike Kaluta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russ_Heath" title="Russ Heath">Russ Heath</a>'s <i>Hitler's Astrologer</i>, starring the radio and <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp fiction</a> character the <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">Shadow</a>, and released in hardcover). Marvel commissioned original graphic novels from such creators as <a href="/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)" title="John Byrne (comics)">John Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._DeMatteis" title="J. M. DeMatteis">J. M. DeMatteis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Gerber" title="Steve Gerber">Steve Gerber</a>, graphic-novel pioneer McGregor, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Sienkiewicz" title="Bill Sienkiewicz">Bill Sienkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Simonson" title="Walt Simonson">Walt Simonson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vess" title="Charles Vess">Charles Vess</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson" title="Bernie Wrightson">Bernie Wrightson</a>. While most of these starred Marvel <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superheroes</a>, others, such as <a href="/wiki/Rick_Veitch" title="Rick Veitch">Rick Veitch</a>'s <i>Heartburst</i> featured original SF/fantasy characters; others still, such as <a href="/wiki/John_J._Muth" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. Muth">John J. Muth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i>, featured adaptations of literary stories or characters; and one, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Glanzman" title="Sam Glanzman">Sam Glanzman</a>'s <i>A Sailor's Story</i>, was a true-life, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">naval</a> tale.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Watchmencovers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Watchmencovers.png" decoding="async" width="311" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The 1987 U.S. (left) and 1995 U.S./UK/Canada (right) collected editions of <i>Watchmen</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan Books">Titan Books</a>, respectively</figcaption></figure> <p>Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning <i><a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a></i> (1986), helped establish both the term and the concept of graphic novels in the minds of the mainstream public.<sup id="cite_ref-Carelton_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carelton-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> book reprints of self-contained miniseries did likewise, though they were not originally published as graphic novels: <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman: The Dark Knight Returns">Batman: The Dark Knight Returns</a></i> (1986), a collection of Frank Miller's four-part comic-book series featuring an older Batman faced with the problems of a dystopian future; and <i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen" title="Watchmen">Watchmen</a></i> (1986-1987), a collection of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Gibbons" title="Dave Gibbons">Dave Gibbons</a>' 12-issue <a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">limited series</a> in which Moore notes he "set out to explore, amongst other things, the dynamics of power in a post-Hiroshima world".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works and others were reviewed in newspapers and magazines, leading to increased coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales of graphic novels increased, with <i>Batman: The Dark Knight Returns</i>, for example, lasting 40 weeks on a UK best-seller list.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_adoption_of_the_term">European adoption of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European adoption of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside North America, Eisner's <i>A Contract with God</i> and Spiegelman's <i>Maus</i> led to the popularization of the expression "graphic novel" as well.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, most European countries used neutral, descriptive terminology that referred to the form of the medium, not the contents or the publishing form. In Francophone Europe for example, the expression <i>bandes dessinées</i> — which literally translates as "drawn strips" – is used, while the terms <i>stripverhaal</i> ("strip story") and <i>tegneserie</i> ("drawn series") are used by the Dutch/Flemish and Scandinavians respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European <a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">comics studies</a> scholars have observed that Americans originally used <i>graphic novel</i> for everything that deviated from their standard, <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">32-page comic book</a> format, meaning that all larger-sized, longer Franco-Belgian <a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">comic albums</a>, regardless of their contents, fell under the heading.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Writer-artist <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Talbot" title="Bryan Talbot">Bryan Talbot</a> claims that the first collection of his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Luther_Arkwright" title="The Adventures of Luther Arkwright">The Adventures of Luther Arkwright</a></i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Pssst!" title="Pssst!">Proutt</a> in 1982, was the first British graphic novel.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American comic critics have occasionally referred to European graphic novels as "Euro-comics",<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attempts were made in the late 1980s to cross-fertilize the American market with these works. American publishers <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Communications" title="Catalan Communications">Catalan Communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBM_Publishing" title="NBM Publishing">NBM Publishing</a> released translated titles, predominantly from the backlog catalogs of <a href="/wiki/Casterman" title="Casterman">Casterman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Humano%C3%AFdes_Associ%C3%A9s" title="Les Humanoïdes Associés">Les Humanoïdes Associés</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_term">Criticism of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some in the comics community have objected to the term <i>graphic novel</i> on the grounds that it is unnecessary, or that its usage has been corrupted by commercial interests. <i>Watchmen</i> writer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> believes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's a marketing term... that I never had any sympathy with. The term 'comic' does just as well for me ... The problem is that 'graphic novel' just came to mean 'expensive comic book' and so what you'd get is people like DC Comics or Marvel Comics—because 'graphic novels' were getting some attention, they'd stick six issues of whatever worthless piece of crap they happened to be publishing lately under a glossy cover and call it <i>The <a href="/wiki/She-Hulk" title="She-Hulk">She-Hulk</a> Graphic Novel</i> ..."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Glen Weldon, author and cultural critic, writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's a perfect time to retire terms like "graphic novel" and "sequential art", which piggyback on the language of other, wholly separate mediums. What's more, both terms have their roots in the need to dissemble and justify, thus both exude a sense of desperation, a gnawing hunger to be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Author Daniel Raeburn wrote: "I snicker at the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> first for its insecure pretension - the literary equivalent of calling a <a href="/wiki/Garbage_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage man">garbage man</a> a 'sanitation engineer' - and second because a 'graphic novel' is in fact the very thing it is ashamed to admit: a comic book, rather than a comic pamphlet or comic magazine".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, responding to a claim that he does not write comic books but graphic novels, said the commenter "meant it as a compliment, I suppose. But all of a sudden I felt like someone who'd been informed that she wasn't actually a hooker; that in fact she was a lady of the evening".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responding to writer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wolk" title="Douglas Wolk">Douglas Wolk</a>'s quip that the difference between a graphic novel and a comic book is "the binding", <i><a href="/wiki/Bone_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone (comic)">Bone</a></i> creator <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Smith_(cartoonist)" title="Jeff Smith (cartoonist)">Jeff Smith</a> said: "I kind of like that answer. Because 'graphic novel' ... I don't like that name. It's trying too hard. It is a comic book. But there is a difference. And the difference is, a graphic novel is a novel in the sense that there is a beginning, a middle and an end".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> writer <a href="/wiki/Giles_Coren" title="Giles Coren">Giles Coren</a> said: "To call them graphic novels is to presume that the novel is in some way 'higher' than the karmicbwurk (comic book), and that only by being thought of as a sort of novel can it be understood as an art form".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some alternative cartoonists have coined their own terms for extended comics narratives. The cover of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Clowes" title="Daniel Clowes">Daniel Clowes</a>' <i>Ice Haven</i> (2001) refers to the book as "a comic-strip novel", with Clowes having noted that he "never saw anything wrong with the comic book".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cover of <a href="/wiki/Craig_Thompson" title="Craig Thompson">Craig Thompson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Blankets_(graphic_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blankets (graphic novel)">Blankets</a></i> calls it "an illustrated novel".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_book" title="Artist's book">Artist's book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_novel" title="Collage novel">Collage novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">Comic album</a>, European publishing format</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a>, Japanese term for/style of more mature comics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic narrative">Graphic narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_non-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic non-fiction">Graphic non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_award-winning_graphic_novels" title="List of award-winning graphic novels">List of award-winning graphic novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">List of best-selling comic series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livre_d%27art" title="Livre d'art">Livre d'art</a>, profusely illustrated books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">Tankōbon</a>, Japanese manga publishing format</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordless_novel" title="Wordless novel">Wordless novel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhoenix2020" class="citation book cs1">Phoenix, Jack (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141029685"><i>Maximizing the Impact of Comics in Your Library: Graphic Novels, Manga, and More</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California. pp. 4–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6886-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-6886-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1141029685">1141029685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximizing+the+Impact+of+Comics+in+Your+Library%3A+Graphic+Novels%2C+Manga%2C+and+More&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1141029685&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6886-3&rft.aulast=Phoenix&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1141029685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2020" class="citation web cs1">Kelley, Jason (November 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtolovecomics.com/2020/11/16/whats-the-difference-between-graphic-novels-and-trade-paperbacks/">"What's The Difference Between Graphic Novels and Trade Paperbacks?"</a>. <i>How To Love Comics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+To+Love+Comics&rft.atitle=What%27s+The+Difference+Between+Graphic+Novels+and+Trade+Paperbacks%3F&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtolovecomics.com%2F2020%2F11%2F16%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-graphic-novels-and-trade-paperbacks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchelly2010" class="citation book cs1">Schelly, Bill (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9YRzodtmKcC&pg=PA117"><i>Founders of Comic Fandom: Profiles of 90 Publishers, Dealers, Collectors, Writers, Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s and 1960s</i></a>. McFarland. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5762-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founders+of+Comic+Fandom%3A+Profiles+of+90+Publishers%2C+Dealers%2C+Collectors%2C+Writers%2C+Artists+and+Other+Luminaries+of+the+1950s+and+1960s&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5762-5&rft.aulast=Schelly&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9YRzodtmKcC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddenBaneFlory2006" class="citation book cs1">Madden, David; Bane, Charles; Flory, Sean M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qeX9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>A Primer of the Novel: For Readers and Writers</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-5597-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-5597-8"><bdi>978-1-4616-5597-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+the+Novel%3A+For+Readers+and+Writers&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-5597-8&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bane%2C+Charles&rft.au=Flory%2C+Sean+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqeX9AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414104950/https://www.bisg.org/bisac-subject-headings-list-comics-and-graphic-novels">"BISAC Subject Headings List, Comics and Graphic Novels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Book_Industry_Study_Group" title="Book Industry Study Group">Book Industry Study Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bisg.org/bisac-subject-headings-list-comics-and-graphic-novels">the original</a> on April 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BISAC+Subject+Headings+List%2C+Comics+and+Graphic+Novels&rft.pub=Book+Industry+Study+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bisg.org%2Fbisac-subject-headings-list-comics-and-graphic-novels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/graphic%20novel">"graphic novel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=graphic+novel&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgraphic%2520novel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertlerSteve_Lieber2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nat_Gertler" title="Nat Gertler">Gertler, Nat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lieber" title="Steve Lieber">Steve Lieber</a> (2004). <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Creating a Graphic Novel</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Books" title="Alpha Books">Alpha Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-233-5"><bdi>978-1-59257-233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Creating+a+Graphic+Novel&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-233-5&rft.aulast=Gertler&rft.aufirst=Nat&rft.au=Steve+Lieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arie_Kaplan" title="Arie Kaplan">Kaplan, Arie</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastersofcomicbo0000kapl"><i>Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press" title="Chicago Review Press">Chicago Review Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-633-6"><bdi>978-1-55652-633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Comic+Book+Universe+Revealed%21&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-633-6&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Arie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmastersofcomicbo0000kapl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/graphic-novel">"graphic novel | literature"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=graphic+novel+%7C+literature&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fgraphic-novel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A complete edition was published in 1970 before being serialized in the French magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Mensuel" title="Charlie Mensuel">Charlie Mensuel</a></i>, as per <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chez.com/buzzelli/1965-1975.html">"Dino Buzzati 1965–1975"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Italian website)</span>. <i>Associazione Guido Buzzelli</i>. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associazione+Guido+Buzzelli&rft.atitle=Dino+Buzzati+1965%E2%80%931975&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chez.com%2Fbuzzelli%2F1965-1975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143214/http://buzzelli.chez.com/1965-1975.html">WebCitation archive</a>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomingos_Isabelinho2004" class="citation web cs1">Domingos Isabelinho (Summer 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5s3uH40uL?url=http://www.indyworld.com/indy/summer_2004/isabelinho_cage/">"The Ghost of a Character: The Cage by Martin Vaughn-James"</a>. <i>Indy Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indyworld.com/indy/summer_2004/isabelinho_cage/">the original</a> on August 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indy+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+of+a+Character%3A+The+Cage+by+Martin+Vaughn-James&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Domingos+Isabelinho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indyworld.com%2Findy%2Fsummer_2004%2Fisabelinho_cage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coville-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coville_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoville" class="citation web cs1">Coville, Jamie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030415153354/http://www.collectortimes.com/~comichistory/Platinum.html">"The History of Comic Books: Introduction and 'The Platinum Age 1897–1938'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. TheComicBooks.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecomicbooks.com/old/Platinum.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Comic+Books%3A+Introduction+and+%27The+Platinum+Age+1897%E2%80%931938%27&rft.pub=TheComicBooks.com&rft.aulast=Coville&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecomicbooks.com%2Fold%2FPlatinum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span>. Originally published at defunct site <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectortimes.com">CollectorTimes.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502060554/http://www.collectortimes.com/">Archived</a> May 2, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beerbohm-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beerbohm_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beerbohm_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeerbohm2008" class="citation book cs1">Beerbohm, Robert (2008). "The Victorian Age Comic Strips and Books 1646-1900: Origins of Early American Comic Strips Before The Yellow Kid and 'The Platinum Age 1897–1938'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide #38</i>. pp. 337–338.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Victorian+Age+Comic+Strips+and+Books+1646-1900%3A+Origins+of+Early+American+Comic+Strips+Before+The+Yellow+Kid+and+%27The+Platinum+Age+1897%E2%80%931938%27&rft.btitle=Overstreet+Comic+Book+Price+Guide+%2338&rft.pages=337-338&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Beerbohm&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroensteen2015" class="citation web cs1">Groensteen, Thierry (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuviemeart.citebd.org/spip.php?article954">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Maestro": chronique d'une découverte / "Maestro": Chronicle of a Discovery"</a>. NeuviemArt 2.0. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709204421/http://neuviemeart.citebd.org/spip.php?article954">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2015</span>. <q>... le caricaturiste Emmanuel Poiré, plus connu sous le pseudonyme de Caran d'Ache (1858-1909). Il s'exprimait ainsi dans une lettre adressée le 20 juillet 1894 à l'éditeur du <i>Figaro</i> ... L'ouvrage n'a jamais été publié, Caran d'Ache l'ayant laissé inachevé pour une raison inconnue. Mais ... puisque ce sont près d'une centaine de pages complètes (format H 20,4 x 12,5 cm) qui figurent dans le lot proposé au musée. / ... cartoonist Emmanuel Poiré, better known under the pseudonym Caran d'Ache (1858-1909). He was speaking in a letter July 20, 1894, to the editor of <i>Le Figaro</i> ... The book was never published, Caran d'Ache having left it unfinished for unknown reasons. But ... almost a hundred full pages (format 20.4 x H 12.5 cm) are contained in the lot proposed for the museum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Maestro%22%3A+chronique+d%27une+d%C3%A9couverte+%2F+%22Maestro%22%3A+Chronicle+of+a+Discovery&rft.pub=NeuviemArt+2.0&rft.date=2015-06&rft.aulast=Groensteen&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuviemeart.citebd.org%2Fspip.php%3Farticle954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTychinskin.d." class="citation magazine cs1">Tychinski, Stan (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diamondbookshelf.com/Home/1/1/20/164?articleID=64513">"A Brief History of the Graphic Novel"</a>. <i>Diamond Bookshelf</i>. <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Comic_Distributors" title="Diamond Comic Distributors">Diamond Comic Distributors</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928002033/https://www.diamondbookshelf.com/Home/1/1/20/164?articleID=64513">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diamond+Bookshelf&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Graphic+Novel&rft.aulast=Tychinski&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diamondbookshelf.com%2FHome%2F1%2F1%2F20%2F164%3FarticleID%3D64513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabin2005" class="citation book cs1">Sabin, Roger (2005). <i>Adult Comics: An Introduction</i>. Routledge New Accents Library Collection. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29139-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29139-2"><bdi>978-0-415-29139-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adult+Comics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Routledge+New+Accents+Library+Collection&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29139-2&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reissued 1985 as <i>Passionate Journey: A Novel in 165 Woodcuts</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-174-9">978-0-87286-174-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/lynd-ward-graphic-novel-prize/press-releases-lynd-ward-prize">"2020 Lynd Ward Prize for Graphic Novel of the Year"</a> (Press release). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Center For the Book, Pennsylvania State University Libraries. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101071203/https://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/lynd-ward-graphic-novel-prize/press-releases-lynd-ward-prize">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Lynd+Ward+Prize+for+Graphic+Novel+of+the+Year&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Center+For+the+Book%2C+Pennsylvania+State+University+Libraries&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpabook.libraries.psu.edu%2Flynd-ward-graphic-novel-prize%2Fpress-releases-lynd-ward-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphicwitness.org/historic/fm.htm">"Frans Masereel (1889-1972)"</a>. GraphicWitness.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005214250/https://www.graphicwitness.org/historic/fm.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frans+Masereel+%281889-1972%29&rft.pub=GraphicWitness.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphicwitness.org%2Fhistoric%2Ffm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comics.org/issue/6380/"><i>Comics Novel</i> #1</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dream_SMP" title="Dream SMP">dream SMP</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ken-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ken_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuattro2006" class="citation news cs1">Quattro, Ken (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519203006/http://www.comicartville.com/archerstjohn.htm">"Archer St. John & The Little Company That Could"</a>. Comicartville Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicartville.com/archerstjohn.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Archer+St.+John+%26+The+Little+Company+That+Could&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Quattro&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comicartville.com%2Farcherstjohn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comics.org/issue/317082/"><i>It Rhymes With Lust</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" title="Grand Comics Database">Grand Comics Database</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comics.org/issue/1251122/"><i>Mansion of Evil</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" title="Grand Comics Database">Grand Comics Database</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comics.org/issue/543514/"><i>Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book</i> #338 K</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" title="Grand Comics Database">Grand Comics Database</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2005" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Grant" title="Steven Grant">Grant, Steven</a> (December 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/issue-224/">"Permanent Damage [column] #224"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617023143/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=15123">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Resources&rft.atitle=Permanent+Damage+%5Bcolumn%5D+%23224&rft.date=2005-12-28&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fissue-224%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacks-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sacks_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks" class="citation web cs1">Sacks, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fanboyplanet.com/comics/js-panthersrage.php">"Panther's Rage: Marvel's First Graphic Novel"</a>. FanboyPlanet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704142442/http://www.fanboyplanet.com/comics/js-panthersrage.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2008. <q>[T]here were real character arcs in <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">Fantastic Four</a> [comics] over time. But ... <i>Panther's Rage</i> is the first comic that was created from start to finish as a complete novel. Running in two years' issues of <i>Jungle Action</i> (#s 6 through 18), <i>Panther's Rage</i> is a 200-page novel....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panther%27s+Rage%3A+Marvel%27s+First+Graphic+Novel&rft.pub=FanboyPlanet.com&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanboyplanet.com%2Fcomics%2Fjs-panthersrage.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravett2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gravett" title="Paul Gravett">Gravett, Paul</a> (2005). <i>Graphic Novels: Stories To Change Your Life</i> (1st ed.). Aurum Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-068-8"><bdi>978-1-84513-068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels%3A+Stories+To+Change+Your+Life&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Aurum+Press+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-068-8&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2004" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas, Wroe (December 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1375227,00.html">"Bloomin' Christmas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090127/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2004/dec/18/featuresreviews.guardianreview8">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bloomin%27+Christmas&rft.date=2004-12-18&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Wroe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Freview%2Fstory%2F0%2C12084%2C1375227%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comics.org/issue/791792/"><i>Beyond Time and Again</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" title="Grand Comics Database">Grand Comics Database</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Paul Gerald (June 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.exeter.ac.uk/1970sgraphicnovels/2015/06/23/beyond-time-and-again/">"Beyond Time and Again"</a>. <i>The 1970s Graphic Novel Blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+1970s+Graphic+Novel+Blog&rft.atitle=Beyond+Time+and+Again&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.exeter.ac.uk%2F1970sgraphicnovels%2F2015%2F06%2F23%2Fbeyond-time-and-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbmpub.com/history/about3.html">"America's First Graphic Novel Publisher [sic]"</a>. New York City, New York: <a href="/wiki/NBM_Publishing" title="NBM Publishing">NBM Publishing</a>. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106003222/http://www.nbmpub.com/history/about3.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Graphic+Novel+Publisher+%5Bsic%5D&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=NBM+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbmpub.com%2Fhistory%2Fabout3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comics.org/series.lasso?SeriesID=12642"><i>The First Kingdom</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" title="Grand Comics Database">Grand Comics Database</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough2001" class="citation web cs1">Gough, Bob (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milehighcomics.com/interviews/donmcgregor.html">"Interview with Don McGregor"</a>. MileHighComics.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194521/http://www.milehighcomics.com/interviews/donmcgregor.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Don+McGregor&rft.pub=MileHighComics.com&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milehighcomics.com%2Finterviews%2Fdonmcgregor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallmer2005" class="citation news cs1">Tallmer, Jerry (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320103222/http://www.nyc-plus.com/nycp1/thethreelive.html">"The Three Lives of Jules Feiffer"</a>. <i>NYC Plus</i>. Vol. 1, no. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc-plus.com/nycp1/thethreelive.html">the original</a> on March 20, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYC+Plus&rft.atitle=The+Three+Lives+of+Jules+Feiffer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Tallmer&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc-plus.com%2Fnycp1%2Fthethreelive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comics.org/covers.lasso?SeriesID=211"><i>All-Flash</i></a> covers at the Grand Comics Database. See issues #2–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcharvey-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rcharvey_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rcharvey_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031125215458/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html"><i>Time</i> magazine letter</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811202539/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html">WebCitation archive</a>) from comics historian and author <a href="/wiki/R._C._Harvey" title="R. C. Harvey">R. C. Harvey</a> in response to claims in Arnold, Andrew D., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031202162530/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,542579,00.html">"The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811202153/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,542579,00.html">WebCitation archive</a>), <i>Time</i>, November 14, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravett, <i>Graphic Novels</i>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comics.org/issue/75432/cover/4/?style=default">Cover, <i>The Sinister House of Secret Love</i> #2</a> at the Grand Comics Database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Comic Books, Tragic Stories: Will Eisner's American Jewish History</i>, Volume 30, Issue 2, AJS Review, 2006, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaetensFrey2015" class="citation book cs1">Baetens, Jan; Frey, Hugo (2015). <i>The Graphic Novel: An Introduction</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Graphic+Novel%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Baetens&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Frey%2C+Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Comic Books, Tragic Stories: Will Eisner's American Jewish History</i>, Volume 30, Issue 2, AJS Review, 2006, p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2005" class="citation web cs1">Dooley, Michael (January 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiga.org/the-spirit-of-will-eisner">"The Spirit of Will Eisner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190416184010/https://www.aiga.org/the-spirit-of-will-eisner">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Will+Eisner&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Graphic+Arts&rft.date=2005-01-11&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiga.org%2Fthe-spirit-of-will-eisner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Arnold, Andrew D. (November 21, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031125215458/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html">"A Graphic Literature Library – Time.comix responds"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Graphic+Literature+Library+%E2%80%93+Time.comix+responds&rft.date=2003-11-21&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcolumnist%2Farnold%2Farticle%2F0%2C9565%2C547796%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811202539/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,547796,00.html">WebCitation archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comics.org/issue/42312/"><i>Marvel Graphic Novel: A Sailor's Story</i></a> at the Grand Comics Database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carelton-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carelton_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarleton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Carleton, Sean (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/LLT/article/download/21992/25513">"Drawn to Change: Comics and Critical Consciousness"</a>. <i>Labour/Le Travail</i>. <b>73</b>: 154–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour%2FLe+Travail&rft.atitle=Drawn+to+Change%3A+Comics+and+Critical+Consciousness&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=154-155&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FLLT%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F21992%2F25513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore letter <i> Cerebus</i>, no. 217 (April 1997). Aardvark Vanaheim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanham, Fritz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ae/books/news/2763392.html">"From Pulp to Pulitzer"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>, August 29, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119075035/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ae/books/news/2763392.html">WebCitation archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Campbell" title="Eddie Campbell">Campbell, Eddie</a> (2001). <i>Alec:How to be an Artist</i> (1st ed.). Eddie Campbell Comics. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9577896-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9577896-3-0"><bdi>978-0-9577896-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alec%3AHow+to+be+an+Artist&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Eddie+Campbell+Comics&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9577896-3-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambiek.net/aanvang/2000graphicnovel.htm">Stripgeschiedenis [Comic Strip History]: 2000-2010 Graphic novels</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lambiek_Comiclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambiek Comiclopedia">Lambiek Comiclopedia</a> (in Dutch): "In de jaren zeventig verschenen enkele strips die zichzelf aanprezen als 'graphic novel', onder hen bevond zich 'A Contract With God' van Eisner, een verzameling korte strips in een volwassen, literaire stijl. Vanaf die tijd wordt de term gebruikt om het verschil aan te geven tussen 'gewone' strips, bedoeld ter algemeen vermaak, en strips met een meer literaire pretentie". / "In the 1970s, several comics that billed themselves as 'graphic novels' appeared, including Eisner's 'A Contract With God', a collection of short comics in a mature, literary style. From that time on, the term has been used to indicate the difference between 'regular' comics, intended for general entertainment, and comics with a more literary pretension". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045921/https://www.lambiek.net/aanvang/2000graphicnovel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notable exceptions have become the German and Spanish speaking populaces who have adopted the US derived <i>comic</i> and <i>cómic</i> respectively. The traditional Spanish term had previously been <i>tebeo</i> ("strip"), today somewhat dated. The likewise German expression <i>Serienbilder</i> ("serialized images") has, unlike its Spanish counterpart, become obsolete. The term "comic" is used in some other European countries as well, but often exclusively to refer to the standard <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comic book</a> format.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talbot-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talbot_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Méalóid, Pádraig Ó. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bryan-talbot.com/features/interview-padraig-o-mealoid.php">"Interview with Bryan Talbot"</a>, BryanTalbot.com (Started 6th May 2009. Finished 21st September 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeckerJordanThompson1989" class="citation news cs1">Decker, Dwight R.; Jordan, Gil; <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thompson" title="Kim Thompson">Thompson, Kim</a> (March 1989). "Another World of Comics & From Europe with Love: An Interview with Catalan's Outspoken Bernd Metz" & "Approaching Euro-Comics: A Comprehensive Guide to the Brave New World of European Graphic Albums". <i>Amazing Heroes</i>. 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Blather.net. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alan+Moore+Interview%3A+Northampton+%2F+Graphic+novel&rft.pub=Blather.net&rft.date=2000-10-17&rft.aulast=Kavanagh&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blather.net%2Farticles%2Famoore%2Fnorthampton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeldon2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glen_Weldon" title="Glen Weldon">Weldon, Glen</a> (November 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/monkeysee/2016/11/17/502422829/the-term-graphic-novel-has-had-a-good-run-we-dont-need-it-anymore">"The Term 'Graphic Novel' Has Had A Good Run. We Don't Need It Anymore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a></i>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190416190506/https://www.npr.org/2016/11/17/502422829/the-term-graphic-novel-has-had-a-good-run-we-dont-need-it-anymore">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC – Collective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A4500820">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daniel+Clowes+Interview%3A+The+Ghost+World+Creator+Does+It+Again&rft.date=2005-07-21&rft.aulast=Bushell&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fcollective%2FA4500820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zilverendolfijn.nl/zz/sbp/1/EN/THOMPSOC,+++1/m/zd.html">"Zilveren Dolfijn - Craig Thompson (oneshots): Blankets"</a>. <i>www.zilverendolfijn.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zilverendolfijn.nl&rft.atitle=Zilveren+Dolfijn+-+Craig+Thompson+%28oneshots%29%3A+Blankets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zilverendolfijn.nl%2Fzz%2Fsbp%2F1%2FEN%2FTHOMPSOC%2C%2B%2B%2B1%2Fm%2Fzd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnold, Andrew D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031202162530/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,542579,00.html">"The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, November 14, 2003</li> <li>Tychinski, Stan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603041720/http://www.graphicnovels.brodart.com/history.htm">Brodart.com: "A Brief History of the Graphic Novel"</a> (n.d., 2004)</li> <li>Couch, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051015025242/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/narratology/chriscouch.htm">"The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon"</a>, <i>Image & Narrative</i> #1 (Dec. 2000)</li> <li><i>Graphic Novels: Everything You Need to Know</i> by Paul Gravett, Harper Design, New York, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06082-4-259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06082-4-259">978-0-06082-4-259</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Comics" title="Understanding Comics">Understanding Comics</a>: The Invisible Art</i> by Scott McCloud</li> <li><i>The Victorian Age: Comic Strips and Books 1646–1900 Origins of Early American Comic Strips Before The Yellow Kid</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Overstreet_Comic_Book_Price_Guide" title="Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide">Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide</a></i> #38 2008 pages 330–366 by Robert Lee Beerbohm, Doug Wheeler, Richard Samuel West and Richard D. Olson, PhD</li> <li>Weiner, Stephen & Couch, Chris. <i>Faster than a speeding bullet: the rise of the graphic novel</i>, <a href="/wiki/NBM_Publishing" title="NBM Publishing">NBM</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56163-368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56163-368-5">978-1-56163-368-5</a></li> <li><i>The System of Comics</i> by Thierry Groensteen, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-259-7">978-1-60473-259-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldamaGonzález2016" class="citation book cs1">Aldama, Frederick Luis; González, Christopher (2016). <i>Graphic borders: Latino comic books past, present, and future</i>. Austin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0914-8"><bdi>978-1-4773-0914-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920966195">920966195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+borders%3A+Latino+comic+books+past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.place=Austin&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920966195&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0914-8&rft.aulast=Aldama&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Luis&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphic+novel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101124016/http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/graphic_novels.html">"Welcome to Columbia University's Graphic Novels Page"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a><br />and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and<br /> museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and<br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and<br /> outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/946656/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7658564-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94008233">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb156189982">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb156189982">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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