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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_in_formatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_in_formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences in formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_in_formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_manhua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_manhua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Digital <span><i>manhua</i></span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_manhua-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital <span><i>manhua</i></span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_manhua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_manhua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_manhua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Web <span><i>manhua</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_manhua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webcomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webcomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Webcomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webcomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webtoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webtoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Webtoons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webtoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مانها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مانها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EB%A7%8C%ED%99%94" title="중국 만화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국 만화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="中国の漫画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国の漫画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Маньхуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маньхуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="การ์ตูนจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การ์ตูนจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маньхва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маньхва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81%D9%8F%D8%A2" title="مانہُآ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانہُآ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Manhua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="中國漫畫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國漫畫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q754669#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese-language comics produced in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Chinese comics. For the Chinese dialect, see <a href="/wiki/Manhua_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhua dialect">Manhua dialect</a>. For Korean comics, see <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a>. 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of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133511664">.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-header{background-color:#99c2ff}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-comics{width:24em}.mw-parser-output .ib-comics .infobox-label{width:40%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-comics-nationality ib-comics"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Manhua</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Map_of_19th_Century_China%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E5%B1%80%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%EF%BC%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Political_Map_of_19th_Century_China%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E5%B1%80%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%EF%BC%89.jpg/220px-Political_Map_of_19th_Century_China%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E5%B1%80%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Political_Map_of_19th_Century_China%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E5%B1%80%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%EF%BC%89.jpg/330px-Political_Map_of_19th_Century_China%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E5%B1%80%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Political_Map_of_19th_Century_China%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E5%B1%80%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%EF%BC%89.jpg/440px-Political_Map_of_19th_Century_China%EF%BC%88%E6%99%82%E5%B1%80%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%96%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="974" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>The Situation in the Far East</i>, an 1899 manhua by <a href="/wiki/Tse_Tsan-tai" title="Tse Tsan-tai">Tse Tsan-tai</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publishers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tong_Li_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tong Li Comics">Tong Li Comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ever_Glory_Publishing" title="Ever Glory Publishing">Ever Glory Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Point_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Point Publishing">Sharp Point Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonesky" title="Jonesky">Jonesky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuang_Yi" title="Chuang Yi">Chuang Yi</a>, Kuaikan, ManMan, QQ Comic, Vcomic, U17, Dongman Manhua, dmzj.com, Comico Taiwan, Line Webtoon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">List</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (written in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Related articles</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OEL_manga" class="mw-redirect" title="OEL manga">OEL manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfra" title="Manfra">Manfra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_nouvelle_manga" title="La nouvelle manga">Nouvelle Manga</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Manhua</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">漫畫</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">漫画</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">mànhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">man4-hua4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">maan6 waa6*2</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Manhua</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">漫畫</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">漫画</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mànhuà</span></i>) are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> produced in <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a>. Chinese comics and narrated illustrations have existed in China throughout its history. </p><p>They are usually graphic and can be written for a myriad of genres, including romance, fantasy, historical, thrillers, paranormal and horror. The storylines are varied but could include troupes and plotlines common to Asian culture and settings. </p><p>There's no fixed word count for a manhua, but each panel could contain an average of 30 words and about 90 words per page, though this may vary widely. Depending on the writer and the manhua's popularity, it could have one or several issues and can be published digitally or in a printed form. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture of China</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" title="Culture of China"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/China_satellite.png/250px-China_satellite.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/China_satellite.png/375px-China_satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/China_satellite.png/500px-China_satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="956" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Satellite image of China</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in China">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in China">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_funeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese funeral">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chinese_games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Chinese games (page does not exist)">Games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese festivals">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">Confucian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_new_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese new religions">New religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_China" title="Theatre of China">performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of China">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_China" title="Template:Culture of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_China" title="Template talk:Culture of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The word <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> was originally an 18th-century term used in Chinese <a href="/wiki/Literati_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Literati painting">literati painting</a>. It became popular in Japan as <i><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></i> in the late 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Feng_Zikai" title="Feng Zikai">Feng Zikai</a> reintroduced the word to Chinese, in the modern sense, with his 1925 series of political cartoons entitled <i>Zikai Manhua</i> in the <i>Wenxue Zhoubao</i> (Literature Weekly).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lent_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While terms other than <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> had existed before, this particular publication took precedence over the many other descriptions for cartoon art that were used previously and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> came to be associated with all Chinese comic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a> for <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> are identical to those used for the Japanese <i>manga</i> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a>. Someone who draws or writes <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> is referred to as a <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhuajia</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">漫畫家</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">漫画家</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mànhuàjiā</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest surviving examples of Chinese drawings are stone <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> from the 11th century BC and <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> from 5000 to 3000 BC. Other examples include symbolic brush drawings from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>, a satirical drawing titled "Peacocks" by the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Da">Zhu Da</a>, and a work called "Ghosts' Farce Pictures" from around 1771 by Luo Liang-feng. Chinese <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> was born in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, roughly during the years 1867 to 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Lithographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithographic">lithographic</a> printing methods derived from the West was a critical step in expanding the art in the early 20th century. Beginning in the 1870s, satirical drawings appeared in newspapers and periodicals. By the 1920s palm-sized picture books like <a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a> were popular in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are considered the predecessor of modern-day <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>. </p><p>One of the first magazines of satirical cartoons came from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> entitled <i>The China Punch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first piece drawn by a person of Chinese nationality was <i>The Situation in the Far East</i> from <a href="/wiki/Tse_Tsan-tai" title="Tse Tsan-tai">Tse Tsan-tai</a> in 1899, printed in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Yat-Sen">Sun Yat-Sen</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1911 using <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Comics">Hong Kong's manhua</a> to circulate anti-<a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> propaganda. Some of the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> that mirrored the early struggles of the transitional political and war periods were <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Record" title="The True Record">The True Record</a></i> and <i>Renjian Pictorial</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Up until the establishment of the Shanghai Sketch Society in 1927, all prior works were Lianhuanhua or loose collections of materials. The first successful <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Sketch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Sketch">Shanghai Sketch</a></i> (or <i>Shanghai Manhua</i>) appeared in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1934 and 1937 about 17 <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> magazines were published in Shanghai. This format would once again be put to propaganda use with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. By the time the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupied Hong Kong</a> in 1941, all <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> activities had stopped. With the surrender of the Japanese in 1945, political mayhem between Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communists</a> took place. One of the critical <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>, <i>This Is a Cartoon Era</i> by Renjian Huahui made note of the political backdrop at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most popular and enduring comics of this period was <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Leping" title="Zhang Leping">Zhang Leping</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sanmao_(comics)" title="Sanmao (comics)">Sanmao</a></i>, first published in 1935. </p><p>During the Anti-Japanese War, begun in 1937, many Chinese cartoonists, including Ye Qianyu, fled Shanghai and other major cities and waged "cartoon guerilla warfare" against the Japanese invaders by mounting roving cartoon exhibitions and publishing cartoon magazines in inland cities like Hankou.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of Chinese immigration turned Hong Kong into the main <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>-ready market, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a> generation of children. The most influential <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> magazine for adults was the 1956 <i>Cartoons World</i>, which fueled the best-selling <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Choi" title="Uncle Choi">Uncle Choi</a>. The availability of Japanese and Taiwanese comics challenged the local industry, selling at a pirated bargain price of 10 cents.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Manhua</i></span>-like <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Master_Q" title="Old Master Q">Old Master Q</a></i> were needed to revitalize the local industry. </p><p>The arrival of television in the 1970s was a changing point. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>'s films dominated the era and his popularity launched a new wave of <a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung Fu">Kung Fu</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The explicit violence helped sell comic books, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government of Hong Kong</a> intervened with the Indecent Publication Law in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Heroes" title="Oriental Heroes">Little Rascals</a></i> was one of the pieces which absorbed all the social changes. The materials would also bloom in the 90s with work like <a href="/wiki/McMug" title="McMug">McMug</a> and three-part stories like "Teddy Boy", "Portland Street" and "Red Light District".<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1950s, Hong Kong's <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> market has been separate from that of mainland China. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Si_loin_et_si_proche" title="Si loin et si proche">Si loin et si proche</a></i>, by Chinese writer and illustrator Xiao Bai, won the Gold Award at the 4th <a href="/wiki/International_Manga_Award" title="International Manga Award">International Manga Award</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> have also won the Silver and Bronze Awards at the International Manga Award. </p><p>In the second half of the 2000s and early 2010s, various Chinese cartoonists began using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> to spread <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Webcomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcomics">strips and cartoons online</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langfitt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langfitt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Print publishing, being strictly controlled in China, is slowly being traded in for <a href="/wiki/Microblogging_in_China" title="Microblogging in China">microblogging</a> websites such as <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a>, where <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> can reach a wide audience while subject to less editorial control.<sup id="cite_ref-tcj_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcj-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite China being a major consumer of comics for decades, the medium has never been taken as "serious works of art". R. Martin of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Comics_Journal" title="The Comics Journal">The Comics Journal</a></i> describes the Chinese outlook on comics as "pulpy imitations of <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a>". Furthermore, China strictly controls the publishing of comics, and as a result, cartoonists faced difficulty reaching a large audience. Many cartoonists in the late 2000s began self-publishing their work on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> instead of attempting to issue paper editions. Websites such as <a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a> (2005) and <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a> (2009) are popular venues for <a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">web manhua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webcomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcomics">webcomics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tcj_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcj-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taipei_International_Comics_and_Animation_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taipei International Comics and Animation Festival (page does not exist)">Taipei International Comics and Animation Festival</a> celebrated the coming of a "webcomics era" in 2015. With increased <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> usage with a younger generation, web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Webcomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcomics">webcomics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Webtoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Webtoons">webtoons</a> are expected to become more popular. With an increasing prevalence of Chinese-language online comic platforms, young artists have more opportunities to publish their work and gain a reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Taipei_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taipei-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">South Korean webtoons</a> and webtoon platforms have become increasingly popular in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, two <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> have been adapted into <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> television series: <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_Ren_Zhi_Xia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Ren Zhi Xia">Yi Ren Zhi Xia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Buster" title="Soul Buster">Soul Buster</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another series, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloodivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodivores">Bloodivores</a></i>, based on a web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>, will start airing on October 1, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Anime_News_Network_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anime_News_Network-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another series, <i>The Silver Guardian</i>, is scheduled to premiere in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the official terminology was established, the art form was known by several names.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">English </th> <th width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <th width="20%">Chinese (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese character">traditional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese character">simplified</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Allegorical Pictures</td> <td>Rúyì Huà</td> <td>如意畫 / 如意画 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satirical Pictures</td> <td>Fĕngcì Huà</td> <td>諷刺畫 / 讽刺画 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Political Pictures</td> <td>Zhèngzhì Huà</td> <td>政治畫 / 政治画 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current Pictures</td> <td>Shíshì Huà</td> <td>時事畫 / 时事画 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reporting Pictures</td> <td>Bàodǎo Huà</td> <td>報導畫 / 报导画 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recording Pictures</td> <td>Jìlù Huà</td> <td>紀錄畫 / 纪录画 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amusement Pictures</td> <td>Huáji Huà</td> <td>滑稽畫 / 滑稽画 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comedy Pictures</td> <td>Xiào Huà</td> <td>笑畫 / 笑画 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Today's <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> are simply distinguished by four categories. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="40%">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Satirical and political <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comical <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Action <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Children's <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Chinese-style <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> characteristics is credited to the breakthrough art work of the 1982 <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Hero:_Tales_of_the_Blood_Sword" title="Chinese Hero: Tales of the Blood Sword">Chinese Hero</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendy_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, it had more realistic drawings with details resembling real people. Most <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> also comes in full color with some panels rendered entirely in painting for the single issue format. Most <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> work from the 1800s to the 1930s contained characters that appeared serious. The cultural openness in Hong Kong brought the translation of American <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> characters like <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinocchio" title="Pinocchio">Pinocchio</a> in the 1950s, demonstrating western influence in local work like <i>Little Angeli</i> in 1954. Both the influx of translated Japanese manga of the 1960s and televised <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> in Hong Kong also made a significant impression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_in_formatting">Differences in formatting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differences in formatting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on where they are created, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> can have differences in the way they are formatted and presented. Besides the use of traditional and simplified Chinese characters, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> may also need to be read differently depending on where they are from. Their original Chinese text is placed horizontally in <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> from mainland China and read from left-to-right (like Western comics and Korean <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a>), while Taiwanese and Hong Kongese <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> have the characters rendered vertically top-to-bottom and sentences are read from right-to-left (like Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are due to differences in the <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style</a> prescribed by the governments of China, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_manhua">Digital <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital manhua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_balloon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_manhua">Web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Web manhua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>, known as web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>, are a growing art form in China. Web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> are posted on social media and web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> portals, which serve as a lower bar of entry than the strictly controlled print publication outlets in the country. Though little money is currently made through online <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> in China, the medium has become popular due to ease of uploading and publishing titles, color publication, and free reading access. Some popular web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> sites include QQ Comic and U17. In recent years, several Chinese web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> have been adapted into animated series, with some in co-production with the Japanese animation industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webcomics">Webcomics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Webcomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Microblogging_in_China" title="Microblogging in China">microblogging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webcomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcomics">webcomics</a> were gaining popularity in China, the form was increasingly used for political activism and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. Despite China being a major consumer of comics for decades, the medium has never been taken as "serious works of art". R. Martin of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Comics_Journal" title="The Comics Journal">The Comics Journal</a></i> describes the Chinese outlook on comics as "pulpy imitations of <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a>". Furthermore, China strictly controls the publishing of comics, and as a result, cartoonists faced difficulty reaching a large audience. Many cartoonists in the late 2000s began self-publishing their work on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> instead of attempting to issue paper editions. Websites such as <a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a> (2005) and <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a> (2009) are popular venues for webcomics.<sup id="cite_ref-tcj_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcj-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taipei_International_Comics_and_Animation_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taipei International Comics and Animation Festival (page does not exist)">Taipei International Comics and Animation Festival</a> celebrated a coming "webcomics era" in 2015. With increased <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> usage amongst a younger generation, webcomics featuring a scrollable <a href="/wiki/Infinite_canvas" title="Infinite canvas">infinite canvas</a> are expected to become more popular. With an increasing prevalence of Chinese-language webcomic portals, young artists have more opportunities to publish their work and gain a reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Taipei_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taipei-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">South Korean webcomics</a> and webtoon platforms have become increasingly popular in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartoonists such as <a href="/wiki/Kuang_Biao" title="Kuang Biao">Kuang Biao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Pepper" title="Rebel Pepper">Rebel Pepper</a> make use of the Internet to criticize the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party</a> and its leaders. Communist <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and figures such as <a href="/wiki/Lei_Feng" title="Lei Feng">Lei Feng</a> are openly mocked on microblogs and in online cartoons, despite efforts of censorship by the Chinese government. David Bandurski, a researcher with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Media_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Media Project (page does not exist)">China Media Project</a>, stated that social media has "dramatically changed the environment for cartoonists [as] they now have a really good platform to find an audience." Chinese animator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pi_San&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pi San (page does not exist)">Pi San</a> criticized internet companies and web portals for being "pretty cowardly" and "too sensitive", as they take on the role of first line of defense through self-censorship. Rebel Pepper's account on Sina Weibo, where he posts his satiral cartoons, had been deleted over 180 times by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Langfitt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langfitt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blogging websites such as Sina Weibo are also highly censored by the Chinese government. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported in September 2013 that about 150 graduates, all male, were employed to censor Sina Weibo day and night, and automatic censors processed around three million posts per day. A research team from <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, Texas, stated that they saw "a fairly sophisticated system, where human power is amplified by computer automation, capable of removing sensitive posts within minutes."<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Images censored from Sina Weibo include a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Pollution_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution mask">pollution mask</a>, a photo compilation identifying the expensive watches on the wrists of supposedly low-waged local officials, and criticism on police action, censorship in education, and the <a href="/wiki/One_child_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One child policy">one child policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webtoons">Webtoons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Webtoons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Webtoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Webtoons">Webtoons</a> have grown in popularity in China as another form to consume and produce <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> in the country thanks in part to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">South Korean webtoons</a>. Microblogging platforms Sina Weibo and Tencent have also offered webtoons on their digital <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> sites alongside web-based <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span>, several of which have been translated into various languages. While webtoon portals in mainland China are mainly run by big internet companies, webtoon portals in Taiwan are offered and operated by big webtoon publishers outside the country like Comico, and Naver (under the Line brand). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political cartoonist Liu "Big Corpse Brother" Jun had over 130,000 followers on Sina Weibo in December 2013, and Kuang Biao has his work appear both online and in various print journals.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanese</a> comics industry expects webcomics to prosper financially, though no accurate figures exist as of yet. Prize-winning cartoonists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chung_Yun-de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chung Yun-de (page does not exist)">Chung Yun-de</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Yu-tung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeh Yu-tung (page does not exist)">Yeh Yu-tung</a> were forced to turn to webcomics as their monthly income was too low to live from.<sup id="cite_ref-Taipei_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taipei-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> cartoonist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bu_Er_Miao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bu Er Miao (page does not exist)">Bu Er Miao</a> sells her webcomic <i>Electric Cat and Lightning Dog</i> on Douban's <a href="/wiki/EBook" class="mw-redirect" title="EBook">eBook</a> service for 1.99 <a href="/wiki/CNY" class="mw-redirect" title="CNY">CNY</a> (roughly 0.30 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>). When asked about whether she makes a profit off of her webcomic, Miao described the 1.79 CNY she makes per comic sold as "an amount of money that if you saw it on the street, no one would bother to pick it up."<sup id="cite_ref-tcj_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcj-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese webcomic <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Thousand_Bad_Jokes" title="One Hundred Thousand Bad Jokes">One Hundred Thousand Bad Jokes</a></i> received a <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Thousand_Bad_Jokes_(film)" title="One Hundred Thousand Bad Jokes (film)">film adaptation of the same name</a> released in 2014. In 2016, two <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series based on Chinese web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> were broadcast: <i><a href="/wiki/Hitori_no_Shita:_The_Outcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitori no Shita: The Outcast">Hitori no Shita: The Outcast</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ann_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on <i><a href="/wiki/Under_One_Person" title="Under One Person">Under One Person</a></i> by Dong Man Tang and <i><a href="/wiki/Bloodivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodivores">Bloodivores</a></i>, based on a web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> by Bai Xiao.<sup id="cite_ref-Anime_News_Network_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anime_News_Network-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">donghua</a> series adaptation of a web <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> by Pingzi, <i><a href="/wiki/Spiritpact" title="Spiritpact">Spiritpact</a></i>, has been released in China.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chinese-Japanese animated series based on <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dy%C5%AB_Sekai" title="Chōyū Sekai">Chōyū Sekai</a></i> is scheduled to air in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Guardian" title="The Silver Guardian">The Silver Guardian</a></i>, based on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Guardian" title="The Silver Guardian">The Silver Guardian</a></i>, premiered in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chang Ge Xing, a live-action adaptation of the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">manhua</i></span> of the same name by <a href="/wiki/Xia_Da" title="Xia Da">Xia Da</a>, began filming in 2019. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao">Kakao</a>, operating the Korean webtoon portal Daum Webtoon, has collaborated with the Chinese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huace_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huace Group (page does not exist)">Huace Group</a> in order to produce live-action, Chinese language films and television dramas based on South Korean webtoons.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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comics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Comics:_A_History_of_Manhua" title="Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua">Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">List of manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua_publishers" title="List of manhua publishers">List of manhua publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwanese animation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=14" 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.reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBR&rft.atitle=The+Differences+Between+Manga%2C+Manhwa+%26+Manhua%2C+Explained&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=Ederlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fthe-differences-between-manga-manhwa-manhua-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scmp-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scmp_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scmp_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1355746/drawing-ire">"Drawing Ire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. 2013-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Drawing+Ire&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1355746%2Fdrawing-ire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2014" class="citation web cs1">Tang, Kevin (2014-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/kevintang/online-comics-censored-in-china">"14 Online Comics Censored In China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14+Online+Comics+Censored+In+China&rft.pub=BuzzFeed&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fkevintang%2Fonline-comics-censored-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ann-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ann_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-06-09/chinese-japanese-anime-hitori-no-shita-the-outcast-announced/.103039">"Chinese/Japanese Anime Hitori no Shita the outcast Announced"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. June 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Chinese%2FJapanese+Anime+Hitori+no+Shita+the+outcast+Announced&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2016-06-09%2Fchinese-japanese-anime-hitori-no-shita-the-outcast-announced%2F.103039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2017-01-05/spiritpact-chinese-animated-series-japanese-dub-previewed-in-video/.110640">"Spiritpact Chinese-Animated Series' Japanese Dub Previewed in Video"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. 5 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Spiritpact+Chinese-Animated+Series%27+Japanese+Dub+Previewed+in+Video&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fdaily-briefs%2F2017-01-05%2Fspiritpact-chinese-animated-series-japanese-dub-previewed-in-video%2F.110640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-04/chinese-japanese-co-produced-animated-series-world-of-super-sand-box-revealed/.110604">"Chinese-Japanese Co-Produced Animated Series World of Super Sand Box Revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. 4 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Chinese-Japanese+Co-Produced+Animated+Series+World+of+Super+Sand+Box+Revealed&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2017-01-04%2Fchinese-japanese-co-produced-animated-series-world-of-super-sand-box-revealed%2F.110604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-02-24/the-silver-guardian-anime-reveals-main-cast-new-staff-april-1-premiere/.112662">"The Silver Guardian Anime Reveals Main Cast, New Staff, April 1 Premiere"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=The+Silver+Guardian+Anime+Reveals+Main+Cast%2C+New+Staff%2C+April+1+Premiere&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2017-02-24%2Fthe-silver-guardian-anime-reveals-main-cast-new-staff-april-1-premiere%2F.112662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung-won2016" class="citation web cs1">Young-won, Kim (2016-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160314000681">"Kakao to introduce webtoon-inspired dramas, films in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Kakao+to+introduce+webtoon-inspired+dramas%2C+films+in+China&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.aulast=Young-won&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20160314000681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General references</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Geremie R. Barmé. <i>An Artistic Exile: A Life of Feng Zikai (1898-1975)</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.</li> <li>Wai-ming Ng (2003). "Japanese Elements in Hong Kong Comics: History, Art, and Industry". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Comic_Art" title="International Journal of Comic Art">International Journal of Comic Art</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2):184–193.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhua&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7292158.stm">When Manga meets Communism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.thenewslens.com/article/88234">Tales of Taiwan's Comic Artists: Persecution, Isolation and Endless Talent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/modern_sketch/index.html">John A. Crespi, "China's <i>Modern Sketch</i>: The Golden Era of Cartoon Art, 1934-1937"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhua" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhua" title="Template:Manhua"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhua" title="Template talk:Manhua"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhua" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhua"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhua" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manhua</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua_listed_by_year" title="Lianhuanhua listed by year">by year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">List of manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua_publishers" title="List of manhua publishers">List of manhua publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_China" title="Template:Animation industry in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_China" title="Template talk:Animation industry in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">Animation industry in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">History of Chinese animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active companies/studios (Mainland)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group_Co." title="Alpha Group Co.">Alpha Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ask_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ask Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Ask Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_FX" title="Base FX">Base FX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.C_May_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.C May Pictures (page does not exist)">B.C May Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Firebird_Cultural_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Firebird Cultural Media (page does not exist)">Big Firebird Cultural Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Animation" title="China Film Animation">China Film Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colored-Pencil_Animation_Design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colored-Pencil Animation Design (page does not exist)">Colored-Pencil Animation Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Power_Entertaining" title="Creative Power Entertaining">Creative Power Entertaining</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenz (page does not exist)">Fenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haoliners_Animation_League" title="Haoliners Animation League">Haoliners Animation League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horgos_Coloroom_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horgos Coloroom Pictures (page does not exist)">Horgos Coloroom Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Film_Productions" title="Wang Film Productions">Hong Guang Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Ying_Animation" title="Hong Ying Animation">Hong Ying Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hosem_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hosem Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Hosem Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Chaser_Animation_Studios" title="Light Chaser Animation Studios">Light Chaser Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_Pictures_Worldwide" title="Mili Pictures Worldwide">Mili Pictures Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nice_Boat_Animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nice Boat Animation (page does not exist)">Nice Boat Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Studio" title="Pearl Studio">Pearl Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_Animation_Studio" title="Puzzle Animation Studio">Puzzle Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samsara Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Samsara Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Stone_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven Stone Entertainment (page does not exist)">Seven Stone Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Animation_Film_Studio" title="Shanghai Animation Film Studio">Shanghai Animation Film Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Foch_Film_Culture_Investment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Foch Film Culture Investment (page does not exist)">Shanghai Foch Film Culture Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Motion_Magic_Digital_Entertainment_INC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Motion Magic Digital Entertainment INC (page does not exist)">Shanghai Motion Magic Digital Entertainment INC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkly_Key_Animation_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparkly Key Animation Studio (page does not exist)">Sparkly Key Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thundray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thundray (page does not exist)">Thundray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TrioPen_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TrioPen Studio (page does not exist)">TrioPen Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoon_Animation" title="Vasoon Animation">Vasoon Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawayu_Animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawayu Animation (page does not exist)">Wawayu Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welkin-Animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welkin-Animation (page does not exist)">Welkin-Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yhkt_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yhkt Entertainment (page does not exist)">Yhkt Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_People_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhejiang People Culture">Zhejiang People Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct companies/studios (Hong Kong)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagi_Animation_Studios" title="Imagi Animation Studios">Imagi Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danao_Tiangong" class="mw-redirect" title="Danao Tiangong">Danao Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cat_Detective" title="Black Cat Detective">Black Cat Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3000_Whys_of_Blue_Cat" title="3000 Whys of Blue Cat">3000 Whys of Blue Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonie_Bears" title="Boonie Bears">Boonie Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuwa" title="Fuwa">Fuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Goat_and_Big_Big_Wolf" title="Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf">Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmao_(comics)" title="Sanmao (comics)">Sanmao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Huan" title="Ding Huan">Ding Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Laiming" title="Wan Laiming">Wan Laiming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_animated_films" title="List of Chinese animated films">List of Chinese animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_animated_series" title="List of Chinese animated series">List of Chinese animated series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_art" title="Template:Chinese art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_art" title="Template talk:Chinese art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huabiao" title="Huabiao">Chinese column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Chinese Buddhist sculpture">Chinese Buddhist sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_embroidery" title="Chinese embroidery">Chinese embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_furniture" title="Chinese furniture">Chinese furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_jade" title="Chinese jade">Chinese jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_screen" title="Folding screen"> Chinese Folding screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese paper cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_folding" title="Chinese paper folding">Chinese paper folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjing" title="Penjing">Penjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sculpture" title="Chinese sculpture">Chinese sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)"> Chinese seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_accessories" title="Hanfu accessories">Chinese traditional accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil-paper_umbrella" title="Oil-paper umbrella"> Chinese umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_symbols,_designs,_and_art_motifs" title="List of Chinese symbols, designs, and art motifs"> Chinese symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_pattern" title="Willow pattern"> Chinese willow pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshi" title="Gongshi">Gongshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics" title="Template:Comics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics" title="Template talk:Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_comic" title="Ashcan comic">Ashcan comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">Limited series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">Ongoing series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a><br />and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and<br /> museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and<br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and<br /> outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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