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aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extensive_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensive_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Extensive aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensive_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensive_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensive_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Intensive aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensive_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_farms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_farms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fish farms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fish_farms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fish farms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fish_farms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cage_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cage_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cage system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cage_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copper-alloy_nets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper-alloy_nets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Copper-alloy nets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper-alloy_nets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_net_pen_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_net_pen_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Open net pen system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_net_pen_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_external_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_external_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Negative external effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_external_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation_ditch_or_pond_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation_ditch_or_pond_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Irrigation ditch or pond systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation_ditch_or_pond_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composite_fish_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composite_fish_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Composite fish culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composite_fish_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_recycling_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_recycling_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Integrated recycling systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_recycling_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_fry_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_fry_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Classic fry farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_fry_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stocking_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stocking_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stocking density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stocking_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites_and_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites_and_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Parasites and disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites_and_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ecosystem impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Siting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Genetic engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Labeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indoor_fish_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_fish_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Indoor fish farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_fish_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slaughter_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaughter_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Slaughter methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slaughter_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slaughter methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slaughter_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inhumane_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhumane_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Inhumane methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhumane_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_humane_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_humane_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>More humane methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_humane_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish farming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visteelt" title="Visteelt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Visteelt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A3_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A3%E1%89%B5" title="ዓሣ ማርባት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዓሣ ማርባት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مزرعة سمكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزرعة سمكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicultura" title="Piscicultura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Piscicultura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicultura" title="Piscicultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piscicultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1qyeti%C5%9Fdirm%C9%99" title="Balıqyetişdirmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balıqyetişdirmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7" title="মৎস্য চাষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৎস্য চাষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Балыҡсылыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Балыҡсылыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рыбаводства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыбаводства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рыбаводзтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыбаводзтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рибовъдство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рибовъдство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicultura" title="Piscicultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Piscicultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83_%C3%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Пулă çитĕнтересси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пулă çитĕнтересси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybn%C3%ADk%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Rybníkářství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rybníkářství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaham_Wumsibu" title="Zaham Wumsibu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zaham Wumsibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambrug" title="Dambrug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dambrug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischzucht" title="Fischzucht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fischzucht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakasvatus" title="Kalakasvatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalakasvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicultura" title="Piscicultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piscicultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%9Dbredado" title="Fiŝbredado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiŝbredado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piszikultura" title="Piszikultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Piszikultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="پرورش ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرورش ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskaaling" title="Fiskaaling – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fiskaaling" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisciculture" title="Pisciculture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pisciculture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%96%B4%EC%97%85" title="양어업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양어업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ձկնաբուծություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձկնաբուծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzgoj_ribe" title="Uzgoj ribe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uzgoj ribe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi_daya_ikan" title="Budi daya ikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budi daya ikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskeldi" title="Fiskeldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fiskeldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itticoltura" title="Itticoltura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Itticoltura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בריכת דגים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריכת דגים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეთევზეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეთევზეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Балық шаруашылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балық шаруашылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Балыкчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Балыкчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicultura" title="Piscicultura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Piscicultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuvivaisa" title="Žuvivaisa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žuvivaisa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="मत्स्यशेती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मत्स्यशेती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penternakan_ikan" title="Penternakan ikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penternakan ikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visteelt" title="Visteelt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Visteelt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E3%81%AE%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96" title="魚の養殖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魚の養殖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskeoppdrett" title="Fiskeoppdrett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiskeoppdrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskeoppdrett" title="Fiskeoppdrett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fiskeoppdrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliqchilik" title="Baliqchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baliqchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicultur%C4%83" title="Piscicultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piscicultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рыбоводство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыбоводство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජලජීවී වගාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලජීවී වගාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fish farming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzgajanje_ribe" title="Uzgajanje ribe – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Uzgajanje ribe" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribogojstvo" title="Ribogojstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ribogojstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalankasvatus" title="Kalankasvatus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalankasvatus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskodling" title="Fiskodling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiskodling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="மீன் பண்ணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீன் பண்ணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Балыкчылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Балыкчылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1k_yeti%C5%9Ftiricili%C4%9Fi" title="Balık yetiştiriciliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Balık yetiştiriciliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balyk%C3%A7ylyk" title="Balykçylyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Balykçylyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рибництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рибництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماہی پروری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماہی پروری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B4i_c%C3%A1" title="Nuôi cá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nuôi cá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96" title="魚類養殖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魚類養殖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="養殖漁業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="養殖漁業" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209894#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fish_farming" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farm&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farm">Fish farm</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Raising fish commercially in enclosures</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_farm_Amarynthos_Euboea_Greece_-_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fish_farm_Amarynthos_Euboea_Greece_-_edit1.jpg/290px-Fish_farm_Amarynthos_Euboea_Greece_-_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fish_farm_Amarynthos_Euboea_Greece_-_edit1.jpg/435px-Fish_farm_Amarynthos_Euboea_Greece_-_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fish_farm_Amarynthos_Euboea_Greece_-_edit1.jpg/580px-Fish_farm_Amarynthos_Euboea_Greece_-_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>A fish farm on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> island, in <a href="/wiki/South_Euboean_Gulf" title="South Euboean Gulf">South Euboean Gulf</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fish farming</b> or <b>pisciculture</b> involves commercial <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">breeding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, most often for <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fish_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish tank">fish tanks</a> or artificial <a href="/wiki/Pen_(enclosure)" title="Pen (enclosure)">enclosures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish ponds</a>. It is a particular type of <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, which is the controlled cultivation and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">harvesting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> such as fish, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> and so on, in <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural</a> or pseudo-natural environments. A facility that releases <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">juvenile fish</a> into the wild for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">recreational fishing</a> or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">fish hatchery</a>. Worldwide, the most important fish <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> produced in fish farming are <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Global demand is increasing for <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">dietary fish protein</a>, which has resulted in widespread <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a>, resulting in significant decrease in <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a> and even complete depletion in some regions. Fish farming allows establishment of artificial fish <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a> that are provided with sufficient <a href="/wiki/Feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeding">feeding</a>, protection from natural <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competitive threats</a>, access to <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a> service, and easier harvesting when needed, while being separate from and thus do not usually impact the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">sustainable yields</a> of wild fish populations. While fish farming is practised worldwide, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> alone provides 62% of the world's farmed fish production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last three decades, aquaculture has been the main driver of the increase in fisheries and aquaculture production, with an average growth of 5.3 percent per year in the period 2000–2018, reaching a record 82.1 million tonnes in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_production_mode,_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_production_mode%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg/220px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_production_mode%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_production_mode%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg/330px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_production_mode%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_production_mode%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg/440px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_production_mode%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by production mode, from <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>'s Statistical Yearbook 2021<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Farming <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous fish">carnivorous fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, however, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, such farmed fish are usually fed <a href="/wiki/Fishmeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishmeal">fishmeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> extracted from wild <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a>. The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> totaled 33.8 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> worth about US$60 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although fish farming for food is the most widespread, another major fish farming industry provides living fish for the <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> trade. The vast majority of freshwater fish in the aquarium trade originate from farms in Eastern and Southern Asia, eastern Europe, Florida and South America that use either indoor tank systems or outdoor pond systems, while farming of fish for the marine aquarium trade happens at a much smaller scale.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 24% of fishers and fish farmers and 62% of workers in post-harvest sector were women.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_species">Major species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Top 15 cultured fish species by weight, according to <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> statistics for 2013 <sup id="cite_ref-FAO_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Species </th> <th>Environment </th> <th>Tonnage<br />(millions) </th> <th>Value<br />(US$ billions) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">Grass carp</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.23 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">Silver carp</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.59 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common carp</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.76 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.26 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">Bighead carp</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catla" title="Catla">Catla</a> (Indian carp) </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.76 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">Crucian carp</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.45 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> </td> <td>Marine </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.07 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roho_labeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roho labeo">Roho labeo</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.57 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a> </td> <td>Marine </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.94 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">Rainbow trout</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Freshwater</li> <li>Brackish</li> <li>Marine</li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.88 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_bream" title="Wuchang bream">Wuchang bream</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.71 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_carp" title="Black carp">Black carp</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.50 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_snakehead" title="Northern snakehead">Northern snakehead</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.48 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amur_catfish" title="Amur catfish">Amur catfish</a> </td> <td>Freshwater </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.41 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.55 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquaculture makes use of local <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensive_aquaculture">Extensive aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extensive aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loch_Ainort_fish_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1800327.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Loch_Ainort_fish_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1800327.jpg/220px-Loch_Ainort_fish_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1800327.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Loch_Ainort_fish_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1800327.jpg/330px-Loch_Ainort_fish_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1800327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Loch_Ainort_fish_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1800327.jpg/440px-Loch_Ainort_fish_farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1800327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salmon_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon farming">Salmon farming</a> in the sea (<a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">mariculture</a>) at Loch Ainort, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Extensive aquaculture is the other form of fish farming. Extensive aquaculture is more basic than intensive aquaculture in that less effort is put into the husbandry of the fish. Extensive aquaculture is done in the ocean, natural and man-made lakes, bays, rivers, and Fiords. Fish are contained within these habitats by multiple mesh enclosures which also function as trapping nets during harvest (Figure 3) (4). Since fish are susceptible to the elements, site placement is essential to ensure the rapid growth of the targeted species. The drawback of these facilities is that they depend on the surrounding area for good water quality in order to reduce mortality and increase the survivorship and growth rate of the fish (19). Fish chosen for extensive aquaculture are very hardy and often do well in high densities. Seaweed, prawns, mussels, carp, tilapia, tuna and salmon are the most prominent forms of extensive aqua cultured seafood. Extensive aquaculture facilities have negative impacts on the environment as well. Natural habitats are destroyed in the development of man made ponds used for extensive aquaculture. In the Philippines, shrimp aquaculture is responsible for the destruction of thousands of acres of mangrove fields which serve as nurseries and living habitats for many marine organisms. Benthic habitats are being depleted due to the high amount of organic waste produced by the fish which settles below their pens(4). Phytoplankton and algae break down fecal matter and residual fish meal reducing the amount of available oxygen in the water column, which chokes and kills the Benthic organisms. Another serious problem acquainted with extensive aquaculture is the introduction of invasive species into ecosystems (10). Escaped fish increase the competition between organisms for limited resources. Also, when foreign fish interbreed with wild species, they upset the genetic variability of the species, making them more prone to disease and infection. The high density of fish in these mesh tanks is very tempting for predators of the sea and air (19). To protect the harvest from predators protective netting is set up at a high cost. Often times predatorial fish and mammals like seals, sharks, and tuna get caught in these barrier nets and die. Some farmers protect their stocks from predatorial birds such as pelicans and albatross by shooting these sometimes endangered creatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensive_aquaculture">Intensive aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intensive aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fish_farming" title="Special:EditPage/Fish farming">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Optimal water parameters for cold- and warm-water fish in intensive aquaculture<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter </th> <th>Optimal value </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">Acidity</a></td> <td>pH 6–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></td> <td>< 440 μg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">Alkalinity</a></td> <td>> 20 mg/L (as CaCO<sub>3</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td> <td>< 0.075 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> (non-ionized)</td> <td>< 0.02 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>< 0.0005 mg/L in <a href="/wiki/Soft_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft water">soft water</a></li> <li>< 0.005 mg/L in <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td>> 5 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></td> <td>< 5–10 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></td> <td>> 4.0 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></td> <td>< 0.003 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>< 0.0006 mg/L in soft water</li> <li>< 0.03 mg/L in hard water</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Gas supersaturation</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>< 100% total gas pressure</li> <li>< 103% for salmonid eggs/fry</li> <li>< 102% for lake trout</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></td> <td>< 0.003 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td>< 0.1 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></td> <td>< 0.02 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a></td> <td>< 0.0002 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate</a></td> <td>< 1.0 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">Nitrite</a></td> <td>< 0.1 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6 mg/L for coldwater fish</li> <li>4 mg/L for warmwater fish</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></td> <td>< 0.01 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></td> <td>< 200 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspended solid">suspended solids</a></td> <td>< 80 <a href="/wiki/Nephelometric_Turbidity_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephelometric Turbidity Units">NTU</a> over ambient levels </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td>< 0.005 mg/L </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In these kinds of systems fish production per unit of surface can be increased at will, as long as sufficient <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, fresh water and food are provided. Because of the requirement of sufficient fresh water, a massive <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine <a href="/wiki/Hydroponic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroponic">hydroponic</a> <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>, see below. The exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalists</a> object to this practice. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abstreifen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Abstreifen.JPG/250px-Abstreifen.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Abstreifen.JPG/375px-Abstreifen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Abstreifen.JPG/500px-Abstreifen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>Expressing eggs from a female rainbow trout</figcaption></figure> <p>The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight is higher than in extensive farming, especially because of the high cost of <a href="/wiki/Feeds_for_farmed_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeds for farmed fish">fish feed</a>. It must contain a much higher level of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> (up to 60%) than <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> feed and a balanced <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> composition, as well. These higher protein-level requirements are a consequence of the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals (higher <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">feed conversion ratio</a> [FCR], that is, kg of feed per kg of animal produced). Fish such as salmon have an FCR around 1.1 kg of feed per kg of salmon<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas chickens are in the 2.5 kg of feed per kg of chicken range. Fish do not use energy to keep warm, eliminating some carbohydrates and fats in the diet, required to provide this energy. This may be offset, though, by the lower land costs and the higher production which can be obtained due to the high level of input control. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">Aeration</a> of the water is essential, as fish need a sufficient oxygen level for growth. This is achieved by bubbling, cascade flow, or aqueous oxygen. Catfish in genus <i><a href="/wiki/Clarias" title="Clarias">Clarias</a></i> can breathe atmospheric air and can tolerate much higher levels of pollutants than trout or salmon, which makes aeration and water purification less necessary and makes <i>Clarias</i> species especially suited for intensive fish production. In some <i>Clarias</i> farms, about 10% of the water volume can consist of fish <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>. </p><p>The risk of infections by parasites such as fish lice, fungi (<i><a href="/wiki/Saprolegnia" title="Saprolegnia">Saprolegnia</a></i> spp.), intestinal worms (such as <a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematodes">trematodes</a>), bacteria (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia" title="Yersinia">Yersinia</a></i> spp., <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a></i> spp.), and protozoa (such as <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellates">dinoflagellates</a>) is similar to that in <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, especially at high population densities. However, animal husbandry is a larger and more technologically mature area of human agriculture and has developed better solutions to pathogen problems. Intensive aquaculture has to provide adequate water quality (oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, etc.) levels to minimize stress on the fish. This requirement makes control of the pathogen problem more difficult. Intensive aquaculture requires tight monitoring and a high level of expertise of the fish farmer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aufzuchtbecken.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aufzuchtbecken.JPG/220px-Aufzuchtbecken.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aufzuchtbecken.JPG/330px-Aufzuchtbecken.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aufzuchtbecken.JPG/440px-Aufzuchtbecken.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Controlling <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roes</a> manually</figcaption></figure> <p>Very-high-intensity recycle aquaculture systems (RAS, also Recirculating Aquaculture Systems), where all the production parameters are controlled, are being used for high-value species. By recycling water, little is used per unit of production. However, the process has high capital and operating costs. The higher cost structures mean that RAS is economical only for high-value products, such as broodstock for egg production, fingerlings for net pen aquaculture operations, sturgeon production, research animals, and some special niche markets such as live fish.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raising ornamental coldwater fish (<a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">koi</a>), although theoretically much more profitable due to the higher income per weight of fish produced, has been successfully carried out only in the 21st century. The increased incidences of dangerous viral diseases of koi carp, together with the high value of the fish, has led to initiatives in closed-system koi breeding and growing in a number of countries. Today, a few commercially successful intensive koi-growing facilities are operating in the UK, Germany, and Israel. </p><p>Some producers have adapted their intensive systems in an effort to provide consumers with fish that do not carry dormant forms of viruses and diseases. </p><p>In 2016, juvenile Nile tilapia were given a food containing dried <i><a href="/wiki/Schizochytrium" title="Schizochytrium">Schizochytrium</a></i> in place of <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a>. When compared to a control group raised on regular food, they exhibited higher weight gain and better food-to-growth conversion, plus their flesh was higher in healthy <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fish_farms">Fish farms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fish farms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, numerous specific types of fish farms are used; each has benefits and applications unique to its design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cage_system">Cage system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cage system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant.gourami.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Giant.gourami.arp.jpg/220px-Giant.gourami.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Giant.gourami.arp.jpg/330px-Giant.gourami.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Giant.gourami.arp.jpg/440px-Giant.gourami.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giant_gourami" title="Giant gourami">Giant gourami</a> is often raised in cages in central Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers, or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested.<sup id="cite_ref-scielo.br_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo.br-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method is also called "off-shore cultivation"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses.<sup id="cite_ref-scielo.br_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo.br-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cage farming of fishes in open seas is also gaining in popularity. Given concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., generally pond systems are considered simpler to start and easier to manage. Also, the past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding the culture of non-native fish species in dam or open-water cages. On August 22, 2017, there was a massive failure of such cages at a commercial fishery in Washington state in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, leading to release of nearly 300,000 Atlantic salmon in non-native waters. This is believed to risk endangering the native Pacific salmon species.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marine Scotland has kept records of caged fish escapes since 1999. They have recorded 357 fish escape incidents with 3,795,206 fish escaping into fresh and salt water. One company, Dawnfresh Farming Limited has been responsible for 40 incident and 152,790 Rainbow Trout escaping into freshwater lochs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years, the risk of damage and escape due to storms is always a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-scielo.br_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo.br-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a> marine technology is beginning to impact fish farming. In 2018, 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> are in the middle of a year-long trial at Ocean Farm 1 off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The semi-submersible <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$300 million</span> project is the world's first deep-sea aquaculture project, and includes 61-meter (200 ft)-high by 91-meter (300 ft)-diameter pen made from a series of mesh-wire frames and nets. It is designed to disperse wastes better than more conventional farms in sheltered coastal waters, therefore supporting higher fish packing density.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copper-alloy_nets">Copper-alloy nets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Copper-alloy nets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys in aquaculture</a></div> <p>Recently, <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper alloys">copper alloys</a> have become important netting materials in <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. Copper alloys are <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a>, that is, they destroy <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Marine_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine environment">marine environment</a>, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent <a href="/wiki/Biofouling" title="Biofouling">biofouling</a>, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tube_worm_(body_plan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube worm (body plan)">tube worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnacles">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusks">mollusks</a>, and other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. Traditional netting involves regular and labor-intensive cleaning. In addition to its antifouling benefits, copper netting has strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copper-zinc brass alloys are deployed in commercial-scale aquaculture operations in Asia, South America, and USA (Hawaii). Extensive research, including demonstrations and trials, are being implemented on two other copper alloys: copper-nickel and copper-silicon. Each of these alloy types has an inherent ability to reduce biofouling, cage waste, disease, and the need for antibiotics, while simultaneously maintaining water circulation and oxygen requirements. Other types of copper alloys are also being considered for research and development in aquaculture operations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the traditional cage farming platform is called <a href="/wiki/Kelong" title="Kelong">kelong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_net_pen_system">Open net pen system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Open net pen system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The open net pens system is a method that takes place in natural waters, such as rivers, lakes, near the coast or offshore. The breeders rear the fish in large cages floating in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fish are living in natural water but are isolated with a net. Because the only barrier separating the fish from the surrounding environment is a net, this allows the water to flow from the ‘natural’ surrounding through the fish farms. </p><p>The site of the fish farm is crucial for the farm to be a success or not. Before any fish farm is settled, it is highly recommended to be selective with the site location of the farm. The site must be examined on some essential elements. Important conditions on the location are:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A good interchange of water and also a high replacement of bottom water.</li> <li>At all depths should be a good current condition. This is necessary because the organic particles should be able to be carried away using the current.</li> <li>A gravel and sand bottom are qualified for fish farming, although bottoms with silt and mud are not qualified. These should be avoided.</li> <li>A net should be at least 10 metres (33 ft) or more above the bottom, so depth is important.</li></ol> <p>Despite these important site conditions, the open net pen method was very popular in Norway and China. This is because of the cost friendliness and efficiency of this method.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_external_effects">Negative external effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Negative external effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the ocean's water flow and other reasons, open net pen culture is seen as a high-risk method for the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flow allows chemicals, parasites, waste and diseases to spread in the enclosed environment, and this is not beneficial for the natural environment. Another negative consequence is the high escape rate of the cultured fish from these open net pens. These escaped fish also pose a high risk to the surrounding ecosystems. </p><p>The amount of organic waste produced by fish farms is also alarming. A salmon farm in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, for instance, is estimated to produce as much organic waste as equivalent to a town of people between 10,000 and 20,000 people each year.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today 50% of the world's seafood is farm-raised.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation_ditch_or_pond_systems">Irrigation ditch or pond systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Irrigation ditch or pond systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_fish-farming_ponds_in_the_rural_town_of_Masi_Manimba,_DRC_(7609946524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A row of square artificial ponds, with trees on either side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Community_fish-farming_ponds_in_the_rural_town_of_Masi_Manimba%2C_DRC_%287609946524%29.jpg/220px-Community_fish-farming_ponds_in_the_rural_town_of_Masi_Manimba%2C_DRC_%287609946524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Community_fish-farming_ponds_in_the_rural_town_of_Masi_Manimba%2C_DRC_%287609946524%29.jpg/330px-Community_fish-farming_ponds_in_the_rural_town_of_Masi_Manimba%2C_DRC_%287609946524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Community_fish-farming_ponds_in_the_rural_town_of_Masi_Manimba%2C_DRC_%287609946524%29.jpg/440px-Community_fish-farming_ponds_in_the_rural_town_of_Masi_Manimba%2C_DRC_%287609946524%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>These fish-farming ponds were created as a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> project in a rural village in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Congo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>These use <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> ditches or farm ponds to raise fish. The basic requirement is to have a ditch or pond that retains water, possibly with an above-ground irrigation system (many irrigation systems use buried pipes with headers).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using this method, water allotments can be stored in ponds or ditches, usually lined with <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> clay. In small systems, the fish are often fed commercial fish food, and their waste products can help fertilize the fields. In larger ponds, the pond grows water plants and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains of plants, as well as introduced strains of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control of water quality is crucial. Fertilizing, clarifying, and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> control of the water can increase yields substantially, as long as <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> is prevented and oxygen levels stay high. Yields can be low if the fish grow ill from electrolyte stress.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Composite_fish_culture">Composite fish culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Composite fish culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The composite fish culture system is a technology developed in India by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Research" title="Indian Council of Agricultural Research">Indian Council of Agricultural Research</a> in the 1970s. In this system, of both local and imported fish, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among them by having different types of food habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the food available in all the parts of the pond is used. Fish used in this system include <a href="/wiki/Catla" title="Catla">catla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver carp</a> (surface feeders), <a href="/wiki/Rohu" title="Rohu">rohu</a> (a column feeder), and <a href="/wiki/Mrigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrigal">mrigal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a> (bottom feeders). Other fish also feed on the excreta of the common carp, and this helps contribute to the efficiency of the system which in optimal conditions produces 3000–6000 kg of fish per hectare per year.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One problem with such composite fish culture is that many of these fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish are collected from the wild, they can be mixed with other species, as well. Thus, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good-quality stock. To overcome this problem, ways have now been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish stock in desired quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_recycling_systems">Integrated recycling systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Integrated recycling systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unifish_fish_farm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Unifish_fish_farm.JPG/220px-Unifish_fish_farm.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Unifish_fish_farm.JPG/330px-Unifish_fish_farm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Unifish_fish_farm.JPG/440px-Unifish_fish_farm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Aerators in a fish farm (<a href="/wiki/Ararat_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararat plain">Ararat plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the largest problems with freshwater pisciculture is that it can use a million gallons of water per acre (about 1 m<sup>3</sup> of water per m<sup>2</sup>) each year. Extended <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> systems allow for the reuse (<a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>) of local water. </p><p>The largest-scale pure fish farms use a system derived (admittedly much refined) from the <a href="/wiki/New_Alchemy_Institute" title="New Alchemy Institute">New Alchemy Institute</a> in the 1970s. Basically, large plastic fish tanks are placed in a greenhouse. A <a href="/wiki/Hydroponic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroponic">hydroponic</a> bed is placed near, above or between them. When tilapia are raised in the tanks, they are able to eat algae, which naturally grow in the tanks when the tanks are properly fertilized.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tank water is slowly circulated to the hydroponic beds, where the tilapia waste feeds commercial plant crops. Carefully cultured microorganisms in the hydroponic bed convert <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, and the plants are fertilized by the nitrates and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>.Other wastes are strained out by the hydroponic media, which double as an aerated pebble-bed filter.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This system, properly tuned, produces more edible protein per unit area than any other. A wide variety of plants can grow well in the hydroponic beds. Most growers concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>), which command premium prices in small quantities all year long. The most common customers are <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> wholesalers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the system lives in a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>, it adapts to almost all temperate climates, and may also adapt to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climates</a>. The main environmental impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes' <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> balance. Current growers use a variety of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and wastewater discharge permits. Some veterinary authorities speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play a prominent part in keeping the tilapia healthy with recirculated water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of large, well-capitalized ventures in this area have failed. Managing both the biology and markets is complicated. One future development is the combination of integrated recycling systems with urban farming as tried in Sweden by the <a href="/wiki/Greenfish_recirculation_technology" title="Greenfish recirculation technology">Greenfish Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_fry_farming">Classic fry farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classic fry farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is also called a "flow through system" .<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trout and other sport fish are often raised from eggs to <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)#Fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">fry</a> or fingerlings and then trucked to streams and released. Normally, the fry are raised in long, shallow, concrete tanks, fed with fresh stream water. The fry receive commercial fish food in pellets. While not as efficient as the New Alchemists' method, it is also far simpler and has been used for many years to stock streams with sport fish. European eel (<i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla_anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguilla anguilla">Anguilla anguilla</a></i>) aquaculturalists procure a limited supply of glass eels, juvenile stages of the European eel which swim north from the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a> breeding grounds, for their farms. The European eel is threatened with extinction because of the excessive catch of glass eels by Spanish fishermen and overfishing of adult eels in, e.g., the Dutch <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a>. Although European eel larvae can survive for several weeks, the full life cycle has not yet been achieved in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon#Issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Aquaculture of salmon § Issues</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Mean <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophying emissions</a> (water pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein<sup id="cite_ref-Nemecek_987–992_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemecek_987–992-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Food types </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Eutrophying emissions (g PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>eq per 100g protein) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">365.3</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed fish</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:13.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">235.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed crustaceans</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:12.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">227.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">98.4</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">97.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">76.4</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">48.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">Eggs</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">21.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Groundnuts</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">14.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">Peas</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">7.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">6.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238864702"> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Mean <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> for different food types<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Food types </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Greenhouse gas emissions (g CO<small>2</small>-C<small>eq</small> per g protein) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminant meat</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">62</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating aquaculture</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">30</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling Fishery</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">26</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Non-recirculating aquaculture</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">12</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">10</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">10</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">9.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Non-trawling fishery</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">8.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">Eggs</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">6.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_root_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="List of root vegetables">Starchy roots</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">Legumes</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">0.25</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare">Welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a growing consensus that <a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">fish can feel pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the vast number of fish consumed, fish welfare has historically received little attention.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farmed fish are usually raised in overcrowded environments, making them susceptible to stress, injuries, aggression and diseases. These conditions prevent them from engaging in natural behaviors such as nesting or migration. Overcrowding often leads to poor water quality due to fish waste and antibiotics use. <a href="/wiki/Sea_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea lice">Sea lice</a> infestations are common and can cause painful lesion, but are typically treated with harsh chemicals. Additionally, fish are genetically engineered to grow larger and faster, leading to health problems such as <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a> and abnormal heart shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238864702"> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Mean <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acidifying emissions</a> (air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein<sup id="cite_ref-Nemecek_987–992_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemecek_987–992-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Food types </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Acidifying emissions (g SO<sub>2</sub>eq per 100g protein) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:22.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">343.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">165.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">142.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">139.0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed crustaceans</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">133.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:6.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">102.4</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed fish</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">65.9</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">Eggs</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">53.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Groundnuts</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">22.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">Peas</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">8.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">6.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The issue of feeds in fish farming has been a controversial one. Many cultured fishes (tilapia, carp, catfish, many others) can be raised on a strictly herbivorous diet. Top-level carnivores (most <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">salmonidae</a> species in particular) on the other hand, depend on fish feed, of which a large portion is usually derived from wild-caught fish (<a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a>, etc.). Vegetable-derived proteins have successfully replaced fish meal in feeds for carnivorous fishes, but vegetable-derived oils have not successfully been incorporated into the diets of carnivores. Research is underway to try to change this, such that even salmon and other carnivores could be successfully fed with vegetable products. The F3 Challenge (Fish-Free Feed Challenge),<sup id="cite_ref-herox.com_F3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herox.com_F3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as explained by a report from <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired (website)">Wired</a></i> in February 2017, "is a race to sell 100,000 metric tons of fish food, without the fish. Earlier this month, start-ups from places like Pakistan, China, and Belgium joined their American competition at the Google headquarters in Mountain View, California, showing off feed made from <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> extracts, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> grown in <a href="/wiki/Bioreactor" title="Bioreactor">bioreactors</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Molteni_2017-02-05_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molteni_2017-02-05-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only do the feeds for carnivorous fish, like certain salmon species, remain controversial due to the containment of wild caught fish like anchovies, but they are not helping the health of the fish, as is the case in Norway. Between 2003 and 2007, Aldrin et al. examined three infectious diseases in Norwegian salmon fish farms—heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, pancreas disease, and infectious salmon anemia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Martinez-Rubio et al. conducted a study in which cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), a severe cardiac disease in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>), was investigated pertaining the effects of functional feeds with reduced lipid content and increased eicosapentaenoic acid levels in controlling CMS in salmon after infection with Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV). Functional feeds are defined as high-quality feeds that beyond purposes of nutrition, they are formulated with health promoting features that could be beneficial in supporting disease resistance, such as CMS. Choosing a clinical nutrition approach using functional feeds could potentially move away from <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapeutic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> treatments, which could lower the costs of disease treatment and management in fish farms. In this investigation three fishmeal-based diets were served—one made of 31% lipid and the other two made of 18% lipid (one contained fishmeal and the other krill meal. Results demonstrated a significant difference in the immune and inflammatory responses and pathology in heart tissue as the fish were infected with PMCV. Fish fed with functional feeds with low lipid content demonstrated milder and delayed inflammatory response and therefore, less severe heart lesions at earlier and later stages after PMCV infection.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stocking_density">Stocking density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stocking density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondly, farmed fish are kept in concentrations never seen in the wild (e.g. 50,000 fish in a 2-acre (8,100 m<sup>2</sup>) area.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). However, fish tend also to be animals that aggregate into large schools at high density. Most successful aquaculture species are schooling species, which do not have social problems at high density. Aquaculturists feel that operating a rearing system above its design capacity or above the social density limit of the fish will result in decreased growth rate and increased <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">feed conversion ratio</a> (kg dry feed/kg of fish produced), which results in increased cost and risk of health problems along with a decrease in profits. Stressing the animals is not desirable, but the concept of and measurement of stress must be viewed from the perspective of the animal using the scientific method.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites_and_disease">Parasites and disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parasites and disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sea_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea lice">Sea lice</a>, particularly <i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i> and various <i>Caligus</i> species, including <i>C. clemensi</i> and <i>C. rogercresseyi</i>, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea lice are <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasites</a> which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic <i>nauplii</i> and <i>copepodid</i> larval stages, which can persist for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific coast of Canada">Pacific coast of Canada</a>, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, official figures show that more than nine million fish were lost to disease, parasites, botched treatment attempts and other problems on fish farms between 2016 and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ferret_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ferret-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the treatments for parasite infestations involved bathing fish in hydrogen peroxide,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can harm or kill farmed fish if they are in a weak condition or if the chemical concentration is too strong. </p><p>A 2008 meta-analysis of available data shows that salmon farming reduces the survival of associated wild salmon populations. This relationship has been shown to hold for Atlantic, steelhead, pink, chum, and coho salmon. The decrease in survival or abundance often exceeds 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a> are the most commonly cited reasons for such decreases. Some species of sea lice have been noted to target farmed coho and Atlantic salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such parasites have been shown to have an effect on nearby wild fish. One place that has garnered international media attention is British Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Broughton_Archipelago" title="Broughton Archipelago">Broughton Archipelago</a>. There, juvenile wild salmon must "run a gauntlet" of large fish farms located off-shore near river outlets before making their way to sea. The farms allegedly cause such severe sea lice infestations that one study predicted in 2007 a 99% collapse in the wild salmon population by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim, however, has been criticized by numerous scientists who question the correlation between increased fish farming and increases in sea lice infestation among wild salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of parasite problems, some aquaculture operators frequently use strong antibiotic drugs to keep the fish alive, but many fish still die prematurely at rates up to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, other common drugs used in salmonid fish farms in North America and Europe include anesthetic, chemotherapeutic, and anthelmintic agents.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, these drugs have entered the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the residual presence of these drugs in human food products has become controversial. Use of antibiotics in food production is thought to increase the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a> in human diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some facilities, the use of antibiotic drugs in aquaculture has decreased considerably due to vaccinations and other techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most fish-farming operations still use antibiotics, many of which escape into the surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lice and pathogen problems of the 1990s facilitated the development of current treatment methods for sea lice and pathogens, which reduced the stress from parasite/pathogen problems. However, being in an ocean environment, the transfer of disease organisms from the wild fish to the aquaculture fish is an ever-present risk.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Criadero_de_peces_en_el_Lago_Titicaca_cerca_de_Copacabana_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Criadero_de_peces_en_el_Lago_Titicaca_cerca_de_Copacabana_Bolivia.jpg/220px-Criadero_de_peces_en_el_Lago_Titicaca_cerca_de_Copacabana_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Criadero_de_peces_en_el_Lago_Titicaca_cerca_de_Copacabana_Bolivia.jpg/330px-Criadero_de_peces_en_el_Lago_Titicaca_cerca_de_Copacabana_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Criadero_de_peces_en_el_Lago_Titicaca_cerca_de_Copacabana_Bolivia.jpg/440px-Criadero_de_peces_en_el_Lago_Titicaca_cerca_de_Copacabana_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2690" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">North American lake trout</a> fishing farm on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> near <a href="/wiki/Copacabana,_Bolivia" title="Copacabana, Bolivia">Copacabana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. Since their introduction in the 1930s, trout have been an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> endangering the local fish population.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystem_impacts">Ecosystem impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ecosystem impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large number of fish kept long-term in a single location contributes to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> of the nearby areas.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high concentrations of fish produce a significant amount of condensed faeces, often contaminated with drugs, which again affects local waterways. </p><p>Aquaculture not only impacts the fish on the farm, but it also influences other species, which in return are attracted to or repelled by the farms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile fauna, such as crustaceans, fish, birds, and marine mammals, interact with the process of aquaculture, but the long-term or ecological effects as a result of these interactions is still unknown. Some of these fauna may be attracted or demonstrate repulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attraction/repulsion mechanism has various direct and indirect effects on wild organisms at individual and population levels. The interactions that wild organisms have with aquaculture may have implications on the management of fisheries species and the ecosystem in relation to how the fish farms are structured and organized.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siting">Siting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Siting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If aquaculture farms are placed in an area with strong current, pollutants can be flushed out of the area fairly quickly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This helps manage the pollution problem and also aids in overall fish growth. Concern remains that resultant bacterial growth fertilised by fish faeces strips the water of oxygen, reducing or killing off the local marine life. Once an area has been so contaminated, fish farms are typically moved to new, uncontaminated areas. This practice has angered nearby fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other potential problems faced by aquaculturists include the obtaining of various permits and water-use rights, profitability, concerns about <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> depending on what species are involved, and interaction with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_engineering">Genetic engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Genetic engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In regards to <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered salmon">genetically engineered, farmed salmon</a>, concern has been raised over their proven reproductive advantage and how it could potentially decimate local fish populations, if released into the wild. Biologist Rick Howard did a controlled laboratory study where wild fish and <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered fish">genetically engineered fish</a> were allowed to breed.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/AquaBounty_Technologies" title="AquaBounty Technologies">AquaBounty Technologies</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/AquAdvantage_salmon" title="AquAdvantage salmon">AquAdvantage salmon</a>. The concerns and critiques of cultivating this genetically engineered fish in aquaculture are that the fish will escape and interact with other fish ultimately leading to the reproduction with other fishes. However, the FDA, has determined that while net pens would not be the most appropriate to prevent escapes, raising the salmon in Panama waters would effectively prevent escape because the water conditions there would fail to support long-term survival of any escaped salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another method of preventing Aqua Advantage fish from impacting the ecosystems in the case they escape suggested by the FDA was to create sterile triploid females. This way concerns on reproducing with other fishes would be out of the question.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetically engineered fish crowded out the wild fish in spawning beds, but the offspring were less likely to survive. The colorant used to make pen-raised salmon appear rosy like the wild fish has been linked with retinal problems in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeling">Labeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, Alaska passed legislation requiring that any genetically altered fish sold in the state be labeled.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, a <i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i> investigation revealed that farm-raised salmon is frequently sold as wild.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Organic_Standards_Board" title="National Organic Standards Board">National Organic Standards Board</a> allowed farmed fish to be labeled as organic provided less than 25% of their feed came from wild fish. This decision was criticized by the advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Food_%26_Water_Watch" title="Food & Water Watch">Food & Water Watch</a> as "bending the rules" about organic labeling.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the European Union, fish labeling as to species, method of production and origin has been required since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-fishonline1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishonline1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns continue over the labeling of salmon as farmed or wild-caught, as well as about the humane treatment of farmed fish. The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> has established an Eco label to distinguish between farmed and wild-caught salmon,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/RSPCA" title="RSPCA">RSPCA</a> has established the Freedom Food label to indicate humane treatment of farmed salmon, as well as other food products.<sup id="cite_ref-fishonline1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishonline1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indoor_fish_farming">Indoor fish farming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indoor fish farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other treatments such as ultraviolet sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants. The practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing optimum water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the drawbacks to recirculating aquaculture systems is the need for periodic water exchanges. However, the rate of water exchange can be reduced through <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponics</a>, such as the incorporation of hydroponically grown plants<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and denitrification.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both methods reduce the amount of nitrate in the water, and can potentially eliminate the need for water exchanges, closing the aquaculture system from the environment. The amount of interaction between the aquaculture system and the environment can be measured through the cumulative feed burden (CFB kg/M3), which measures the amount of feed that goes into the RAS relative to the amount of water and waste discharged. The environmental impact of larger indoor fish farming system will be linked to the local infrastructure, and water supply. Areas which are more drought-prone, indoor fish farms might flow out wastewater for watering agricultural farms, reducing the water affliction.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2011, a team from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> led by Tahbit Chowdhury and Gordon Graff examined vertical RAS aquaculture designs aimed at producing protein-rich fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of its high capital and operating costs, RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as broodstock maturation, larval rearing, fingerling production, research animal production, specific pathogen-free animal production, and caviar and ornamental fish production. As such, research and design work by Chowdhury and Graff remains difficult to implement. Although the use of RAS for other species is considered by many aquaculturalists to be currently impractical, some limited successful implementation of RAS has occurred with high-value product such as <a href="/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">barramundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, and live tilapia in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> in Denmark<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> is planned in Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slaughter_methods">Slaughter methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Slaughter methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_welfare_at_slaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish welfare at slaughter">Fish welfare at slaughter</a></div> <p>Tanks saturated with carbon dioxide have been used to make fish unconscious. Their gills are then cut with a knife so that the fish bleed out before they are further processed. This is no longer considered a humane method of slaughter. Methods that induce much less physiological stress are electrical or percussive stunning and this has led to the phasing out of the carbon dioxide slaughter method in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhumane_methods">Inhumane methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inhumane methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to T. Håstein of the National Veterinary Institute (Oslo, Norway), "Different methods for slaughter of fish are in place and it is no doubt that many of them may be considered as appalling from an animal welfare point of view."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHåstein2004224_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHåstein2004224-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 report by the <a href="/wiki/EFSA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFSA">EFSA</a> Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare explained: "Many existing commercial killing methods expose fish to substantial suffering over a prolonged period of time. For some species, existing methods, whilst capable of killing fish humanely, are not doing so because operators don't have the knowledge to evaluate them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Food_Safety_Authority200422_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Food_Safety_Authority200422-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following are some less humane ways of killing fish. </p> <ul><li>Air asphyxiation amounts to suffocation in the open air. The process can take upwards of 15 minutes to induce death, although unconsciousness typically sets in sooner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson23_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson23-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ice baths or chilling of farmed fish on ice or submerged in near-freezing water is used to dampen muscle movements by the fish and to delay the onset of post-death decay. However, it does not necessarily reduce sensibility to pain; indeed, the chilling process has been shown to elevate <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>. In addition, reduced body temperature extends the time before fish lose consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue4_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue4-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">CO<sub>2</sub> narcosis</a></li> <li>Exsanguination without stunning is a process in which fish are taken up from water, held still, and cut so as to cause bleeding. According to references in Yue,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue6_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue6-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this can leave fish writhing for an average of four minutes, and some catfish still responded to noxious stimuli after more than 15 minutes.</li> <li>Immersion in salt followed by gutting or other processing such as smoking is applied to eel.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishcount_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishcount-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_humane_methods">More humane methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: More humane methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proper stunning renders the fish unconscious immediately and for a sufficient period of time such that the fish is killed in the slaughter process (e.g. through exsanguination) without regaining consciousness. </p> <ul><li>Percussive stunning involves rendering the fish unconscious with a blow on the head.</li> <li>Electric stunning can be humane when a proper current is made to flow through the fish brain for a sufficient period of time. Electric stunning can be applied after the fish has been taken out of the water (dry stunning) or while the fish is still in the water. The latter generally requires a much higher current and may lead to operator safety issues. An advantage could be that in-water stunning allows fish to be rendered unconscious without stressful handling or displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue7_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue7-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, improper stunning may not induce insensibility long enough to prevent the fish from enduring exsanguination while conscious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Food_Safety_Authority200422_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Food_Safety_Authority200422-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the optimal stunning parameters that researchers have determined in studies are used by the industry in practice is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue7_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue7-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="float:left;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 359.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 357.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish farming in the fjords of southern Chile"><img alt="Fish farming in the fjords of southern Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg/536px-2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="358" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg/804px-2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg/1072px-2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fish farming in the fjords of southern Chile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish-farms-vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Houseboat rafts with cages under for rearing fish near Mỹ Tho, Vietnam"><img alt="Houseboat rafts with cages under for rearing fish near Mỹ Tho, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fish-farms-vietnam.jpg/240px-Fish-farms-vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fish-farms-vietnam.jpg/360px-Fish-farms-vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Fish-farms-vietnam.jpg/480px-Fish-farms-vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Houseboat rafts with cages under for rearing fish near <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Tho" title="Mỹ Tho">Mỹ Tho</a>, Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish-farming-vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transport boats moored at fish processing plant, Mỹ Tho"><img alt="Transport boats moored at fish processing plant, Mỹ Tho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fish-farming-vietnam.jpg/240px-Fish-farming-vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fish-farming-vietnam.jpg/360px-Fish-farming-vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fish-farming-vietnam.jpg/480px-Fish-farming-vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Transport boats moored at fish processing plant, Mỹ Tho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zapotec_fish_farm_in_Ixtlan_Oaxaca.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Communal Zapotec fish farm in Ixtlán de Juárez, Mexico"><img alt="Communal Zapotec fish farm in Ixtlán de Juárez, Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zapotec_fish_farm_in_Ixtlan_Oaxaca.png/248px-Zapotec_fish_farm_in_Ixtlan_Oaxaca.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zapotec_fish_farm_in_Ixtlan_Oaxaca.png/371px-Zapotec_fish_farm_in_Ixtlan_Oaxaca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zapotec_fish_farm_in_Ixtlan_Oaxaca.png/495px-Zapotec_fish_farm_in_Ixtlan_Oaxaca.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Communal <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a> fish farm in <a href="/wiki/Ixtl%C3%A1n_de_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ixtlán de Juárez">Ixtlán de Juárez</a>, Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_farm_Skardu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish farming traditionally takes place in purpose-built tanks in the Skardu region in northern Pakistan."><img alt="Fish farming traditionally takes place in purpose-built tanks in the Skardu region in northern Pakistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fish_farm_Skardu.jpg/303px-Fish_farm_Skardu.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fish_farm_Skardu.jpg/454px-Fish_farm_Skardu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fish_farm_Skardu.jpg/605px-Fish_farm_Skardu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="3580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fish farming traditionally takes place in purpose-built tanks in the <a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a> region in northern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Complexo_de_Piscicultura_do_Acre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pisciculture Complex, outside Rio Branco, Brazil"><img alt="Pisciculture Complex, outside Rio Branco, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Complexo_de_Piscicultura_do_Acre.jpg/373px-Complexo_de_Piscicultura_do_Acre.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Complexo_de_Piscicultura_do_Acre.jpg/559px-Complexo_de_Piscicultura_do_Acre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Complexo_de_Piscicultura_do_Acre.jpg/745px-Complexo_de_Piscicultura_do_Acre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pisciculture Complex, outside <a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco,_Acre" title="Rio Branco, Acre">Rio Branco</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B6gtind_S_Harstad_21-03-2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish farm Högtind in Norway with feeding barge"><img alt="Fish farm Högtind in Norway with feeding barge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/H%C3%B6gtind_S_Harstad_21-03-2023.jpg/259px-H%C3%B6gtind_S_Harstad_21-03-2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/H%C3%B6gtind_S_Harstad_21-03-2023.jpg/388px-H%C3%B6gtind_S_Harstad_21-03-2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/H%C3%B6gtind_S_Harstad_21-03-2023.jpg/517px-H%C3%B6gtind_S_Harstad_21-03-2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fish farm Högtind in Norway with feeding barge</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See 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class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Aquaculture of catfish</a></li> <li><a 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.reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAO-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/STAT/summary/a-6.pdf">"World aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc., by principal species in 2013"</a>. <i>FAO Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics 2014</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108063608/http://www.ftai.com/article.htm#FFNsep14">"Fishfarming, Aquaculture Consulting, Aquaculture Articles, Aquaculture Consultancy, Fisheries News"</a>. 2014-11-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftai.com/article.htm#FFNsep14">the original</a> on 2014-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fishfarming%2C+Aquaculture+Consulting%2C+Aquaculture+Articles%2C+Aquaculture+Consultancy%2C+Fisheries+News&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftai.com%2Farticle.htm%23FFNsep14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquaculture" class="citation web cs1">Aquaculture, Office of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/faqs/faq_aq_101.html#4howmuch">"Basic Questions about Aquaculture :: Office of Aquaculture"</a>. <i>www.nmfs.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nmfs.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Basic+Questions+about+Aquaculture+%3A%3A+Office+of+Aquaculture&rft.aulast=Aquaculture&rft.aufirst=Office+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmfs.noaa.gov%2Faquaculture%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq_aq_101.html%234howmuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1329en"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020</i></a>. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00021/13190/10273.pdf">"New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aquacultural Engineering</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AqEng..43...83M">2010AqEng..43...83M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaeng.2010.09.002">10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaughter+of+farmed+fish+%E2%80%93+fishcount.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffishcount.org.uk%2Ffarmed-fish-welfare%2Ffarmed-fish-slaughter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue7-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue7_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue7_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYue">Yue</a>, pp. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justeconomics.co.uk/health-and-well-being/dead-loss">"Dead Loss: The high cost of poor farming practices and mortalities on salmon farms"</a>. <i>Just Economics</i>. February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Just+Economics&rft.atitle=Dead+Loss%3A+The+high+cost+of+poor+farming+practices+and+mortalities+on+salmon+farms&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justeconomics.co.uk%2Fhealth-and-well-being%2Fdead-loss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Tess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173513/http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/pubs/fishwelfare.pdf">"Advancing Aquaculture: Fish Welfare at Slaughter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/pubs/fishwelfare.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85238-194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85238-194-6"><bdi>978-0-85238-194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquaculture+Training+Manual&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85238-194-6&rft.au=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIhlQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManci" class="citation web cs1">Manci, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701051806/http://ftai.com/article.htm#FFNsep14">"Fish Farming News – Aquaculture production reaches new heights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftai.com/article.htm#FFNsep14">the original</a> on 2014-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fish+Farming+News+%E2%80%93+Aquaculture+production+reaches+new+heights&rft.aulast=Manci&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftai.com%2Farticle.htm%23FFNsep14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_farming&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fish_farm" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fish farm">fish farm</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fish_farming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fish farming">Fish farming</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015005816/http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/">NOAA Aquaculture Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp">FAO Fisheries Department</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706165121/http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp">Archived</a> 2008-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/sof/sofia/index_en.htm">SOFIA report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610220337/http://www.fao.org/sof/sofia/index_en.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on fisheries and aquaculture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farmedanddangerous.org/">Coastal Alliance for Aquaculture Reform</a> Coalition of environmental groups, scientists and First Nations opposed to current salmon farming practices</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050112072947/http://www.fishinghurts.com/fishfarms.asp">Ethical concerns about the conditions on fish farms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puresalmon.org/">The Pure Salmon Campaign website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527011053/http://www.puresalmon.org/">Archived</a> 2010-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftffa.com/">Tropical Fish Farming in Florida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/282/5390/883">Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_industry_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template talk:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_East_Timor" title="Aquaculture in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template talk:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">- as food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_fish" title="Fear of fish">Fear of -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striated frogfish"><img alt="Striated frogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/140px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/210px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/280px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br /> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Gill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">Jaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">Swim bladder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">lampreys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">chimaeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">spiny-finned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li> <li>Threatened <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fishes" title="Category:Lists of fishes">more lists...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish" title="Category:Fish">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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