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id="toc-Aquatic_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Aquatic plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seaweed_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaweed_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Seaweed farming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaweed_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crustaceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crustaceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Crustaceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crustaceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molluscs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molluscs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Molluscs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molluscs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Other groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_fish_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_fish_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Global fish production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_fish_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global fish production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_fish_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Over-reporting_by_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over-reporting_by_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Over-reporting by China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over-reporting_by_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquacultural_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquacultural_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aquacultural methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aquacultural_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aquacultural methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aquacultural_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mariculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mariculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Integrated </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Urban aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netting_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netting_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Netting materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netting_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_wild_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_wild_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Impacts on wild fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_wild_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Animal welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_welfare_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_welfare_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Common welfare concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_welfare_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Improving welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Coastal ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pollution_from_sea_cage_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_from_sea_cage_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Pollution from sea cage aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution_from_sea_cage_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Freshwater ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Genetic modification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_diseases,_parasites_and_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_diseases,_parasites_and_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Fish diseases, parasites and vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_diseases,_parasites_and_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Needs_of_the_aquaculture_sector_in_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Needs_of_the_aquaculture_sector_in_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.1 Needs of the aquaculture sector in vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Needs_of_the_aquaculture_sector_in_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_new_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_new_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.2 Development of new vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_new_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_vaccines_development_in_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_vaccines_development_in_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.3 Recent vaccines development in aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_vaccines_development_in_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_gains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_gains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.4 Economic gains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_gains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salinization/acidification_of_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinization/acidification_of_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Salinization/acidification of soils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinization/acidification_of_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Plastic pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ecological benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Prospects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prospects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prospects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prospects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Global goals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_laws,_regulations,_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_laws,_regulations,_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 National laws, regulations, and management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_laws,_regulations,_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 By country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_content_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_content_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Free content work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_content_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aquaculture</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwakultuur" title="Akwakultuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akwakultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تربية الأحياء المائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تربية الأحياء المائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultura" title="Akvakultura – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akvakultura" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аквакультура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аквакультура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аквакултура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аквакултура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C3%BCicultura" title="Aqüicultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aqüicultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultura" title="Akvakultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akvakultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultur_(vandlevende_organismer)" title="Akvakultur (vandlevende organismer) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akvakultur (vandlevende organismer)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquakultur" title="Aquakultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aquakultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultuur" title="Akvakultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akvakultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Υδατοκαλλιέργεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδατοκαλλιέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuicultura" title="Acuicultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acuicultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvokulturo" title="Akvokulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvokulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuikultura" title="Akuikultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akuikultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آبزی‌پروری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبزی‌پروری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aquaculture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuicultura" title="Acuicultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acuicultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%9B%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0" title="મત્સ્યઉછેર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મત્સ્યઉછેર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%B0%EC%96%91%EC%8B%9D" title="수산양식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수산양식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ջրային կուլտուրաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրային կուլտուրաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultura" title="Akvakultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akvakultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi_daya_perairan" title="Budi daya perairan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budi daya perairan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquacoltura" title="Acquacoltura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acquacoltura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חקלאות ימית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חקלאות ימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಲಚರ ಸಾಕಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಚರ ಸಾಕಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquakultur" title="Aquakultur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aquakultur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakult%C5%ABra" title="Akvakultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akvakultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakult%C3%BAra" title="Akvakultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akvakultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="აკვაკულტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აკვაკულტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuakultur" title="Akuakultur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akuakultur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquacultuur" title="Aquacultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aquacultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96%E6%A5%AD" title="養殖業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="養殖業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultur" title="Akvakultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akvakultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultura" title="Akvakultura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akvakultura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਜਲ ਖੇਤੀ (ਐਕੁਆਕਲਚਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਲ ਖੇਤੀ (ਐਕੁਆਕਲਚਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A2_%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%86%D8%B1" title="ایکوآ کلچر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایکوآ کلچر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwakultura" title="Akwakultura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akwakultura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquacultura" title="Aquacultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquacultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acvacultur%C4%83" title="Acvacultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acvacultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аквакультура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аквакультура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuakultura" title="Akuakultura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akuakultura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aquaculture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultura" title="Akvakultura – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Akvakultura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvakultura" title="Akvakultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akvakultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesiviljely" title="Vesiviljely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesiviljely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenbruk" title="Vattenbruk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenbruk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuwakultura" title="Akuwakultura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Akuwakultura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="நீர் வேளாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர் வேளாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аквакультура – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аквакультура" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆక్వాకల్చర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆక్వాకల్చర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="การเพาะเลี้ยงพืชและสัตว์ในน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเพาะเลี้ยงพืชและสัตว์ในน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_bal%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kültür balıkçılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültür balıkçılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аквакультура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аквакультура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B4i_tr%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BB%A7y_s%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nuôi trồng thủy sản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nuôi trồng thủy sản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwakultura" title="Akwakultura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Akwakultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96" title="水产养殖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水产养殖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="養殖漁業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="養殖漁業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%A2%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96" title="水產養殖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水產養殖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/250px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/375px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/500px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">On land</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrivoltaic">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free-range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Madeira)" title="Colonia (Madeira)">Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Steam sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a 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width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/24px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/32px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture" title="Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture" title="Template talk:Agriculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture<a href="#cite_note-Garner_2016-1">[1]</a>), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic organism">aquatic organisms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and other organisms of value such as <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotus</a>). Aquaculture involves cultivating <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saltwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater">saltwater</a> populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions and can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">commercial fishing</a>, which is the harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">wild fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanHeritageDef-2">[2]</a> Aquaculture is also a practice used for restoring and rehabilitating marine and freshwater ecosystems. <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a>, commonly known as marine farming, is aquaculture in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> habitats and lagoons, as opposed to freshwater aquaculture. <a href="/wiki/Pisciculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisciculture">Pisciculture</a> is a type of aquaculture that consists of fish farming to obtain <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish products as food</a>. Aquaculture can also be defined as the breeding, growing, and harvesting of fish and other aquatic plants, also known as farming in water. It is an environmental source of food and commercial products that help to improve healthier habitats and are used to reconstruct the population of endangered aquatic species. Technology has increased the growth of fish in coastal marine waters and open oceans due to the increased demand for seafood.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Aquaculture can be conducted in completely artificial facilities built on land (onshore aquaculture), as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Fish_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish tank">fish tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">ponds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">raceways</a>, where the living conditions rely on human control such as water quality (oxygen), feed, temperature. Alternatively, they can be conducted on well-sheltered shallow waters <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">nearshore</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> (inshore aquaculture), where the cultivated species are subjected to relatively more naturalistic environments; or on fenced/enclosed sections of <a href="/wiki/Open_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Open ocean">open water</a> away from the shore (offshore aquaculture), where the species are either cultured in cages, racks or bags and are exposed to more diverse natural conditions such as water currents (such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycles</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), aquaculture "is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">rearing process</a> to enhance production, such as regular <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">stocking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish feed">feeding</a>, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The reported output from global aquaculture operations in 2019 was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$274 billion, by 2022, it had risen to 130.9 million tonnes, valued at USD 312.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> However, there are issues with the reliability of the reported figures.<a href="#cite_note-overreporting-8">[8]</a> Further, in current aquaculture practice, products from several kilograms of wild fish are used to produce one kilogram of a <a href="/wiki/Piscivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscivorous">piscivorous</a> fish like <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">salmon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alliance-9">[9]</a> Plant and insect-based feeds are also being developed to help reduce wild fish been used for aquaculture feed. Particular kinds of aquaculture include <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farming" title="Shrimp farming">shrimp farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">oyster farming</a>, mariculture, <a href="/wiki/Pisciculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisciculture">pisciculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">algaculture</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">seaweed farming</a>), and the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental fish">ornamental fish</a>. Particular methods include aquaponics and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">integrated multi-trophic aquaculture</a>, both of which integrate fish farming and aquatic plant farming. The FAO describes aquaculture as one of the industries most directly affected by climate change and its impacts.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Some forms of aquaculture have negative impacts on the environment, such as through <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a> or disease transfer to wild populations.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production,_1990-2030.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production%2C_1990-2030.svg/300px-Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production%2C_1990-2030.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production%2C_1990-2030.svg/450px-Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production%2C_1990-2030.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production%2C_1990-2030.svg/600px-Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production%2C_1990-2030.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production reported by FAO, 1990–2030</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_aquaculture_production_of_food_fish_and_aquatic_plants,_1990-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/World_aquaculture_production_of_food_fish_and_aquatic_plants%2C_1990-2016.svg/300px-World_aquaculture_production_of_food_fish_and_aquatic_plants%2C_1990-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/World_aquaculture_production_of_food_fish_and_aquatic_plants%2C_1990-2016.svg/450px-World_aquaculture_production_of_food_fish_and_aquatic_plants%2C_1990-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/World_aquaculture_production_of_food_fish_and_aquatic_plants%2C_1990-2016.svg/600px-World_aquaculture_production_of_food_fish_and_aquatic_plants%2C_1990-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>World aquaculture production of food fish and aquatic plants, 1990–2016</figcaption></figure> Harvest stagnation in <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of popular marine species, combined with a growing demand for high-quality protein, encouraged aquaculturists to domesticate other marine species.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-uscnews.usc.edu-12">[12]</a> At the outset of modern aquaculture, many were optimistic that a "<a href="/wiki/Blue_revolution" title="Blue revolution">Blue Revolution</a>" could take place in aquaculture, just as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> of the 20th century had revolutionized agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Although land animals had long been domesticated, most seafood species were still caught from the wild. Concerned about the impact of growing demand for seafood on the world's oceans, prominent ocean explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> wrote in 1973: "With earth's burgeoning human populations to feed, we must turn to the sea with new understanding and new technology."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> About 430 (97%) of the species cultured as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit">[update]</a> were domesticated during the 20th and 21st centuries, of which an estimated 106 came in the decade to 2007. Given the long-term importance of agriculture, to date, only 0.08% of known land plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have been domesticated, compared with 0.17% of known marine plant species and 0.13% of known marine animal species. Domestication typically involves about a decade of scientific research.<a href="#cite_note-DuarteMarbaHolmer-15">[15]</a> Domesticating aquatic species involves fewer risks to humans than do land animals, which took a large toll in human lives. Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> including diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species. <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Biological control methods to manage parasites are already being used, such as cleaner fish (e.g. lumpsuckers and wrasse) to control sea lice populations in salmon farming.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Models are being used to help with spatial planning and siting of fish farms in order to minimize impact.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquaculture_production_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aquaculture_production_%282019%29.svg/300px-Aquaculture_production_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aquaculture_production_%282019%29.svg/450px-Aquaculture_production_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aquaculture_production_%282019%29.svg/600px-Aquaculture_production_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Aquaculture production (2019)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> The decline in wild fish stocks has increased the demand for farmed fish.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, finding alternative sources of protein and oil for fish feed is necessary so the aquaculture industry can grow sustainably; otherwise, it represents a great risk for the over-exploitation of forage fish.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Aquaculture production now exceeds capture fishery production<a href="#cite_note-:0a-24">[24]</a> and together the relative GDP contribution has ranged from 0.01 to 10%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> Singling out aquaculture's relative contribution to GDP, however, is not easily derived due to lack of data.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Another recent issue following the banning in 2008 of organotins by the International Maritime Organization is the need to find environmentally friendly, but still effective, compounds with antifouling effects. Many new natural compounds are discovered every year, but producing them on a large enough scale for commercial purposes is almost impossible. It is highly probable that future developments in this field will rely on microorganisms, but greater funding and further research is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge in this field.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_groups">Species groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species groups">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Global aquaculture production in million tonnes, 1950–2010, as reported by the FAO<a href="#cite_note-faostat-28">[28]</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_aquaculture_production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Global_aquaculture_production.png/300px-Global_aquaculture_production.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Global_aquaculture_production.png/450px-Global_aquaculture_production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Global_aquaculture_production.png/600px-Global_aquaculture_production.png 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="862" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Main species groups</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_other_aquaculture_production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Global_other_aquaculture_production.png/300px-Global_other_aquaculture_production.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Global_other_aquaculture_production.png/450px-Global_other_aquaculture_production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Global_other_aquaculture_production.png/600px-Global_other_aquaculture_production.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="455" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Minor species groups</div></div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_(2018).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282018%29.svg/300px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282018%29.svg/450px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282018%29.svg/600px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282018%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by main producers (2018), from <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>'s Statistical Yearbook 2020<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg/300px-2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg/450px-2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg/600px-2019-03-16_01_Aquaculture_in_Chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Aquaculture fish farming in the fjords south of Castro, Chile</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_plants">Aquatic plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aquatic plants">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhuanghe_-_CIMG3404.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquatic plants in floating containers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yangzhuanghe_-_CIMG3404.JPG/300px-Yangzhuanghe_-_CIMG3404.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yangzhuanghe_-_CIMG3404.JPG/450px-Yangzhuanghe_-_CIMG3404.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yangzhuanghe_-_CIMG3404.JPG/600px-Yangzhuanghe_-_CIMG3404.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Cultivating emergent aquatic plants in floating containers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed farming</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">Microalgae</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microphytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphytes">microphytes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Planktonic_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Planktonic algae">planktonic algae</a>, constitute the majority of cultivated <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. Macroalgae commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and specific requirements, they are not easily cultivated on a large scale and are most often taken in the wild. In 2016, aquaculture was the source of 96.5 percent by volume of the total 31.2 million tonnes of wild-collected and cultivated aquatic plants combined. Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaweed_farming">Seaweed farming</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seaweed farming">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed farming</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seaweed_farming&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucheuma_farming,_Philippines_(5211726476).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eucheuma_farming%2C_Philippines_%285211726476%29.jpg/300px-Eucheuma_farming%2C_Philippines_%285211726476%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eucheuma_farming%2C_Philippines_%285211726476%29.jpg/450px-Eucheuma_farming%2C_Philippines_%285211726476%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eucheuma_farming%2C_Philippines_%285211726476%29.jpg/600px-Eucheuma_farming%2C_Philippines_%285211726476%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Underwater <a href="/wiki/Eucheuma" title="Eucheuma">Eucheuma</a> farming in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seaweed_farming_-Nusa_Lembongan,_Bali-16Aug2009_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A seaweed farmer stands in shallow water, gathering edible seaweed that has grown on a rope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Seaweed_farming_-Nusa_Lembongan%2C_Bali-16Aug2009_edit.jpg/300px-Seaweed_farming_-Nusa_Lembongan%2C_Bali-16Aug2009_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Seaweed_farming_-Nusa_Lembongan%2C_Bali-16Aug2009_edit.jpg/450px-Seaweed_farming_-Nusa_Lembongan%2C_Bali-16Aug2009_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Seaweed_farming_-Nusa_Lembongan%2C_Bali-16Aug2009_edit.jpg/600px-Seaweed_farming_-Nusa_Lembongan%2C_Bali-16Aug2009_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption>A seaweed farmer in <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan" title="Nusa Lembongan">Nusa Lembongan</a> (Indonesia) gathers edible seaweed that has grown on a rope.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed farming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> farming is the practice of cultivating and <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvesting</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>. In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>. The seven most cultivated <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> are <a href="/wiki/Eucheuma" title="Eucheuma">Eucheuma</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Kappaphycus_alvarezii" title="Kappaphycus alvarezii">Kappaphycus alvarezii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gracilaria" title="Gracilaria">Gracilaria</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Saccharina_japonica" title="Saccharina japonica">Saccharina japonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undaria_pinnatifida" class="mw-redirect" title="Undaria pinnatifida">Undaria pinnatifida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyropia" title="Pyropia">Pyropia</a> spp., and <a href="/wiki/Sargassum_fusiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargassum fusiforme">Sargassum fusiforme</a>. Eucheuma and K. alvarezii are attractive for <a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">carrageenan</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Gelling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelling agent">gelling agent</a>); Gracilaria is farmed for <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a>; the rest are eaten after limited processing.<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_:3-30">[30]</a> Seaweeds are different from <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seagrasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagrasses">seagrasses</a>, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and are non-flowering.<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_:3-30">[30]</a> The largest seaweed-producing countries as of 2022 are <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (58.62%) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (28.6%); followed by <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (5.09%) and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (4.19%). Other notable producers include <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (1.6%), <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (1.15%), <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (0.53%), <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, 0.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (0.3%).<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_Zhang2022-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_Buschmann-33">[33]</a> Seaweed farming has frequently been developed to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_ask-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) reported that world production in 2019 was over 35 million tonnes. North America produced some 23,000 tonnes of wet seaweed. Alaska, Maine, France, and Norway each more than doubled their seaweed production since 2018. As of 2019, seaweed represented 30% of marine aquaculture.<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_:4-35">[35]</a> Seaweed farming is a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon negative</a> crop, with a high potential for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_:0-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_:1-37">[37]</a> The IPCC <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_:2-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>, Oceans 2050, and <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> publicly support expanded seaweed cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-Seaweed_farming_:4-35">[35]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></div> The farming of fish is the most common form of aquaculture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks, <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish ponds</a>, or ocean enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish <a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">hatchery</a>. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are, in order, <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faostat-28">[28]</a> In the Mediterranean, young <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a> are netted at sea and towed slowly towards the shore. They are then interned in <a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">offshore</a> pens (sometimes made from floating HDPE pipe)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> where they are further grown for the market.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2009, researchers in Australia managed for the first time to coax <a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin tuna</a> to breed in landlocked tanks. Southern bluefin tuna are also caught in the wild and fattened in grow-out sea cages in southern <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gulf" title="Spencer Gulf">Spencer Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. A similar process is used in the salmon-farming section of this industry; juveniles are taken from hatcheries and a variety of methods are used to aid them in their maturation. For example, as stated above, some of the most important fish species in the industry, salmon, can be grown using a cage system. This is done by having netted cages, preferably in open water that has a strong flow, and feeding the salmon a special food mixture that aids their growth. This process allows for year-round growth of the fish, thus a higher harvest during the correct seasons.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> An additional method, known sometimes as sea ranching, has also been used within the industry. Sea ranching involves raising fish in a <a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">hatchery</a> for a brief time and then releasing them into marine waters for further development, whereupon the fish are recaptured when they have matured.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crustaceans">Crustaceans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crustaceans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farming" title="Shrimp farming">Shrimp farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawn farming</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astaciculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astaciculture (page does not exist)">Astaciculture</a></div> Commercial <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply thereafter. Global production reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, worth about US$9 billion. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil is the largest producer. Thailand is the largest exporter. Shrimp farming has changed from its traditional, small-scale form in Southeast Asia into a global industry. Technological advances have led to ever higher densities per unit area, and <a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">broodstock</a> is shipped worldwide. Virtually all farmed shrimp are <a href="/wiki/Penaeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaeid">penaeids</a> (i.e., shrimp of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Penaeidae" title="Penaeidae">Penaeidae</a>), and just two species of shrimp, the <a href="/wiki/Whiteleg_shrimp" title="Whiteleg shrimp">Pacific white shrimp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_tiger_prawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant tiger prawn">giant tiger prawn</a>, account for about 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a> are very susceptible to disease, which has decimated shrimp populations across entire regions. Increasing <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> problems, repeated disease outbreaks, and pressure and criticism from both <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organization">nongovernmental organizations</a> and consumer countries led to changes in the industry in the late 1990s and generally stronger regulations. In 1999, governments, industry representatives, and environmental organizations initiated a program aimed at developing and promoting more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable farming</a> practices through the <a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawn farming</a> shares many characteristics with, including many problems with, marine shrimp farming. Unique problems are introduced by the developmental lifecycle of the main species, the <a href="/wiki/Giant_river_prawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant river prawn">giant river prawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freshwater-45">[45]</a> The global annual production of freshwater prawns (excluding <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>) in 2007 was about 460,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, exceeding 1.86 billion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Additionally, China produced about 370,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_river_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese river crab">Chinese river crab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-figis_fresh-47">[47]</a> In addition <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astaciculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astaciculture (page does not exist)">astaciculture</a> is the freshwater farming of crayfish (mostly in the US, Australia, and Europe).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molluscs">Molluscs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Molluscs">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone-farm1web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abalone farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/300px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/450px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/600px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Abalone farm</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquatir_0502013_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sturgeon farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aquatir_0502013_11.JPG/300px-Aquatir_0502013_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aquatir_0502013_11.JPG/450px-Aquatir_0502013_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aquatir_0502013_11.JPG/600px-Aquatir_0502013_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Sturgeon farm</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck aquaculture</a></div> Aquacultured shellfish include various <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</a>, and clam species. These bivalves are filter and/or deposit feeders, which rely on ambient primary production rather than inputs of fish or other feed. As such, shellfish aquaculture is generally perceived as benign or even beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Depending on the species and local conditions, bivalve molluscs are either grown on the beach, on longlines, or suspended from rafts and harvested by hand or by dredging. In May 2017 a Belgian consortium installed the first of two trial mussel farms on a wind farm in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-offshorewind.biz2017-06-02belgians-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a> farming began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Since the mid-1990s, this industry has become increasingly successful.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> have reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies most abalone meat. Sustainably farmed molluscs can be certified by Seafood Watch and other organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> (WWF). WWF initiated the "Aquaculture Dialogues" in 2004 to develop measurable and performance-based standards for responsibly farmed seafood. In 2009, WWF co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a> with the Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative to manage the global standards and certification programs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> After trials in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-oceangrown.com.au-2013-54">[54]</a> a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Bay" title="Flinders Bay">Flinders Bay</a>, Western Australia, to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5000 (As of April 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit">[update]</a>) separate concrete units called abitats (abalone habitats). The 900 kg abitats can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. The abalone feed on seaweed that has grown naturally on the habitats, with the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also resulting in growing numbers of dhufish, pink snapper, wrasse, and Samson fish, among other species. Brad Adams, from the company, has emphasised the similarity to wild abalone and the difference from shore-based aquaculture. "We're not aquaculture, we're ranching, because once they're in the water they look after themselves."<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2014-08-15-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2016-04-23-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other groups">edit</a>]</div> Other groups include aquatic reptiles, amphibians, and miscellaneous invertebrates, such as <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>. They are separately graphed at the top right of this section, since they do not contribute enough volume to show clearly on the main graph.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Commercially harvested echinoderms include <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>. In China, sea cucumbers are farmed in artificial ponds as large as 400 hectares (1,000 acres).<a href="#cite_note-NF-58">[58]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_fish_production">Global fish production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Global fish production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">World capture fisheries and aquaculture production<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:268px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group,_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg/288px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg/432px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg/576px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group%2C_from_World_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%80%93_Statistical_Yearbook_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="745" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">By species group</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:268px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282019%29.svg/288px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282019%29.svg/432px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282019%29.svg/576px-World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_main_producers_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="747" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">By main producers (2019)</div></div></div></div></div> Global fish production peaked at about 171 million tonnes in 2016, with aquaculture representing 47 percent of the total and 53 percent if non-food uses (including reduction to fishmeal and fish oil) are excluded. With capture fishery production relatively static since the late 1980s, aquaculture has been responsible for the continuing growth in the supply of fish for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-24">[24]</a> Global aquaculture production (including aquatic plants) in 2016 was 110.2 million tonnes, with the first-sale value estimated at US$244 billion. Three years later, in 2019 the reported output from global aquaculture operations was over 120 million tonnes valued at US$274 billion and by 2022 it had reached 130.9 million tonnes, valued at USD 312.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> For the first time, aquaculture surpassed capture fisheries in aquatic animal production with 94.4 million tonnes, representing 51 percent of the world total and a record 57 percent of the production destined for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-:12-60">[60]</a> In 2022 most aquaculture workers were in Asia (95%), followed by Africa (3%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (2%).<a href="#cite_note-:13-61">[61]</a> The contribution of aquaculture to the global production of capture fisheries and aquaculture combined has risen continuously, reaching 46.8 percent in 2016, up from 25.7 percent in 2000. With 5.8 percent annual growth rate during the period 2001–2016, aquaculture continues to grow faster than other major food production sectors, but it no longer has the high annual growth rates experienced in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-24">[24]</a> In 2012, the total world production of fisheries was 158 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, of which aquaculture contributed 66.6 million tonnes, about 42%.<a href="#cite_note-SOFIA_2014-62">[62]</a> The growth rate of worldwide aquaculture has been sustained and rapid, averaging about 8% per year for over 30 years, while the take from wild fisheries has been essentially flat for the last decade. The aquaculture market reached $86 billion<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Aquaculture is an especially important economic activity in China. Between 1980 and 1997, the Chinese Bureau of Fisheries reports, aquaculture harvests grew at an annual rate of 16.7%, jumping from 1.9 million tonnes to nearly 23 million tonnes. In 2005, China accounted for 70% of world production.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Aquaculture is also currently one of the fastest-growing areas of food production in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-providence1-67">[67]</a> About 90% of all U.S. shrimp consumption is farmed and imported.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In recent years, salmon aquaculture has become a major export in southern Chile, especially in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a>, Chile's fastest-growing city. A <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">United Nations</a> report titled The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture released in May 2014 maintained fisheries and aquaculture support the livelihoods of some 60 million people in Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Aquaculture2014-69">[69]</a> FAO estimates that in 2016, overall, women accounted for nearly 14 percent of all people directly engaged in the fisheries and aquaculture primary sector.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-24">[24]</a> In 2021, global fish production reached 182 million tonnes, with approximately equal amounts coming from capture (91.2 million tonnes) and aquaculture (90.9 million tonnes). Aquaculture has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, increasing almost sevenfold from 1990 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Category </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">2011 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">2012 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">2013 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">2014 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">2015 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Production </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Capture </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Inland </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">10.7 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">11.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">11.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">11.3 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">11.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Marine </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">81.5 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">78.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">79.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">79.9 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">81.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">79.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Total capture </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">92.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">89.5 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">90.6 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">91.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">92.7 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">90.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Aquaculture </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Inland </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">38.6 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">42 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">44.8 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">46.9 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">48.6 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">51.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Marine </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">23.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">24.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">25.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">26.8 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">27.5 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">28.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Total aquaculture </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">61.8 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">66.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">70.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">73.7 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">76.1 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">80 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Total world fisheries and aquaculture </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">154 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">156 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">160.7 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">164.9 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">168.7 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">170.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Utilization </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Human consumption </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">130 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">136.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">140.1 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">144.8 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">148.4 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">151.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Non-food uses </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">24 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">19.6 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">20.6 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">20 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">20.3 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">19.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Population (billions) </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">7 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">7.1 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">7.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">7.3 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">7.3 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sheets-value="{">Per capita apparent consumption (kg) </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">18.5 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">19.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">19.5 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">19.9 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">20.2 </td> <td data-sheets-value="{">20.3<a href="#cite_note-:0a-24">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquaculture_production,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aquaculture_production%2C_OWID.svg/300px-Aquaculture_production%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aquaculture_production%2C_OWID.svg/450px-Aquaculture_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Aquaculture_production%2C_OWID.svg/600px-Aquaculture_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Aquaculture production by region</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-reporting_by_China">Over-reporting by China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Over-reporting by China">edit</a>]</div> China overwhelmingly dominates the world in reported aquaculture output,<a href="#cite_note-ChinaStats-71">[71]</a> reporting a total output which is double that of the rest of the world put together. However, there are some historical issues with the accuracy of China's returns. In 2001, scientists Reg Watson and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Daniel Pauly</a> expressed concerns that China was over reporting its catch from wild fisheries in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-overreporting-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> They said that made it appear that the global catch since 1988 was increasing annually by 300,000 tonnes, whereas it was really shrinking annually by 350,000 tonnes. Watson and Pauly suggested this may have been related to Chinese policies where state entities that monitored the economy were also tasked with increasing output. Also, until more recently, the promotion of Chinese officials was based on production increases from their own areas.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> China disputed this claim. The official <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> quoted Yang Jian, director general of the Agriculture Ministry's Bureau of Fisheries, as saying that China's figures were "basically correct".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> However, the FAO accepted there were issues with the reliability of China's statistical returns, and for a period treated data from China, including the aquaculture data, apart from the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquacultural_methods">Aquacultural methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aquacultural methods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariculture">Mariculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mariculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_farming_in_High_Island,_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fish_farming_in_High_Island%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/200px-Fish_farming_in_High_Island%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fish_farming_in_High_Island%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/300px-Fish_farming_in_High_Island%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fish_farming_in_High_Island%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg/400px-Fish_farming_in_High_Island%2C_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Finfish mariculture off <a href="/wiki/High_Island,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="High Island, Hong Kong">High Island</a>, Hong Kong</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_carp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_carp.jpg/200px-Common_carp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_carp.jpg/300px-Common_carp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_carp.jpg/400px-Common_carp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="394" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a> are one of the dominant fishes in freshwater aquaculture.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresh_tilapia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fresh_tilapia.jpg/200px-Fresh_tilapia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fresh_tilapia.jpg/300px-Fresh_tilapia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fresh_tilapia.jpg/400px-Fresh_tilapia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">The adaptable <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> is another commonly farmed freshwater fish</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a> is the cultivation of marine organisms in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>, variously in sheltered coastal waters ("inshore"), open ocean ("offshore"), and on land ("onshore"). Farmed species include algae (from <a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Macroalgae" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroalgae">macroalgae</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>); <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">finfish</a>. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are prominent in the U.S. mariculture.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Mariculture may consist of raising the organisms on or in artificial enclosures such as in floating netted enclosures for salmon, and on racks or in floating cages for oysters. In the case of enclosed salmon, they are fed by the operators; oysters on racks filter feed on naturally available food. Abalone have been farmed on an artificial reef consuming seaweed which grows naturally on the reef units.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2016-04-23-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated">Integrated</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Integrated">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture</a> (IMTA) is a practice in which the byproducts (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (<a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>) for another. Fed aquaculture (for example, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>) is combined with inorganic extractive and organic extractive (for example, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>) aquaculture to create balanced systems for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).<a href="#cite_note-Chopin_et_al._2001-80">[80]</a> "Multi-trophic" refers to the incorporation of species from different <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nutritional" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional">nutritional</a> levels in the same system.<a href="#cite_note-Chopin_2006-81">[81]</a> This is one potential distinction from the age-old practice of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a>, which could simply be the co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level. In this case, these organisms may all share the same biological and chemical processes, with few <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergistic</a> benefits, which could potentially lead to significant shifts in the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. Some traditional polyculture systems may, in fact, incorporate a greater diversity of species, occupying several <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niches</a>, as extensive cultures (low intensity, low management) within the same pond. A working IMTA system can result in greater total production based on mutual benefits to the co-cultured species and improved <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_health" title="Ecosystem health">ecosystem health</a>, even if the production of individual species is lower than in a monoculture over a short-term period.<a href="#cite_note-Neori_et_al._2004-82">[82]</a> Sometimes the term "integrated aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer.<a href="#cite_note-Neori_et_al._2004-82">[82]</a> For all intents and purposes, however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ only in their degree of descriptiveness. <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a>, fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are other variations of the IMTA concept. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_aquaculture">Urban aquaculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Urban aquaculture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Urban_aquaculture" title="Urban aquaculture">Urban aquaculture</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_aquaculture&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_aquaculture" title="Urban aquaculture">Urban aquaculture</a> is aquaculture of fish, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, and marine plants in rivers, ponds, lakes, canals located within an <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban environment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urban_aquaculture_Bunting_&_Little_Urban_Aquaculture-84">[84]</a> Urban aquaculture systems can be associated with a multitude of different production locations, <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> used, <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environment</a>, and production intensity. The use of urban aquaculture has increased over the last several years as societies continue to urbanise and demand for food in urban environments increases.<a href="#cite_note-Urban_aquaculture_Bunting_&_Little_2015-85">[85]</a> Methods of production include recirculating systems; land-based culture systems; multifunctional wetlands; ponds, borrow pits and lakes; cages and culture-based fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-Urban_aquaculture_Bunting_&_Little_2015-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Urban_aquaculture_:1-86">[86]</a> Most production in urban environments will include either extensive (productivity is based solely on natural runoff) or intensive (tanks and cages of monoculture production), compared to aquaculture in general which is normally semi-intensive.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What do all these "technical" terms here mean? "Extensive", "intensive", "semi-intensive". The reader is at a total loss, and is more confused by the end of the passage than illuminated. (July 2024)">clarify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Urban_aquaculture_Bunting_&_Little_2015-85">[85]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Netting_materials">Netting materials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Netting materials">edit</a>]</div> Various materials, including <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, plastic-coated welded <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, patented <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> products (Spectra, Thorn-D, Dyneema), <a href="/wiki/Galvanized_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized steel">galvanized steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> are used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Braithwaite-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> All of these materials are selected for a variety of reasons, including design feasibility, <a href="/wiki/Material_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Material strength">material strength</a>, cost, and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistance</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys in aquaculture</a></div> Recently, <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">copper alloys</a> have become important netting materials in aquaculture because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a>) and they therefore prevent <a href="/wiki/Biofouling" title="Biofouling">biofouling</a> (i.e., the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> Uncrewed vessels, like <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">ROVs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">AUVs</a>, are now being used in aquaculture in various ways, such as site planning, cage or net inspection, environmental monitoring, disaster assessment, and risk reduction. The use of uncrewed vessels aims to increase safety, efficiency, and accuracy of aquaculture operations.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Aquaculture is a multi-million-dollar business that relies on net and cage maintenance. Inspections used to be conducted by divers manually inspecting the nets, but uncrewed vessels are now being used to conduct faster and more efficient inspections. <a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biofloc_Technology" title="Biofloc Technology">Biofloc technology</a> is also used to simultaneously improve water quality and generate bacterial biomass as food for the cultured animals.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon#Issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Issues with salmon aquaculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artboard_1@3x.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Artboard_1%403x.png/220px-Artboard_1%403x.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Artboard_1%403x.png/330px-Artboard_1%403x.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Artboard_1%403x.png/440px-Artboard_1%403x.png 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> If performed without consideration for potential local environmental impacts, aquaculture in inland waters can result in more environmental damage than <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fisheries of the world">wild fisheries</a>, though with less waste produced per kg on a global scale.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include waste handling, side-effects of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, competition between farmed and wild animals, and the potential introduction of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive plant and animal species</a>, or foreign pathogens, particularly if unprocessed fish are used to feed more marketable <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> fish. If non-local live feeds are used, aquaculture may introduce exotic plants or animals with disastrous effects. Improvements in methods resulting from advances in research and the availability of commercial feeds has reduced some of these concerns since their greater prevalence in the 1990s and 2000s .<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Fish waste is organic and composed of nutrients necessary in all components of aquatic food webs. In-ocean aquaculture often produces much higher than normal fish waste concentrations. The waste collects on the ocean bottom, damaging or eliminating bottom-dwelling life.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Waste can also decrease <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>, putting further pressure on wild animals.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> An alternative model to food being added to the ecosystem, is the installation of artificial reef structures to increase the habitat niches available, without the need to add any more than ambient feed and nutrient. This has been used in the "ranching" of abalone in Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2016-04-23-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_on_wild_fish">Impacts on wild fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Impacts on wild fish">edit</a>]</div> Some carnivorous and omnivorous farmed fish species are fed wild <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a>. Although carnivorous farmed fish represented only 13 percent of aquaculture production by weight in 2000, they represented 34 percent of aquaculture production by value.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Farming of carnivorous species like salmon and shrimp leads to a high demand for forage fish to match the nutrition they get in the wild. Fish do not actually produce <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>, but instead accumulate them from either consuming <a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a> that produce these fatty acids, as is the case with forage fish like <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a>, or, as is the case with fatty <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">predatory fish</a>, like salmon, by eating <a href="/wiki/Prey_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey fish">prey fish</a> that have accumulated omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae. To satisfy this requirement, more than 50 percent of the world <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> production is fed to farmed salmon.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Farmed salmon consume more <a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">wild fish</a> than they generate as a final product, although the efficiency of production is improving. To produce one kilograms of farmed salmon, products from several kilograms of wild fish are fed to them – this can be described as the "fish-in-fish-out" (FIFO) ratio. In 1995, salmon had a FIFO ratio of 7.5 (meaning 7.5 kilograms of wild fish feed were required to produce one kilogram of salmon); by 2006 the ratio had fallen to 4.9.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Additionally, a growing share of fish oil and fishmeal come from residues (byproducts of fish processing), rather than dedicated whole fish.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 2012, 34 percent of fish oil and 28 percent of fishmeal came from residues.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> However, fishmeal and oil from residues instead of whole fish have a different composition with more ash and less protein, which may limit its potential use for aquaculture. As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more wild forage fish for feed, at a time when seventy-five percent of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">maximum sustainable yield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alliance-9">[9]</a> The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming then impacts the survivability of the wild predator fish who rely on them for food. An important step in reducing the impact of aquaculture on wild fish is shifting carnivorous species to plant-based feeds. Salmon feeds, for example, have gone from containing only fishmeal and oil to containing 40 percent plant protein.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The USDA has also experimented with using grain-based feeds for farmed <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> When properly formulated (and often mixed with fishmeal or oil), plant-based feeds can provide proper nutrition and similar growth rates in carnivorous farmed fish.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Another impact aquaculture production can have on wild fish is the risk of fish escaping from coastal pens, where they can interbreed with their wild counterparts, diluting wild genetic stocks.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Escaped fish can become <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a>, out-competing native species.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natureza-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Animal welfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></div> As with the farming of terrestrial animals, social attitudes influence the need for humane practices and regulations in farmed marine animals. Under the guidelines advised by the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Welfare_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm Animal Welfare Council">Farm Animal Welfare Council</a> good animal welfare means both fitness and a sense of well-being in the animal's physical and mental state. This can be defined by the <a href="/wiki/Five_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Freedoms">Five Freedoms</a>: <ul><li>Freedom from hunger and thirst</li> <li>Freedom from discomfort</li> <li>Freedom from pain, disease, or injury</li> <li>Freedom to express normal behaviour</li> <li>Freedom from fear and distress</li></ul> However, the controversial issue in aquaculture is whether fish and farmed marine invertebrates are actually <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a>, or have the perception and awareness to experience suffering. Although no evidence of this has been found in marine invertebrates,<a href="#cite_note-Hastein-112">[112]</a> recent studies conclude that fish do have the necessary receptors (<a href="/wiki/Nociceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nociceptors">nociceptors</a>) to sense noxious stimuli and so are likely to experience states of pain, fear and stress.<a href="#cite_note-Hastein-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Consequently, welfare in aquaculture is directed at vertebrates, finfish in particular.<a href="#cite_note-Conte-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_welfare_concerns">Common welfare concerns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Common welfare concerns">edit</a>]</div> Welfare in aquaculture can be impacted by a number of issues such as stocking densities, behavioural interactions, <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites#Disease" title="Fish diseases and parasites">disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites#Parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">parasitism</a>. A major problem in determining the cause of impaired welfare is that these issues are often all interrelated and influence each other at different times.<a href="#cite_note-Huntingford-115">[115]</a> Optimal stocking density is often defined by the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of the stocked environment and the amount of individual space needed by the fish, which is very species specific. Although behavioural interactions such as <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">shoaling</a> may mean that high stocking densities are beneficial to some species,<a href="#cite_note-Hastein-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashley-116">[116]</a> in many cultured species high stocking densities may be of concern. Crowding can constrain normal swimming behaviour, as well as increase aggressive and competitive behaviours such as cannibalism,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> feed competition,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> territoriality and dominance/subordination hierarchies.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis-119">[119]</a> This potentially increases the risk of tissue damage due to abrasion from fish-to-fish contact or fish-to-cage contact.<a href="#cite_note-Hastein-112">[112]</a> Fish can suffer reductions in food intake and <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">food conversion efficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis-119">[119]</a> In addition, high stocking densities can result in water flow being insufficient, creating inadequate oxygen supply and waste product removal.<a href="#cite_note-Ashley-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">Dissolved oxygen</a> is essential for fish respiration and concentrations below critical levels can induce stress and even lead to <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis-119">[119]</a> Ammonia, a nitrogen excretion product, is highly toxic to fish at accumulated levels, particularly when oxygen concentrations are low.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Many of these interactions and effects cause stress in the fish, which can be a major factor in facilitating fish disease.<a href="#cite_note-Conte-114">[114]</a> For many parasites, infestation depends on the host's degree of mobility, the density of the host population and vulnerability of the host's defence system.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Sea lice are the primary parasitic problem for finfish in aquaculture, high numbers causing widespread skin erosion and haemorrhaging, gill congestion, and increased mucus production.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> There are also a number of prominent viral and bacterial <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> that can have severe effects on internal organs and nervous systems.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improving_welfare">Improving welfare</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Improving welfare">edit</a>]</div> The key to improving welfare of marine cultured organisms is to reduce stress to a minimum, as prolonged or repeated stress can cause a range of adverse effects. Attempts to minimise stress can occur throughout the culture process. Understanding and providing required environmental enrichment can be vital for reducing stress and benefit aquaculture objects such as improved growth body condition and reduced damage from aggression.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> During grow-out it is important to keep stocking densities at appropriate levels specific to each species, as well as separating size classes and grading to reduce aggressive behavioural interactions. Keeping nets and cages clean can assist positive water flow to reduce the risk of water degradation. Not surprisingly disease and parasitism can have a major effect on fish welfare and it is important for farmers not only to manage infected stock but also to apply disease prevention measures. However, prevention methods, such as vaccination, can also induce stress because of the extra handling and injection.<a href="#cite_note-Ashley-116">[116]</a> Other methods include adding antibiotics to feed, adding chemicals into water for treatment baths and biological control, such as using <a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">cleaner wrasse</a> to remove lice from farmed salmon.<a href="#cite_note-Ashley-116">[116]</a> Many steps are involved in transport, including capture, food deprivation to reduce faecal contamination of transport water, transfer to transport vehicle via nets or pumps, plus transport and transfer to the delivery location. During transport water needs to be maintained to a high quality, with regulated temperature, sufficient oxygen and minimal waste products.<a href="#cite_note-Conte-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashley-116">[116]</a> In some cases <a href="/wiki/Anaesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthetics">anaesthetics</a> may be used in small doses to calm fish before transport.<a href="#cite_note-Ashley-116">[116]</a> Aquaculture is sometimes part of an environmental rehabilitation program or as an aid in conserving endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_ecosystems">Coastal ecosystems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coastal ecosystems">edit</a>]</div> Aquaculture is becoming a significant threat to <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">coastal ecosystems</a>. About 20 percent of mangrove forests have been destroyed since 1980, partly due to <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp farm">shrimp farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-126">[126]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Extended_cost" title="Extended cost">extended cost</a>–benefit analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Total_Economic_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Economic Value">total economic value</a> of shrimp aquaculture built on mangrove ecosystems found that the <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">external</a> costs were much higher than the external benefits.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Over four decades, 269,000 hectares (660,000 acres) of Indonesian mangroves have been converted to shrimp farms. Most of these farms are abandoned within a decade because of the <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a> build-up and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> loss.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pollution_from_sea_cage_aquaculture">Pollution from sea cage aquaculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pollution from sea cage aquaculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_aquaculture_in_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Salmon_aquaculture_in_Norway.jpg/220px-Salmon_aquaculture_in_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Salmon_aquaculture_in_Norway.jpg/330px-Salmon_aquaculture_in_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Salmon_aquaculture_in_Norway.jpg/440px-Salmon_aquaculture_in_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Salmon aquaculture, Norway</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon farms</a> are typically sited in pristine coastal ecosystems which they then pollute. A farm with 200,000 salmon discharges more fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people. This waste is discharged directly into the surrounding aquatic environment, untreated, often containing antibiotics and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Alliance-9">[9]</a> There is also an accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthos</a> (seafloor) near the salmon farms, particularly <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAO_coho-130">[130]</a> In 2016, mass fish kill events impacted salmon farmers along Chile's coast and the wider ecology.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Increases in aquaculture production and its associated effluent were considered to be possible contributing factors to fish and molluscan mortality.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Sea cage aquaculture is responsible for nutrient enrichment of the waters in which they are established. This results from fish wastes and uneaten feed inputs. Elements of most concern are nitrogen and phosphorus which can promote algal growth, including harmful algal blooms which can be toxic to fish. Flushing times, current speeds, distance from the shore and water depth are important considerations when locating sea cages in order to minimize the impacts of nutrient enrichment on coastal ecosystems. The extent of the effects of pollution from sea-cage aquaculture varies depending on where the cages are located, which species are kept, how densely cages are stocked and what the fish are fed. Important species-specific variables include the species' food conversion ratio (FCR) and nitrogen retention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_ecosystems">Freshwater ecosystems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Freshwater ecosystems">edit</a>]</div> Whole-lake experiments carried out at the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Lakes_Area" title="Experimental Lakes Area">Experimental Lakes Area</a> in Ontario, Canada, have displayed the potential for cage aquaculture to source numerous changes in freshwater ecosystems. Following the initiation of an experimental <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> cage farm in a small <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal</a> lake, dramatic reductions in <a href="/wiki/Mysis" title="Mysis">mysis</a> concentrations associated with a decrease in dissolved oxygen were observed.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Significant increases in ammonium and total phosphorus, a driver for <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> in freshwater systems,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> were measured in the <a href="/wiki/Hypolimnion" title="Hypolimnion">hypolimnion</a> of the lake. Annual phosphorus inputs from aquaculture waste exceeded that of natural inputs from atmospheric deposition and inflows,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and phytoplankton biomass has had a fourfold annual increase following the initiation of the experimental farm.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_modification">Genetic modification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Genetic modification">edit</a>]</div> A type of salmon called the AquAdvantage salmon has been <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified</a> for faster growth, although it has not been approved for commercial use, due to controversy.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The altered salmon incorporates a growth hormone from a <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a> that allows it to reach full size in 16–28 months, instead of the normal 36 months for Atlantic salmon, and while consuming 25 percent less feed.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewed the AquAdvantage salmon in a draft environmental assessment and determined that it "would not have a significant impact (FONSI) on the U.S. environment."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_diseases,_parasites_and_vaccines">Fish diseases, parasites and vaccines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fish diseases, parasites and vaccines">edit</a>]</div> A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">disease</a>. Aquaculture is also associated with environmental risks; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp farm">shrimp farming</a> has caused the destruction of important <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forests</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In the 1990s, disease wiped out China's farmed <a href="/wiki/Farrer%27s_scallop" title="Farrer's scallop">Farrer's scallop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_white_shrimp" title="Chinese white shrimp">white shrimp</a> and required their replacement by other species.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Needs_of_the_aquaculture_sector_in_vaccines">Needs of the aquaculture sector in vaccines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Needs of the aquaculture sector in vaccines">edit</a>]</div> Aquaculture has an average annual growth rate of 9.2%, however, the success and continued expansion of the fish farming sector is highly dependent on the control of fish pathogens including a wide range of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In 2014, it was estimated that these parasites cost the global salmon farming industry up to 400 million Euros. This represents 6–10% of the production value of the affected countries, but it can go up to 20% (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014). Since pathogens quickly spread within a population of cultured fish, their control is vital for the sector. Historically, the use of antibiotics was against bacterial epizootics but the production of animal proteins has to be sustainable, which means that preventive measures that are acceptable from a biological and environmental point of view should be used to keep disease problems in aquaculture at an acceptable level. So, this added to the efficiency of vaccines resulted in an immediate and permanent reduction in the use of antibiotics in the 90s. In the beginning, there were fish immersion vaccines efficient against the vibriosis but proved ineffective against the furunculosis, hence the arrival of injectable vaccines: first water-based and after oil-based, much more efficient (Sommerset, 2005). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_of_new_vaccines">Development of new vaccines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Development of new vaccines">edit</a>]</div> It is the important mortality in cages among farmed fish, the debates around DNA injection vaccines, although effective, their safety and their side effects but also societal expectations for cleaner fish and security, lead research on new vaccine vectors. Several initiatives are financed by the European Union to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach to using bacteria in feed to make vaccines, in particular thanks to lactic bacteria whose DNA is modified (Boudinot, 2006). In fact, vaccinating farmed fish by injection is time-consuming and costly, so vaccines can be administered orally or by immersion by being added to feed or directly into water. This allows vaccinating many individuals at the same time while limiting the associated handling and stress. Indeed, many tests are necessary because the antigens of the vaccines must be adapted to each species or not present a certain level of variability or they will not have any effect. For example, tests have been done with two species: Lepeophtheirus salmonis (from which the antigens were collected) and Caligus rogercresseyi (which was vaccinated with the antigens), although the homology between the two species is important, the level of variability made the protection ineffective (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2014). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_vaccines_development_in_aquaculture">Recent vaccines development in aquaculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Recent vaccines development in aquaculture">edit</a>]</div> There are 24 vaccines available and one for lobsters. The first vaccine was used in the USA against enteric red mouth in 1976. However, there are 19 companies and some small stakeholders are producing vaccines for aquaculture nowadays. The novel approaches are a way forward to prevent the loss of 10% of aquaculture through disease. Genetically modified vaccines are not being used in the EU due to societal concerns and regulations. Meanwhile, DNA vaccines are now authorised in the EU. There are challenges in fish vaccine development, immune response due to lack of potent adjScientists are considering microdose application in future. But there are also exciting opportunities in aquaculture vaccinology due to the low cost of technology, regulations change and novel antigen expression and delivery systems.<a href="#cite_note-adams2019-143">[143]</a> In Norway subunit vaccine (VP2 peptide) against infectious pancreatic necrosis is being used. In Canada, a licensed DNA vaccine against Infectious hematopoietic necrosis has been launched for industry use. Fish have large mucosal surfaces, so the preferred route is immersion, intraperitoneal and oral respectively. <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticles</a> are in progress for delivery purposes. The common antibodies produced are IgM and IgT. Normally booster is not required ifn Fish because more memory cells are produced in response to the booster rather than an increased level of antibodies. mRNA vaccines are alternative to DNA vaccines because they are more safe, stable, easily producible at a large scale and mass immunization potential. Recently these are used in cancer prevention and therapeutics. Studies in rabies has shown that efficacy depends on dose and route of administration. These are still in infancy.<a href="#cite_note-adams2019-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_gains">Economic gains</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economic gains">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, the aquaculture produced fish overtook wild caught fish, in supply for human food. This means there is a huge demand for vaccines, in prevention of diseases. The reported annual loss fish, calculates to >10 billion USD. This is from approximately 10% of all fishes dying from infectious diseases.<a href="#cite_note-adams2019-143">[143]</a> The high annual losses increases the demand for vaccines. Even though there are about 24 traditionally used vaccines, there is still demand for more vaccines. The breakthrough of DNA-vaccines has sunk the cost of vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-adams2019-143">[143]</a> The alternative to vaccines would be antibiotics and chemotherapy, which are more expensive and with bigger drawbacks. DNA-vaccines have become the most cost-efficient method of preventing infectious diseases. This bodes well for DNA-vaccines becoming the new standard both in fish vaccines, and in general vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinization/acidification_of_soils">Salinization/acidification of soils</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Salinization/acidification of soils">edit</a>]</div> Sediment from abandoned aquaculture farms can remain hypersaline, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> and eroded. This material can remain unusable for aquaculture purposes for long periods thereafter. Various chemical treatments, such as adding <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, can aggravate the problem by modify the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_pollution">Plastic pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Plastic pollution">edit</a>]</div> Aquaculture produces a range of marine debris, depending on the product and location. The most frequently documented type of plastic is expanded polystyrene (EPS), used extensively in floats and sea cage collars (MEPC 2020). Other common waste items include cage nets and plastic harvest bins. A review of aquaculture as a source of marine litter in the North, Baltic and Mediterranean Seas identified 64 different items, 19 of which were unique to aquaculture . Estimates of the amount of aquaculture waste entering the oceans vary widely, depending on the methodologies used. For example, in the European Economic Area loss estimates have varied from a low of 3,000 tonnes to 41,000 tonnes per year.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_benefits">Ecological benefits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ecological benefits">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nitrate_vulnerable_zone" title="Nitrate vulnerable zone">Nitrate vulnerable zone</a></div> While some forms of aquaculture can be devastating to ecosystems, such as shrimp farming in <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a>, other forms can be beneficial. Shellfish aquaculture adds substantial <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeding">filter feeding</a> capacity to an environment which can significantly improve <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>. A single <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> can filter 15 gallons of water a day, removing microscopic algal cells. By removing these cells, shellfish are removing nitrogen and other nutrients from the system and either retaining it or releasing it as waste which sinks to the bottom. By harvesting these shellfish, the nitrogen they retained is completely removed from the system.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Raising and harvesting kelp and other macroalgae directly remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Repackaging these nutrients can relieve <a href="/wiki/Eutrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutrophic">eutrophic</a>, or nutrient-rich, conditions known for their low <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">dissolved oxygen</a> which can decimate <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">species diversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Species abundance">abundance</a> of marine life. Removing algal cells from the water also increases light penetration, allowing plants such as <a href="/wiki/Eelgrass" title="Eelgrass">eelgrass</a> to reestablish themselves and further increase oxygen levels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Aquaculture in an area can provide for crucial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological function (page does not exist)">ecological functions</a> for the inhabitants. Shellfish beds or cages can provide habitat structure. This structure can be used as shelter by invertebrates, small fish or <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> to potentially increase their abundance and maintain biodiversity. Increased shelter raises stocks of prey fish and small crustaceans by increasing recruitment opportunities in turn providing more prey for higher trophic levels. One study estimated that 10 square meters of <a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">oyster reef</a> could enhance an ecosystem's <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> by 2.57 kg<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivore</a> shellfish will also be preyed on. This moves energy directly from <a href="/wiki/Primary_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary producer">primary producers</a> to higher <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> potentially skipping out on multiple energetically costly trophic jumps which would increase biomass in the ecosystem.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed farming</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon negative</a> crop, with a high potential for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[150]</a> The IPCC <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.<a href="#cite_note-:2a-151">[151]</a> Regenerative ocean farming is a polyculture farming system that grows a mix of seaweeds and shellfish while sequestering carbon, decreasing nitrogen in the water and increasing oxygen, helping to regenerate and restore local habitat like reef ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prospects">Prospects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Prospects">edit</a>]</div> Global <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a> are in decline, with valuable habitat such as <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> in critical condition.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The aquaculture or <a href="/wiki/Fish_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farm">farming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Piscivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscivorous">piscivorous</a> fish, like <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, does not help the problem because they need to eat products from other fish, such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">fish meal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a>. Studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">salmon farming</a> has major <a href="/wiki/Salmon_farming_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon farming issues">negative impacts</a> on wild salmon, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a> that need to be caught to feed them.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon_Run-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Fish that are higher on the <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">food chain</a> are less efficient sources of food energy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Apart from fish and shrimp, some aquaculture undertakings, such as seaweed and filter-feeding bivalve mollusks like <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>, are relatively benign and even environmentally restorative.<a href="#cite_note-uscnews.usc.edu-12">[12]</a> Filter-feeders filter pollutants as well as nutrients from the water, improving water quality.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaweeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaweeds">Seaweeds</a> extract nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> directly from the water,<a href="#cite_note-Chopin_et_al._2001-80">[80]</a> and filter-feeding <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> can extract nutrients as they feed on particulates, such as <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rice_2008-157">[157]</a> Some profitable aquaculture cooperatives promote sustainable practices.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> New methods lessen the risk of biological and chemical <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> through minimizing fish stress, fallowing netpens, and applying <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a> are being used more and more to reduce <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> use for disease control.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Onshore recirculating aquaculture systems, facilities using <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a> techniques, and properly sited facilities (for example, offshore areas with strong currents) are examples of ways to manage negative environmental effects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Recirculating aquaculture systems">Recirculating aquaculture systems</a> (RAS) recycle water by circulating it through filters to remove fish waste and food and then recirculating it back into the tanks. This saves water and the waste gathered can be used in <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> or, in some cases, could even be treated and used on land. While RAS was developed with freshwater fish in mind, scientists associated with the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> have found a way to rear saltwater fish using RAS in low-salinity waters.<a href="#cite_note-Growing_Premium_Seafood-Inland!-160">[160]</a> Although saltwater fish are raised in off-shore cages or caught with nets in water that typically has a salinity of 35 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_thousand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per thousand">parts per thousand</a> (ppt), scientists were able to produce healthy pompano, a saltwater fish, in tanks with a salinity of only 5 ppt. Commercializing low-salinity RAS are predicted to have positive environmental and economical effects. Unwanted nutrients from the fish food would not be added to the ocean and the risk of transmitting diseases between wild and farm-raised fish would greatly be reduced. The price of expensive saltwater fish, such as the pompano and cobia used in the experiments, would be reduced. However, before any of this can be done researchers must study every aspect of the fish's lifecycle, including the amount of ammonia and nitrate the fish will tolerate in the water, what to feed the fish during each stage of its lifecycle, the <a href="/wiki/Stocking_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stocking rate">stocking rate</a> that will produce the healthiest fish, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Growing_Premium_Seafood-Inland!-160">[160]</a> Some 16 countries now use <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a> for aquaculture, including China, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-earth-policy-161">[161]</a> In California, for example, 15 fish farms produce tilapia, bass, and catfish with warm water from underground. This warmer water enables fish to grow all year round and mature more quickly. Collectively these California farms produce 4.5 million kilograms of fish each year.<a href="#cite_note-earth-policy-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_goals">Global goals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Global goals">edit</a>]</div> The UN <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> ("life below water"), Target 14.7 includes aquaculture: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">small island developing states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">tourism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:17-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-163">[163]</a> Aquaculture's contribution to GDP is not included in SDG Target 14.7 but methods for quantifying this have been explored by FAO.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_laws,_regulations,_and_management">National laws, regulations, and management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: National laws, regulations, and management">edit</a>]</div> Laws governing aquaculture practices vary greatly by country<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> and are often not closely regulated or easily traceable. In the United States, land-based and nearshore aquaculture is regulated at the <a href="/wiki/National_Aquaculture_Act_of_1980" title="National Aquaculture Act of 1980">federal</a> and state levels;<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> however, no national laws govern <a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">offshore aquaculture</a> in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> waters. In June 2011, the Department of Commerce and <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> released national aquaculture policies<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> to address this issue and "to meet the growing demand for healthy seafood, to create jobs in coastal communities, and restore vital ecosystems." Large aquaculture facilities (i.e. those producing 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) per year) which discharge <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">wastewater</a> are required to obtain permits pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPDES-167">[167]</a> Facilities that produce at least 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) of fish, molluscs or crustaceans a year are subject to specific national discharge standards.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Other permitted facilities are subject to effluent limitations that are developed on a case-by-case basis.<a href="#cite_note-NPDES-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> Aquaculture by Country: <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquaculture_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aquaculture by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_East_Timor" title="Aquaculture in East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Aquaculture in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Taiwan" title="Aquaculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Pride_Catfish_farm_harvest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of dripping, cup-shaped net, approximately 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter and equally tall, half-full of fish, suspended from crane boom, with four workers on and around larger, ring-shaped structure in water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Delta_Pride_Catfish_farm_harvest.jpg/220px-Delta_Pride_Catfish_farm_harvest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Delta_Pride_Catfish_farm_harvest.jpg/330px-Delta_Pride_Catfish_farm_harvest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Delta_Pride_Catfish_farm_harvest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gunditjmara" title="Gunditjmara">Gunditjmara</a>, a local <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian people">Aboriginal Australian people</a> in south-western <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, Australia, may have raised <a href="/wiki/Short-finned_eel" title="Short-finned eel">short-finned eels</a> as early as about 4,580 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbnhl-169">[169]</a> Evidence indicates they developed about 100 km2 (39 sq mi) of volcanic <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Condah" title="Lake Condah">Lake Condah</a> into a complex of channels and dams, and used woven <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing trap">traps</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a>, and to preserve them to eat all year round.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The local <a href="/wiki/Budj_Bim_heritage_areas" title="Budj Bim heritage areas">Budj Bim Cultural Landscape</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, is one of the oldest known aquaculture sites in the world.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbwhl-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a> in China tells of the culture of the common carp, <a href="/wiki/Cyprinus_carpio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinus carpio">Cyprinus carpio</a>, as long ago as 2000–2100 BCE (around 4,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a>), but the earliest significant evidence lies in the literature, in the earliest monograph on fish culture called The Classic of Fish Culture, by <a href="/wiki/Fan_Li" title="Fan Li">Fan Li</a>, written around 475 BCE (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2475 BP).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Another ancient Chinese guide to aquaculture , wriiten by Yang Yu Jing around 460 BCE, shows that carp farming was becoming more sophisticated. The <a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a> site in China has circumstantial archeological evidence as possibly the oldest aquaculture locations, dating from 6200BCE (about 8,200 years BP), but this is speculative.<a href="#cite_note-jiahu-175">[175]</a> When the waters subsided after river floods, some fish, mainly <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, were trapped in lakes. Early aquaculturists fed their brood using <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> faeces, and ate them.<a href="#cite_note-sr-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Ancient Egyptians</a> might have farmed fish (especially <a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">gilt-head bream</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bardawil" title="Lake Bardawil">Lake Bardawil</a> about 1,500 BCE (about 3,500 BP), and they traded them with <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sr-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gim_(food)" title="Gim (food)">Gim</a> cultivation is the oldest aquaculture in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gang-177">[177]</a> Early cultivation methods used <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> sticks;<a href="#cite_note-Gang-177">[177]</a> newer methods utilizing nets replaced them in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Gang-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gim_(food)#Floating_rafts" title="Gim (food)">Floating rafts</a> have been used for mass production since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Gang-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> cultivated <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> by providing bamboo poles and, later, nets and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> shells to serve as anchoring-surfaces for <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> bred fish in ponds and farmed oysters in coastal lagoons before 100 <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00_Ixelles_-_Abbaye_-_La_Cambre_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/00_Ixelles_-_Abbaye_-_La_Cambre_1.JPG/220px-00_Ixelles_-_Abbaye_-_La_Cambre_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/00_Ixelles_-_Abbaye_-_La_Cambre_1.JPG/330px-00_Ixelles_-_Abbaye_-_La_Cambre_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/00_Ixelles_-_Abbaye_-_La_Cambre_1.JPG/440px-00_Ixelles_-_Abbaye_-_La_Cambre_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a> of the <a href="/wiki/La_Cambre_Abbey" title="La Cambre Abbey">La Cambre Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>, early Christian <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> adopted Roman aquacultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Aquaculture spread because people away from coasts and big rivers were otherwise dependant on fish which required salting in order to be preserved.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Fish was an important food source in medieval Europe, when in average 150 days per year were days <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">of fasting and abstinence</a>, and meat was prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-wilmart-183">[183]</a> Improvements in transportation during the 19th century made fresh fish easily available and inexpensive, even in inland areas, rendering aquaculture less popular. The 15th-century fishponds of the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%99ebo%C5%88" title="Třeboň">Trebon Basin</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> are maintained as a tentative <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa"> Samoans</a> practised "a traditional form of <a href="/wiki/Giant_clam" title="Giant clam">giant clam</a> ranching".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiians</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian aquaculture">oceanic fish ponds</a>. A remarkable example is the <a href="/wiki/Menehune_Fishpond" title="Menehune Fishpond">"Menehune" fishpond</a> dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at Alekoko. Legend records its construction by the mythical <a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a> dwarf-people.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In the first half of the 18th century, German <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ludwig_Jacobi" class="extiw" title="de:Stephan Ludwig Jacobi">Stephan Ludwig Jacobi</a> experimented with <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>. He wrote an article "Von der künstlichen Erzeugung der Forellen und Lachse" (On the Artificial Production of Trout and Salmon) summarizing his findings, and earning him a reputation as the founder of artificial fish-rearing.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> By the latter decades of the 18th century, oyster-farming had begun in estuaries along the Atlantic Coast of North America.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The word "aquaculture" appeared in an 1855 newspaper article in reference to the harvesting of ice.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> It also appeared in descriptions of the terrestrial agricultural practise of <a href="/wiki/Subirrigation" title="Subirrigation"> sub-irrigation</a> in the late-19th century<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> before becoming associated primarily with the cultivation of aquatic plant- and animal-species. (The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> records the common modern usage of "aquaculture" from 1887;<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> and that of "aquiculture" from 1867.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a>) In 1859, Stephen Ainsworth of <a href="/wiki/West_Bloomfield,_New_York" title="West Bloomfield, New York">West Bloomfield, New York</a>, began experiments with <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>. By 1864, Seth Green had established a commercial fish-hatching operation at Caledonia Springs, near <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>. By 1866, with the involvement of W. W. Fletcher of <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, artificial <a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">fish-hatcheries</a> operated both in both Canada and in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Dildo_Island" title="Dildo Island">Dildo Island</a> fish hatchery opened in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> in 1889, it was the largest and most advanced in the world. The word "aquaculture" was used in descriptions of the hatcheries experiments with cod and lobster in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> By the 1920s, the American Fish Culture Company of <a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Rhode_Island" title="Carolina, Rhode Island">Carolina, Rhode Island</a>, founded in the 1870s, was one of the leading producers of trout. During the 1940s, they perfected the method of manipulating the day- and night-cycle of fish so that they could be artificially spawned year-round.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Californians harvested wild <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> and attempted to manage supply around 1900, later labeling it a wartime resource.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/48px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/64px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1039" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Marine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator farm">Alligator farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certification_for_Aquaculture_Professionals" title="Certification for Aquaculture Professionals">Certification for Aquaculture Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture_(animals)#Aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial agriculture (animals)">Industrial aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggot_farming" title="Maggot farming">Maggots used as food for fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating aquaculture system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_decoupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource decoupling">Resource decoupling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article 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Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/06690fd0-d133-424c-9673-1849e414543d">The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024</a>, p.10, FAO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Garner_2016-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Garner_2016_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarner2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. 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Retrieved 23 April 2016. <q>So to drive future growth I really believe sea ranching is a great opportunity going forward for some of these coastal communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Abalone+grown+in+world-first+sea+ranch+in+WA+%27as+good+as+wild+catch%27&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-04-23%2Fworld-first-abalone-sea-ranch-creating-opportunity%2F7345448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-natural-resources-biometrics/chapter/chapter-7-correlation-and-simple-linear-regression/">"Chapter 7: Correlation and Simple Linear Regression | Natural Resources Biometrics"</a>. courses.lumenlearning.com. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalfisherman.com/2008.asp?ItemID=1800&pcid=373&cid=375&archive=yes">the original</a> on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+product%27s+versatility+could+push+price+beyond+%242+for+Alaska+dive+fleet&rft.pub=National+Fisherman&rft.au=Ess%2C+Charlie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalfisherman.com%2F2008.asp%3FItemID%3D1800%26pcid%3D373%26cid%3D375%26archive%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021</a>. Rome: FAO. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcb4477en">10.4060/cb4477en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6"><bdi>978-92-5-134332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240163091">240163091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2021&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240163091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcb4477en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-134332-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4060%2Fcb4477en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-60"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en">The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024</a>. FAO. 2024-06-07. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd0683en">10.4060/cd0683en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138763-4"><bdi>978-92-5-138763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+2024&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2024-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcd0683en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138763-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.14283%2Fcd0683en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-61"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en">The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024</a>. FAO. 2024-06-07. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd0683en">10.4060/cd0683en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138763-4"><bdi>978-92-5-138763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+2024&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2024-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcd0683en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138763-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.14283%2Fcd0683en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOFIA_2014-62"><a href="#cite_ref-SOFIA_2014_62-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/d1eaa9a1-5a71-4e42-86c0-f2111f07de16/i3720e.pdf">The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014 (SOFIA)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> $86 thousand million </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2010" class="citation news cs1">Blumenthal, Les (August 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/01/AR2010080103305.html">"Company says FDA is nearing decision on genetically engineered Atlantic salmon"</a>. 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May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wired.com&rft.atitle=Wired+12.05%3A+The+Bluewater+Revolution&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F12.05%2Ffish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilperin2005" class="citation news cs1">Eilperin, Juliet (2005-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128184635/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A31159-2005Jan23/">"Fish Farming's Bounty Isn't Without Barbs"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A31159-2005Jan23">the original</a> on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2017-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fish+Farming%27s+Bounty+Isn%27t+Without+Barbs&rft.date=2005-01-24&rft.aulast=Eilperin&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%2FA31159-2005Jan23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-providence1-67"><a href="#cite_ref-providence1_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040820172559/http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/aquaculture/EnvironmentalImpact.html">"Environmental Impact of Aquaculture"</a>. August 20, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/aquaculture/EnvironmentalImpact.html">the original</a> on 2004-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Impact+of+Aquaculture&rft.date=2004-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.providence.edu%2Fpolisci%2Fstudents%2Faquaculture%2FEnvironmentalImpact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5600e/y5600e00.HTM">"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture"</a>. fao.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F007%2Fy5600e%2Fy5600e00.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aquaculture2014-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Aquaculture2014_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528013244/http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/222314317/scat/9d7afd9766a94f28/ht/Fisheries-and-aquaculture-have-good-future">"Fisheries and aquaculture have good future"</a>. Herald Globe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/222314317/scat/9d7afd9766a94f28/ht/Fisheries-and-aquaculture-have-good-future">the original</a> on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fisheries+and+aquaculture+have+good+future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldglobe.com%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F222314317%2Fscat%2F9d7afd9766a94f28%2Fht%2FFisheries-and-aquaculture-have-good-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatopics.worldbank.org/sdgatlas/goals/goal14">"Life below water | SDG 14: Life below water"</a>. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+of+Sustainable+Development+Goals+2023&rft.atitle=Life+below+water+%7C+SDG+14%3A+Life+below+water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatopics.worldbank.org%2Fsdgatlas%2Fgoals%2Fgoal14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaStats-71"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaStats_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/13_22_output_of_aquatic_products.html">"Output of Aquatic Products"</a>. China Statistics. 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Nature. 414 (6863): 477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.414..477P">2001Natur.414..477P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35107216">10.1038/35107216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734811">11734811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=China+caught+out+as+model+shows+net+fall+in+fish&rft.volume=414&rft.issue=6863&rft.pages=477&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11734811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35107216&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.414..477P&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35107216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilprin2001" class="citation web cs1">Heilprin, John (29 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/OtherWebsites/2001/CaliforniaFish_29Nov01.pdf">"Chinese Misreporting Masks Dramatic Decline In Ocean Fish Catches"</a> (PDF). 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The Irish Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Something+fishy+about+the+figures&rft.date=2002-03-14&rft.aulast=Reville&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fnewspapers%2F2002%2FIrishTimes_14Mar02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/OtherWebsites/2001/WorldCatch_17Dec01.pdf">China disputes claim it over reports fish catch</a> Associated Press, 17 December 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAO2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130518071948/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0699e/a0699e.pdf">"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOPHIA)"</a> (PDF). p. 5. 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Washington DC: International Business Publications, USA. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781514519486" title="Special:BookSources/9781514519486"><bdi>9781514519486</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lippisches-landesmuseum.de/sonderausstellungen/archiv/2011/ein-lipper-macht-sich-gedanken/">the original</a> on 2019-12-09. 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Aquaculture. 264 (1–4): 160–174. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Aquac.264..160F">2007Aquac.264..160F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2006.12.017">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Management+of+productivity%2C+environmental+effects+and+profitability+of+shellfish+aquaculture+%E2%80%93+The+Farm+Aquaculture+Resource+Management+%28FARM%29+model&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=160-174&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2006.12.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Aquac.264..160F&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+A.J.S.&rft.au=Bricker%2C+S.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longline.co.uk%2Fsite%2Fpublications%2Ffarm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li>GESAMP (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/i0035e/i0035e00.htm">Assessment and communication of environmental risks in coastal aquaculture</a> FAO Reports and Studies No 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105947-0">978-92-5-105947-0</a></li> <li>Hepburn, J. 2002. Taking Aquaculture Seriously. Organic Farming, Winter 2002 © Soil Association.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kinsey, D. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729144510/https://historycooperative.org/journal/seeding-the-water-as-the-earth-the-epicenter-and-peripheries-of-a-western-aquacultural-revolution/">"'Seeding the Water as the Earth': The Epicenter and Peripheries of a Western Aquacultural Revolution"</a>. Environmental History. 11 (3): 527–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F11.3.527">10.1093/envhis/11.3.527</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycooperative.org/journal/seeding-the-water-as-the-earth-the-epicenter-and-peripheries-of-a-western-aquacultural-revolution/">the original</a> on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2019-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=%27Seeding+the+Water+as+the+Earth%27%3A+The+Epicenter+and+Peripheries+of+a+Western+Aquacultural+Revolution&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=527-566&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F11.3.527&rft.aulast=Kinsey&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycooperative.org%2Fjournal%2Fseeding-the-water-as-the-earth-the-epicenter-and-peripheries-of-a-western-aquacultural-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylorWilliamsStrong2001" class="citation journal cs1">Naylor, R.L.; Williams, S.L.; Strong, D.R. (2001). "Aquaculture – A Gateway For Exotic Species". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 294 (5547): 1655–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1064875">10.1126/science.1064875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11721035">11721035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82810702">82810702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Aquaculture+%E2%80%93+A+Gateway+For+Exotic+Species&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=5547&rft.pages=1655-6&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82810702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11721035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1064875&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.L.&rft.au=Strong%2C+D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513162537/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/cru/kd01/green/reia-01.asp">The Scottish Association for Marine Science and Napier University. 2002. Review and synthesis of the environmental impacts of aquaculture</a></li> <li>Higginbotham James Piscinae: Artificial Fishponds in Roman Italy University of North Carolina Press (June 1997)</li> <li>Wyban, Carol Araki (1992) Tide and Current: Fishponds of Hawai'I <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> Press:: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1396-3">978-0-8248-1396-3</a></li> <li>Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt, S.T., Vinci, B.J., 2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems: 2nd edition. Cayuga Aqua Ventures.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiedrahita2003" class="citation journal cs1">Piedrahita, R.H. (2003). "Reducing the potential environmental impacts of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation". Aquaculture. 226 (1–4): 35–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Aquac.226...35P">2003Aquac.226...35P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2803%2900465-4">10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00465-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Reducing+the+potential+environmental+impacts+of+tank+aquaculture+effluents+through+intensification+and+recirculation&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=35-44&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2803%2900465-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Aquac.226...35P&rft.aulast=Piedrahita&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlasMozesLahav2006" class="citation journal cs1">Klas, S.; Mozes, N.; Lahav, O. (2006). "Development of a single-sludge denitrification method for nitrate removal from RAS effluents: Lab-scale results vs. model prediction". Aquaculture. 259 (1–4): 342–353. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Aquac.259..342K">2006Aquac.259..342K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2006.05.049">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+single-sludge+denitrification+method+for+nitrate+removal+from+RAS+effluents%3A+Lab-scale+results+vs.+model+prediction&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=342-353&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2006.05.049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Aquac.259..342K&rft.aulast=Klas&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Mozes%2C+N.&rft.au=Lahav%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_content_work">Free content work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Free content work">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In_brief,_The_State_of_World_Fisheries_and_Aquaculture,_2018.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/ca0191en/ca0191en.pdf">In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018</a>, FAO, FAO. <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics">Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics</a>, United Nations Environment Programme. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Holmer, Marianne. Aquaculture in the Ecosystem. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2008.</li> <li>Molyneaux, Paul. Swimming in Circles: Aquaculture and the End of Wild Oceans. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006.</li> <li>Stickney, Robert R. Aquaculture: An Introductory Text. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, 2005.</li> <li>World Bank. Changing the Face of the Waters: The Promise and Challenge of Sustainable Aquaculture. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/aquaculture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/aquaculture">aquaculture</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aquaculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-resources/aquaculture/">Aquaculture topic page from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617102308/http://waittinstitute.org/aquaculture/">"Aquaculture Factsheet"</a>. Waitt Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waittinstitute.org/aquaculture/">the original</a> on 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2015-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquaculture+Factsheet&rft.pub=Waitt+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaittinstitute.org%2Faquaculture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.uri.edu/crc/">The Coastal Resources Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118205534/http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/">NOAA aquaculture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquaculturehub.org">The University of Hawaiʻi's AquacultureHub</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Aquaculture <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Aquaculture">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_industry_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_East_Timor" title="Aquaculture in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a 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machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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