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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Explanation of the diagram</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Explanation_of_the_diagram-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Explanation of the diagram subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Explanation_of_the_diagram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elements_of_the_bhavachakra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_of_the_bhavachakra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elements of the <i>bhavachakra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_of_the_bhavachakra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hub:_the_three_poisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hub:_the_three_poisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hub: the three poisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hub:_the_three_poisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_layer:_karma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_layer:_karma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Second layer: karma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_layer:_karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_layer:_the_six_realms_of_samsara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_layer:_the_six_realms_of_samsara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Third layer: the six realms of samsara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_layer:_the_six_realms_of_samsara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_rim:_the_twelve_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_rim:_the_twelve_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Outer rim: the twelve links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_rim:_the_twelve_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_figure_holding_the_wheel:_impermanence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_figure_holding_the_wheel:_impermanence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>The figure holding the wheel: impermanence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_figure_holding_the_wheel:_impermanence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_moon:_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_moon:_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>The moon: liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_moon:_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Buddha_pointing_to_the_white_circle:_the_path_to_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Buddha_pointing_to_the_white_circle:_the_path_to_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>The Buddha pointing to the white circle: the path to liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Buddha_pointing_to_the_white_circle:_the_path_to_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theravada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Theravada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_psychological_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_psychological_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Western psychological interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_psychological_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhist_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Buddhist sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Scholarly sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhavacakra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ভবচক্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভবচক্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бхавачакра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бхавачакра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhava%C4%8Dakra" title="Bhavačakra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bhavačakra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livshjulet" title="Livshjulet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livshjulet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensrad" title="Lebensrad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lebensrad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olemisratas" title="Olemisratas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Olemisratas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bhavacakra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roue_de_l%27existence_karmique" title="Roue de l'existence karmique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roue de l'existence karmique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruota_dell%27esistenza" title="Ruota dell'esistenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruota dell'esistenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%9C_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D)" title="גלגל (בודהיזם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלגל (בודהיזם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბჰავაჩაკრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბჰავაჩაკრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavacsakra" title="Bhavacsakra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bhavacsakra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenswiel" title="Levenswiel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levenswiel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_buddhistiske_livshjulet" title="Det buddhistiske livshjulet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det buddhistiske livshjulet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82o_%C5%BCycia_(buddyzm)" title="Koło życia (buddyzm) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koło życia (buddyzm)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бхавачакра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бхавачакра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhava%C4%8Dakra" title="Bhavačakra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bhavačakra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bhavacakra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பவசக்கரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பவசக்கரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ภวจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภวจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fam%C4%B1n_%C3%A7ark%C4%B1" title="Yaşamın çarkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşamın çarkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бгавачакра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бгавачакра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%AFu_lu%C3%A2n" title="Hữu luân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hữu luân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%BC%AA" title="有輪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="有輪" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A symbolic representation of cyclic existence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Samsara (disambiguation)">Samsara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery_Lhasa_Tibet_China_%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F_%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8_%E8%89%B2%E6%8B%89%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A painting of the <i>bhavachakra</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of<br />bhāvachakra</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">wheel of life,<br /> wheel of cyclic existence,<br />etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">bhavachakra<br />(<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Dev</a>: भवचक्र)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">bhavacakka<br />(<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brah</a>: 𑀪𑀯𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">有輪</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">yǒulún</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">སྲིད་པའི་འཁོར་ལོ་</span></span> <br />(<span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i 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style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>bhavachakra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: भवचक्र; <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pāli</a>: <i>bhavacakka</i>; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: སྲིད་པའི་འཁོར་ལོ, Wylie: <i>srid pa'i 'khor lo</i>) or <b>wheel of life</b> is a visual teaching aid and meditation tool symbolically representing <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">saṃsāra</a> (or cyclic existence). It is found on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> temples and monasteries in the Indo-Tibetan region, to help both Buddhists and non Buddhists understand the core Buddhist teachings. The image consists of four concentric circles, held by <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama</a>, the lord of Death, with an image of the <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Buddha</a> pointing to the moon metaphorically representing the possibility for <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">liberation</a> from the suffering of reincarnation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bhavachakra</i>, "wheel of life,"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of the words <i>bhava</i> and <i>chakra</i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">bhava</a></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">भव</span></span>) means "being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, being, production, origin".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <i>bhava</i> denotes the continuity of becoming (reincarnating) in one of the realms of existence, in the <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara (Buddhism)">samsaric</a> context of rebirth, life and the maturation arising therefrom.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p499_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p499-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the tenth of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidanas">Twelve Nidanas</a>, in its <i><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></i> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Chakra</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">चक्र</span></span>) derives from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word meaning "wheel," as well as "circle" and "cycle".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The term chakra is also used to denote <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantras</a> (mystic diagrams), variously known as <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">trikoṇa-cakra</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">aṣṭakoṇa-cakra</i></span></i>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakras</a> are also part of the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> as taught by Tibetan Buddhism.</li></ol> <p>Legend has it that the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">historical Buddha</a> himself created the first depiction of the bhavachakra, and the story of how he gave the illustration to <a href="/wiki/Rudr%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a-avad%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudrāyaṇa-avadāna">King Rudrāyaṇa</a> appears in the anthology of Buddhist narratives called the <i><a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyāvadāna</a></i>. <i>Sahasodgata-avadāna</i>, in the opening paragraphs of the work, describes the Buddha's instructions for creating the <a href="/wiki/Bhavachakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavachakra">bhavachakra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanation_of_the_diagram">Explanation of the diagram</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation of the diagram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>bhavachakra</i> is painted on the outside walls of nearly every Tibetan Buddhist temple in Tibet and India, to instruct non-monastic audience about the Buddhist teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_of_the_bhavachakra">Elements of the <i>bhavachakra</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elements of the bhavachakra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhavachakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg/170px-Bhavachakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg/255px-Bhavachakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>bhavachakra</i> consists of the following elements: </p> <ol><li>The pig, rooster and snake in the hub of the wheel represent the <a href="/wiki/Three_poisons_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three poisons (Buddhism)">three poisons</a> of ignorance, attachment and aversion.</li> <li>The second layer represents <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a>, with one half showing a person reaping the results of negative actions whilst the other half shows a person reaping the results of positive actions.</li> <li>The third layer represents <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">samsara</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a>.</li> <li>The fourth layer represents the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve nidanas">twelve links of dependent origination</a>.</li> <li>The fierce figure holding the wheel represents <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">impermanence</a>. It is also <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, the god of death.<sup id="cite_ref-impermanence_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impermanence-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The moon above the wheel represents <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">liberation</a> from samsara or cyclic existence.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> pointing to the white circle indicates that liberation is possible.</li></ol> <p>Symbolically, the three inner circles, moving from the center outward, show that the three poisons of ignorance, attachment, and aversion give rise to positive and negative actions; these actions and their results are called karma. Karma in turn gives rise to the six realms, which represent the different types of suffering within samsara. </p><p>The fourth and outer layer of the wheel symbolizes the twelve links of dependent origination; these links indicate <i>how</i> the sources of suffering that the three poisons and karma produce live within cyclic existence. </p><p>The fierce being holding the wheel represents impermanence; this symbolizes that the entire process of samsara or cyclic existence is impermanent, transient, constantly changing. The moon above the wheel indicates liberation. The Buddha is pointing to the moon, indicating that liberation from samsara is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_poisons_at_hub_of_wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hub of painting depicting pig snake and bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Three_poisons_at_hub_of_wheel.jpg/220px-Three_poisons_at_hub_of_wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Three_poisons_at_hub_of_wheel.jpg/330px-Three_poisons_at_hub_of_wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Three_poisons_at_hub_of_wheel.jpg/440px-Three_poisons_at_hub_of_wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Three poisons</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hub:_the_three_poisons">Hub: the three poisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hub: the three poisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the hub of the wheel are three animals: a pig, a snake, and a bird. They represent the <a href="/wiki/Three_poisons_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Three poisons (Buddhism)">three poisons</a> of ignorance, aversion, and attachment, respectively. The pig stands for ignorance; this comparison is based on the Indian concept of a pig being the most foolish of animals, since it sleeps in the dirtiest places and eats whatever comes to its mouth. The snake represents aversion or anger; this is because it will be aroused and strike at the slightest touch. The bird represents attachment (also translated as <i>desire</i> or <i>clinging</i>). The particular bird used in this diagram represents an Indian bird that is very attached to its partner. These three animals represent the three poisons, which are the core of the bhavachakra. From these three poisons, the whole cycle of existence evolves.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HHDL_hub_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHDL_hub-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many drawings of the wheel, the snake and bird are shown as coming out of the mouth of the pig, indicating that aversion and attachment arise from ignorance. The snake and bird are also shown grasping the tail of the pig, indicating that they in turn promote greater ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-HHDL_hub_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHDL_hub-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the influence of the three poisons, beings create karma, as shown in the next layer of the circle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_layer:_karma">Second layer: karma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second layer: karma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second layer of the wheel shows two-half circles: </p> <ul><li>One half-circle (usually light) shows contented people moving upwards to higher states, possibly to the higher realms.</li> <li>The other half-circle (usually dark) shows people in a miserable state being led downwards to lower states, possibly to the lower realms.</li></ul> <p>These images represent <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a>, the law of cause and effect. The light half-circle indicates people experiencing the results of positive actions. The dark half-circle indicates people experiencing the results of negative actions.<sup id="cite_ref-HHDL_hub_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHDL_hub-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ringu Tulku states: </p> <dl><dd>We create karma in three different ways, through actions that are positive, negative, or neutral. When we feel kindness and love and with this attitude do good things, which are beneficial to both ourselves and others, this is positive action. When we commit harmful deeds out of equally harmful intentions, this is negative action. Finally, when our motivation is indifferent and our deeds are neither harmful or beneficial, this is neutral action. The results we experience will accord with the quality of our actions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Propelled by their karma, beings take rebirth in the six realms of samsara, as shown in the next layer of the circle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_layer:_the_six_realms_of_samsara">Third layer: the six realms of samsara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third layer: the six realms of samsara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Desire_realm" title="Desire realm">Desire realm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)#Realms_of_rebirth" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra (Buddhism) § Realms of rebirth</a></div> <p>The third layer of the wheel is divided into six sections that represent <a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">the six realms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara (Buddhism)">samsara</a>, or cyclic existence, the process of cycling through one rebirth after another. These six realms are divided into three higher realms and three lower realms. The wheel can also be represented as having five realms, combining the God realm and the Demi-god realm into a single realm. </p><p>The three higher realms are shown in the top half of the circle: </p> <ul><li><b>God realm (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva</a>):</b> Also known as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">six heavens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Desire_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Desire realms">desire worlds</a>. The gods & goddesses lead long and enjoyable lives full of pleasure and abundance, but they spend their lives pursuing meaningless distractions and never think to practice the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">dharma</a>. When death comes to them, they are completely unprepared; without realizing it, they have completely exhausted their good karma (which was the cause for being reborn in the god realm) and they suffer through being reborn in the lower realms.</li> <li><b>Demi-god realm (<a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura</a>):</b> the demi-gods have pleasure and abundance almost as much as the gods, but they spend their time fighting among themselves or making war on the gods. When they make war on the gods, they always lose, since the gods are much more powerful. The demi-gods suffer from constant fighting and jealousy, and from being killed and wounded in their wars with each other and with the gods.</li> <li><b>Human realm (<a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Manuṣya</a>):</b> humans suffer from hunger, thirst, heat, cold, separation from friends, being attacked by enemies, not getting what they want, and getting what they do not want. They also suffer from the general sufferings of birth, old age, sickness and death. Yet the human realm is considered to be the most suitable realm for practicing the dharma, because humans are not completely distracted by pleasure (like the gods or demi-gods) or by pain and suffering (like the beings in the lower realms). There are four human realms in existence, including <a href="/wiki/Jambudv%C4%ABpa" title="Jambudvīpa">Jambudvīpa</a>, Pūrvavideha, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru</a> and Aparagodānīya.</li></ul> <p>The three lower realms are shown in the bottom half of the circle: </p> <ul><li><b>Animal realm (<a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Tiryagyoni</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">wild animals suffer</a> from being attacked and eaten by other animals; they generally lead lives of constant fear. Domestic animals suffer from being exploited by humans; for example, they are slaughtered for food, overworked, and so on.</li> <li><b>Hungry ghost realm (<a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a>):</b> hungry ghosts suffer from extreme hunger and thirst. They wander constantly in search of food and drink, only to be miserably frustrated any time they come close to actually getting what they want. For example, they see a stream of pure, clear water in the distance, but by the time they get there the stream has dried up. Hungry ghosts have huge bellies and long, thin necks. On the rare occasions that they do manage to find something to eat or drink, the food or water burns their neck as it goes down to their belly, causing them intense agony.</li> <li><b>Hell realm (<a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a>):</b> hell beings endure unimaginable suffering for eons of time. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a> there are eighteen different types of hells, each inflicting a different kind of torment. In the hot hells, beings suffer from unbearable heat and continual torments of various kinds. In the cold hells, beings suffer from unbearable cold and other torments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dzongsar_Khyentse_2005,_p._2-3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzongsar_Khyentse_2005,_p._2-3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Among the six realms, the human realm is considered to offer the best opportunity to practice the dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-Dzongsar_Khyentse_2005,_p._2-3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzongsar_Khyentse_2005,_p._2-3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some representations of the wheel, there is a <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (general)">buddha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> depicted within each realm, trying to help sentient beings find their way to <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_rim:_the_twelve_links">Outer rim: the twelve links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outer rim: the twelve links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_twelve_nidanas_on_the_outer_rim_of_a_bhavachakra_Buddhism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/12_twelve_nidanas_on_the_outer_rim_of_a_bhavachakra_Buddhism.png/220px-12_twelve_nidanas_on_the_outer_rim_of_a_bhavachakra_Buddhism.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/12_twelve_nidanas_on_the_outer_rim_of_a_bhavachakra_Buddhism.png/330px-12_twelve_nidanas_on_the_outer_rim_of_a_bhavachakra_Buddhism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/12_twelve_nidanas_on_the_outer_rim_of_a_bhavachakra_Buddhism.png/440px-12_twelve_nidanas_on_the_outer_rim_of_a_bhavachakra_Buddhism.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Outer rim of the Bhavachakra wheel annotated with numbers for each of the twelve links</figcaption></figure> <p>The outer rim of the wheel is divided into twelve sections that represent the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nid%C4%81nas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidānas">Twelve Nidānas</a>. As previously stated, the three inner layers of the wheel show that the three poisons lead to karma, which leads to the suffering of the six realms. The twelve links of the outer rim show <i>how</i> this happens—by presenting the process of cause and effect in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SR_moon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR_moon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These twelve links can be understood to operate on an outer or inner level.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrangu_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrangu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>On the outer level, the twelve links can be seen to operate over several lifetimes; in this case, these links show how our past lives influence our current lifetime, and how our actions in this lifetime influence our future lifetimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrangu_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrangu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the inner level, the twelve links can be understood to operate in every moment of existence in an interdependent manner.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this level, the twelve links can be applied to show the effects of one particular action.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrangu_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrangu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>By contemplating on the twelve links, one gains greater insight into the workings of karma; this insight enables us to begin to unravel our habitual way of thinking and reacting.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrangu_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrangu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twelve causal links, paired with their corresponding symbols, are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā</a> <i>lack of knowledge</i> – <i>a blind person, often walking, or a person peering out</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṃskāra</a> <i>constructive volitional activity</i> – <i>a potter shaping a vessel or vessels</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">Vijñāna</a> <i>consciousness</i> – <i>a man or a monkey grasping a fruit</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81mar%C5%ABpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāmarūpa">Nāmarūpa</a> <i>name and form</i> (constituent elements of mental and physical existence) – <i>two men afloat in a boat</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%8D%C4%81yatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣaḍāyatana">Ṣaḍāyatana</a> <i>six senses</i> (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind) – <i>a dwelling with six windows</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phassa">Sparśa</a> <i>contact (of objects with the senses)</i> – <i>lovers consorting, kissing, or entwined</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">Vedanā</a> <i>feeling</i> – <i>an arrow to the eye</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Tṛṣṇa</a> <i>craving or thirst</i> – <i>a drinker receiving drink</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna">Upādāna</a> <i>grasping or attachment</i> – <i>a man or a monkey picking fruit</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">Bhava</a> <i>coming to be</i> – <i>a couple engaged in intercourse, a standing, leaping, or reflective person</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti_(Buddhism)" title="Jāti (Buddhism)">Jāti</a> <i>being born</i> – <i>woman giving birth</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%C4%81mara%E1%B9%87a" title="Jarāmaraṇa">Jarāmaraṇa</a> <i>old age and death</i> – <i>corpse being carried</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_figure_holding_the_wheel:_impermanence">The figure holding the wheel: impermanence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The figure holding the wheel: impermanence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wheel is being held by a fearsome figure who represents <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">impermanence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-impermanence_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impermanence-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This figure is often interpreted as being <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>, the demon who tried to tempt the Buddha, or as <a href="/wiki/Yama_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (East Asia)">Yama</a>, the lord of death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013112_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013112-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the figure depicted, the inner meaning remains the same–that the entire process of cyclic existence (samsara) is transient; everything within this wheel is constantly changing.<sup id="cite_ref-BMA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yama has the following attributes: </p> <ul><li>He wears a crown of five skulls that symbolize the impermanence of the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five aggregates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khantipalo_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khantipalo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The skulls are also said to symbolize the five poisons.)</li> <li>He has a third eye that symbolizes the wisdom of understanding impermanence.<sup id="cite_ref-Khantipalo_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khantipalo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He is sometimes shown adorned with a tiger skin, which symbolizes fearfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-Khantipalo_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khantipalo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The tiger skin is typically seen hanging beneath the wheel.)</li> <li>His four limbs (that are clutching the wheel) symbolize the sufferings of birth, old age, sickness, and death.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_moon:_liberation">The moon: liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The moon: liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above the wheel is an image of the moon; the moon represents <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">liberation</a> from the sufferings of samsara.<sup id="cite_ref-SR_moon_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR_moon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HHDL_moon_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHDL_moon-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC_moon_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC_moon-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some drawings may show an image of a "pure land" to indicate liberation, rather than a moon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Buddha_pointing_to_the_white_circle:_the_path_to_liberation">The Buddha pointing to the white circle: the path to liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Buddha pointing to the white circle: the path to liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper part of the drawing also shows an image of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> pointing toward the moon; this represents the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">path</a> to liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-SR_moon_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR_moon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HHDL_moon_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHDL_moon-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC_moon_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC_moon-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Theravada Buddhism this is the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, in Mahayana Buddhism this is the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> path, striving to liberation for all sentient beings. In Tibetan Buddhism, this is <a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a>, which details all the stages on the path, while <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> has its own complicated history of the entanglement of <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">meditation practice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">direct insight</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscription">Inscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drawings of the Bhavachakra usually contain an inscription consisting of a few lines of text that explain the process that keeps people in samsara and how to reverse that process.<sup id="cite_ref-SR_moon_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR_moon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_interpretations">Alternative interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alternative interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada">Theravada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theravada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Theravada-tradition does not have a graphical representation of the round of rebirths, but cakra-symbolism is an elementary component of Buddhism, and Buddhaghosa's <i>Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga)</i> contains such imagery: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is the beginningless round of rebirths that is called the 'Wheel of the round of rebirths' (<i>saṃsāracakka</i>). Ignorance (<i>avijjā</i>) is its hub (or nave) because it is its root. Ageing-and-death (<i>jarā-maraṇa</i>) is its rim (or felly) because it terminates it. The remaining ten links (of the Dependent Origination) are its spokes (i.e. karma formations [<i>saṅkhāra</i>] up to process of becoming [<i>bhava</i>]).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_psychological_interpretation">Western psychological interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western psychological interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some western interpreters take a psychological point of view, explaining that different <a href="/wiki/Karmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmic">karmic</a> actions contribute to one's metaphorical existence in different realms, or rather, different actions reinforce personal characteristics described by the realms. According to Mark Epstein, "each realm becomes not so much a specific place but rather a metaphor for a different psychological state, with the entire wheel becoming a representation of neurotic suffering."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_wheel_of_life,_Trongsa_dzong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting of the bhavachakra from Bhutan."><img alt="A painting of the bhavachakra from Bhutan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg/150px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg/225px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg/300px-The_wheel_of_life%2C_Trongsa_dzong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A painting of the <i>bhavachakra</i> from <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhavacakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting of the bhavachakra that depicts an emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara in each realm."><img alt="A painting of the bhavachakra that depicts an emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara in each realm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bhavacakra.jpg/175px-Bhavacakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bhavacakra.jpg/262px-Bhavacakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bhavacakra.jpg/349px-Bhavacakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A painting of the <i>bhavachakra</i> that depicts an emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara in each realm.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting of the bhavachakra in Thikse Monastery, Ladakh."><img alt="A painting of the bhavachakra in Thikse Monastery, Ladakh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg/150px-Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg/225px-Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg/300px-Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A painting of the <i>bhavachakra</i> in <a href="/wiki/Thikse_Monastery" title="Thikse Monastery">Thikse Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel_of_Existence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional Tibetan thangka showing the bhavachakra. This thangka was made in Eastern Tibet and is currently housed in the Birmingham Museum of Art."><img alt="A traditional Tibetan thangka showing the bhavachakra. This thangka was made in Eastern Tibet and is currently housed in the Birmingham Museum of Art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wheel_of_Existence.jpg/148px-Wheel_of_Existence.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wheel_of_Existence.jpg/222px-Wheel_of_Existence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wheel_of_Existence.jpg/296px-Wheel_of_Existence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> showing the <i>bhavachakra</i>. This thangka was made in Eastern Tibet and is currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Buddhism and psychology</a> – Buddhism, Mindfulness and Psychology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a> – Description of the universe in Buddhist texts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Buddhist symbolism</a> – Religious symbols in Buddhism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent origination">Dependent origination</a> – Fundamental Buddhist teaching<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a> – Symbol in Dharmic religions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gankyil" title="Gankyil">Gankyil</a> – Buddhist wheel of joy symbol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma in Buddhism</a> – Action driven by intention which leads to future consequences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas (Buddhism)</a> – In Buddhism, mental states that cloud the mind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a> – Symbol of fate in medieval and ancient philosophy<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_and_the_Four_Last_Things" title="The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things</i></a> – Paintings by Hieronymus Bosch or a follower, by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> – Concept in Buddhist cosmology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_poisons" title="Three poisons">Three poisons</a> – Innate character flaws described in Buddhism</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>bhavachakra</i> has been translated into English as: <ul><li>Wheel of becoming<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998158–159_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998158–159-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wheel of cyclic existence</li> <li>Wheel of existence</li> <li>Wheel of life</li> <li>Wheel of rebirth</li> <li>Wheel of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃsāra</i></span></li> <li>Wheel of suffering</li> <li>Wheel of transformation</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998158–159-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1998158–159_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsStede1921p499-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p499_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC"><i>Pali-English Dictionary</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_EvolaH._E._Musson1996" class="citation book cs1">Julius Evola; H. E. Musson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kza7tTkiytUC"><i>The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts</i></a>. Inner Traditions. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-553-1"><bdi>978-0-89281-553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Awakening%3A+The+Attainment+of+Self-Mastery+According+to+the+Earliest+Buddhist+Texts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-553-1&rft.au=Julius+Evola&rft.au=H.+E.+Musson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKza7tTkiytUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P; Adams, D.Q. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</i> (1. publ. ed.). London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=640&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995-2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel147.html"><i>The Wheel of Birth and Death</i> Access to Insight</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dzongsar Khyentse (2004), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama (1992), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-impermanence-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-impermanence_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impermanence_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama (1992), p. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama (1992), p. 41-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonam Rinchen (2006), p. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringu Tulku (2005), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HHDL_hub-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HHDL_hub_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HHDL_hub_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HHDL_hub_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama (1992), p. 4, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringu Tulku (2005), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khandro Rinpoche (2003), p. 65-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chögyam Trungpa (1999), p. 25-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama (1992), p. 5-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dzongsar_Khyentse_2005,_p._2-3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dzongsar_Khyentse_2005,_p._2-3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dzongsar_Khyentse_2005,_p._2-3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dzongsar Khyentse (2005), p. 2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrul Rinpoche (1998), p. 61-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gampopa (1998), p. 95-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama (1992), p. 8 (from the Introduction by Jeffrey Hopkins)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR_moon-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SR_moon_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR_moon_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR_moon_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR_moon_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonam Rinchen (2006), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thrangu-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thrangu_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thrangu_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thrangu_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thrangu_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thrangu Rinpoche (2001), pp. 3, 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmer-Brown (1987), p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman, Location 1492 (Kindel edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmer-Brown (1987), p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013112-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013112_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMA-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMA_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham_Museum_of_Art2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910171202/http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/gutoco.html"><i>Birmingham Museum of Art: Guide to the Collection</i></a>. London, UK: GILES. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5"><bdi>978-1-904832-77-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/gutoco.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art%3A+Guide+to+the+Collection&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=GILES&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-904832-77-5&rft.au=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghammuseumstore.org%2Fgutoco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khantipalo-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khantipalo_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khantipalo_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khantipalo_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khantipalo (1995-2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thubten Chodron (1993), Part 1 of 5, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HHDL_moon-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HHDL_moon_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HHDL_moon_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalai Lama (1992), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TC_moon-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TC_moon_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TC_moon_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thubten Chodron (1993), Part 2 of 5, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karunaratne, T. B. (2008), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epstein, Mark (2004), p. 17.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhist_sources">Buddhist sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buddhist sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> (1999). <i>The Myth of Freedom and the Way of Meditation</i>. Shambhala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> (2000). <i>The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo</i>. Shambhala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> (2009). <i>The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation</i>. Shambhala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> (1992). <i>The Meaning of Life</i>, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins. Wisdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Khyentse</a> (2004). <i>Gentle Voice</i> #22, September 2004 Issue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002613/http://www.siddharthasintent.org/gentle/GV22.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Khyentse</a> (2005). <i>Gentle Voice</i> #23, April 2005 Issue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621235028/http://www.siddharthasintent.org/gentle/GV23.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Epstein" title="Mark Epstein">Epstein, Mark</a> (2004). <i>Thoughts Without A Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective</i>. Basic Books. Kindle Edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">Gampopa</a> (1998). <i>The Jewel Ornament of Liberation: The Wish-Fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings, by Gampopa, translated by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche</i>. Snow Lion.</li> <li>Goodman, Steven D. (1992). <i>"Situational Patterning: Pratītyasamutpāda." Footsteps on the Diamond Path, Crystal Mirror Series I-III</i>. Dharma Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rinchen_(Buddhist_geshe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Rinchen (Buddhist geshe)">Geshe Sonam Rinchen</a> (2006). <i>How Karma Works: The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising</i>. Snow Lion</li> <li>Karunaratne, T. B. (2008). <i>The Buddhist Wheel Symbol</i>. Buddhist Publication Society. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh137.pdf">http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh137.pdf</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a> (2003). <i>This Precious Life</i>. Shambala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a> (1998). <i>The Words of My Perfect Teacher</i>, translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. Altamira.</li> <li>Ringu Tulku (2005). <i>Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism</i>. Snow Lion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Simmer-Brown" title="Judith Simmer-Brown">Simmer-Brown, Judith</a> (1987). <i>"Seeing the Dependent Origination of Suffering as the Key to Liberation." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112051742/http://www.windhorseguild.org/whp_document_JCP_4.html">Journal of Contemplative Psychotherapy, VOLUME IV</a></i>. The Naropa Institute. (ISSN 0894-8577)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a> (2001). <i>The Twelve Links of Interdependent Origination</i>. Nama Buddha Publications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thubtenchodron.org/GradualPathToEnlightenment/articles_and_transcripts_of_teachings_on_lamrim.html#MediumScope"><i>Articles & Transcripts of Teachings on Lamrim: The Gradual Path to Enlightenment</i></a>. Dharma Friendship Foundation.</li> <li>Thubten Chodron (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thubtenchodron.org/GradualPathToEnlightenment/LR_061_12Links_20Jan93.pdf"><i>The Twelve Links – Part 1 of 5 (PDF)</i></a></li> <li>Thubten Chodron (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thubtenchodron.org/GradualPathToEnlightenment/LR_062_12Links_25Jan93.pdf"><i>The Twelve Links – Part 2 of 5 (PDF)</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarly_sources">Scholarly sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scholarly sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013), <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonath1971" class="citation cs2">Donath, Dorothy C. (1971), <i>Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day</i>, Julian Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-017533-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-017533-0"><bdi>0-07-017533-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+for+the+West%3A+Therav%C4%81da%2C+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+and+Vajray%C4%81na%3B+a+comprehensive+review+of+Buddhist+history%2C+philosophy%2C+and+teachings+from+the+time+of+the+Buddha+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=Julian+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-07-017533-0&rft.aulast=Donath&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Gethin, Rupert</a> (1998), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe"><i>Foundations of Buddhism</i></a></span>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1"><bdi>0-19-289223-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-289223-1&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Teiser" title="Stephen F. Teiser">Teiser, Stephen</a> (2007). <i>Reinventing the Wheel: Paintings of Rebirth in Medieval Buddhist Temples</i>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295986494" title="Special:BookSources/9780295986494"><bdi>9780295986494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+the+Wheel%3A+Paintings+of+Rebirth+in+Medieval+Buddhist+Temples&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780295986494&rft.aulast=Teiser&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhavacakra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Web-sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/sanskrit/index.php">भव</a>, bhava</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavacakra&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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explained</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel147.html"><i>The Wheel of Birth and Death</i> by Bhikkhu Khantipalo</a>, The Wheel Publication No. 147/148/149, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society 1970</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402024116/http://www.quietmountain.org/dharmacenters/buddhadendo/wheel_of_life.htm"><i>The Wheel of Suffering</i>, quietmountain.org</a> – brief description focusing on the six realms</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011231417/http://www.khandro.net/doctrine_rebirth.htm">Wheel of Life on Khandro.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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