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February 2025.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ptolemy (disambiguation)">Ptolemy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Claudius Ptolemy (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɒləmi/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Πτολεμαῖος">Πτολεμαῖος</a>, Ptolemaios; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Claudius Ptolemaeus; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 – 160s/170s AD)<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-482098-2">[1]</a> was an Alexandrian <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music theorist">music theorist</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> who wrote about a dozen scientific <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a>, three of which were important to later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science">Islamic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Renaissance" title="Science in the Renaissance">Western European</a> science. The first was his astronomical treatise now known as the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, originally entitled Mathematical Treatise (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, Mathēmatikḗ Syntaxis). The second is the <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a>, which is a thorough discussion on maps and the geographic knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>. The third is the astrological treatise in which he attempted to adapt <a href="/wiki/Horoscopic_astrology" title="Horoscopic astrology">horoscopic astrology</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> of his day. This is sometimes known as the Apotelesmatika (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Αποτελεσματικά, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'On the Effects') but more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Tetrabiblos" title="Tetrabiblos">Tetrábiblos</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> meaning "Four Books", or by its Latin equivalent Quadripartite. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ptolemy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg/220px-Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg/330px-Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg/440px-Ptolemy_1476_with_armillary_sphere_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1500"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Ptolemy by <a href="/wiki/Justus_van_Gent" title="Justus van Gent">Justus van Gent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Berruguete" title="Pedro Berruguete">Pedro Berruguete</a> (1476)<a href="#cite_note-portraits-1">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 100<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-482098-2">[1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Unknown</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">160s/170s <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt, Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">possibly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>; ethnicity: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Egyptian">Greco-Egyptian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic universe">Ptolemaic universe</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemy's world map</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_intense_diatonic_scale" title="Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale">Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a> <a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a> <a href="/wiki/Evection" title="Evection">Evection</a> <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">Quadrant</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> promoted his work, which included the only mathematically sound <a href="/wiki/Geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric">geocentric</a> model of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, and unlike most <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematicians</a>, Ptolemy's writings (foremost the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>) never ceased to be copied or commented upon, both in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> However, it is likely that only a few truly mastered the mathematics necessary to understand his works, as evidenced particularly by the many abridged and watered-down introductions to Ptolemy's astronomy that were popular among the Arabs and Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2010-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2020-6">[5]</a> His work on <a href="/wiki/Epicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicycle">epicycles</a> has come to symbolize a very complex theoretical model built in order to explain a false assumption. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Naming_and_nationality">1.1 Naming and nationality</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Astronomy">2 Astronomy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Math%C4%93matik%C4%93_Syntaxis">2.1 Mathēmatikē Syntaxis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_reassessment">2.1.1 Modern reassessment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Handy_Tables">2.2 Handy Tables</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Planetary_Hypotheses">2.3 Planetary Hypotheses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_works">2.4 Other works</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cartography">3 Cartography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Astrology">4 Astrology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Music">5 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Optics">6 Optics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Philosophy">7 Philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Named_after_Ptolemy">8 Named after Ptolemy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Works">9 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sources">13 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Ptolemy's date of birth and birthplace are both unknown. The 14th-century astronomer <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Meliteniotes" title="Theodore Meliteniotes">Theodore Meliteniotes</a> wrote that Ptolemy's birthplace was <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Hermiou" title="Ptolemais Hermiou">Ptolemais Hermiou</a>, a Greek city in the <a href="/wiki/Thebaid" title="Thebaid">Thebaid</a> region of Egypt (now El Mansha, <a href="/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag Governorate</a>). This attestation is quite late, however, and there is no evidence to support it.<a href="#cite_note-citizenship-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> It is known that Ptolemy lived in or around the city of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman province of Egypt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> He had a Latin name, Claudius, which is generally taken to imply he was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizen">Roman citizen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> He was familiar with Greek philosophers and used Babylonian observations and Babylonian lunar theory. In half of his extant works, Ptolemy addresses a certain Syrus, a figure of whom almost nothing is known but who likely shared some of Ptolemy's astronomical interests.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Ptolemy died in Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[11]</a>(p311) Ptolemy's year of death is not directly recorded by primary sources, and has to be inferred from the scale of his work.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[12]</a> Suggested years of death include <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 165,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 168,<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[11]</a>(p311) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 170,<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[12]</a> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 175.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_and_nationality">Naming and nationality</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naming and nationality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_urania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ptolemy_urania.jpg/200px-Ptolemy_urania.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="367"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 262px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ptolemy_urania.jpg/200px-Ptolemy_urania.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="262" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ptolemy_urania.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Engraving of a crowned Ptolemy being guided by <a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Reisch" title="Gregor Reisch">Gregor Reisch</a> (1508), from Margarita Philosophica showing an early conflation of the mathematician with the royal house of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, with the same last name.</figcaption></figure> Ptolemy's Greek name, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(name)" title="Ptolemy (name)">Ptolemaeus</a> (Πτολεμαῖος, Ptolemaîos), is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">ancient Greek personal name</a>. It occurs once in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and is of <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric form</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> It was common among the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> upper class at the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and there were several of this name among Alexander's army, one of whom made himself <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> in 323 BC: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a>, the first pharaoh of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>. Almost all subsequent pharaohs of Egypt, with a few exceptions, were named <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemy</a> until <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt became a Roman province</a> in 30 BC, ending the Macedonian family's rule.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The name Claudius is a Roman name, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Claudia_gens" title="Claudia gens">gens Claudia</a>; the peculiar multipart form of the whole name Claudius Ptolemaeus is a Roman custom, characteristic of Roman citizens. This indicates that Ptolemy would have been a <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citizenship-7">[6]</a> Gerald Toomer, the translator of Ptolemy's Almagest into English, suggests that citizenship was probably granted to one of Ptolemy's ancestors by either the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> or the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a> mistakenly presents Ptolemy as a member of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic Egypt's royal lineage</a>, stating that the descendants of the Alexandrine general and Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> were wise "and included Ptolemy the Wise, who composed the book of the Almagest". Abu Ma'shar recorded a belief that a different member of this royal line "composed the book on astrology and attributed it to Ptolemy". Historical confusion on this point can be inferred from Abu Ma'shar's subsequent remark: "It is sometimes said that the very learned man who wrote the book of astrology also wrote the book of the Almagest. The correct answer is not known."<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Not much positive evidence is known on the subject of Ptolemy's ancestry, apart from what can be drawn from the details of his name, although modern scholars have concluded that Abu Ma'shar's account is erroneous.<a href="#cite_note-Heilen-2010-21">[19]</a> It is no longer doubted that the astronomer who wrote the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a> also wrote the <a href="/wiki/Tetrabiblos" title="Tetrabiblos">Tetrabiblos</a> as its astrological counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-1940-intro-22">[20]</a>(p x) In later <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> sources, he was often known as "the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egyptian</a>",<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernal-1992-24">[22]</a>(p 606) suggesting he may have had origins in southern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bernal-1992-24">[22]</a>(pp 602, 606) <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">Arabic astronomers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography in medieval Islam">geographers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics in medieval Islam">physicists</a> referred to his name in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as Baṭlumyus (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بَطْلُمْيوس).<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Ptolemy wrote in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> and can be shown to have used <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomical_diaries" title="Babylonian astronomical diaries">Babylonian astronomical data</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-1991-28">[26]</a>(p 99) He might have been a Roman citizen, but was ethnically either a <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Egypt">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-482098-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Katz-1998-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> or at least a <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> Egyptian.<a href="#cite_note-31">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarton-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Astronomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Astronomy was the subject to which Ptolemy devoted the most time and effort; about half of all the works that survived deal with astronomical matters, and even others such as the Geography and the Tetrabiblos have significant references to astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2020-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathēmatikē_Syntaxis">Mathēmatikē Syntaxis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mathēmatikē Syntaxis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg/240px-Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 182px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg/240px-Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="182" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg/360px-Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg/480px-Bodleian_Library_Pococke369_roll332_frame38.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pages from the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a> in Arabic translation showing astronomical tables.</figcaption></figure> Ptolemy's Mathēmatikē Syntaxis (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Mathematical Systematic Treatise'), better known as the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, is the only surviving comprehensive ancient treatise on astronomy. Although <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> had developed arithmetical techniques for calculating and predicting astronomical phenomena, these were not based on any underlying model of the heavens; early Greek astronomers, on the other hand, provided qualitative geometrical models to "save the appearances" of celestial phenomena without the ability to make any predictions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The earliest person who attempted to merge these two approaches was <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>, who produced <a href="/wiki/Geometric_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric model">geometric models</a> that not only reflected the arrangement of the planets and stars but could be used to calculate celestial motions.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-1991-28">[26]</a> Ptolemy, following Hipparchus, derived each of his geometrical models for the Sun, Moon, and the planets from selected astronomical observations done in the spanning of more than 800 years; however, many astronomers have for centuries suspected that some of his models' parameters were adopted independently of observations.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Ptolemy presented his astronomical models alongside convenient tables, which could be used to compute the future or past position of the planets.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> The Almagest also contains a <a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">star catalogue</a>, which is a version of a catalogue created by <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>. Its list of forty-eight <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> is ancestral to the modern system of constellations but, unlike the modern system, they did not cover the whole sky (only what could be seen with the naked eye in the northern hemisphere).<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> For over a thousand years, the Almagest was the authoritative text on astronomy across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The Almagest was preserved, like many extant Greek scientific works, in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> manuscripts; the modern title is thought to be an Arabic corruption of the Greek name Hē Megistē Syntaxis (lit. "The greatest treatise"), as the work was presumably known in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Because of its reputation, it was widely sought and translated twice into Latin <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">in the 12th century</a>, once in Sicily and again in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Ptolemy's planetary models, like those of the majority of his predecessors, were geocentric and almost universally accepted until the reappearance of <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric">heliocentric</a> models during the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_reassessment">Modern reassessment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern reassessment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Under the scrutiny of modern scholarship, and the cross-checking of observations contained in the Almagest against figures produced through backwards extrapolation, various patterns of errors have emerged within the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1977-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1979-42">[39]</a> A prominent miscalculation is Ptolemy's use of measurements that he claimed were taken at noon, but which systematically produce readings now shown to be off by half an hour, as if the observations were taken at 12:30pm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1977-41">[38]</a> The overall quality of Ptolemy's observations has been challenged by several modern scientists, but prominently by <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Newton">Robert R. Newton</a> in his 1977 book The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy, which asserted that Ptolemy fabricated many of his observations to fit his theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1978-43">[40]</a> Newton accused Ptolemy of systematically inventing data or doctoring the data of earlier astronomers, and labelled him "the most successful fraud in the history of science".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1977-41">[38]</a> One striking error noted by Newton was an autumn equinox said to have been observed by Ptolemy and "measured with the greatest care" at 2pm on 25 September 132, when the equinox should have been observed around 9:55am the day prior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1977-41">[38]</a> In attempting to disprove Newton, Herbert Lewis also found himself agreeing that "Ptolemy was an outrageous fraud,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1979-42">[39]</a> and that "all those result capable of statistical analysis point beyond question towards fraud and against accidental error".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1979-42">[39]</a> The charges laid by Newton and others have been the subject of wide discussions and received significant push back from other scholars against the findings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1977-41">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a>, while agreeing that the Almagest contains "some remarkably fishy numbers",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1977-41">[38]</a> including in the matter of the 30-hour displaced equinox, which he noted aligned perfectly with predictions made by <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> 278 years earlier,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingerich1980-44">[41]</a> rejected the qualification of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade1977-41">[38]</a> Objections were also raised by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_R._Goldstein" title="Bernard R. Goldstein">Bernard Goldstein</a>, who questioned Newton's findings and suggested that he had misunderstood the secondary literature, while noting that issues with the accuracy of Ptolemy's observations had long been known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1978-43">[40]</a> Other authors have pointed out that instrument warping or atmospheric refraction may also explain some of Ptolemy's observations at a wrong time.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> In 2022 the first Greek fragments of Hipparchus' lost star catalog were discovered in a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> and they debunked accusations made by the French astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Delambre" title="Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre">Delambre</a> in the early 1800s which were repeated by R.R. Newton. Specifically, it proved Hipparchus was not the sole source of Ptolemy's catalog, as they both had claimed, and proved that Ptolemy did not simply copy Hipparchus' measurements and adjust them to account for precession of the equinoxes, as they had claimed. Scientists analyzing the charts concluded: <blockquote>It also confirms that Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue was not based solely on data from Hipparchus’ Catalogue. ... These observations are consistent with the view that Ptolemy composed his star catalogue by combining various sources, including Hipparchus’ catalogue, his own observations and, possibly, those of other authors.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handy_Tables">Handy Tables</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Handy Tables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Handy_Tables" title="Handy Tables">Handy Tables</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Handy_Tables" title="Handy Tables">Handy Tables</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Πρόχειροι κανόνες) are a set of astronomical tables, together with canons for their use. To facilitate astronomical calculations, Ptolemy tabulated all the data needed to compute the positions of the Sun, Moon and planets, the rising and setting of the stars, and <a href="/wiki/Eclipses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipses">eclipses</a> of the Sun and Moon, making it a useful tool for astronomers and astrologers. The tables themselves are known through <a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a>'s version. Although Ptolemy's Handy Tables do not survive as such in Arabic or in Latin, they represent the prototype of most Arabic and Latin astronomical tables or <a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">zījes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Additionally, the introduction to the Handy Tables survived separately from the tables themselves (apparently part of a gathering of some of Ptolemy's shorter writings) under the title Arrangement and Calculation of the Handy Tables.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary_Hypotheses">Planetary Hypotheses</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Planetary Hypotheses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg/240px-Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="2402"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg/240px-Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="177" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg/360px-Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg/480px-Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A depiction of the non-Ptolemaic Universe with no epicycles, possibly from 500 years before Ptolemy, as described in the Planetary Hypotheses by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Velho" title="Bartolomeu Velho">Bartolomeu Velho</a> (1568).</figcaption></figure> The Planetary Hypotheses (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ὑποθέσεις τῶν πλανωμένων, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Hypotheses of the Planets') is a <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> work, probably one of the last written by Ptolemy, in two books dealing with the structure of the universe and the laws that govern <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial motion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Ptolemy goes beyond the mathematical models of the Almagest to present a physical realization of the universe as a set of nested spheres,<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> in which he used the <a href="/wiki/Epicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicycle">epicycles</a> of his planetary model to compute the dimensions of the universe. He estimated the Sun was at an average distance of 1210 Earth radii (now known to actually be ~23450 radii), while the radius of the sphere of the fixed stars was 20000 times the radius of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The work is also notable for having descriptions on how to build instruments to depict the planets and their movements from a <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a> perspective, much as an <a href="/wiki/Orrery" title="Orrery">orrery</a> would have done for a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> one, presumably for didactic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Analemma is a short treatise where Ptolemy provides a method for specifying the location of the Sun in three pairs of locally oriented coordinate arcs as a function of the declination of the Sun, the terrestrial latitude, and the hour. The key to the approach is to represent the solid configuration in a plane diagram that Ptolemy calls the <a href="/wiki/Analemma" title="Analemma">analemma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> In another work, the Phaseis (Risings of the Fixed Stars), Ptolemy gave a parapegma, a star <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a>, based on the appearances and disappearances of stars over the course of the solar year.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Planisphaerium" title="Planisphaerium">Planisphaerium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἅπλωσις ἐπιφανείας σφαίρας, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Flattening of the sphere') contains 16 propositions dealing with the projection of the celestial circles onto a plane. The text is lost in Greek (except for a fragment) and survives in Arabic and Latin only.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Ptolemy also erected an inscription in a temple at <a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a>, around 146–147 AD, known as the Canobic Inscription. Although the inscription has not survived, someone in the sixth century transcribed it, and manuscript copies preserved it through the Middle Ages. It begins: "To the saviour god, Claudius Ptolemy (dedicates) the first principles and models of astronomy", following by a catalogue of numbers that define a system of celestial mechanics governing the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> In 2023, archaeologists were able to read a manuscript which gives instructions for the construction of an astronomical tool called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteoroscope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteoroscope (page does not exist)">meteoroscope</a> (μετεωροσκόπιον or μετεωροσκοπεῖον). The text, which comes from an eighth-century manuscript which also contains Ptolemy's Analemma, was identified on the basis of both its content and linguistic analysis as being by Ptolemy.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Ptolemy is also though to have produced his <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Noteworthy_Cities_(Ptolemy)" title="Table of Noteworthy Cities (Ptolemy)">Table of Noteworthy Cities</a> as an aid to his <a href="/wiki/Handy_Tables" title="Handy Tables">astronomical tables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Cartography">Cartography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cartography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography (Ptolemy)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemy's world map</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/240px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8073" data-file-height="5813"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/240px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="173" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/360px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/480px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A printed map from the 15th century depicting Ptolemy's description of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">Ecumene</a> by Johannes Schnitzer (1482).</figcaption></figure> Ptolemy's second most well-known work is his Geographike Hyphegesis (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Guide to Drawing the Earth'), known as the <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a>, a handbook on how to draw maps using <a href="/wiki/Geographical_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical coordinates">geographical coordinates</a> for parts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman world</a> known at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Gra%C3%9Fhf-Mittnhbr-Rinner-2017-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isaksen-2011-62">[59]</a> He relied on previous work by an earlier geographer, <a href="/wiki/Marinos_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinos of Tyre">Marinus of Tyre</a>, as well as on <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">gazetteers</a> of the Roman and ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Isaksen-2011-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gra%C3%9Fhf-Mittnhbr-Rinner-2017-61">[58]</a> He also acknowledged ancient astronomer <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> for having provided the elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole#Finding_the_north_celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">north celestial pole</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> for a few cities. Although <a href="/wiki/Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps">maps</a> based on scientific principles had been made since the time of <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 276 – c. 195 BC), Ptolemy improved on <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">map projections</a>. The first part of the Geography is a discussion of the data and of the methods he used. Ptolemy notes the supremacy of astronomical data over land measurements or travelers' reports, though he possessed these data for only a handful of places. Ptolemy's real innovation, however, occurs in the second part of the book, where he provides a catalogue of 8,000 localities he collected from Marinus and others, the biggest such database from antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Mittnhbr-2010-64">[61]</a> About 6300 of these places and geographic features have assigned <a href="/wiki/Coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate">coordinates</a> so that they can be placed in a <a href="/wiki/Grid_(spatial_index)" title="Grid (spatial index)">grid</a> that spanned the globe.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2020-6">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Latitude</a> was measured from the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, as it is today, but Ptolemy preferred to express it as <a href="/wiki/Clime" title="Clime">climata</a>, the length of the longest day rather than <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees of arc</a>: The length of the <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">midsummer</a> day increases from 12h to 24h as one goes from the equator to the <a href="/wiki/Polar_circle" title="Polar circle">polar circle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> One of the places Ptolemy noted specific coordinates for was the now-lost <a href="/wiki/Stone_Tower_(Ptolemy)" title="Stone Tower (Ptolemy)">stone tower</a> which marked the midpoint on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, and which scholars have been trying to locate ever since.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> In the third part of the Geography, Ptolemy gives instructions on how to create maps both of the whole inhabited world (<a href="/wiki/Oikoumen%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikoumenē">oikoumenē</a>) and of the Roman provinces, including the necessary <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic</a> lists, and captions for the maps. His oikoumenē spanned 180 degrees of longitude from the Blessed Islands in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the middle of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and about 80 degrees of latitude from <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> to anti-Meroe (east coast of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>); Ptolemy was well aware that he knew about only a quarter of the globe, and an erroneous extension of China southward suggests his sources did not reach all the way to the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Gra%C3%9Fhf-Mittnhbr-Rinner-2017-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isaksen-2011-62">[59]</a> It seems likely that the topographical tables in the second part of the work (Books 2–7) are cumulative texts, which were altered as new knowledge became available in the centuries after Ptolemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagrow1945-67">[64]</a> This means that information contained in different parts of the Geography is likely to be of different dates, in addition to containing many scribal errors. However, although the regional and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">world maps</a> in surviving manuscripts date from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 AD (after the text was rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/Maximus_Planudes" title="Maximus Planudes">Maximus Planudes</a>), there are some scholars who think that such maps go back to Ptolemy himself.<a href="#cite_note-Mittnhbr-2010-64">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Astrology">Astrology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Astrology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tetrabiblos" title="Tetrabiblos">Tetrabiblos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum,_1622_-_4658973.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 309px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="309" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif/lossy-page1-270px-Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif/lossy-page1-360px-Ptolemaeus_-_Quadripartitum%2C_1622_-_4658973.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A copy of the Quadripartitum (1622)</figcaption></figure> Ptolemy wrote an astrological treatise, in four parts, known by the Greek term <a href="/wiki/Tetrabiblos" title="Tetrabiblos">Tetrabiblos</a> (lit. "Four Books") or by its Latin equivalent Quadripartitum.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Its original title is unknown, but may have been a term found in some Greek manuscripts, Apotelesmatiká (biblía), roughly meaning "(books) on the Effects" or "Outcomes", or "Prognostics".<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-1940-intro-22">[20]</a>(p x) As a source of reference, the Tetrabiblos is said to have "enjoyed almost the authority of a Bible among the astrological writers of a thousand years or more".<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-1940-intro-22">[20]</a>(p xii) It was first translated from Arabic into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Tivoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato of Tivoli">Plato of Tivoli</a> (Tiburtinus) in 1138, while he was in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-1940-69">[66]</a> Much of the content of the Tetrabiblos was collected from earlier sources; Ptolemy's achievement was to order his material in a systematic way, showing how the subject could, in his view, be rationalized. It is, indeed, presented as the second part of the study of astronomy of which the Almagest was the first, concerned with the influences of the celestial bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">sublunary sphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2010-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heilen-2010-21">[19]</a> Thus explanations of a sort are provided for the astrological effects of the <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a>, based upon their combined effects of heating, cooling, moistening, and drying.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Ptolemy dismisses other astrological practices, such as considering the <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerological</a> significance of names, that he believed to be without sound basis, and leaves out popular topics, such as <a href="/wiki/Electional_astrology" title="Electional astrology">electional astrology</a> (interpreting astrological charts to determine courses of action) and <a href="/wiki/Medical_astrology" title="Medical astrology">medical astrology</a>, for similar reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Riley1987-71">[68]</a> The great respect in which later astrologers held the Tetrabiblos derived from its nature as an exposition of theory, rather than as a manual.<a href="#cite_note-Riley1987-71">[68]</a> A collection of one hundred <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> about astrology called the <a href="/wiki/Centiloquium" title="Centiloquium">Centiloquium</a>, ascribed to Ptolemy, was widely reproduced and commented on by Arabic, Latin, and Hebrew scholars, and often bound together in medieval manuscripts after the Tetrabiblos as a kind of summation.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-2020-6">[5]</a> It is now believed to be a much later <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraph">pseudepigraphical</a> composition. The identity and date of the actual author of the work, referred to now as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Ptolemy">Pseudo-Ptolemy</a>, remains the subject of conjecture.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epogdoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Epogdoon.jpg/180px-Epogdoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Epogdoon.jpg/180px-Epogdoon.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="259" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Epogdoon.jpg/270px-Epogdoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Epogdoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A diagram showing <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_intense_diatonic_scale" title="Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale">Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale</a></div> Ptolemy wrote a work entitled Harmonikon (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἁρμονικόν), known as the Harmonics, on <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> and the mathematics behind musical scales in three books.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Harmonics begins with a definition of harmonic theory, with a long exposition on the relationship between reason and sense perception in corroborating theoretical assumptions. After criticizing the approaches of his predecessors, Ptolemy argues for basing musical intervals on mathematical ratios (as opposed to the ideas advocated by followers of <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>), backed up by empirical observation (in contrast to the excessively theoretical approach of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Ptolemy introduces the harmonic canon (Greek name) or <a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">monochord</a> (Latin name), which is an experimental musical apparatus that he used to measure relative pitches, and used to describe to his readers how to demonstrate the relations discussed in the following chapters for themselves. After the early exposition on to build and use monochord to test proposed tuning systems, Ptolemy proceeds to discuss <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a> (and how to demonstrate that their idealized musical scale fails in practice). The Pythagoreans believed that the mathematics of music should be based on only the one specific ratio of 3:2, the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifth</a>, and believed that tunings mathematically exact to their system would prove to be melodious, if only the extremely large numbers involved could be calculated (by hand). To the contrary, Ptolemy believed that musical scales and tunings should in general involve multiple different ratios arranged to fit together evenly into smaller <a href="/wiki/Tetrachord" title="Tetrachord">tetrachords</a> (combinations of four pitch ratios which together make a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourth</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Ptolemy reviewed standard (and <a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_scale" title="Enharmonic scale">ancient, disused</a>) musical tuning practice of his day, which he then compared to his own subdivisions of the <a href="/wiki/Tetrachord" title="Tetrachord">tetrachord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>, which he derived experimentally using a <a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">monochord</a> / harmonic canon. The volume ends with a more speculative exposition of the relationships between harmony, the soul (psyche), and the planets (<a href="/wiki/Musica_universalis" title="Musica universalis">harmony of the spheres</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Feke-2012-78">[75]</a> Although Ptolemy's Harmonics never had the influence of his Almagest or Geography, it is nonetheless a well-structured treatise and contains more methodological reflections than any other of his writings. In particular, it is a nascent form of what in the following millennium developed into the scientific method, with specific descriptions of the experimental apparatus that he built and used to test musical conjectures, and the empirical musical relations he identified by testing pitches against each other: He was able to accurately measure relative pitches based on the ratios of vibrating lengths two separate sides of the same <a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">single string</a>, hence which were assured to be under equal tension, eliminating one source of error. He analyzed the empirically determined ratios of "pleasant" pairs of pitches, and then synthesised all of them into a coherent mathematical description, which persists to the present as <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just intonation</a> – the standard for comparison of consonance in the many other, less-than exact but more facile <a href="/wiki/Meantone_temperament" title="Meantone temperament">compromise tuning</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Ptolemy's ideas inspired <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a> in his own musings on the harmony of the world (<a href="/wiki/Harmonices_Mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonices Mundi">Harmonice Mundi</a>, Appendix to Book V).<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Optics">Optics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Optics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optics_(Ptolemy)" title="Optics (Ptolemy)">Optics (Ptolemy)</a></div> The Optica (<a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>: Ὀπτικά), known as the Optics, is a work that survives only in a somewhat poor Latin version, which, in turn, was translated from a lost Arabic version by <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_of_Palermo" title="Eugenius of Palermo">Eugenius of Palermo</a> (c. 1154). In it, Ptolemy writes about properties of sight (not light), including <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour">colour</a>. The work is a significant part of the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_optics" title="History of optics">history of optics</a> and influenced the more famous and superior 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1996-82">[79]</a> Ptolemy offered explanations for many phenomena concerning illumination and colour, size, shape, movement, and binocular vision. He also divided illusions into those caused by physical or optical factors and those caused by judgmental factors. He offered an obscure explanation of the Sun or <a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a> (the enlarged apparent size on the horizon) based on the difficulty of looking upwards.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The work is divided into three major sections. The first section (Book II) deals with direct vision from first principles and ends with a discussion of binocular vision. The second section (Books III-IV) treats <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> in plane, convex, concave, and compound mirrors.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The last section (Book V) deals with <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> and includes the earliest surviving table of refraction from air to water, for which the values (with the exception of the 60° angle of incidence) show signs of being obtained from an arithmetic progression.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> However, according to Mark Smith, Ptolemy's table was based in part on real experiments.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Ptolemy's theory of vision consisted of rays (or flux) coming from the eye forming a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and the base defining the visual field. The rays were sensitive, and conveyed information back to the observer's intellect about the distance and orientation of surfaces. Size and shape were determined by the visual angle subtended at the eye combined with perceived distance and orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1996-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> This was one of the early statements of size-distance invariance as a cause of perceptual size and shape constancy, a view supported by the Stoics.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Although mainly known for his contributions to astronomy and other scientific subjects, Ptolemy also engaged in <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> discussions across his corpus.<a href="#cite_note-Feke-2018-90">[87]</a> He wrote a short essay entitled On the Criterion and Hegemonikon (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Περὶ Κριτηρίου καὶ Ἡγεμονικοῡ), which may have been one of his earliest works. Ptolemy deals specifically with how humans obtain scientific knowledge (i.e., the "criterion" of truth), as well as with the nature and structure of the human psyche or soul, particularly its ruling faculty (i.e., the hegemonikon).<a href="#cite_note-Feke-2012-78">[75]</a> Ptolemy argues that, to arrive at the truth, one should use both reason and sense perception in ways that complement each other. On the Criterion is also noteworthy for being the only one of Ptolemy's works that is devoid of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">mathematics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Elsewhere, Ptolemy affirms the supremacy of mathematical knowledge over other forms of knowledge. Like Aristotle before him, Ptolemy classifies mathematics as a type of theoretical philosophy; however, Ptolemy believes mathematics to be superior to <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> because the latter are conjectural while only the former can secure certain knowledge. This view is contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> traditions, where theology or metaphysics occupied the highest honour.<a href="#cite_note-Feke-2018-90">[87]</a> Despite being a minority position among ancient philosophers, Ptolemy's views were shared by other mathematicians such as <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Named_after_Ptolemy">Named after Ptolemy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Named after Ptolemy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> There are several characters and items named after Ptolemy, including: <ul><li>The crater <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_(lunar_crater)" title="Ptolemaeus (lunar crater)">Ptolemaeus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li>The crater <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_(Martian_crater)" title="Ptolemaeus (Martian crater)">Ptolemaeus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/4001_Ptolemaeus" title="4001 Ptolemaeus">4001 Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_7" title="Messier 7">Messier 7</a>, sometimes known as the Ptolemy Cluster, an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Scorpius</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy stone">Ptolemy stone</a> used in the mathematics courses at both <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)" title="St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St. John's College</a> campuses in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a> on distances in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_quadrilateral" title="Cyclic quadrilateral">cyclic quadrilateral</a>, and its generalization, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a>, to non-cyclic quadrilaterals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_graph" title="Ptolemaic graph">Ptolemaic graphs</a>, the graphs whose distances obey Ptolemy's inequality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Project" title="Ptolemy Project">Ptolemy Project</a>, a project at University of California, Berkeley, aimed at modeling, simulating and designing <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrent</a>, real-time, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Slocum" title="Ptolemy Slocum">Ptolemy Slocum</a>, actor</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1519" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1519). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13189467">Quadripartitum</a> (in Latin). Venezia: Ottaviano Scoto (1.) eredi & C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quadripartitum&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=Ottaviano+Scoto+%281.%29+eredi+%26+C.&rft.date=1519&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D13189467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1541" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1541). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4657866">[Opere]</a> (in Latin). Basel: Heinrich Petri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BOpere%5D&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Heinrich+Petri&rft.date=1541&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D4657866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1559" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1559). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12853586">In Claudii Ptolemaei Quadripartitum</a> (in Latin). Basel, CH: Heinrich Petri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Claudii+Ptolemaei+Quadripartitum&rft.place=Basel%2C+CH&rft.pub=Heinrich+Petri&rft.date=1559&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D12853586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1622" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1622). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4658973">Quadripartitum</a> (in Latin). Frankfurt am Main: Johann Bringer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quadripartitum&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Johann+Bringer&rft.date=1622&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D4658973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1658" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1658). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13235070">Quadripartitum</a> (in Latin). Padova: Paolo Frambotto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quadripartitum&rft.place=Padova&rft.pub=Paolo+Frambotto&rft.date=1658&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D13235070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1663" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1663). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4659628">De iudicandi facultate et animi principatu</a> (in Latin). Paris: Sebastian Cramoisy (1.) & Sebastian Mabre-Cramoisy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+iudicandi+facultate+et+animi+principatu&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Sebastian+Cramoisy+%281.%29+%26+Sebastian+Mabre-Cramoisy&rft.date=1663&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D4659628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1663" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1663). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4660219">De iudicandi facultate et animi principatu</a> (in Latin). Den Haag: Adriaen Vlacq.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+iudicandi+facultate+et+animi+principatu&rft.place=Den+Haag&rft.pub=Adriaen+Vlacq&rft.date=1663&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D4660219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1682" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1682). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4657131">Harmonicorum libri</a> (in Latin). Oxford, UK: Theatrum Sheldonianum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmonicorum+libri&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Theatrum+Sheldonianum&rft.date=1682&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D4657131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciamvs.org/files/SCIAMVS_08_037-139_Sidoli_Berggren.pdf">Planisphaerium</a> (PDF) (in Latin) – via sciamvs.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planisphaerium&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciamvs.org%2Ffiles%2FSCIAMVS_08_037-139_Sidoli_Berggren.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> — medieval Arabic translations and an English translation of those</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_7" title="Messier 7">Messier 7</a> – Ptolemy Cluster, star cluster described by Ptolemaeus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Xiu" title="Pei Xiu">Pei Xiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Ptolemy's Canon</a> – a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-portraits-1"><a href="#cite_ref-portraits_1-0">^</a> Since no contemporary depictions or descriptions of Ptolemy are known to have existed, later artists' impressions are unlikely to have reproduced his appearance accurately. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "The only place mentioned in any of Ptolemy's observations is Alexandria, and there is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else. The statement by Theodore Meliteniotes that he was born in Ptolemais Hermiou (in Upper Egypt) could be correct, but it is late (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1360) and unsupported." — Toomer & Jones (2018)<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> "But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the 1st to the 5th centuries <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. Most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted" ... <dl><dd></dd></dl> ... "So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities ... <dl><dd></dd></dl> And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized": To adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist. — V.J. Katz (1998, p. 184)<a href="#cite_note-Katz-1998-29">[27]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-482098-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-482098_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-482098_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-482098_2-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482098">Ptolemy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Richter, Lukas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000022510">"Ptolemy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.22510">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ptolemaeus.badw.de/work/152?mark=%28%3Fis%29%28Planispherium%29">Ptolemy, Planispherium. Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus, Works</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%2C+Planispherium.+Ptolemaeus+Arabus+et+Latinus%2C+Works&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Juste&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fptolemaeus.badw.de%2Fwork%2F152%3Fmark%3D%2528%253Fis%2529%2528Planispherium%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciamvs.org/files/SCIAMVS_06_053-097_Jones.pdf">"Ptolemy's Canobic Inscription and Heliodorus' observation reports"</a> (PDF). 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The Iberian peninsula in Ptolemy's geography: origins of the coordinates and textual history (Thesis). Berlin: PRO BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783981638462" title="Special:BookSources/9783981638462"><bdi>9783981638462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Iberian+peninsula+in+Ptolemy%27s+geography%3A+origins+of+the+coordinates+and+textual+history&rft.inst=PRO+BUSINESS+digital+printing+Deutschland+GmbH&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783981638462&rft.aulast=Defaux&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> pp.122-6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Graßhf-Mittnhbr-Rinner-2017-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gra%C3%9Fhf-Mittnhbr-Rinner-2017_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gra%C3%9Fhf-Mittnhbr-Rinner-2017_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gra%C3%9Fhf-Mittnhbr-Rinner-2017_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraßhoffMittenhuberRinner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Graßhoff, G.; Mittenhuber, F.; Rinner, E. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_6_4/Isaksen.pdf">"Lines, damned lines and statistics: Unearthing structure in Ptolemy's Geographia"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Theory+of+Visual+Perception%3A+An+English+translation+of+the+Optics&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87169-862-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhLVHR5QAQkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossRoss1976" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, H.E.; Ross, G.M. (1976). 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(1987). "Psychology versus mathematics: Ptolemy and Alhazen on the moon illusion". In Grant, E.; Murdoch, J.E. (eds.). Mathematics and its Application to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychology+versus+mathematics%3A+Ptolemy+and+Alhazen+on+the+moon+illusion&rft.btitle=Mathematics+and+its+Application+to+Science+and+Natural+Philosophy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sabra&rft.aufirst=A.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1982" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, A. M. (1982). 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"Ptolemy's use of his predecessors' data". <a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philological_Association" title="Transactions of the American Philological Association">Transactions of the American Philological Association</a>. 125. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i212542">i212542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Ptolemy%27s+use+of+his+predecessors%27+data&rft.volume=125&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi212542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossPlug1998" class="citation book cs1">Ross, H.W.; Plug, C. (1998). "The history of size constancy and size illusions". In Walsh, V.; Kulikowski, J. (eds.). Perceptual Constancy: Why things look as they do. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 499–528.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+of+size+constancy+and+size+illusions&rft.btitle=Perceptual+Constancy%3A+Why+things+look+as+they+do&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft.au=Plug%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feke-2018-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feke-2018_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feke-2018_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeke2018" class="citation book cs1">Feke, J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691179582/ptolemys-philosophy">Ptolemy's Philosophy: Mathematics as a way of life</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17958-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17958-2"><bdi>978-0-691-17958-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Philosophy%3A+Mathematics+as+a+way+of+life&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17958-2&rft.aulast=Feke&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691179582%2Fptolemys-philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiefsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Schiefsky, M.J. (2014). "The epistemology of Ptolemy's On the Criterion". In Lee, M.-K. (ed.). 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Historia Mathematica. 41 (3): 261–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hm.2014.02.002">10.1016/j.hm.2014.02.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Mathematica&rft.atitle=Meta-mathematical+rhetoric%3A+Hero+and+Ptolemy+against+the+philosophers&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.hm.2014.02.002&rft.aulast=Feke&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.hm.2014.02.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagrow1945" class="citation journal cs1">Bagrow, L. 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Berggren, J. Lennart; Jones, Alexander (eds.). Ptolemy's Geography: An annotated translation of the theoretical chapters. Princeton, NJ / Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01042-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01042-0"><bdi>0-691-01042-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Geography%3A+An+annotated+translation+of+the+theoretical+chapters&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ+%2F+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-01042-0&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingerich1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Gingerich, O.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1980QJRAS..21..253G">"Was Ptolemy a fraud?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 21: 253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980QJRAS..21..253G">1980QJRAS..21..253G</a> – via The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Was+Ptolemy+a+fraud%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980QJRAS..21..253G&rft.aulast=Gingerich&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1980QJRAS..21..253G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_R._Goldstein" title="Bernard R. Goldstein">Goldstein, Bernard R.</a> (24 February 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.199.4331.872.a">"Casting doubt on Ptolemy: The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy. Robert R. Newton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 199 (4331): 872–873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.199.4331.872.a">10.1126/science.199.4331.872.a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17757580">17757580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239876775">239876775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Casting+doubt+on+Ptolemy%3A+The+Crime+of+Claudius+Ptolemy.+Robert+R.+Newton.&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=4331&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E872-%3C%2Fspan%3E873&rft.date=1978-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239876775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17757580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.199.4331.872.a&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.199.4331.872.a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1921" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Thomas, Sir (1921). A History of Greek Mathematics. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Mathematics&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas%2C+Sir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1998). Hübner, Wolfgang (ed.). Claudius Ptolemaeus, Opera quae exstant omnia [The complete existing works of Claudius Ptolemy]. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana (in Latin). Vol. III. De Gruyter. Fascia 1: Αποτελεσματικα (Tetrabiblos). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-71746-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-71746-8"><bdi>978-3-598-71746-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudius+Ptolemaeus%2C+Opera+quae+exstant+omnia&rft.series=Bibliotheca+scriptorum+Graecorum+et+Romanorum+Teubneriana&rft.pages=Fascia-1%3A+%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+%22+%3E%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%3C%2Fspan%3E+%28%27%27Tetrabiblos%27%27%29&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-598-71746-8&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> — The most recent edition of the Greek text of Ptolemy's astrological work, based on earlier editions by F. Boll and E. Boer.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1989). Lejeune, A. (ed.). L'Optique de Claude Ptolémée dans la version latine d'après l'arabe de l'émir Eugène de Sicile [The Optics of Claudius Ptolemy in the Latin version based on the Arabic of Emir Eugene of Sicily]. Collection de travaux de l'Académie International d'Histoire des Sciences (in French and Latin). Vol. 31. Leiden: E.J.Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Optique+de+Claude+Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e+dans+la+version+latine+d%27apr%C3%A8s+l%27arabe+de+l%27%C3%A9mir+Eug%C3%A8ne+de+Sicile&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Collection+de+travaux+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+International+d%27Histoire+des+Sciences&rft.pub=E.J.Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> — Latin text with French translation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1979" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, H.A.G. (1979). "Review of The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy, by R.R. Newton". <a href="/wiki/Imago_Mundi" title="Imago Mundi">Imago Mundi</a>. 31: 105–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085697908592494">10.1080/03085697908592494</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150735">1150735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Crime+of+Claudius+Ptolemy%2C+by+R.R.+Newton&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085697908592494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1150735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=H.A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Neugebauer, Otto (1975). A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Vol. I–III. Berlin, DE / New York, NY: Springer Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Mathematical+Astronomy&rft.place=Berlin%2C+DE+%2F+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobbe,_C.F.A.1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nobbe, C.F.A., ed. (1843). Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia [Claudius Ptolemy's Geography] (in Latin). Leipzig: Carolus Tauchnitus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudii+Ptolemaei+Geographia&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Carolus+Tauchnitus&rft.date=1843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> — Until Stückelberger (2006), this was the most recent edition of the complete Greek text.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeerlingsLaurentiusvan_den_Bovenkamp2017" class="citation journal cs1">Peerlings, R.H.J.; Laurentius, F.; van den Bovenkamp, J. (2017). "The watermarks in the Rome editions of Ptolemy's Cosmography and more". <a href="/wiki/Quaerendo" title="Quaerendo">Quaerendo</a>. 47 (3–4): 307–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700690-12341392">10.1163/15700690-12341392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaerendo&rft.atitle=The+watermarks+in+the+Rome+editions+of+Ptolemy%27s+Cosmography+and+more&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700690-12341392&rft.aulast=Peerlings&rft.aufirst=R.H.J.&rft.au=Laurentius%2C+F.&rft.au=van+den+Bovenkamp%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Peerlings, R.H.J., Laurentius F., van den Bovenkamp J.,(2018) New findings and discoveries in the 1507/8 Rome edition of Ptolemy's Cosmography, In Quaerendo 48: 139–162, 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1980" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1980) [1930]. Düring, Ingemar (ed.). Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios. Göteborgs högskolas årsskrift. Vol. 36 (reprint ed.). Göteborg / New York, NY: Elanders boktr. aktiebolag. (1930) / Garland Publishing (1980).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Harmonielehre+des+Klaudios+Ptolemaios&rft.place=G%C3%B6teborg+%2F+New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=G%C3%B6teborgs+h%C3%B6gskolas+%C3%A5rsskrift&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Elanders+boktr.+aktiebolag.+%281930%29+%2F+Garland+Publishing+%281980%29&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaiosSolomon2000" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a>; Solomon, Jon (2000). Harmonics. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum. Vol. 203. Translated by Solomon, Jon. Leiden / Boston, MA: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11591-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11591-9"><bdi>90-04-11591-9</bdi></a>. 0169–8958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmonics&rft.place=Leiden+%2F+Boston%2C+MA&rft.series=Mnemosyne%2C+Bibliotheca+Classica+Batava%2C+Supplementum&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11591-9&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, A.M. (1996). "Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English translation of the Optics with introduction and commentary". <a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a> (book review). 86, Part 2. Philadelphia, PA: The American Philosophical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Ptolemy%27s+Theory+of+Visual+Perception%3A+An+English+translation+of+the+Optics+with+introduction+and+commentary&rft.volume=86%2C+Part+2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios1991" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (1991) [1932]. Stevenson, Edward Luther (ed.). Claudius Ptolemy: The Geography. Translated by E.L. Stevenson (Reprint ed.). New York, NY: New York Public Library, 1932 / Dover, 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudius+Ptolemy%3A+The+Geography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library%2C+1932+%2F+Dover%2C+1991&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> — This is the only complete English translation of Ptolemy's Geography, but it is marred by numerous mistakes; and placenames are given in Latinised forms, rather than in the Greek, as in the original.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemaios2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemaios, Claudius</a> (2006). Stückelberger, Alfred; Graßhoff, Gerd (eds.). Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Geographie, Griechisch-Deutsch [Ptolemy, Geography Handbook, Greek-German] (in German). Basel, CH: Schwabe Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-2148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-2148-5"><bdi>978-3-7965-2148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemaios%2C+Handbuch+der+Geographie%2C+Griechisch-Deutsch&rft.place=Basel%2C+CH&rft.pub=Schwabe+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-7965-2148-5&rft.aulast=Ptolemaios&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"> — Massive 2 vol, 1018 pp. academic edition of Geography by a team of a dozen scholars that takes account of all known manuscripts, with facing Greek and German text, with footnotes on manuscript variations, color maps, and a CD with the geographical data.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomer1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_J._Toomer" title="Gerald J. Toomer">Toomer, Gerald J.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314024102/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biography/Ptolemy%20(Toomer).pdf">"Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus)"</a> (PDF). In Gillispie, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a>. Vol. 11. New York, NY: Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. pp. 186–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9"><bdi>978-0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biography/Ptolemy%20(Toomer).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ptolemy+%28Claudius+Ptolem%C3%A6us%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=Scribner+%26+American+Council+of+Learned+Societies&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Toomer&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u.arizona.edu%2F~aversa%2Fscholastic%2FDictionary%2520of%2520Scientific%2520Biography%2FPtolemy%2520%28Toomer%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ptolemy's Almagest, Translated and annotated by <a href="/wiki/G._J._Toomer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. J. Toomer">G. J. Toomer</a>, 1998. Princeton University Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Wade, Nicholas</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.198.4318.707">"Scandal in the Heavens: Renowned Astronomer Accused of Fraud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 198 (4318): 707–709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Sci...198..707W">1977Sci...198..707W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.198.4318.707">10.1126/science.198.4318.707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Scandal+in+the+Heavens%3A+Renowned+Astronomer+Accused+of+Fraud&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=4318&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E707-%3C%2Fspan%3E709&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.198.4318.707&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977Sci...198..707W&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.198.4318.707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidoliBerggren2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sidoli, Nathan; Berggren, J.L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://individual.utoronto.ca/acephalous/Sidoli_Berggren_2007.pdf">"The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planisphere or flattening the surface of the sphere: Text, translation, commentary"</a> (PDF). SciAMVS. 37. 8 (139).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SciAMVS&rft.atitle=The+Arabic+version+of+Ptolemy%27s+planisphere+or+flattening+the+surface+of+the+sphere%3A+Text%2C+translation%2C+commentary&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=139&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sidoli&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Berggren%2C+J.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findividual.utoronto.ca%2Facephalous%2FSidoli_Berggren_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1987" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, T. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwzPtAEACAAJ">The Earliest Printed Maps</a>. British Museum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Printed+Maps&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwzPtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaub1993" class="citation book cs1">Taub, Liba Chia (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ptolemysuniverse00taub">Ptolemy's Universe: The natural philosophical and ethical foundations of Ptolemy's astronomy</a>. Chicago, IL: Open Court Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9229-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9229-2"><bdi>0-8126-9229-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Universe%3A+The+natural+philosophical+and+ethical+foundations+of+Ptolemy%27s+astronomy&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=Open+Court+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8126-9229-2&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Liba+Chia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fptolemysuniverse00taub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος">Ptolemy</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ptolemy" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ptolemy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ptolemy/Tetrabiblos/home.html">Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos at LacusCurtius</a> (Transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>'s English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/astro/ptb/index.htm">Entire Tetrabiblos of J.M. Ashmand's 1822 translation.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/home.html">Ptolemy's Geography at LacusCurtius</a> (English translation, incomplete)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0162.html.ja">Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (China)</a> (English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#ptolemy">Almagest books 1–13</a> The complete text of Heiberg's edition (PDF) Greek.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pt1claudiiptolemaei01ptoluoft">Almagest books 1–6</a> (in Greek) with preface (in Latin) at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0693">Geography</a>, digitised codex made in Italy between 1460 and 1477, translated to Latin by Jacobus Angelus at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">Somni</a>. Also known as codex valentinus, it is the oldest manuscript of the codices with maps of Ptolemy with the donis projections.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.23472.1">Hieronymi Cardani ... In Cl. Ptolemaei ... IIII De astrorum judiciis</a> From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/General.17936">Almagestū Cl. Ptolemei</a> From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunburyBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert_Bunbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Herbert Bunbury">Bunbury, Edward Herbert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Beazley" title="Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ptolemy">"Ptolemy" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 618–626.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ptolemy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E618-%3C%2Fspan%3E626&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bunbury&rft.aufirst=Edward+Herbert&rft.au=Beazley%2C+Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Franz Boll (1894), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0006/bsb00065773/images/">Studien über Claudius Ptolemaeus. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Astrologie</a>" In: Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik, Supplementband 21,2. Teubner, Leipzig, pp. 49–244.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett2008" class="citation web cs1">Arnett, Bill (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050529010926/http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/theman.html">"Ptolemy, the Man"</a>. obs.nineplanets.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/theman.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2005. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%2C+the+Man&rft.pub=obs.nineplanets.org&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobs.nineplanets.org%2Fpsc%2Ftheman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanzer1988" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Danzer" title="Gerald Danzer">Danzer, Gerald</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927055557/http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html">"Cartographic Images of the World on the Eve of the Discoveries"</a>. The Newberry Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cartographic+Images+of+the+World+on+the+Eve+of+the+Discoveries&rft.pub=The+Newberry+Library&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Danzer&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newberry.org%2Fsmith%2Fslidesets%2Fss08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaselein2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haselein, Frank (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918003658/http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~fhasele/ptolemaeus/index.html">"Κλαυδιου Πτολεμιου: Γεωγραφικῆς Ύφηγήσεως (Geographie)"</a> (in German and English). Frank Haselein. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~fhasele/ptolemaeus/index.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%3A+%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%E1%BF%86%CF%82+%CE%8E%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82+%28Geographie%29&rft.pub=Frank+Haselein&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Haselein&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwuser.gwdg.de%2F~fhasele%2Fptolemaeus%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoulding2003" class="citation web cs1">Houlding, Deborah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscript.co.uk/ptolemy.html">"The life & work of Ptolemy"</a>. Skyscript.co. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skyscript.co&rft.atitle=The+life+%26+work+of+Ptolemy&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Houlding&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscript.co.uk%2Fptolemy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprague2001–2007" class="citation web cs1">Sprague, Ben (2001–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/76">"Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation, understanding, and mathematical labeling of the spherical Earth"</a>. Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claudius+Ptolemaeus+%28Ptolemy%29%3A+Representation%2C+understanding%2C+and+mathematical+labeling+of+the+spherical+Earth&rft.pub=Center+for+Spatially+Integrated+Social+Science&rft.date=2001%2F2007&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiss.org%2Fclassics%2Fcontent%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205163915/http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/stoddard/JAVA/ptolemy.html">Java simulation of the Ptolemaic System</a> – at Paul Stoddard's Animated Virtual Planetarium, Northern Illinois University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Plxed3JVOnI">Animation of Ptolemy's two Solar hypotheses</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516005122/http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/java/demos/kennett/Epicycle/Epicycle.html">Epicycle and deferent demo</a> – at Rosemary Kennett's website at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.sc.fsu.edu/~dduke/ptolemy.html">Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe.</a> (best in Internet Explorer)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//02LateAncient/Ptolemy/">High resolution images</a> of works by Ptolemy in .jpg and .tiff format. Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> Libraries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1291">Codex Vaticanus graecus 1291 (Vat.gr.1291) in Vatican Digital Library</a> - Complete reproduction of the 9th century manuscript of Ptolemy's Handy Tables.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapaspirou2014" class="citation journal cs1">Papaspirou, Panagiotis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.aims.edu.au/index.php/msj/article/view/24">"The work of Claudius Ptolemy, as the epitome of the Macedonian Legacy in History, and of the Hellenistic and Alexandrian Science and Civilization"</a>. Macedonian Studies Journal. 1 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macedonian+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=The+work+of+Claudius+Ptolemy%2C+as+the+epitome+of+the+Macedonian+Legacy+in+History%2C+and+of+the+Hellenistic+and+Alexandrian+Science+and+Civilization.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Papaspirou&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.aims.edu.au%2Findex.php%2Fmsj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ptolemaeus.badw.de/project">Database of the Arabic and Latin versions of Ptolemy’s astronomical and astrological texts and related material</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span 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data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&oldid=1277474472">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&oldid=1277474472</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 February 2025, at 21:24 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeus" title="Ptolemeus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ptolemeus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolem%C3%A4us" title="Claudius Ptolemäus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Claudius Ptolemäus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%88%E1%88%9A" title="ቶለሚ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶለሚ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بطليموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطليموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ptolomeu" title="Claudio Ptolomeu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Claudio Ptolomeu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemeu" title="Claudius Ptolemeu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Claudius Ptolemeu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolom%C3%A9u" title="Toloméu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toloméu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemey" title="Ptolemey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ptolemey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="টলেমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টলেমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клаўдзій Пталемей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клаўдзій Пталемей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Кляўдыюс Пталемэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кляўдыюс Пталемэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ptolemy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemej" title="Ptolemej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ptolemej" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Klaudios Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudi_Ptolemeu" title="Claudi Ptolemeu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Claudi Ptolemeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klaudios Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ptolomeo" title="Claudio Ptolomeo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Claudio Ptolomeo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemi" title="Ptolemi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ptolemi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolem%C3%A6us" title="Ptolemæus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ptolemæus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كلاوديوس پطوليمايوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كلاوديوس پطوليمايوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolem%C3%A4us" title="Claudius Ptolemäus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Claudius Ptolemäus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios" title="Ptolemaios – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαίος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ptolomeo" title="Claudio Ptolomeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Claudio Ptolomeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeo" title="Ptolemeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ptolemeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudio_Ptolomeo" title="Klaudio Ptolomeo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klaudio Ptolomeo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بطلمیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بطلمیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e" title="Claude Ptolémée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Claude Ptolémée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolem%C3%A9us" title="Ptoleméus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ptoleméus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolamaes" title="Tolamaes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tolamaes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomaidh" title="Ptolomaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ptolomaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Tolomeo" title="Claudio Tolomeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Claudio Tolomeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%ED%86%A8%EB%A0%88%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="클라우디오스 프톨레마이오스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클라우디오스 프톨레마이오스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8A%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Կլավդիոս Պտղոմեոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլավդիոս Պտղոմեոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="क्लाडियस टॉलमी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लाडियस टॉलमी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudije_Ptolemej" title="Klaudije Ptolemej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klaudije Ptolemej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Claudius Ptolemaeus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Klaudius Ptolemaeus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klaudius Ptolemaeus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeo" title="Ptolemeo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ptolemeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1d%C3%ADus_Pt%C3%B3lm%C3%A6os" title="Kládíus Ptólmæos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kládíus Ptólmæos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Tolomeo" title="Claudio Tolomeo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Claudio Tolomeo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99_(%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9D)" title="תלמי (אסטרונום) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלמי (אסטרונום)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Claudius Ptolemaeus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e" title="Claude Ptolémée – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Claude Ptolémée" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕ್ಲಾಡಿಯಸ್ ಟಾಲೆಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಲಾಡಿಯಸ್ ಟಾಲೆಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ptolomeo" title="Claudio Ptolomeo – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Claudio Ptolomeo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="პტოლემე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პტოლემე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudio_Ptolemaio" title="Klaudio Ptolemaio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Klaudio Ptolemaio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleme" title="Toleme – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Toleme" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolema%C3%AEos" title="Ptolemaîos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ptolemaîos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Птолемей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Claudius Ptolemaeus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemajs" title="Ptolemajs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ptolemajs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolem%C3%A4us" title="Ptolemäus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ptolemäus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudijus_Ptolem%C4%97jus" title="Klaudijus Ptolemėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klaudijus Ptolemėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeo" title="Ptolemeo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ptolemeo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudiosz_Ptolemaiosz" title="Klaudiosz Ptolemaiosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klaudiosz Ptolemaiosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Клавдиј Птоломеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клавдиј Птоломеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaodio_Pt%C3%B4lemeo" title="Klaodio Ptôlemeo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Klaodio Ptôlemeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ടോളമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോളമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="टॉलेमी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टॉलेमी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="პტოლემე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პტოლემე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كلاوديوس بطليموس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلاوديوس بطليموس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ptolemy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавди Птолемей – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Клавди Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE" title="တော်လမီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တော်လမီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Claudius Ptolemaeus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaeus" title="Ptolemaeus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ptolemaeus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="クラウディオス・プトレマイオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラウディオス・プトレマイオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolem%C3%A4us" title="Claudius Ptolemäus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Claudius Ptolemäus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klaudios Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klaudios Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudi_Ptolem%C3%A8u" title="Claudi Ptolemèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Claudi Ptolemèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80" title="କ୍ଲାଡିୟସ ଟଲେମୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଲାଡିୟସ ଟଲେମୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemey_Klavdiy" title="Ptolemey Klavdiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ptolemey Klavdiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਕਲੌਡੀਅਸ ਟੋਲੇਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲੌਡੀਅਸ ਟੋਲੇਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بطلیموس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بطلیموس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بطلمیوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بطلمیوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0udi_Tolom%C3%A9" title="Clàudi Tolomé – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Clàudi Tolomé" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudiusz_Ptolemeusz" title="Klaudiusz Ptolemeusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klaudiusz Ptolemeusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ptolemeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ptolemeu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ptolemy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeu" title="Ptolemeu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ptolemeu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulumeu" title="Tulumeu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tulumeu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ptolemy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بطليموس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بطليموس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klaudios Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaj" title="Ptolemaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ptolemaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%B5%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3" title="بەتڵیمۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەتڵیمۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Клаудије Птолемеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клаудије Птолемеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudije_Ptolomej" title="Klaudije Ptolomej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klaudije Ptolomej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klaudios Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaudios_Ptolemaios" title="Klaudios Ptolemaios – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klaudios Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomeo" title="Ptolomeo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ptolomeo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="தொலெமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலெமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдий Птолемей – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Клавдий Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80" title="టోలెమీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టోలెమీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="เกลาดีโอส ปโตเลไมโอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกลาดีโอส ปโตเลไมโอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Батламиюс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Батламиюс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batlamyus" title="Batlamyus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batlamyus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клавдій Птолемей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клавдій Птолемей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بطلیموس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بطلیموس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Claudius Ptolemaeus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios%C3%B5_Klaudios" title="Ptolemaiosõ Klaudios – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ptolemaiosõ Klaudios" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ptolemy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" title="克劳狄乌斯·托勒密 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克劳狄乌斯·托勒密" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" title="托勒密 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="托勒密" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batlamyus" title="Batlamyus – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Batlamyus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" title="克劳狄乌斯·托勒密 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克劳狄乌斯·托勒密" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 February 2025, at 21:24 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-664f545f66-rz9fq","wgBackendResponseTime":255,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.010","walltime":"2.357","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14182,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":330143,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14720,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":412921,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2079.051 1 -total"," 26.38% 548.432 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.57% 386.034 54 Template:Cite_book"," 10.38% 215.723 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.88% 143.114 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 6.77% 140.722 12 Template:Langx"," 5.64% 117.333 3 Template:Refn"," 5.51% 114.470 14 Template:Sfn"," 4.95% 102.937 2 Template:Navbox"," 3.88% 80.724 1 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[\"CITEREFNobbe,_C.F.A.1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapaspirou2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckerDumont2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeerlingsLaurentiusvan_den_Bovenkamp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPingree1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1519\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1541\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1559\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1622\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1658\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1663\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1682\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaios2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtolemaiosSolomon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins1940\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRossPlug1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossRoss1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutkin2010\"] = 1,\n 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